[熟语,视角,文化]从文化视角看葡汉熟语及翻译

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葡汉委婉语比较浅析

葡汉委婉语比较浅析

葡汉委婉语比较浅析委婉语既是一种语言现象,又是一种文化现象,通过对比研究葡汉委婉语所具有的社会意义和语言意义不可低估。

作为重要交际手段,葡汉委婉语在语用方面都遵循避讳、合作和掩饰等原则,但二者在关涉范围、构成方式上却同中有异。

本文尝试从委婉语的中葡定义、语义功能、构成方式等方面进行简单扼要的比较分析。

标签:委婉语语义功能生成手段变异性委婉语在一定的言语共同体内,受制于特定文化,为避免不便明说的意图,采取委婉间接的语言手段进行交际的语言符号。

它通过在语言符号的所指和能指之间造成心理上的疏离效应,力图代替、掩饰、弱化禁忌语的粗俗、直接、不礼貌等。

世界各民族语言中都有委婉语,有比照研究。

国内外学者围绕委婉语展开了多学科、多角度的深入研究,并已取得了一定成果(束定芳,1995)。

但从现有资料看,葡汉委婉语的比照研究几乎还处于空白状态。

探讨二者的异同,既可丰富语言的表达形式,又有利于解决委婉语的翻译等值问题,对对外汉语教学同样具有重要的指导意义。

一、委婉语的葡汉定义当下对委婉语尚无准确全面的定义,诸多语言学家及工具书对委婉语的界定也大同小异。

“委婉”即“婉转”,又称“婉曲”“婉辞”。

《辞海》对“婉转”的定义:修辞上辞格之一。

陈望道先生是较早给“委婉”下定义的学者之一。

他在1933年出版的《修辞学发凡》中指出,“委婉”即“说话时不直白本意,只用委曲含蓄的话来烘托暗示”。

语言学家王希杰(1983)在他的《汉语修辞学》里对此做了补充,“婉曲,指的是不能或不愿直截了当地说,而闪烁其辞,转彎抹角,迂回曲折,用与本意相关或相类的话来代替。

”葡语词典中对委婉语的定义:A fim de uma utilização mais agradável e fácil de as pessoas se sentem um modo aceitável para exprimir o mesmo significado de expressões.[1](为了用一种更令人感到愉快和易于接受的方式表达同一种意思的表述。

课件1:第四节 中华文化的智慧之花——熟语

课件1:第四节 中华文化的智慧之花——熟语

解析:选 D。此题考查近义词的辨析能力。解答此题,应根据词 语意思及句子的具体语境分析判断。惟妙惟肖:描写或模仿的非 常逼真。栩栩如生:指艺术形象非常逼真,如同活的一样。“惟 妙惟肖”重在强调“相似性”,“栩栩如生”重在强调“生动, 像活的一样”,故第①句应用“惟妙惟肖”;可排除 B、C 两项。 不攻自破:形容论点站不住脚,经不起反驳或攻击。迎刃而解: 比喻主要问题解决了,其他的问题就很容易解决。或比喻处理事 情、解决问题很顺利。可排除 A 项。“艺术作品”多与“匠心独 运”搭配,“得天独厚”只强调条件优越。所以选 D。
正确使用熟语 本节内容与“正确使用词语(包括熟语)”这一考点相对应。本节 着重学习熟语中的成语、惯用语、歇后语及谚语。熟语的考查 体现为:正确理解熟语在具体语境中的意义,能根据语境正确 辨析、使用熟语,而不以考查记忆熟语的意义为重点。熟语考 查范围涉及熟语使用正误和使用优劣两个层面。
近几年对熟语的考查呈现以下几个特点: 1.对熟语的考查已不再只是四字成语,考查对象还有惯用语、 谚语、歇后语等。 2.熟语的考查方法较为灵活,有的采用选择填空的形式,有的 采用辨析选择的形式,有的在主观题中根据“语言环境或意思” 写出一个或几个熟语,还有的是结合实、虚词进行辨析选择。
C.在 2015 年央视网络春晚上王铮亮演唱了《最远的距离》,他 那温暖醇厚又不失清亮的嗓音,让现场每位观众耳.濡.目.染.,沉 浸其中,让每一个归心似箭的人热泪盈眶。 D.央视纪录片《中国远征军》犹如空.谷.足.音.,向观众展现了中 国人第一次把侵略者赶出中国国土的战例,让人们对那段中国 先烈浴血奋战的历史有了更多地了解。
5.悖逻辑 有些熟语从意义上看似乎符合句意,没有错误,但从逻辑事理 的角度推敲则存在问题,主要表现为前后矛盾。如:“拖拉机 司机急于赶路,不走公路,另辟蹊径,沿着江边小道行驶,不 料驾驶失控,出了车祸。”“另辟蹊径”原意是另外开辟一条路, 即比喻另创一种风格或方法。这里如用原意,与“沿着江边小 道”相矛盾。如果不注意熟语的意义和整个句子语义的比照, 也极有可能使熟语的意义和句子的语义矛盾。

