2021年毕赤酵母表达系统资料整理
毕赤酵母分泌表达报告
实验报告毕赤酵母分泌表达报告订单号:«订单号»客户:«客__户»日期:«日__期»目录1 材料与方法 (1)1.1 菌株的保存与培养 (1)1.2 载体构建 (1)1.3 质粒电转毕赤酵母 (1)1.4 转化子筛选 (2)1.5 转化子表达小试 (4)1.6 最优转化子扩大表达 (6)1.7 蛋白鉴定与纯化 (7)2 结果与分析 (9)2.1 转化子筛选 (9)2.2 转化子表达小试 (9)2.3 最优转化子扩大表达 (10)2.4 蛋白纯化与浓度测定 (10)1.材料与方法1.1 菌株的保存与培养大肠杆菌(Eschrichia coli)菌株TOP10于LB培养液摇菌后保存成20%的甘油菌于-80℃冷冻保存。
大肠杆菌于37℃培养箱中培养。
毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)菌株X-33于YPD培养液摇菌后保存成25%的甘油菌于-80℃冷冻保存。
毕赤酵母于28℃培养箱中培养。
1.2 载体构建1)目的基因信号肽预测,采用SignalP 4.0和5.1预测,去除信号肽序列;2)根据毕赤酵母表达系统进行密码子优化,避开SacI酶切位点;3)基因合成至pPICZαA,目的基因紧挨着载体α-factor,C端带上6×His。
1.3 质粒电转毕赤酵母1.3.1 目的载体线性化1)按下表配制载体酶切体系:组分体积(ul)质粒(5-10 ug)6 ug10×buffer 5SacI 1 ulddH2O 补到502)37℃酶切过夜;3)琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,以未酶切的质粒作为对照;4)检测酶切成功后,65℃ 20 min灭活。
1.3.2 线性化载体纯化回收1)按下表配置载体纯化体系:组分体积(ul)酶切产物50核酸助沉剂103 M NaAc,pH=5.2 6无水乙醇1652)-20℃静置35 min以上;3)4℃ 12000 rpm离心15 min,弃上清,此时可以观察到壁上有白色沉淀;4)加入400 ul预冷的80%乙醇重悬沉淀;5)4℃ 12000 rpm离心10 min,弃上清,开盖干燥;6)加入10 ul ddH2O溶解沉淀。
毕赤酵母实验操作技巧介绍材料
颍上新城质差室分分析案例摘要:随着VOLTE百日大会战的开启,我部对阜阳质差室分进行摸排分析,目前质差室分原因主要为馈线问题、室分泄漏、宏站与室分切换等,针对不同原因,采用工程维护、RF及工参优化等手段进行改善。
关键字:馈线问题、室分泄漏、工程维护、RF及工参优化【故障现象】:3月上旬,发现该XY-FY-颍上-颍上新城-HFTA-436961-3小区室分MR 覆盖率仅为90.1%,该室分覆盖东西两栋30层高层,其中1-4F为商场部分,未做室分覆盖,采样点较少。
【原因分析】:此类室分质差主要从以下几点分析原因:(1)是否存在告警及馈线驻波告警;(2)室分泄漏;(3)室内外切换重选参数是否合理;(4)馈线故障。
1.原因排查:(1)对该小区进行告警排查及驻波测试,无异常,驻波均值正常值范围内,如下图所示:(2)针对是否存在室内泄漏,对该小区周边楼宇进行测试,周边楼宇主要占用的信号为1.8G宏站FY-颍上-鑫都华庭-HFTA-437970-61、FY-颍上-颍上荣禾绿园-HFMA-436418-55。
XY-FY-颍上-颍上新城-HFTA-436961-3主要为平层覆盖,为发现室分泄漏。
(3)对颍上新城进行室内摸排,测试过程中,主要占用为室分信号,切换无异常,该楼宇室分覆盖如下所示:根据设计图纸及网管资料,该室分系统主要覆盖东西两单元30F及地下车库,现场摸排中发现,RSRP均值为 -75dbm,SINR均值为28dbm,室分整体覆盖良好,其中东西单元1-4F电梯室分覆盖效果较差,平均RSRP均值为-108dbm,SINR均值为2dbm,西单元的10-11F主要为宏站信号,该层怀疑为室分馈线故障导致,如下所示:并且根据设计图纸,该楼宇存在地下停车场,对该区域进行测试,发现,由于纠纷问题,原覆盖新城1-4F的商场部分的XY-FY-颍上-御水兰庭-HFTA-437017-2室分,未能覆盖该区域,该设备位于负一层电梯口附近的弱电井,设备AB口为临时接的蘑菇头,该设备只能覆盖电梯口至地下停车场之间走廊的部分区域,剩余区域则为弱覆盖区域,主要占用信号为为地下停车XY-FY-颍上-颍上新城-HFTA-436961-3室分覆盖,平均RSRP均值为-105dbm,SINR均值为6dbm。
毕赤酵母表达系统资料整理
毕赤酵母表达系统之马矢奏春创作Mut+和Muts毕赤酵母中有两个基因编码醇氧化酶——AOX1及AOX2,细胞中年夜大都的醇氧化酶是AOX1基因产物,甲醇可紧密调节、诱导AOX1基因的高水平表达,较典范的是占可溶性卵白的30%以上.AOX1基因调控分两步:抑制/去抑制机制加诱导机制.简单来说,在含葡萄糖的培养基中,即使加入诱导物甲醇转录仍受抑制.为此,用甲醇进行优化诱导时,推荐在甘油培养基中培养.注意即使在甘油中生长(去抑制)时,仍缺乏以使AOX1基因到达最低水平的表达,诱导物甲醇是AOX1基因可辨表达水平所必需的.AOX1基因已被分离,含AOX1启动子的质粒可用来增进编码外源卵白的目的基因的表达.AOX2基因与AOX1基因有97%的同源性,但在甲醇中带AOX2基因的菌株比带AOX1基因菌株慢很多,通过这种甲醇利用缓慢表型可分离Muts菌株.在YPD(酵母膏、卵白胨、葡萄糖)培养基中,不论是Mut+还是Muts其在对数期增殖一倍的时间年夜约为2h.Mut+和Muts菌株在没有甲醇存在的情况下生长速率是一样的,存在甲醇的情况下,Mut+在对数期增殖一倍的时间年夜约为4至6个小时,Muts在对数期增殖一倍的时间年夜约为18个小时.菌株GS115、X-33、KM71和SMD1168的区别GS115、KM71和SMD1168等是用于表达外源卵白的毕赤酵母受体菌,与酿酒酵母相比,毕赤酵母不会使卵白过糖基化,糖基化后有利于卵白的溶解或形成正确的折叠结构.GS115、KM71、SMD1168在组氨酸脱氢酶位点(His4)有突变,是组氨酸缺陷型,如果表达载体上携带有组氨酸基因,可赔偿宿主菌的组氨酸缺陷,因此可以在不含组氨酸的培养基上筛选转化子.这些受体菌自发突酿成组氨酸野生型的概率一般低于10-8.GS115表型为Mut+,重组表达载体转化GS115后,长出的转化子可能是Mut+,也可能是Muts(载体取代AXO1基因),可以在MM和MD培养基上鉴定表型.SMD1168和GS115类似,但SMD1168基因组中的Pep4基因发生突变,是卵白酶缺陷型,可降低卵白酶对外源卵白的降解作用.其中X-33由于是野生型,因此耐受性比力好,如果担忧转化率的话可以考虑这种酵母菌,而X33与GS115一样都是属于MUT+暗示型,也就是说可以在含甲醇的培养基中快速生长,可是据说会对外源基因表达有影响,KM71的亲本菌在精氨酸琥珀酸裂解酶基因(arg4)有突变,在不含精氨酸的培养基中不能生长.用野生型 ARG4基因(约2kb)拔出到克隆的野生型AOX1基因的BamHI(AOX1基因15/16密码子)及SalI(AOX1基因227/228密码子)位点,取代了AOX1基因16-227密码子,此结构转化至KM71亲本菌(arg4his4)中,分离发生KM71 MutsArg+His-菌株,Arg+转化子遗传分析显示野生型AOX1被aox1::ARG4结构所取代,所以KM71所有转化子都是Muts表型.AOX1位点没有被完全缺失,理论上可用你的目的结构通过基因取代方法替换aox1::ARG4结构,这样重组菌株的表型是His+MutsArg-,这意味着重组菌株生长时需精氨酸.但仅添加精氨酸其实不能完全缓和arg4突变的影响,arg4菌株在含精氨酸的最小培养基中不能很好地生长.因此不推荐在KM71中通过取代aox1::ARG4结构来获得His +转化子.一般来说,如果是胞内表达,应尽量用Muts细胞,这样获得的卵白产物中醇氧化酶卵白量较少而目的卵白量相对较多,使下游纯化更易进行.而对分泌卵白的表达,无论是甲醇利用慢(Muts)还是甲醇利用快(Mut+)的细胞都可应用.基因重组Pichia.pastoris酵母菌体内无天然质粒,所以表达载体需与宿主染色体发生同源重组,将外源基因表达框架整合于染色体中以实现外源基因的表达,包括启动子、外源基因克隆位点、终止序列、筛选标识表记标帜等.细菌内同源重组被认为是重组质粒构建过程的难点,因为未线性化的环状质粒之间发生同源重组的几率非常低,所以重组转移载体必需用特定的限制性内切酶进行线性化处置.这种处置的目的是防止随机拔出重组时质粒在功能区断开,造成目的基因表达失活,让同源重组以指定的方式发生.表达载体主要分为以下几类:(1)胞内表达载体主要有pHIL-D2、pA0815、pPIC3K、pPICZ、pHWO10,pGAPZ、pGAPZa(Invitrogen)等.该类载体可以将目的基因表达在胞内,可以防止毕赤酵母的糖基化,主要适合于那些不能被糖基化相关基因的表达;(2)分泌型表达载体主要有pPIC9、pHIL-S1、pPICZα、pYAM75P等.由于毕赤酵母自己的泌内源卵白非常少,将外源卵白分泌到胞外,非常有利于目的卵白质的纯化及积累.经常使用的分泌的信号序列主要是由89个氨基酸组成的α交配因子(α-factor)的引导;(3)多拷贝拔出表达载体如pPIC9K,pPIC3.5K.在某些情况下,毕赤酵母中重组基因多拷贝整合可增加所需卵白的表达量.