520个熟语解释

520个熟语解释

520个熟语解释1、哀莫大于心死——指最可悲哀的事,莫过于思想顽钝,麻木不仁。

2、鞍不离马背,甲不离将身——马不卸鞍,人不解甲。

处于高度警惕状态。

3、八公山上,草木皆兵——八公山:在安徽淮西市西。

将八公山上的草木,都当作是士兵。

形容极度惊恐,疑神疑鬼。

4、八仙过海,各显其能——八仙:道教传说中的八位神仙。

比喻做事各有各的一套办法。

也比喻各自拿出本领互相比赛。

5、八字没见一撇——比喻事情毫无眉目,未见端绪。

6、拔了萝卜地皮宽——比喻为了行事方便而把碍眼的事物去掉。

也比喻为了扩展地盘而排挤别人。

7、百尺竿头,更进一步——佛家语,比喻道行、造诣虽深,仍需修炼提高。

比喻虽已达到很高的境地,但不能满足,还要进一步努力。

8、百花齐放,百家争鸣——比喻艺术及科学的不同派别及风格自由发展与争论。

9、百思不得其解——百般思索也无法理解。

10、百万买宅,千万买邻——比喻好邻居千金难买。

11、百闻不如一见——听得再多,也不如亲眼见到一次。

12、百足之虫,死而不僵——百足:虫名,又名马陆或马蚿,有十二环节,切断后仍能蠕动。

比喻势家豪族,虽已衰败,但因势力大,基础厚,还不致完全破产。

13、搬起石头砸自己的脚——比喻本来想害别人,结果害了自己。

自食其果。

14、半部论语治天下——旧时用来强调学习儒家经典的重要。

15、饱汉不知饿汉饥——比喻处境好的人,不能理解别人的苦衷。

16、饱暖思淫欲——食饱衣暖之时,则生淫欲之心。

17、杯酒释兵权——释:解除。

本指在酒宴上解除将领的兵权。

泛指轻而易举地解除将领的兵权。

18、毕其功于一役——把应该分成几步做的事一次做完。

19、闭塞眼睛捉麻雀——比喻盲目地进行工作。

20、避其锐气,击其惰归——善于用兵之人,总是避开敌人初来时的气势,等敌人疲惫时再狠狠打击。

21、表壮不如里壮——外表好看,不如里面结实。

比喻妻子能够治家,就是丈夫的好帮手。

22、冰冻三尺,非一日之寒——比喻一种情况的形成,是经过长时间的积累、酝酿的。

熟语翻译

熟语翻译

熟语翻译熟语是经过长期的历史演变和社会发展,逐渐沉淀下来的短小精悍,朗朗上口,形象生动,具有民族和地方特色的固定表达。

就其广义而言,英语熟语包括俗语(Colloquialisms),谚语(Proverbs),俚语(Slang Expressions)等,汉语熟语包括成语,谚语,歇后语等。