该载体均可用于在体内(pPIC3.5K, pPIC9K)或体外(pAO815)发生并分离多拷贝拔出,同时可检测增加重组基因的拷贝数是否增加卵白表达量.体内整合可通过高遗传霉素抗性筛选可能的多拷贝拔出,而体外整合可通过连接发生外源基因的串连拔出.在GS115中筛选His+Mut+转化子:用SalI或StuI线性化质粒转化GS115后,年夜多在His4位点上发生重组,年夜大都转化子是Mut+表型;然而由于质粒含有AOX1基因序列,有可能在AOX1位点发生重组,破坏野生型AOX1基因,发生His+Muts转化子,则需要在MD及MM平板上检测可证实His+ Mut+转化子.毕赤酵母表达经常使用培养基10×YNB(13.4%的无氨基酸酵母氮源),134gYNB固体溶于1L蒸馏水,过滤灭菌,4℃保管.YPD完全培养基:酵母提取物10 g/L,卵白胨20 g/L,葡萄糖20 g/L(固体培养基含 1.5%琼脂).转化培养基RDB:每100mL加入山梨醇18g(186 g/L),琼脂糖2g(20g/L)121℃灭菌20分钟,然后待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入10×YNB 10mL(13.4 g/L),10×葡萄糖10mL(20 g/L),500×生物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L),100×AA 1mL.混匀,倒平板(灭菌时只加入 80ml水即可).选择培养基MD(最小葡萄糖):配100mL,向80mL水中加入琼脂糖2g(20 g/L)121℃灭菌20分钟,待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入10×YNB 10mL(13.4 g/L),10×葡萄糖10mL(20 g/L),500×生物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L).选择培养基MM(最小甲醇):配100mL,向90mL水中加入琼脂糖2g(20 g/L) 121℃灭菌20分钟,待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入10×YNB 10mL(13.4 g/L),500×生物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L),0.5mL甲醇(0.5%).诱导表达培养基BMGY:配1L,酵母提取物10 g/L,卵白胨20 g/L,3g/L K2HPO4,11.8g/L KH2PO4,加水至890mL,121℃灭菌20分钟,然后待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入10×YNB 100mL(13.4 g/L),500×生物素1mL(4×10-4g/L),甘油10mL.诱导表达培养基BMMY:酵母提取物10g/L,卵白胨20 g/L,3g/LK2HPO4,11.8g/L KH2PO4,加水至895mL,121℃灭菌20分钟,然后待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入100×YNB 100mL(13.4 g/L),500×生物素1mL(4×10-4g/L),甲醇5mL. BMGY/BMMY含酵母浸出物及卵白胨,可稳定分泌卵白,阻止或减少分泌卵白的分解.如果目的卵白对中性PH卵白酶敏感的话,可在无缓冲培养基(MGY、MM)中表达.如果没有证据证明你的分泌卵白对中性PH值卵白酶敏感,建议开始表达时用BMMY.如果表达卵白降解了,检验考试在无缓冲培养基中进行表达.如果以上条件仍不能有效防止卵白降解,可将基因转入SMD1168中,该菌株表型是his4pep4,缺失了卵白酶,转化与表达法式与GS115相同,也可用于年夜规模发酵.用考马斯亮蓝G-250测卵白含量。
毕赤酵母表达系统原理
毕赤酵母表达系统原理《毕赤酵母表达系统那点事儿》嘿,朋友们!今天咱来唠唠毕赤酵母表达系统。
这玩意儿可有意思啦!你看啊,毕赤酵母就像是一个神奇的小工厂。
它呀,能把我们想要的东西给生产出来。
想象一下,它就像一个勤劳的小工匠,在自己的小天地里忙忙碌碌。
这个小工厂有自己的一套工作流程呢。
首先,我们得把我们需要表达的基因送进去,就好像给小工匠下达一个任务订单。
毕赤酵母接收到这个基因后,就开始开动啦。
它会利用自己身体里的各种零部件和原材料,一点一点地把这个基因表达出来,变成我们想要的蛋白质。
它可厉害了,能生产出各种各样的蛋白质。
就像一个万能的大厨,不管你要做什么菜,它都能给你做出来。
而且啊,它做出来的东西质量还挺高。
毕赤酵母还有个优点,就是它比较好养活。
不需要特别复杂的条件,给它点吃的喝的,它就能茁壮成长。
这就像咱家里养的小宠物,只要你稍微照顾一下它,它就能给你带来很多欢乐。
不过呢,毕赤酵母也不是完美的啦。
有时候它也会出点小差错,就像人一样,偶尔也会犯点小迷糊。
但这并不影响它的可爱和实用呀。
在实际应用中,毕赤酵母表达系统可是帮了大忙呢。
比如说在生物医药领域,很多药物的生产都离不开它。
它就像一个幕后英雄,默默地为我们的健康贡献着力量。
我记得有一次,我在实验室里研究一个项目,就是用毕赤酵母表达系统来生产一种蛋白质。
那时候真是费了不少心思,不断地调整各种条件,就盼着能得到高质量的产物。
经过一番努力,终于看到了成果,那一刻的心情真是无法用言语来形容。
总之呢,毕赤酵母表达系统是个很有趣也很有用的东西。
它虽然小小的,但却有着大大的能量。
它就像一颗闪亮的星星,在科学的天空中绽放着自己的光芒。
我们要好好利用它,让它为我们创造更多的价值呀!。
毕赤酵母常用表达载体
毕赤酵母常用培养基与载体一、毕赤酵母表达常用载体:典型的巴斯德毕赤酵母表达载体载体包含醇氧化酶-1(AOX1)基因的启动子和转录终止子(5'AOX1和3'AOX1),它们被多克隆位点(MCS)分开,外源基因可以在此插入。
此载体还包含组氨醇脱氢酶基因(HIS4)选择标记及3'AOX1区。
当整合型载体转化受体时,它的5'AOX1和3'AOX1能与染色体上的同源基因重组,从而使整个载体连同外源基因插入到受体染色体上,外源基因在5'AOX1启动子控制下表达。
毕赤酵母本身不分泌内源蛋白,而外源蛋白的分泌需要具有引导分泌的信号序列。
而由89个氨基酸组成的酿酒酵母的分泌信号—α交配因子(α-factor)引导序列已经成功地引导了几种外源蛋白的分泌。
分泌表达载体主要有:pPIC9,pPIC9K,pHIL-S1,pPICZα A,pYAM75P等。
胞内表达载体主要有:pHIL-D2,pA0815,pPIC3K,pPICZ,pHWO10,pGAPZ,pGAPZa(Invitrogen),pPIC3.5K等。
工程菌株Y11430,MG1003,GS115 (AOX1),KM71,SMD1168。
毕赤酵母宿主菌常用的有GS115和KM71两种,都具有HIS4营养缺陷标记。
其中,GS115茵株具有AOX1基因,是Mut+,即甲醇利用正常型;而KM71菌株的AOX1位点彼ARG4基因插入,表型为Muts,即甲醇利用缓慢型,两种菌株都适用于一般的酵母转化方法。
多拷贝表达菌株的获得方式:与自主复制的质粒型表达载体不同,整合型表达载体的拷贝数可以有很大的变化。
含多拷贝外源基因的表达菌株合成蛋白的量也较多。
体内整合可通过高遗传霉素抗性,筛选可能的多拷贝插入;而体外整合可通过连接产生外源基因的串联插入。
多拷贝表达菌株的获得方式有两种:一种是利用SDS-PAGE电泳、免疫杂交或菌落点杂交方法在大量的转化子中进行自然筛选。
6毕赤酵母介绍
毕赤酵母及级胰岛素——优思灵巴斯德毕赤酵母(P/ch/a pastor/s)表达系统是目前最优秀、应用最广泛的外源基因表达系统之一,它不但克服了大肠杆菌表达系统不能表达结构复杂的蛋白质、表达的蛋白多形成不溶性包涵体、背景蛋白多、表达产量低等缺陷,弥补了哺乳类细胞、昆虫细胞表达系统操作复杂、表达水平低、产业化生产造价昂贵的不足,还具有其他酵母表达系统无法比拟的优越之处。
酵母作为一种最简单的单细胞真核生物, 兼有原核生物和真核生物的某些优点。
毕赤酵母生活史与酿酒酵母十分相似。
这使得毕赤酵母的发酵工程部分可与酿酒酵母相同, 从而节省了重新购臵设备和进行新技术探索的巨额花费, 这是用其他方法进行大规模商品化的外源蛋白生产所不能比拟的优势。
现将毕赤酵母表达系统优点概括如下:①毕赤酵母更接近高等真核细胞, 不含内毒素和其他有害物质, 使用安全;②同酿酒酵母一样, 繁殖速度快, 对培养条件要求低, 培养基价廉, 能进行高密度培养, 且能耐受较高的液体静压, 便于工业化生产;②该系统的载体能与核基因组进行整合, 因此构建的菌株较稳定, 一般不会在传代过程中出现丢失现象;③在毕赤酵母中表达的蛋白既可存在于胞内, 又可在分泌信号作用下将蛋白分泌至胞外;⑤具有强有力的易控制的乙醇氧化酶基因(AOX1)或磷酸甘油酸脱氢酶( GAP) 基因启动子作为外源基因启动子, 可对外源蛋白的表达进行严格调控;⑥作为真核表达系统, 可对表达的外源蛋白进行翻译后的加工和修饰, 即二硫键的形成、脂肪的酰化、蛋白磷酸化、折叠、信号序列加工、N糖基化、O糖基化, 从而使目的蛋白具有所应有的生物学活性;⑦外源蛋白表达量高, 同时自身分泌的背景蛋白少, 表达产物易于纯化;⑧和酿酒酵母相比, 毕赤酵母中加到翻译蛋白上的糖链长度平均每条侧链为8~14个甘露糖残基, 比酿酒酵母每条侧链平均50~150个甘露糖残基短得多。