由于熟语是语言中的重要修辞手段,熟语翻译的好坏会直接影响到整个译文的质量。

一般来讲,翻译时除了忠实的表达原文的意思外,还应尽可能保持原文熟语的形象比喻,丰富联想,修辞效果以及其民族,地方特色等。

熟语的翻译有四种主要方法:(1)直译法;(2)直译解释法;(3)等值熟语的借用法;(4)意译法。

(1)直译法所谓直译法,是指把熟语原文的意思用译入语直接了当的表达出来,对原文的内容不加以增删,也不做任何解释。

英译汉:A gentleman's agreement 君子协议The open-door policy "门户开放"政策A cat has nine lives 猫有九条命汉译英:门缝看人,把人看扁了!If you look at a person through a crack inthe door,he look flat!三人行,必有我师。

When I walk along with two others,theymay serve me as my teachers.(2)直译解释法所谓直译解释法,是指把熟语部分原文的意思用译入语直接了当的表达出来,对原文涉及文化背景差异的内容加以解释或意译出来。

英译汉:Cat one's coat according to one's cloth 看布裁衣——量入为出;适应环境See how the wind blows 看风向——了解情况汉译英:天涯处处有芳草。

There are fragrant flowers in every land--there are able men everywhere 水至清则无鱼。

从文化翻译理论视角看汉英典籍翻译_省略__以林戊荪_论语新译_英译本为例_刘琳

从文化翻译理论视角看汉英典籍翻译_省略__以林戊荪_论语新译_英译本为例_刘琳

作者简介:刘琳,在读硕士,鲁东大学外国语学院外国语言学及应用语言学专业。

研究方向:英汉、汉英翻译理论与实践。

梁颖,英语教师,烟台市莱山区实验小学。

研究方向:英语教学。

文章编号:1672-6758(2013)05-0078-2从文化翻译理论视角看汉英典籍翻译信息补偿———以林戊荪《论语新译》英译本为例刘琳1,梁颖2(1.鲁东大学外国语学院,山东烟台264025;2.莱山区实验小学,山东烟台264003)摘要:翻译是两种语言的转换,也是两种文化的交流。

由于语言、文化差异的存在,翻译损失一直与翻译相伴,翻译补偿也是翻译题中应有之义。

在文化翻译理论观照下,通过分析林戊荪《论语新译》英译本的信息补偿可以看出译者通过文内文外的补偿方式对原文进行改写,采取释译融合的策略向西方读者传达中国传统文化。

关键词:翻译;信息补偿;文化翻译理论;《论语》中图分类号:H315.9文献标识码:A 一引言翻译作为一种语际交际,不仅是两种语言的转换过程,同时也是文化的交流过程。

没有任何两个民族具有完全相同的背景,在翻译中总会有一些损失或扭曲。

翻译过程中存在翻译损失,这是翻译的本体特征。

但是,为了在一定程度上弥补这种损失,翻译补偿势在必行。

中国文化典籍不仅对中国产生着深远影响,也深刻影响了其他一些国家特别是东亚、东南亚一些国家。

其英译对向世界传播中国传统思想具有重要意义。

笔者通过文献检索发现,目前还没有从文化翻译理论方面界定和分析翻译补偿的论文。

本文以林戊荪《论语新译》英译本为例,试从文化翻译理论角度分析翻译补偿问题。

二文化翻译理论要点与翻译补偿界定文化翻译理论认为,翻译是一种文化改写,也是一种文化操纵。

该学派代表人物Lefevere (2004)从文化角度阐述了意识形态、诗学、赞助人对翻译的影响和作用。

意识形态是指上层建筑和社会思想,对译者、文本选择以及翻译策略都有影响。

译者受一定意识形态的影响,同时译者还担负着跨文化交际的使命,将原语文本包含的本土意识文化价值观等传播给异域文化。

从文化角度看习语翻译

从文化角度看习语翻译

从文化角度看习语翻译【摘要】习语是语言文化的结晶,缺少了习语,语言将会变得索然无味。

习语在语言中的应用比比皆是,在写作或演说中适当地使用习语将会使篇章增色,加强语言的力量使语言更形象。

奈达曾说过,习语是比任何非习语更具冲击力的表达,它带有一种语言和文化的识别特征。

习语被广泛应用于各类写作和演说中,如在文学作品中,在科学著作中,在政治演说中,甚至在美国,习语都成为辩论中唇枪舌战的武器。

美国第16届总统亚伯拉罕·林肯在他一篇著名演说中引用了圣经里的一句话:“互相分裂的房子无法站立。

”来号召美国人民团结一致反对黑奴制度,停止战。

美国人对圣经的容都很熟悉,他们为此深受感动。

林肯废奴运动也取得了很好的结果。

既然习语在语言运用中有如此重要地位,那么恰到好处地翻译习语将有助于跨文化交流。

中英不同的文化使得英汉习语在表达上有很大差异,也使得翻译中容易产生误译,因此加强对英汉习语文化涵差异的了解有着重要意义。

本文在探讨英汉习语文化涵差异的基础上提出了四种翻译方法:直译法、意译法、意象转移法、增删法。

【关键词】习语;文化;习语翻译【Abstract】 Idioms, having universal appeal, are widely recognized as the essence or the crystallization of language. Without idioms language would become dull and dry, whereas an appropriate use of them in speech and writing will add much to variety strength and vividness of the language. Idioms usually carry more impact than none-idiomatic expressions because of their close identification with a particular language and culture. Idioms are widely used in almost all kinds of speeches and writings: they can be found in literary works, in scientific and political articles; even debates in the United Nations are often interspersed with idioms which become verbal weapons that are difficult to argue against. The 16th US President Abraham Lincoln once quoted an idiom derived from the Bible: “A house divided against itself cannot stand.” in one of his famous speech, calling o n people to fight against slavery and Civil War. American people, who were familiar with the Bible, were greatly impressed and Lincoln’s antislavery campaign at last yielded fruitful result. Thus idioms hold an important position in language use, an adequate translation of idioms is not only helpful but also essential in intercultural communication.This paper attempts to make a brief comparative study of the cultures embodied in Chinese and English idioms and explores the role of the culture in understanding and rendering of both English and Chinese idioms.【Key Words】 Idioms; culture; the translation of idioms1. IntroductionCultural studies have currently been prevailing in the west. And talking about cultural studies has also become a fashion in the circle of present Chinese culture and academia, especially in the field of literary theory and criticism. Accordingly,in the wide sphere of translation studies, there are some scholars both at home and abroad who have tried to replace translation with cultural translation studies and interpretation. Translation is considered to be a cross-cultural communication, which concerns not only the transfer between languages, but also the transfer between cultures. However, the ways of thinking, beliefs, attitudes and values of different cultures not only give rise to failures or misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication but also pose headaches to translation theorists and translators. An idiom is a beautiful gem of a language as well as crystallization of national culture. Yet it is also one of the most difficult things to learn and use in a foreign language. They are often rather hard to understand from the meaning of individual words. Chinese and English both abound with idioms, whose succinct forms and profound meanings make themselves more condensed and expressive. Many idioms bear figures and strong cultural flavors. If they are translated appropriately, not only can the original spirit and meanings be faithfully conveyed, clearly understood and accepted by the target language readers, but also the Chinese and English vocabularies can be enriched to provide a broader cultural vision. The issues of rendering idioms of one language into another are always complicated, if the two languages involved are so unlike in backgrounds and cultures with each other. This paper expounds the close relationship between idioms and culture translation, and the issue of idiom translation is explored from a cultural perspective.2. Definitions and forms of idiom2.1 The definitions of idiomThe word “idiom” possesses several meanings. It may be defined as “the language of a people or a country”, as in “the Chinese idiom”; or “a dialect” as in “Cantonese idiom”. It may also be defined, according to Oxford Advanced Learner’s E nglish-Chinese Dictionary, as “phrase or sentence whose meaning is not clear from the meaning of its individual words and which must be learnt as a whole unit”[1] p734. The second