毕赤酵母极少出现过渡糖基化, 可避免外源蛋白生产过强的免疫原性或因糖链过长干扰外源蛋白正确折叠而影响其功能, 而且糖链中不含具有致敏作用的α21, 32甘露糖, 使其使用更加安全。
毕赤酵母表达系统资料整理
毕赤酵母表黑系统之阳早格格创做Mut+战Muts毕赤酵母中有二个基果编码醇氧化酶——AOX1及AOX2,细胞中大普遍的醇氧化酶是AOX1基果产品,甲醇可稀切安排、诱导AOX1基果的下火仄表黑,较典型的是占可溶性蛋黑的30%以上.AOX1基果调控分二步:压制/去压制体制加诱导体制.简朴去道,正在含葡萄糖的培植基中,纵然加进诱导物甲醇转录仍受压制.为此,用甲醇举止劣化诱导时,推荐正在苦油培植基中培植.注意纵然正在苦油中死少(去压制)时,仍缺乏以使AOX1基果达到最矮火仄的表黑,诱导物甲醇是AOX1基果可辨表黑火仄所必须的.AOX1基果已被分散,含AOX1开用子的量粒可用去促进编码中源蛋黑的手段基果的表黑.AOX2基果与AOX1基果有97%的共源性,然而正在甲醇中戴AOX2基果的菌株比戴AOX1基果菌株缓得多,通过那种甲醇利用缓缓表型可分散Muts菌株.正在YPD(酵母膏、蛋黑胨、葡萄糖)培植基中,不管是Mut+仍旧Muts其正在对付数期删殖一倍的时间约莫为2h.Mut+战Muts菌株正在不甲醇存留的情况下死少速率是一般的,存留甲醇的情况下,Mut+正在对付数期删殖一倍的时间约莫为4至6个小时,Muts正在对付数期删殖一倍的时间约莫为18个小时.菌株GS115、X-33、KM71战SMD1168的辨别GS115、KM71战SMD1168等是用于表黑中源蛋黑的毕赤酵母受体菌,与酿酒酵母相比,毕赤酵母不会使蛋黑过糖基化,糖基化后有好处蛋黑的溶解或者产死粗确的合叠结构.GS115、KM71、SMD1168正在组氨酸脱氢酶位面(His4)有突变,是组氨酸缺陷型,如果表黑载体上携戴有组氨酸基果,可补偿宿主菌的组氨酸缺陷,果此不妨正在不含组氨酸的培植基上筛选变化子.那些受体菌自收突形成组氨酸家死型的概率普遍矮于10-8.GS115表型为Mut+,沉组表黑载体变化GS115后,少出的变化子大概是Mut+,也大概是Muts(载体与代AXO1基果),不妨正在MM战MD 培植基上审定表型.SMD1168战GS115类似,然而SMD1168基果组中的Pep4基果爆收突变,是蛋黑酶缺陷型,可落矮蛋黑酶对付中源蛋黑的落解效率.其中X-33由于是家死型,果此耐受性比较佳,如果担心变化率的话不妨思量那种酵母菌,而X33与GS115一般皆是属于MUT+表示型,也便是道不妨正在含甲醇的培植基中赶快死少,然而是传闻会对付中源基果表黑灵验率,KM71的亲原菌正在粗氨酸琥珀酸裂解酶基果(arg4)有突变,正在不含粗氨酸的培植基中不克不迭死少.用家死型ARG4基果(约2kb)拔出到克隆的家死型AOX1基果的BamHI(AOX1基果15/16暗号子)及SalI(AOX1基果227/228暗号子)位面,与代了AOX1基果16-227暗号子,此结构变化至KM71亲原菌(arg4his4)中,分散爆收KM71 MutsArg+His-菌株,Arg+变化子遗传领会隐现家死型AOX1被aox1::ARG4结构所与代,所以KM71所有变化子皆是Muts表型.AOX1位面不被真足缺得,表面上可用您的手段结构通过基果与代要领替换aox1::ARG4结构,那样沉组菌株的表型是His+MutsArg-,那表示着沉组菌株死万古需粗氨酸.然而仅增加粗氨酸本去不克不迭真足缓战arg4突变的效率,arg4菌株正在含粗氨酸的最小培植基中不克不迭很佳天死少.果此不推荐正在KM71中通过与代aox1::ARG4结构去赢得His+变化子.普遍去道,如果是胞内表黑,应尽管用Muts细胞,那样得到的蛋黑产品中醇氧化酶蛋黑量较少而手段蛋黑量相对付较多,使下游杂化更易举止.而对付于分泌蛋黑的表黑,无论是甲醇利用缓(Muts)仍旧甲醇利用快(Mut+)的细胞皆可应用.基果沉组Pichia.pastoris酵母菌体内无天然量粒,所以表黑载体需与宿主染色体爆收共源沉组,将中源基果表黑框架调整于染色体中以真止中源基果的表黑,包罗开用子、中源基果克隆位面、末止序列、筛选标记表记标帜等.细菌内共源沉组被认为是沉组量粒构修历程的易面,果为已线性化的环状量粒之间爆收共源沉组的几率非常矮,所以沉组变化载体必须用特定的节制性内切酶举止线性化处理.那种处理的手段是预防随机拔出沉组时量粒正在功能区断开,制成手段基果表黑得活,让共源沉组以指定的办法爆收.表黑载体主要分为以下几类:(1)胞内表黑载体主要有pHIL-D2、pA0815、pPIC3K、pPICZ、pHWO10,pGAPZ、pGAPZa(Invitrogen)等.该类载体不妨将手段基果表黑正在胞内,不妨预防毕赤酵母的糖基化,主要符合于那些不克不迭被糖基化相闭基果的表黑;(2)分泌型表黑载体主要有pPIC9、pHIL-S1、pPICZα、pYAM75P等.由于毕赤酵母自己的泌内源蛋黑非常少,将中源蛋黑分泌到胞中,非常有好处手段蛋黑量的杂化及聚集.时常使用的分泌的旗号序列主假如由89个氨基酸组成的α接配果子(α-factor)的带领;(3)多拷贝拔出表黑载体如pPIC9K,pPIC3.5K.正在某些情况下,毕赤酵母中沉组基果多拷贝调整可减少所需蛋黑的表黑量.该载体均可用于正在体内(pPIC3.5K, pPIC9K)或者体中(pAO815)爆收并分散多拷贝拔出,共时可检测减少沉组基果的拷贝数是可减少蛋黑表黑量.体内调整可通过下遗传霉素抗性筛选大概的多拷贝拔出,而体中调整可通过对接爆收中源基果的串联拔出.正在GS115中筛选His+Mut+变化子:用SalI或者StuI线性化量粒变化GS115后,大多正在His4位面上爆收沉组,大普遍变化子是Mut+表型;然而由于量粒含有AOX1基果序列,有大概正在AOX1位面爆收沉组,损害家死型AOX1基果,爆收His+Muts变化子,则需要正在MD及MM仄板上检测可证据His+ Mut+变化子.毕赤酵母表黑时常使用培植基10×YNB(13.4%的无氨基酸酵母氮源),134gYNB固体溶于1L蒸馏火,过滤灭菌,4℃保存.YPD真足培植基:酵母提与物10 g/L,蛋黑胨20 g/L,葡萄糖20 g/L(固体培植基含1.5%琼脂).变化培植基RDB:每100mL加进山梨醇18g(186 g/L),琼脂糖2g(20g/L)121℃灭菌20分钟,而后待温度落至60℃以去正在超洁台上加进10×YNB 10mL(13.4 g/L),10×葡萄糖10mL(20 g/L),500×死物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L),100×AA 1mL.混匀,倒仄板(灭菌时只加进80ml火即可).采用培植基MD(最小葡萄糖):配100mL,背80mL火中加进琼脂糖2g(20 g/L)121℃灭菌20分钟,待温度落至60℃以去正在超洁台上加进10×YNB10mL(13.4 g/L),10×葡萄糖10mL(20 g/L),500×死物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L).采用培植基MM(最小甲醇):配100mL,背90mL火中加进琼脂糖2g(20 g/L) 121℃灭菌20分钟,待温度落至60℃以去正在超洁台上加进10×YNB 10mL(13.4 g/L),500×死物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L),0.5mL甲醇(0.5%).诱导表黑培植基BMGY:配1L,酵母提与物10 g/L,蛋黑胨20 g/L,3g/L K2HPO4,11.8g/L KH2PO4,加火至890mL,121℃灭菌20分钟,而后待温度落至60℃以去正在超洁台上加进10×YNB 100mL(13.4 g/L),500×死物素1mL(4×10-4g/L),苦油10mL.诱导表黑培植基BMMY:酵母提与物10g/L,蛋黑胨20 g/L,3g/LK2HPO4,11.8g/L KH2PO4,加火至895mL,121℃灭菌20分钟,而后待温度落至60℃以去正在超洁台上加进100×YNB 100mL(13.4 g/L),500×死物素1mL(4×10-4g/L),甲醇5mL.BMGY/BMMY含酵母浸出物及蛋黑胨,可宁静分泌蛋黑,遏止或者缩小分泌蛋黑的领会.如果手段蛋黑对付中性PH蛋黑酶敏感的话,可正在无缓冲培植基(MGY、MM)中表黑.如果不凭证道明您的分泌蛋黑对付中性PH 值蛋黑酶敏感,修议开初表黑时用BMMY.如果表黑蛋黑落解了,测验考查正在无缓冲培植基中举止表黑.如果以上条件仍不克不迭灵验预防蛋黑落解,可将基果转进SMD1168中,该菌株表型是his4pep4,缺得了蛋黑酶,变化与表黑步调与GS115相共,也可用于大规模收酵.用考马斯明蓝G-250测蛋黑含量。
毕赤酵母的基因表达及其初步纯化
1、表达效率高,遗传稳定性好 2、结构简单,表达调控机理比较清楚 3、有Pr加工系统 4、培养简单,成本低廉 5、表达产物可分泌至培养基中而自身蛋白的
分泌却很少,利于下游的纯化 (毕赤氏酵母是近年来广泛应用的真核表达
系统。)
一、实验材料
• DH5α、pPICZαA 、GS115、TOP10、, pQE4Aβ15
• 离心收集沉淀,取适量沉淀进行12% SDSPAGE 分析。
• 并用Band Scan 软件进行蛋白质纯度分析.