definition most suits the purpose of this paper. The Chinese “equivalent” for“ idiom” is“习语”, it also refers to a kind of a set phrase or sentence fixed by long usage. From the above definitions we can extract two basic criteria on which to decide whether or not an expression is an idiom(or:习语):Firstly, established and refined by long practical use, an idiom has a relatively high degree of stability of the lexical components. An idiom allows little or no variation in form under normal circumstances. In general, any change in the components will result in absurdities or even render the idioms meaningless. A speaker or writer cannot normally do any of the following with an idiom unless he or she is consciously making a joke or attempting play on words:a. Change the order of the words in it (e.g.* “at sevens and sixes” instead of “at sixes and sevens”);b. Delete a word from it (e.g.* “a kettle of fish” instead of “a nice kettle offish”);c. Add a word to it (e.g.* “to show one’s white teeth” instead of “to show one’s teeth”);d. Replace a word with another (even with a synonymous wo rd) (e.g.* “the pear of one’s eye ” instead of “the apple of one’s eye”)e. Change its grammatical structure (e.g.* “a king may be looked at by a cat” instead of “a cat may look at a king”).Similarly in Chinese we can only say: “七零八落” not “八零七落;”“无的放矢”no t “无的放箭”, although “矢”and “箭” both mean “arrow”. However, just as what has been mentioned above, sometimes, either for the sake of sarcasm or for the sense of humor or for the sake of style, we can create, as a makeshift, some irregular variants from the original idioms, but these irregular variants are transient, and may not be acknowledged by people as a whole:(1) “to read more than one can chew” is from “to bite off more than one can chew”;(2) “be dressed to the teeth” is from “to be armed to the teeth ”. Similarly in Chinese:(3) “一箭三雕”(to shoot three hawks with one arrow)is an irregular variant of the set phrase “一箭双雕”(to shoot two hawks with one arrow);(4) “权令智昏”(to be blinded by lust for power) from“利令智昏” (to be blinded by lust for gain);Sometimes for rhetorical effect, an idiom can be made brief with only the core element remained:(5) The hotel was expensive, the food was poor and the bad weather was the last straw.In this sentence, “the last straw” is adapted from the idiom “It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back.”(6) Make hay. The market is good now don’t miss the chance.Here, “make hay” is abbreviated from the idiom “Make hay while the sun shines”. Such adaptation usually calls for the familiarity of the idiom by the reader to recognize the real meaning.Secondly, an idiom often carries meanings, which cannot be deduced from their individual components. More often than not, it cannot be interpreted only according to its literal meaning. Take the expression “to go Dutch (with someone)” for example: Instead of going to the Netherlands (Holland), it means to agree to share the cost of something (with someone), as in “Will you let me take you out to dinner tonight? “As long as we go Dutch”. Take another Chinese idiom for example: “胸有成竹”(literally means to have the bamboo in one’s mind, figuratively, to have ready plans or design in one’s mind. cf. to have a card up one’s sleeve). An idiom usually acquires an implied meaning, that is to say, most idioms are metaphorical in meaning. The meaning of an idiom is somewhat more than the sum meanings of its constituent words, in other words, idioms convey more meaning as a whole than thefew words could carry separately. This can be fully illustrated by the following examples: when taken literary, the phrase“the man in the street” is not an idiom. In a figurative sense, “the man in the street” implies the average person, who represents general opinion. When someone says, “You cannot unscramble the scrambled egg”, he is not merely re ferring to the egg, and he is using a metaphor to tell another person not to worry about something that cannot be undone. “Cat’s paw” does not refer to the paw of a cat but a person who has been fooled or exploited. “Black sheep” is not a sheep which is bl ack at all. And it means an evil member of a herd or a good-for-nothing person.2.2 Forms of idiomsIn a broad sense, idiomatic phrases cover all of the following forms: set phrases, proverbs, common sayings, colloquialisms, allusions and slangs. Here four important forms of idioms are selected for explanation.2.2.1 Set phrasesOne most important group of idioms are set phrases whose form is set and many of them are rather rigid and cannot show up in any other forms. There is an inexhaustible storehouse of set phrases that play an important role in English language. I shall select one of them with cultural traces. For example, the origin of “to kick the bucket” can be traced back to a religious ceremony of baptism in Christianity. As far as a Christian is concerned, his/her important three stages, birth, marriage and death, are closely connected with a religious ceremony: baptism. A Christian needs to receive baptism from an administrator when he/she was born, get married in the church with blessings of a certain minister and be baptized again when he/she is going to die”. So the idiom “kick the bucket” is a euphemistic expression connoting “to die” referring to the death of a Christian in the ceremony of being baptized.2.2.2 AllusionsAllusions of idioms are actually origins and national characteristics of idioms. On account of the different social background, customs and religious, some idioms are sure to have allusions to myth and legend, history and classic. Their meanings are much more remoted from their literal senses. Without knowledge of the allusions made in idioms we can hardly read between the lines and catch what they imply. To understand the idioms of this kind, knowledge of the etymology of idioms is indispensable. Only a small part of English idioms, it is said, draw on sources from the legend of Greece and Rome, most of them are of biblical origin [2] p97.For example, “bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh”, a phrase of biblical origin, is now metaphorically used to refer to “blood relation”or “unity in thought”, but why and how? As to these questions, the readers have to refer to the Bible, an inspired as well as an inspiring book, which provides men and women with promises and punishments from God. It is cherished cultural heritage all through the history of the west but now its influence has spread to most of the civilized world, just as the spirit of Confucianism has penetrated into our Chinese spiritual life, theessence of Bible also influences how people in the west look at life.2.2.3 ProverbsProverb is often defined as the wisdom of many and the wit of one, stating commonly experienced or for the purpose of giving wise advice to others. Proverbs are the wisdom of people, so it is common people who have created a great number of proverbs that are terse, colloquial, vivid and charged with life through their practical work. Their varied proverbs are from all walks of life. Here are some typical ones reflective of common people’s lives as follows [3] p286:Sailors will say:(7) “In a calm sea every man is a pilot.”(在平静的海洋上,人人都是领航员) Carpenters will say:(8) “Such carpenters, such chips.”(什么木匠出什么活)Cobblers may say:(9) “The cobbler’s wife is the worst shod”. (鞋匠的老婆没鞋穿)2.2.4 SlangsSlang expressions are dialectic, vulgar and colloquial language drawing numerous sources from the shoptalk of every profession: trade, sport, school, social group, etc. They draw on source from local people’s life experiences or their customs and are widely used in informal speech and writing such as drama, TV serials, movies, monologue in the novel but are rarely used in formal contexts.3. Idioms, culture and translation3.1 Idioms and cultureIdioms are usually highly specialized in meaning and closely tied to distinctive cultural features and cultural attitude. It is believed that idioms are the most culturally-loaded element in any language’s vocabulary. As the kernel and cream of a language, idioms are usually closely with the historical backgrounds, economic life, geographical environment, customs and mental states of the native speakers. As a matter of fact, idioms have been accepted by people and handed down to the present day because of their universal value. As such, they can be regarded as the sinew of the language. Without idioms, language would lack color and become uninteresting. Let’s take proverb as an example. Proverbs are the daughters of daily experience. In nearly every culture, proverbs offer an important set of instructions for members to follow. And thanks to the endurance of these “words of wisdom”, each generation learns about what a culture deems significant.Below are some proverbs from the United States, each of which stresses an important American value: a value held by the dominant culture.(10) Strike while the iron is hot. In the United States, people who take quick action are valued.(11) God helps those who help themselves. This saying calls attention to the strong belief in America that people should show initiative.