蛋白质的分离纯化方法
——Alade
四种分离纯化方法
• 1、根据分子大小不同进行分离纯化 • 2 、根据溶解度不同进行分离纯化 • 3 、根据电荷不同进行分离纯化 • 4 、利用对配体的特异亲和力进行分离纯化
• TBST 洗涤 5 次,H来自P-DAB 底物显色试剂 盒显色.
Western Blot 原理 a
• Western Blot与Southern印迹杂交或 Northern印迹杂交方法类似,但Western Blot采用的是聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,被检测 物是蛋白质,“探针”是抗体,“显色” 用标记的二抗。
Western Blot操作步骤
• 1、蛋白样品制备 • 2、蛋白含量的测定 • 3、SDS-PAGE电泳 • 4、转膜 • 5、免疫反应 • 6、化学发光,显影,定影 • 7、凝胶图象分析
6、重组蛋白的鉴定与分析
6.2 质谱分析
• 从考染(考马斯亮蓝R250CBR-250,用于检 测Pr的氨基和羧基)凝胶上切下重组蛋白 带, 进行基质辅助激光解吸附电离飞行时 间质谱分析.
• 挑阳性克隆单菌落接种于BMGY(含酵母粉、 甘油、生物素……)的培养基上摇床培养
毕赤酵母表达系统(学习资料)
毕赤酵母表达系统前言:所用表达质粒有pPIC3.5K,pAO815用于胞内表达,而pPIC9K用于分泌表达,所有载体均利用AOX1启动子来诱导高水平表达。
抗性选择:最有效的筛选遗传霉素抗性及高抗性克隆的程序需要先对HIS+转化子进行选择,再进行不同水平遗传霉素抗性筛选。
毕赤菌株表型:毕赤酵母菌GS115 及KM71 在组氨酸脱氢酶位点(His4)有突变,因而不能合成组氨酸,所有表达质粒都有HIS4 基因可与宿主进行互补,通过不含组氨酸的培养基来选择转化子。
GS115 及KM71都可在复合培养基如YPD(YEPD)及含组氨酸的最小培养基中生长。
转化之前,GS115 及KM71 都不能在最小培养基中生长,因为它们是His-。
培养温度:毕赤酵母生长温度为28-30度(液体、平板、斜面)。
在32 度以上诱导生长时,对蛋白表达有害,甚至会导致细胞死亡。
贮存:贮存细胞几周或几月,用YPD培养基或YPD 琼脂斜面1 挑取所需菌株单克隆在YPD 平板上划线生长;2 挑取单克隆转移至YPD进行穿刺培养,30 度2 天;3 细胞在4 度可放几周几月或几年,存于-80度1 挑取所需菌株单克隆在YPD 中过夜培养;2 收集细胞,在含15%甘油的YPD 中悬浮至终OD600 为50-100(大约2.5-5.0×109细胞/ml);3 细胞先用液氮或干冰/酒精浴中冰冻再贮存于-80 度。
注意:在4 度或-80 度长期保存后,用之前建议在MM、MD 或MGY 平板上划线培养以检测His+转化子的表型是否正确及其活力。
以质粒pPIC9K,酵母Pichia pastoris GS115为例说明做法。
载体pPIC9K酶切为点线性化质粒DNA:建议使用下列方法线性化载体以获得Mut+及Muts重组子,可能其中一个会比另一个更利于表达多拷贝重组子。
如果只想得到Muts重组子,使用KM71 菌株。
单个十字交换事件可比双重十字交换更容易、更有效地获得Muts重组菌(例如:插入A OX1或his4 而不是取代AOX1)。
酵母表达系统所需实验材料
一、菌种1.大肠杆菌一种克隆感受态(JM109,DH5α,TG1,TOP10)2.毕赤酵母菌.GS115,甲醇利用正表型(Mu+)。
培养基含有甲醇时,菌正常生长,重组表达载体转化GS115后,长出的转化子中,Mu+和Muts两种表型都有,需要在MM 和MD培养基上鉴定表型,转化整合效率高。
KM71H, 甲醇利用慢表型(Muts)。
培养基含有甲醇时,菌生长比野生株缓慢,组表达载体转化KM71H后,长出的转化子中,都是Muts表型,不需Mu表型鉴定。
SMD1168(Mu+),蛋白酶缺陷型宿主菌,降低了目的蛋白被蛋白水解酶降解的风险。
二、毕赤酵母菌分泌表达载体诱导型启动子:pPIC9K,采用α因子信号序列,含卡那抗性基因,可用遗传霉素筛选外源基因多拷贝转化子。
(无标签)pPICZαA,采用α因子信号序列,具有博来霉素抗性基因,易于筛选阳性多拷贝转化子。
(有标签)组成型启动子:pGAPZα,采用α因子信号序列,具有博来霉素抗性基因,易于筛选阳性多拷贝转化子。
(有标签)另外,大肠杆菌表达载体pCold也可以进行诱导分泌表达蛋白。
三、实验试剂限制性内切酶EcoRI,NotI,NcoI,Sac I,T4DNA连接酶,Takara公司G418(遗传霉素),葡萄糖,生物素,甲醇,山梨醇,甲醛,咪唑,Na2S203,酵母氮源(YNB),含His的补充培养基,酵母基因组DNA纯化试剂盒,大肠杆菌质粒提取试剂盒,0.2μm无菌滤膜。
四、实验简要计划用软件对pET28a-重组人胰岛素质粒进行EcoRI,NotI,NcoI酶切位点分析发现,NotI 在NcoI位点的上游,并且都是单酶切位点。
所以可以通过EcoRI和NotI对重组大肠杆菌质粒双酶切获取目的基因,这对目的基因的阅读框无影响。
通过EcoRI和NotI对酵母表达载体双酶切,可以获得载体片段。
将获得的载体片段与目的基因用T4 DNA连接酶4摄氏度连接过夜,并转化到大肠杆菌克隆感受态中,在抗生素培养基中培养,提取质粒进行酶切及PCR鉴定正确后,送去测序。
毕赤酵母表达手册
Pichia Expression KitVersion M01110225-0043Pichia Expression KitA Manual of Methods for Expression of Recombinant Proteins in Pichia pastorisCatalog no. K1710-01tech_service@iiINDIVIDUAL PICHIA EXPRESSION KIT LICENSE AGREEMENTThe Pichia Expression Kit is based on the yeast Pichia pastoris. Pichia pastoris was developed into an expression system by scientists at Salk Institute Biotechnology/Industry Associates (SIBIA) for high-level expression of recombinant proteins. All patents for Pichia pastoris and licenses for its use as an expression system are owned by Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. Tucson, Arizona. Invitrogen has an exclusive license to sell the Pichia Expression Kit to scientists for research purposes only, under the terms described below. Use of Pichia pastoris by commercial corporations requires the user to obtain a commercial license as detailed below. Before using the Pichia Expression Kit, please read the following license a greement. If you do not agree to be bound by its terms, contact Invitrogen within 10 days for authorization to return the unused Pichia Expression Kit and to receive a full credit. If you do agree to the terms of this Agreement, please complete the User Registration Card and return it to Invitrogen before using the kit.INDIVIDUAL PICHIA EXPRESSION KIT LICENSE AGREEMENTInvitrogen Corporation (INVITROGEN) grants you a non-exclusive license to use the enclosed Pichia Expression Kit (EXPRESSION KIT) for academic research or for evaluation purposes only. The EXPRESSION KIT is being transferred to you in furtherance of, and reliance on, such license. You may not use the EXPRESSION KIT, or the materials contained therein, for any commercial purpose without a license for such purpose from RESEARCH CORPORATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC., Tucson, Arizona. Commercial purposes include the use in or sale of expressed proteins as a commercial product, or use to facilitate or advance research or development of a commercial product. Commercial entities may conduct their evaluation for one year at which time this license automatically terminates. Commercial entities will be contacted by Research Corporation Technologies during the evaluation period regarding the purchase of a commercial license.Access to the EXPRESSION KIT must be limited solely to those officers, employees and students of your institution who need access thereto in order to perform the above-described research or evaluation. You must inform each of such officer, employee and student of the provisions of this Agreement and require them to agree, in writing, to be bound by the provisions of this Agreement. You may not distribute the EXPRESSION KIT to others, even those within your own institution. You may transfer modified, altered or original material from the EXPRESSION KIT to a third party following notification of INVITROGEN such that the recipient can be licensed. You may not assign, sub-license, rent lease or otherwise transfer this License or any of the rights or obligation hereunder, except as expressly permitted.This License is effective until terminated. You may terminate it at any time by destroying all Pichia expression products in your control. It will also terminate automatically if you fail to comply with the terms and conditions of the Agreement. You shall, upon termination of the License, destroy all Pichia Expression Kits in your control, and so notify INVITROGEN in writing.This License Shall be governed in its interpretation and enforcement by the laws of the State of California.Product User Registration CardPlease complete and return the enclosed Product User Registration Card for each Pichia Expression Kit that you purchase. This will serve as a record of your purchase and registration and will allow Invitrogen to provide you with technical support and manual updates. It will also allow Invitrogen to update you on future developments of and improvements to the Pichia Expression Kit. The agreement outlined above becomes effective upon our receipt of your User Registration Card or 10 days following the sale of the Pichia Expression Kit to you. Use of the kit at any time results in immediate obligation to the terms and conditions stated in this Agreement.Technical ServicesInvitrogen provides Technical Services to all of our registered Pichia Expression Kit users. Please contact us if you need assistance with the Pichia Expression Kit.United States Headquarters:Japanese Headquarters European Headquarters:Invitrogen Corporation1600 Faraday AvenueCarlsbad, CA 92008 USATel: 1 760 603 7200Tel (Toll Free): 1 800 955 6288 Fax: 1 760 602 6500E-mail:tech_service@ Invitrogen Japan K.K.Nihonbashi Hama-Cho Park Bldg. 4F2-35-4, Hama-Cho, NihonbashiTel: 81 3 3663 7972Fax: 81 3 3663 8242E-mail: jpinfo@Invitrogen Ltd3 Fountain DriveInchinnan Business ParkPaisley PA4 9RF, UKTel (Free Phone Orders): 0800 269 210Tel (General Enquiries): 0800 5345 5345Fax: +44 (0) 141 814 6287E-mail: eurotech@iiiivTable of ContentsMaterials (vii)Purchaser Notification (x)Product Qualification (xii)Introduction (1)Overview (1)Experimental Outline (3)Recombination and Integration in Pichia (7)Methods (11)Pichia Strains (11)E. coli Strains (13)Selecting a Pichia Expression Vector (14)pHIL-D2 (16)pPIC3.5 (17)pHIL-S1 (18)pPIC9 (19)Signal Sequence Processing (20)Cloning into the Pichia Expression Vectors (21)Transformation into E. coli (26)Preparation of Transforming DNA (27)Growth of Pichia for Spheroplasting (30)Preparation of Spheroplasts (32)Transformation of Pichia (34)Screening for Mut+ and Mut S Transformants (36)PCR Analysis of Pichia Integrants (40)Expression of Recombinant Pichia Strains (42)Analysis by SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (45)Optimization of Pichia Protein Expression (47)Scale-up of Expression (49)Protein Purification and Glycosylation (51)Recipes (53)E. coli Media Recipes (53)Pichia Media Recipes (54)Appendix (59)Electroporation of Pichia (59)PEG 1000 Transformation Method for Pichia (60)Lithium Chloride Transformation Method (61)Total DNA Isolation from Pichia (62)Detection of Multiple Integration Events (63)Procedure for Total RNA Isolation from Pichia (64)β-Galactosidase Assay (65)Technical Service (67)References (69)vviMaterialsKit Contents Box 1: Spheroplast Module. Store at room temperature.Reagent Amount ComponentsSOS media 20 ml 1 M Sorbitol0.3X YPD10 mM CaCl2Sterile Water 2 x 125 ml Autoclaved, deionized waterSE 2 x 125 ml 1 M Sorbitol25 mM EDTA, pH 8.0SCE 2 x 125 ml 1 M Sorbitol10 mM Sodium citrate buffer, pH 5.81 mM EDTA1 M Sorbitol2 x 125 ml --CaS 2 x 60 ml 1 M Sorbitol10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5;10 mM CaCl240% PEG 25 ml 40% (w/v) PEG 3350 (Reagent grade) in waterCaT 25 ml 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.520 mM CaCl2Stab Vials: Pichia and E. coli stabs. Store at +4°C.Phenotype(Pichia only)GenotypeStrain Amountstab his4Mut+GS115 1stab arg4 his4 aox1::ARG4 Mut S, Arg+KM71 1GS115 Albumin 1 stab HIS4Mut SGS115 β-Gal 1 stab HIS4Mut+stab F´ {pro AB, lac I q, lac Z∆M15, Tn10 (Tet R)} mcr A,TOP10F´ 1∆(mrr-hsd RMS-mcr BC), φ80lac Z∆M15, ∆lac X74,deo R, rec A1, ara D139, ∆(ara-leu)7697, gal U,gal K, rps L (Str R), end A1, nup G λ-.Box 2: Spheroplast Module. Store at -20°C.ComponentsReagent AmountZymolyase 10 x 20 µl 3 mg/ml Zymolyase in water(100,000 units/g lytic activity)1 M DTT 10 x 1 ml 1 M dithiothreitol in watercontinued on next pageviiKit Contents,continuedVector Box. Store at -20°C.Reagent DescriptionpHIL-D210 µg, lyophilized in TE, pH 8.0Vector for intracellular expression in PichiapPIC3.510 µg, lyophilized in TE, pH 8.0Vector for intracellular expression in PichiapHIL-S110 µg, lyophilized in TE, pH 8.0 Vector for secreted expression in Pichia. Uses the PHO1 signal sequencepPIC910 µg, lyophilized in TE, pH 8.0 Vector for secreted expression in Pichia. Uses the α-factor signal sequencePrimer Box. Store at -20°C.5´ AOX1 sequencing primer2 µg (312 pmoles), lyophilized5´-GACTGGTTCCAATTGACAAGC-3´3´ AOX1 sequencing primer2 µg (314 pmoles), lyophilized5´-GCAAATGGCATTCTGACATCC-3´α-Factor sequencing primer2 µg (315 pmoles), lyophilized5´-TACTATTGCCAGCATTGCTGC-3´Media The following prepackaged media is included for your convenience. Instructions for use are provided on the package.Media Amount Yield YP Base Medium 2 pouches 2 liters of YP mediumYP Base Agar Medium 2 pouches 2 liters of YP mediumYeast Nitrogen Base 1 pouch 500 ml of 10X YNBFor transformation of Pichia by spheroplasting, the Pichia Spheroplast Module isavailable separately from Invitrogen (see below for ordering information).Product Reactions or Amount Catalog no.Pichia Spheroplast Module 10 spheroplast preparations(50 transformations)K1720-01continued on next pageviiiRequired Equip-ment and Supplies (not provided) • 30°C rotary shaking incubator• Water baths capable of 37°C, 45°C, and 100°C• Centrifuge suitable for 50 ml conical tubes (floor or table-top)• Baffled culture flasks with metal covers (50 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml, 1000 ml, and 3 L)• 50 ml sterile, conical tubes• 6 ml and 15 ml sterile snap-top tubes (Falcon 2059 or similar)• UVSpectrophotometer• Mini agarose gel apparatus and buffers• Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis apparatus and buffers• Media for transformation, growth, screening, and expression (see Recipes, pages 53-58) • 5% SDS solution (10 ml per transformation)• Sterile cheesecloth or gauze• Breaking Buffer (see Recipes, page 58)• Acid-washed glass beads (available from Sigma)• Replica-plating equipment (optional)• BeadBreaker™ (optional)ixPurchaser NotificationIntroduction The Pichia Expression Kit is based on the yeast Pichia pastoris. Pichia pastoris wasdeveloped into an expression system by scientists at Salk Institute Biotechnology/ IndustryAssociates (SIBIA) and Phillips Petroleum for high-level expression of recombinantproteins. All patents for Pichia pastoris and licenses for its use as an expression system areowned by Research Corporation Technologies (RCT), Inc., Tucson, Arizona. Forinformation on commercial licenses, please see page x.The Nature of the Invitrogen License Invitrogen has an exclusive license to sell the Pichia Expression Kit to scientists for research purposes only, under the terms described below. Use of Pichia pastoris by commercial entities for any commercial purpose requires the user to obtain a commercial license as detailed below. Before using the Pichia Expression Kit, please read the following license agreement. If you do not agree to be bound by its terms, contact Invitrogen within 10 days for authorization to return the unused Pichia Expression Kit and to receive a full credit. If you do agree to the terms of this license agreement, please complete the User Registration Card and return it to Invitrogen before using the kit.Pichia pastoris Patents Pichia pastoris is covered by one or more of the following U.S. patents and corresponding foreign patents owned and licensed by Research Corporation Technologies:4,683,293 4,808,537 4,812,405 4,818,700 4,837,148 4,855,231 4,857,467 4,879,231 4,882,279 4,885,242 4,895,800 4,929,555 5,002,876 5,004,688 5,032,516 5,122,465 5,135,868 5,166,329Individual Pichia Expression Kit License Agreement Invitrogen Corporation ("Invitrogen") grants you a non-exclusive license to use the enclosed Pichia Expression Kit ("Expression Kit") for academic research or for evaluation purposes only. The Expression Kit is being transferred to you in furtherance of, and reliance on, such license. You may not use the Expression Kit, or the materials contained therein, for any commercial purpose without a license for such purpose from Research Corporation Technologies, Inc., Tucson, Arizona.Definition of Commercial Purpose Commercial purposes include:(a) any use of Expression Products in a Commercial Product(b) any use of Expression Products in the manufacture of a Commercial Product(c) any sale of Expression Products(d) any use of Expression Products or the Expression Kit to facilitate or advanceresearch or development of a Commercial Product(e) any use of Expression Products or the Expression Kit to facilitate or advance anyresearch or development program the results of which will be applied to thedevelopment of Commercial Products"Expression Products" means products expressed with the Expression Kit, or with the use of any vectors or host strains in the Expression Kit. "Commercial Product" means any product intended for sale or commercial use.Commercial entities may conduct their evaluation for one year at which time this license automatically terminates. Research Corporation Technologies will contact commercial entities during the evaluation period regarding their desire for a commercial license.continued on next pagexPurchaser Notification, continuedIndividual Responsibilities Access to the Expression Kit must be limited solely to those officers, employees and students of your institution who need access to perform the above-described research or evaluation. You must inform each such officer, employee and student of the provisions of this license agreement and require them to agree, in writing, to be bound by the provisions of this license agreement. You may not distribute neither the Expression Kit nor the vectors or host strains contained in it to others, even to those within your own institution. You may only transfer modified, altered, or original material from the Expression Kit to a third party following written notification of, and written approval from, Invitrogen so that the recipient can be licensed. You may not assign, sub-license, rent, lease or otherwise transfer this license agreement or any of the rights or obligation thereunder, except as expressly permitted by Invitrogen and RCT.Termination of License This license agreement is effective until terminated. You may terminate it at any time by destroying all Pichia expression products in your control. It will also terminate auto-matically if you fail to comply with the terms and conditions of the license agreement. You shall, upon termination of the license agreement, destroy all Pichia Expression Kits in your control, and so notify Invitrogen in writing.This License shall be governed in its interpretation and enforcement by the laws of the State of California.Contact for Commercial Licensing Bennett Cohen, Ph.D.Research Corporation Technologies 101 North Wilmot Road, Suite 600 Tucson, Arizona 85711-3335 Phone: (520) 748-4400Fax: (520)748-0025User Registration Card Please complete and return the enclosed User Registration Card for each PichiaExpression Kit that you purchase. This will serve as a record of your purchase and regis-tration and will allow Invitrogen to provide you with technical support and manualupdates. It will also allow Invitrogen to update you on future developments and improve-ments to the Pichia Expression Kit. The agreement outlined above becomes effectiveupon our receipt of your User Registration Card or 10 days following the sale of thePichia Expression Kit to you. Use of the kit at any time results in immediate obligation tothe terms and conditions stated in this license agreement.xiProduct QualificationIntroduction This section describes the criteria used to qualify the components in the PichiaExpression Kit.Vectors All expression vectors are qualified by restriction enzyme digestion. Restriction digests must demonstrate the correct banding pattern when electrophoresed on an agarose gel.Spheroplast Reagents The spheroplast reagents are qualified by spheroplast preparation of GS115 following the protocol provided in the Pichia Expression Kit manual. At least 70% of the Pichia pastoris cells must form spheroplasts in 30 minutes or less.Pichia Strains The Pichia strains are by demonstrating viability of the culture. Single colonies should arise within 48 hours after streaking on YPD medium from the stabPrimers Sequencing primers are lot tested by automated DNA sequencing experiments.Buffers andSolutionsAll buffers and solutions are extensively tested for sterility.Media All Pichia growth and expression media are qualified by growing the GS115 Pichiastrain.xiiIntroductionOverviewReview Articles The information presented here is designed to give you a concise overview of the Pichia pastoris expression system. It is by no means exhaustive. For further information, pleaseread the articles cited in the text along with recent review articles (Buckholz and Gleeson,1991; Cregg et al., 1993; Sreekrishna et al., 1988; Wegner, 1990). A general review offoreign gene expression in yeast is also available (Romanos et al., 1992).General Characteristics of Pichia pastoris As a eukaryote, Pichia pastoris has many of the advantages of higher eukaryotic expression systems such as protein processing, protein folding, and posttranslational modification, while being as easy to manipulate as E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is faster, easier, and less expensive to use than other eukaryotic expression systems such as baculovirus or mammalian tissue culture, and generally gives higher expression levels. As a yeast, it shares the advantages of molecular and genetic manipulations with Saccharomyces, and has the added advantage of 10- to 100-fold higher heterologous protein expression levels. These features make Pichia very useful as a protein expression system.Similarity to Saccharomyces Many of the techniques developed for Saccharomyces may be applied to Pichia including: • transformation by complementation• genedisruption• genereplacementIn addition, the genetic nomenclature used for Saccharomyces has been applied to Pichia. For example, the HIS4 gene in both Saccharomyces and Pichia encodes histidinol dehydrogenase. There is also cross-complementation between gene products in both Saccharomyces and Pichia. Several wild-type genes from Saccharomyces complement comparable mutant genes in Pichia. Genes such as HIS4, LEU2, ARG4, TRP1, and URA3 all complement their respective mutant genes in Pichia.Pichia pastoris as a Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast, capable of metabolizing methanol as its sole carbon source. The first step in the metabolism of methanol is the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde using molecular oxygen by the enzyme alcohol oxidase. This reaction generates both formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. To avoid hydrogen peroxide toxicity, methanol metabolism takes place within a specialized cell organelle called the peroxisome, which sequesters toxic by-products from the rest of the cell. Alcohol oxidase has a poor affinity for O2, and Pichia pastoris compensates by generating large amounts of the enzyme. The promoter regulating the production of alcohol oxidase drives heterologous protein expression in Pichia.Two Alcohol Oxidase Proteins The AOX1 and AOX2 genes code for alcohol oxidase in Pichia pastoris. The AOX1 gene product accounts for the majority of alcohol oxidase activity in the cell. Expression of the AOX1 gene is tightly regulated and induced by methanol to high levels, typically > 30% ofthe total soluble protein in cells grown with methanol as the carbon source. The AOX1 gene has been isolated and the AOX1 promoter is used to drive expression of the gene of interest (Ellis et al., 1985; Koutz et al., 1989; Tschopp et al., 1987a). While AOX2 is about 97% homologous to AOX1, growth on methanol is much slower than with AOX1. This slowgrowth allows isolation of Mut S strains (aox1) (Cregg et al., 1989; Koutz et al., 1989).continued on next page1Overview, continuedExpression Expression of the AOX1 gene is controlled at the level of transcription. In methanol-grown cells approximately 5% of the polyA+ RNA is from the AOX1 gene. The regulation of theAOX1 gene is a two step process: a repression/derepression mechanism plus an inductionmechanism (e.g. GAL1 gene in Saccharomyces (Johnston, 1987)). Briefly, growth onglucose represses transcription, even in the presence of the inducer methanol. For thisreason, growth on glycerol is recommended for optimal induction with methanol. Pleasenote that