(12) The squeaky wheel gets the grease. In the United States, people are encouragedto “speak up” and make sure their views are heard.3.2 Culture and translationTranslation is the transfer of the meaning of a text which may be a word or a book from one language to another for a new readership. Since language is part of culture, translation of language cannot simply be the transfer of linguistic symbols. Over the recent 20-years, with the deepening of cultural studies, it has been commonly accepted that translation involves both language and culture. Translation deals not only with turning the content in one language into another, but also with turning the cultural connotation in one language into another cultural form. So, it is quite necessary for a translator to think about the cultural connotation every unit may embody when translating [4] p39. The film The First Blood is translated into“第一滴血”.However, the translation cannot reflect the cultural connotation behind the words. In fact, “the first blood” is an idiom full of cultural implication, referring to the first success in contest. It will be more reasonable if translated into “初战告捷” or “旗开得胜”.A translator must be a real culturist. It’s said that a translator must grasp two languages; indeed, he must. But without understanding the social cultural connotation in one language no one can really master the language [5] p5. Even Nida E.A. once also pointed out that for a truly successful translator, it is more important for him to get familiar with two cultures than to master two languages, because a word will make sense only in the cultural background where it functions.A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Human beings have much in common. They live on the same globe. Experiences and observations of the world are in many respects similar. Cultures of various countries also have something in common. All these similarities and generalities are inevitably embodied in languages. That’s why equivalents or close approximates can be found in terms of linguistic form and meaning. For example, the English idiom “castles in the air” has its absolute equivalent of Chinese idiom“空中楼阁”.However, culture is important in giving a language its own characteristics, so the dissimilarities are naturally more apparent. In the process of translation, a translator is more often faced with cultural differences. Every country has its own ethnic groups, geographical location, religious beliefs, values, political systems and so on. All these form the differences of national culture, which are also certainly embodied in language. The influence of culture on language brings difficulties to translating. The lack of cultural awareness on the part of the translator is often the cause of errors or defects of cultural nature in translating.As language is a tool for cultural dissemination and communication, translation is, of course, a bridge and an essential means of cultural understanding and exchange. Without translation, there was no cultural communication. Studies on the relationship of culture and translation will give an impetus to cultural communication, to the promotion of the prosperity of cultures in different countries and different nations, to the enrichment of the global culture and acceleration ofthe development of the world civilization. The purpose and characteristics of translation are to exchange ideas and culture. Therefore, translation is referred to as a cross-linguistic, cross-cultural and cross-social communication event. As stated above, language is the carrier of culture and translation is a tool for cultural exchange. As an essential and more expressive component of languages and cultures concerned, a beautiful gem of a language as well as crystallization of national culture, a close study of them is inevitable in translation. The possibility of translation is due to the generality of cultures in different countries, while the limit of translation is based on their cultural differences. As we know, an idiom is a form of expression peculiar to a language. Every language has its own peculiarities in expression, alien from each other. The four-character structures dominate the Chinese idioms, while an English idiom is a combination of two or more words. Both Chinese and English idioms are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, i.e. metaphorical rather than literal and function as a single unit of meaning. Many idioms bear strong national cultural flavors, some of which are unique. Xiehouyu is a case in point. It is a special product of the Han culture. There is no equivalent expression in English. All these constitute special difficulties in translating them. Compared with other linguistic expressions, they are both more difficult to understand and even more difficult to express. Yet, we have to keep their features in order to maintain faithfulness of the target language and culture to the source language and culture when translating. In view of their frequent appearance in literary works and even political and scientific essays, whether or not idioms are well translated will affect the quality of translation as a whole.4. Understanding idioms from a cultural context4.1 The original and national coloringThe origins