growth on glycerol (derepression) is not sufficient to generate even minute levelsof expression from the AOX1 gene. The inducer, methanol, is necessary for detectablelevels of AOX1 expression (Ellis et al., 1985; Koutz et al., 1989; Tschopp et al., 1987a).Phenotype of aox1 mutants Loss of the AOX1 gene, and thus a loss of most of the cell's alcohol oxidase activity, results in a strain that is phenotypically Mut S (Methanol utilization slow). This has in the past been referred to as Mut. The Mut S designation has been chosen to accurately describe the phenotype of these mutants. This results in a reduction in the cells' ability to metabolize methanol. The cells, therefore, exhibit poor growth on methanol medium. Mut+ (Methanol utilization plus) refers to the wild type ability of strains to metabolize methanol as the sole carbon source. These two phenotypes are used when evaluating Pichia transformants for integration of your gene (Experimental Outline, page 3).Intracellular and Secretory Protein Expression Heterologous expression in Pichia can be either intracellular or secreted. Secretion requires the presence of a signal sequence on the expressed protein to target it to the secretory pathway. While several different secretion signal sequences have been used successfully, including the native secretion signal present on some heterologous proteins, success has been variable. The secretion signal sequence from the Saccharomyces cerevisiaeα factor prepro peptide has been used most successfully (Cregg et al., 1993; Scorer et al., 1993).The major advantage of expressing heterologous proteins as secreted proteins is that Pichia pastoris secretes very low levels of native proteins. That, combined with the very low amount of protein in the minimal Pichia growth medium, means that the secreted heterologous protein comprises the vast majority of the total protein in the medium and serves as the first step in purification of the protein (Barr et al., 1992). Note: If there are recognized glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) in your protein's primary sequence, glycosylation may occur at these sites.Posttranslational Modifications In comparison to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia may have an advantage in the glyco-sylation of secreted proteins because it may not hyperglycosylate. Both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris have a majority of N-linked glycosylation of the high-mannose type; however, the length of the oligosaccharide chains added posttranslationally to proteins in Pichia (average 8-14 mannose residues per side chain) is much shorter than those in S. cerevisiae (50-150 mannose residues) (Grinna and Tschopp, 1989; Tschopp et al., 1987b). Very little O-linked glycosylation has been observed in Pichia.In addition, Saccharomyces cerevisiae core oligosaccharides have terminal α1,3 glycan linkages whereas Pichia pastoris does not. It is believed that the α1,3 glycan linkages in glycosylated proteins produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae are primarily responsible for the hyper-antigenic nature of these proteins making them particularly unsuitable for therapeutic use. Although not proven, this is predicted to be less of a problem for glycoproteins generated in Pichia pastoris, because it may resemble the glycoprotein structure of higher eukaryotes (Cregg et al., 1993).2Experimental OutlineSelection of Vector and Cloning To utilize the strong, highly inducible P AOX1 promoter for expression of your protein, four expression vectors are included in this kit. pHIL-D2 and pPIC3.5 are used for intracellular expression while pHIL-S1 and pPIC9 are used for secreted expression (see pages 14-19 for more information). Before cloning your insert, you must...• decide whether you want intracellular or secreted expression.• analyze your insert for the following restriction sites: Sac I, Stu I, Sal I, Not I, and Bgl II. These sites are recommended for linearizing your construct prior to Pichiatransformation. If your insert has all of these sites, see pages 28-29 for alternate sites.Transformation and IntegrationTwo different phenotypic classes of His+ recombinant strains can be generated: Mut+ and Mut S. Mut S refers to the "Methanol utilization slow" phenotype caused by the loss of alcohol oxidase activity encoded by the AOX1 gene. A strain with a Mut S phenotype has a mutant aox1 locus, but is wild type for AOX2. This results in a slow growth phenotype on methanol medium. Transformation of strain GS115 can yield both classes of transformants, His+ Mut+ and His+Mut S, while KM71 yields only His+ Mut S since the strain itself is Mut S. Both Mut+ and Mut S recombinants are useful to have as one phenotype may favor better expression of your protein than the other. Due to clonal variation, you should test 6-10 recombinants per phenotype. There is no way to predict beforehand which construct or isolate will better express your protein. We strongly recommend that you analyze Pichia recombinants by PCR to confirm integration of your construct (see page 40).Once you have successfully cloned your gene, you will then linearize your plasmid to stimulate recombination when the plasmid is transformed into Pichia. The table below describes the types of recombinants you will get by selective digestion of your plasmid. RestrictionEnzymeIntegration Event GS115 Phenotype KM71 PhenotypeSal I or Stu I Insertion at his4His+ Mut+ His+ Mut SSac I Insertion at 5´AOX1 regionHis+ Mut+ His+ Mut SNot I or Bgl II Replacement atAOX1 locusHis+ Mut SHis+ Mut+His+ Mut S (notrecommended, see page 11)Expression and Scale-up After confirming your Pichia recombinants by PCR, you will test expression of both His+Mut+ and His+ Mut S recombinants. This will involve growing a small culture of each recombinant, inducing with methanol, and taking time points. If looking for intracellular expression, analyze the cell pellet from each time point by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). If looking for secreted expression, analyze both the cellpellet and supernatant from each time point. We recommend that you analyze your SDS-PAGE gels by both Coomassie staining and Western blot, if you have an antibody to your protein. We also suggest checking for protein activity by assay, if one is available. Not all proteins express to the level of grams per liter, so it is advisable to check by Western blotor activity assay, and not just by Coomassie staining of SDS-PAGE gels for production of your protein.Choose the Pichia recombinant strain that best expresses your protein and optimizeinduction based on the suggestions on pages 47-48. Once expression is optimized, scale-up your expression protocol to produce more protein.continued on next page3。
甲醇营养型毕赤酵母表达系统介绍
甲醇营养型毕赤酵母表达系统介绍巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)是近几年发展起来的较为完善的、
被广泛用来表达外源蛋白的甲醇营养型酵母表达系统。
目前通过毕赤
酵母表达了很多种性质不同的蛋白,越来越多的实验室及公司开始搭
建毕赤酵母表达系统的平台,相信随着对毕赤酵母表达系统的研究越
来越深入,会有更多成功表达并进行商业化应用的案例出现。
1.其优点主要为:
1) 具有强有力的乙醇氧化酶(Alochol Oxidase,AOX1)基因启动子,可严格调控外源蛋白的表达;
2) 作为真核表达系统,可对表达的蛋白进行翻译后的加工与修饰,
从而使表达出的蛋白具有生物活性;
3) 营养要求低、生长快、培养基廉价,便于工业化生产; 4) 可高密度发酵培养,在发酵罐中细胞干重甚至可达120g/L以上; 5) 表达量高,许多蛋白可达到g/L以上水平;
6) 在P. pastoris中表达的蛋白既可存在于细胞内,又可分泌到胞外,
自身分泌的蛋白非常少,十分有利于纯化;
7) 糖基化程度低,与S. cerevisiae相比,P. pastoris不产生过度的糖基化。
P. pastoris表达的糖蛋白的糖链长度为8-14个甘露糖,而S. cerevisiae 糖链中甘露糖多达50-150个;S. cerevisiae分泌的糖蛋白的核心寡聚糖具有终端α-1,3糖苷连接,使分泌的糖蛋白的抗原性明
显增强,而P.pastoris的糖基化位点与哺乳类细胞的相同,其所分泌
的糖蛋白的免疫原性较低,更利于临床应用。
巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)表达系统综述
毕赤酵母启动子以及诱导物
启动子 诱导表达 AOX1,AOX2(甲醇氧化酶) 以甲醇诱导表达 GAP (3 一磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶) 葡萄糖组成型 表达(甘油或甲醇诱导产量只有2/3,1/3) FLD1(甲醛脱氢酶) 以甲基化胺为氮源 (葡萄 糖为碳源),甲醇为碳源 (硫酸铵为氮源)表达 PEX8(过氧化物酶体基质蛋白) 以葡萄糖、 甲醇诱导表达 YPT1(GTP酶) 以葡萄糖甲醇、甘露糖醇组 成型表达
外源蛋白在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的 表达种类
具有代表性的如下列一些外源蛋白质P.pastoris中已经获得高效产 生: (1)蛋白酶类,如人溶菌酶、人胃促胰酶、葡萄糖苷酶等; (2)激素类,如胰岛素前体、人绒毛膜促性腺激素、鲤鱼生长激 素等; (3)受体、抗体及单链抗体等生物活性蛋白; (4)抗原类,如乙型肝炎表面抗原、破伤风毒素片段C、登革热病 毒E蛋白等; (5)细胞因子类,如肿瘤坏死因子、表皮生长因子、血管生成抑制 因子等; (6)酶制剂类,如植酸酶等; (7)病毒蛋白类,如乙型脑炎病毒E蛋白、伪狂犬病病毒Ea株gE蛋 白等
毕赤酵母的优点
利用受甲醇诱导的醇氧化酶(AOX1)启动子,可严格 控制外源基因的表达
营养要求简单,生长快速,适合高密度大规模培养, 很少产生有毒物质,毒性比细菌小,用甲醇不易染菌, 可以减少污染。 外源蛋白基因遗传高稳定性,外源蛋白质具有一定程 度上的折叠加工和糖基化修饰,性质较原核表达的蛋 白质更加稳定,特别适合于表达真核生物基因和制备 有功能的蛋白质。
毕赤酵母发酵工艺对产量的影响
甲醇营养型毕赤酵母表达外源蛋白发酵一般有二个阶 段,即酵母细胞营养生长阶段和外源蛋白表达阶段。 酵母细胞生长阶段主要目的为达到一定的菌体量,另 一方面通过流加限制甘油来抑制甲醇代谢途径,并使 细胞从甘油相顺利向甲醇相过渡。 蛋白表达阶段由于毕赤酵母具有以甲酵作为唯一碳源 和能源的特性,且外源基因就插入在能够利用甲醇的 AOX基因中,当甘油用完时立刻补入甲醇诱导AOX基 因产生醇氧化酶来利用甲醇,同时启动表达外源基因 的AOX的启动子(PAOX)表达外源基因蛋白
毕赤酵母表达蛋白糖基化位点的方法
一、概述毕赤酵母是一种常见的真菌,它在生物技术和分子生物学领域有着广泛的应用。
在这些领域,研究人员经常需要对蛋白质进行糖基化修饰的研究,而毕赤酵母表达系统正是其中的一种重要工具。
本文将就毕赤酵母表达蛋白糖基化位点的方法进行介绍。
二、毕赤酵母表达系统简介1. 毕赤酵母表达系统的原理毕赤酵母表达系统是指利用毕赤酵母表达载体,将目标蛋白基因导入毕赤酵母中,使其在毕赤酵母中进行表达。
该系统具有高度的复制和表达效率,能够在较短的时间内高效地产生目标蛋白。
2. 毕赤酵母表达系统的优势和应用毕赤酵母表达系统具有许多优势,例如能够进行大规模的表达,提高了蛋白质的产量;同时也能够实现正常的翻译后修饰以及蛋白折叠功能。
在生物技术和分子生物学领域有着广泛的应用,如药物开发、生物能源等领域。
三、毕赤酵母表达蛋白糖基化位点的方法1. 利用质粒表达毕赤酵母表达载体中含有丰富的糖基化因子,对于糖基化位点的研究提供了便利。
研究人员可以将目标蛋白基因克隆至毕赤酵母表达载体中,通过大规模的表达筛选,筛选出糖基化位点进行研究。
2. 利用质粒诱导表达研究人员还可以通过对毕赤酵母进行质粒诱导,使其表达特定的糖基化酶,从而实现对特定蛋白质的糖基化位点的研究。
这种方法能够有效地降低研究成本,是当前常用的研究手段之一。
3. 基因敲除或过表达最近,基因敲除或过表达技术在毕赤酵母的研究中得到了广泛的应用。
研究人员可以通过敲除特定的糖基化酶基因或过表达其基因,从而实现对糖基化位点的研究。
这种方法能够帮助研究人员更深入地了解糖基化位点在蛋白质功能中的作用。
四、毕赤酵母表达蛋白糖基化位点研究的意义1. 为蛋白质功能研究提供重要依据研究糖基化位点能够帮助人们更深入地了解蛋白质的结构和功能。
糖基化位点通常与蛋白质的功能密切相关,通过研究糖基化位点,可以为蛋白质功能的研究提供重要的依据。
2. 为药物研发提供理论支持糖基化位点在药物研发中也有着重要的意义。
许多药物的研发过程中需要考虑蛋白质的糖基化修饰,因此对糖基化位点进行研究能够为药物研发提供理论支持。
毕赤酵母表达系统简介
巴斯德毕赤酵母及启动子1.1 毕赤酵母表达系统简介随着蛋白异源表达的飞速发展,越来越多的表达系统被建立并得到应用。
酵母作为单细胞真核生物,因具有比较完备的基因表达调控机制和对表达产物的加工修饰能力,仍表现出不可比拟的优势。
以甲醇营养型酵母(Methylotrophic yeast)-毕赤酵母为代表的第二代酵母表达系统,是近年来被公认的最有效的外源蛋白表达系统之一,已有多种外源蛋白在该宿主系统中获得了成功表达[1]。
作为生产外源蛋白的重要宿主菌,依靠其各种不同功能的表达载体,已经得到广泛的应用。
表达的蛋白质包括酶、膜蛋白、抗原、抗体和调节蛋白等[2,3]。
毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)表达系统是近年来发展迅速、应用广泛的一种真表达系统。
它是甲醇营养型酵母菌,有两个乙醇氧化酶(alcohol oxidase,Aox)码基因AOX1和AOX2,两者序列相似,AOX1基因严格受甲醇诱导和调控。
当甲醇为唯一碳源时,AOX1启动子可被甲醇诱导,启动乙醇氧化酶的表达,从而用甲醇进行代谢[4]。
含AOX1启动子的质粒可用来促进编码外源蛋白的目的因的表达。
随着Invitrogen公司开发的一系列毕赤酵母表达试剂盒的应用,目前用该统已成功表达出了数以千计的来自细菌、真菌、原生动物、植物、无脊椎动物、包括人在内的脊椎动物以及病毒等的具有生物学功能的外源蛋白或蛋白结构[5,6]。
1.1.1 P.Pastoris表达载体及其元件由于毕赤酵母没有稳定的附加质粒,表达载体需与宿主染色体发生同源重组,外源基因表达框架整合于染色体中以实现外源基因的表达整合表达的优点在于保持外源基因稳定性并可产生多拷贝基因。
典型的毕赤氏酵母表达载体含有醇氧化酶基因的调控序列,主要的结构包括:5′AOX1启动子片段、多克隆位点(MCS)、转录终止和polyA形成基因序列(TT)、筛选标记(His4或Zeocin)、3′AOX1基因片段,作为一个能在大肠杆菌中繁殖扩增的穿梭质粒,它还有部分pBR322质粒或COLE1序列。
毕赤酵母表达知识归纳
毕赤酵母表达知识归纳1a.配制500×BIOTIN stock solution(0.02%)有这么3种方案:1、懒人是将Biotin直接溶在去离子水中,放过夜,基本就能溶;2、急性子是将溶液配成0.02N的NaOH,就很容易溶解了;3、水浴加热,温度不能高于50度。
D-生物素是具有生物活性的生物素,也就是vitaminH。
在毕赤酵母代谢过程中,作为多种酶的辅基起作用。
天然培养基中一般可以不单独添加,因为YNB中、酵母粉、蛋白胨中均含有一定量的生物素,但是做高密度发酵还是必须要添加的。
b.有几个比较迷惑的问题请教大家:(很典型的小问题)1、制感受态细胞,OD多少比较好?pyrimidine 战友的方法:取1mlGS115过夜培养物(OD约6-10) 分装到1.5ml EP管中。
说明书还有一些文献是说在1.3左右效率高,再高了效率会很低2、关于高效转化法,文献说用(LiAc),而invitrogen的说明书说转化毕赤酵母用(LiAc)没用,要用LiCl。
Lithium acetate does not work with Pichia pastoris. Use only lithium chloride.3、YNB到底能高温灭么?有的说能有的说不能。
过滤灭菌的怎么操作?我是把滤器装好膜绑到瓶口用纱布盖上,报纸包上,瓶盖放烧杯里单灭。
然后把配好的溶液用注射器一点点推进去。
4、葡萄糖为什么在YPD里一起灭颜色很深,单灭则不会。
该115度还是121度灭?网上搜了下,都有人用!5、电转化参数用400欧还是200欧?有的用400,有的还专门说不是用400。
都是从园里看到的!电击参数:1.5KV,25uF,200欧姆(不是400)6、电转后,在MD平板上长的应该就是整合了目的基因的重组子了吧?如果不想筛高拷贝的,是否PCR验证一下即可?网友的回答:ynb最好不灭菌,我是0.22um过滤处理的。
invitrogen手册上可以灭菌的。
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毕赤酵母表达系统
欧阳光明(2021.03.07)
Mut+和Muts
毕赤酵母中有两个基因编码醇氧化酶——AOX1及AOX2,细胞中大多数的醇氧化酶是AOX1基因产物,甲醇可紧密调节、诱导AOX1基因的高水平表达,较典型的是占可溶性蛋白的30%以上。
AOX1基因调控分两步:抑制/去抑制机制加诱导机制。
简单来说,在含葡萄糖的培养基中,即使加入诱导物甲醇转录仍受抑制。
为此,用甲醇进行优化诱导时,推荐在甘油培养基中培养。
注意即使在甘油中生长(去抑制)时,仍不足以使AOX1基因达到最低水平的表达,诱导物甲醇是AOX1基因可辨表达水平所必需的。
AOX1基因已被分离,含AOX1启动子的质粒可用来促进编码外源蛋白的目的基因的表达。
AOX2基因与AOX1基因有97%的同源性,但在甲醇中带AOX2基因的菌株比带AOX1基因菌株慢得多,通过这种甲醇利用缓慢表型可分离Muts菌株。
在YPD(酵母膏、蛋白胨、葡萄糖)培养基中,不论是Mut+还是Muts其在对数期增殖一倍的时间大约为2h。
Mut+和Muts菌株在没有甲醇存在的情况下生长速率是一样的,存在甲醇的情况下,Mut+在对数期增殖一倍的时间大约为4至6个小时,Muts在对数期增殖一倍的时间大约为18个小时。
菌株GS115、X-33、KM71和SMD1168的区别
GS115、KM71和SMD1168等是用于表达外源蛋白的毕赤酵母受体菌,与酿酒酵母相比,毕赤酵母不会使蛋白过糖基化,糖基化后有利于蛋白的溶解或形成正确的折叠结构。
GS115、KM71、SMD1168在组氨酸脱氢酶位点(His4)有突变,是组氨酸缺陷型,如果表达载体上携带有组氨酸基因,可补偿宿主菌的组氨酸缺陷,因此可以在不含组氨酸的培养基上筛选转化子。
这些受体菌自发突变为组氨酸野生型的概率一般低于10-8。
GS115表型为Mut+,重组表达载体转化GS115后,长出的转化子可能是Mut+,也可能是Muts(载体取代AXO1基因),可以在MM和MD培养基上鉴定表型。
SMD1168和GS115类似,但SMD1168基因组中的Pep4基因发生突变,是蛋白酶缺陷型,可降低蛋白酶对外源蛋白的降解作用。
其中X-33由于是野生型,因此耐受性比较好,如果担心转化率的话可以考虑这种酵母菌,而X33与GS115一样都是属于MUT+表现型,也就是说可以在含甲醇的培养基中快速生长,但是据说会对外源基因表达有影响,
KM71的亲本菌在精氨酸琥珀酸裂解酶基因(arg4)有突变,在不含精氨酸的培养基中不能生长。
用野生型ARG4基因(约2kb)插入到克隆的野生型AOX1基因的BamHI(AOX1基因15/16密码子)及SalI(AOX1基因227/228密码子)位点,取代了AOX1基因16-227密码子,此结构转化至KM71亲本菌(arg4his4)中,分离产生KM71
MutsArg+His-菌株,Arg+转化子遗传分析显示野生型AOX1被aox1::ARG4结构所取代,所以KM71所有转化子都是Muts表型。
AOX1位点没有被完全缺失,理论上可用你的目的结构通过基因取代方法替换aox1::ARG4结构,这样重组菌株的表型是His+MutsArg-,这意味着重组菌株生长时需精氨酸。
但仅添加精氨酸并不能完全缓和arg4突变的影响,arg4菌株在含精氨酸的最小培养基中不能很好地生长。
因此不推荐在KM71中通过取代aox1::ARG4结构来获得His+转化子。
一般来说,如果是胞内表达,应尽量用Muts细胞,这样得到的蛋白产物中醇氧化酶蛋白量较少而目的蛋白量相对较多,使下游纯化更易进行。
而对于分泌蛋白的表达,无论是甲醇利用慢(Muts)还是甲醇利用快(Mut+)的细胞都可应用。
基因重组
Pichia.pastoris酵母菌体内无天然质粒,所以表达载体需与宿主染色体发生同源重组,将外源基因表达框架整合于染色体中以实现外源基因的表达,包括启动子、外源基因克隆位点、终止序列、筛选标记等。
细菌内同源重组被认为是重组质粒构建过程的难点,因为未线性化的环状质粒之间发生同源重组的几率非常低,所以重组转移载体必须用特定的限制性内切酶进行线性化处理。
这种处理的目的是防止随机插入重组时质粒在功能区断开,造成目的基因表达失活,让同源重组以指定的方式发生。
表达载体主要分为以下几类:(1)胞内表达载体主要有pHIL-D2、pA0815、pPIC3K、pPICZ、pHWO10,pGAPZ、pGAPZa(Invitrogen)等。
该类载体可以将目的基因表达在胞内,可以避免毕赤酵母的糖基化,主要适合于那些不能被糖基化相关基因的表达;(2)分泌型表达载体主要有pPIC9、pHIL-S1、pPICZα、pYAM75P等。
由于毕赤酵母本身的泌内源蛋白非常少,将外源蛋白分泌到胞外,非常有利于目的蛋白质的纯化及积累。
常用的分泌的信号序列主要是由89个氨基酸组成的α交配因子(α-factor)的引导;(3)多拷贝插入表达载体如pPIC9K,pPIC3.5K。
在某些情况下,毕赤酵母中重组基因多拷贝整合可增加所需蛋白的表达量。
该载体均可用于在体内(pPIC3.5K, pPIC9K)或体外(pAO815)产生并分离多拷贝插入,同时可检测增加重组基因的拷贝数是否增加蛋白表达量。
体内整合可通过高遗传霉素抗性筛选可能的多拷贝插入,而体外整合可通过连接产生外源基因的串联插入。
在GS115中筛选His+Mut+转化子:用SalI或StuI线性化质粒转化GS115后,大多在His4位点上发生重组,大多数转化子是Mut+表型;然而由于质粒含有AOX1基因序列,有可能在AOX1位点发生重组,破坏野生型AOX1基因,产生His+Muts转化子,则需要在MD及MM平板上检测可证实His+ Mut+转化子。
毕赤酵母表达常用培养基
10×YNB(13.4%的无氨基酸酵母氮源),134gYNB固体溶于1L蒸馏水,过滤灭菌,4℃保存。
YPD完全培养基:酵母提取物10 g/L,蛋白胨20 g/L,葡萄糖20 g/L(固体培养基含1.5%琼脂)。
转化培养基RDB:每100mL加入山梨醇18g(186 g/L),琼脂糖2g(20g/L)121℃灭菌20分钟,然后待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入10×YNB 10mL(13.4 g/L),10×葡萄糖10mL(20 g/L),500×生物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L),100×AA 1mL。
混匀,倒平板(灭菌时只加入80ml水即可)。
选择培养基MD(最小葡萄糖):配100mL,向80mL水中加入琼脂糖2g(20 g/L)121℃灭菌20分钟,待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入10×YNB 10mL(13.4 g/L),10×葡萄糖10mL(20 g/L),500×生物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L)。
选择培养基MM(最小甲醇):配100mL,向90mL水中加入琼脂糖2g(20 g/L) 121℃灭菌20分钟,待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入10×YNB 10mL(13.4 g/L),500×生物素0.2mL(4×10-4g/L),0.5mL甲醇(0.5%)。
诱导表达培养基BMGY:配1L,酵母提取物10 g/L,蛋白胨20 g/L,
3g/L K2HPO4,11.8g/L KH2PO4,加水至890mL,121℃灭菌20分钟,然后待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入10×YNB 100mL(13.4 g/L),500×生物素1mL(4×10-4g/L),甘油10mL。
诱导表达培养基BMMY:酵母提取物10g/L,蛋白胨20 g/L,3g/LK2HPO4,11.8g/L KH2PO4,加水至895mL,121℃灭菌20分钟,然后待温度降至60℃以后在超净台上加入100×YNB 100mL(13.4 g/L),500×生物素1mL(4×10-4g/L),甲醇5mL。
BMGY/BMMY含酵母浸出物及蛋白胨,可稳定分泌蛋白,阻止或减少分泌蛋白的分解。
如果目的蛋白对中性PH蛋白酶敏感的话,可在无缓冲培养基(MGY、MM)中表达。
如果没有证据证明你的分泌蛋白对中性PH值蛋白酶敏感,建议开始表达时用BMMY。
如果表达蛋白降解了,尝试在无缓冲培养基中进行表达。
如果以上条件仍不能有效防止蛋白降解,可将基因转入SMD1168中,该菌株表型是his4pep4,缺失了蛋白酶,转化与表达程序与GS115相同,也可用于大规模发酵。
用考马斯亮蓝G-250测蛋白含量。