of idioms are varied, but the chief sources are from the speech of the common people. Ordinary people, such as pilots, hunters, farmers, workers, housewives and cooks, create many idioms. Over a long period of time, these people have created a great number of idioms. Sailors have invented many lively sea-faring phrases, laborers in the fields have created expressions concerning farm-work, and workers of all kinds of occupations have created their own. Moreover, the fisherman talks of life in terms of fishing, the housewife helps herself out with metaphors from her kitchen or her farmyard, the sportsman expresses himself in the idioms of sports, and the hunter of his hunting, or his dogs and horse etc. These idioms are terse, colloquial, vivid and charged with life. And before long they acquire a wide application to analogous situations in everyday life. Little by little the most vivid and most useful of these idioms make their way from popular speech into the standard language, and finally come to be universally understood. Suffice it to give a few examples below:(13) A straw shows which way the wind blows.(14) As a man sows, so shall he reap?(15) To call a spade a spadeHere, the words `straw, wind, sow, reap, spade' are obviously things and activities connected closely with the everyday life of farmers.16) To strike while the iron is hot.(17) To cry over spilt milk.The simple nature of these idioms and the simple words connected with daily life show that they are created by housewives and cooks.As Britain is an island country, a lot of English idioms have to do with sailing and fishing:(18) To clear the decks(19) To know the ropes(20) To go against the stream(21) To be all at sea.The words "decks", ropes", "stream" and "sea" make it clear that the idioms come from the pilots or seamen.Traditionally, China has been a large farming country. A high percentage of its population are farmers. Therefore, plenty of Chinese idioms are related with agriculture. They are the outcome of the Chinese farmer’ work and have been handed from one generation to another. They reflect the diligent nature of the farmers:(22)种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆:Plant melons and you get melons, sow beans and you get beans.(23)对牛弹琴: To play the lute to a cowThe different plants and animals mentioned above show clearly that they were created by people doing agricultural work.Farmers, workers, cooks and housewives first used all the idioms on certain occasions. As time went by, people found they were also useful in some other situations. Time tested them and they became the popular sayings used in similar situations. Take "Throw a long line to catch big fish". It was used to explain in the beginning the action of "catching fish" only. As time goes along, people find it can express a similar situation of "doing something with foresight", which connects the idiom's meaning closely to people's everyday life now. In this way, many idioms become set phrases in the language to express similar situations.We know that Buddhism was once rather popular in China and is still followed by some people today. The Chinese people are very familiar with such words as“寺庙”temples,“和尚”monks and“菩萨”Buddha. That is why these terms are often found in Chinese idioms.(24)跑了和尚跑不了庙:The monk may run away, but not his temple.(25)做一天和尚撞一天钟:Go on tolling the bell as long as one is a monk.Similarly, in western societies, people believe that there are such things as God, hell, paradise, devil, etc. And the English translation of the Bible has also influenced the 1anguage profoundly. Therefore, some idioms reflect their fear ofhell and some have come from the Bible.(26) Go to hell, damn you(27) To wash one's hands (to say one is no longer responsible for something)(28) To fight the good fight (the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak).Furthermore, many idioms show the life experience of people from all walks of life. They play a very important role in educating young people and passing down social values and norms. Such idioms are numerous both in English and Chinese:(29) Money makes the mare go.(30) Man proposes; God disposes.(31) Failure is the mother of success(32) Birds of a feather flock together.As is well known, both peoples created many idioms concerning the “heart”, which they regarded similarly as the center of their soul, thought and emotion. Thus: (33) To lose heart: to lose courage, confidence, hope or to become dispirited and discouraged. (灰心丧气)(34) Heart and soul: with one's deepest feelings and thoughts. ‘Heart’ refers to emotion, and ‘soul ’to mind or spirit. (全心全意;一心一意)(35) 心有灵犀一点通: Hearts which beat in union are linked.From the idioms mentioned above we can see that there is a surprising similarity in the origins of English and Chinese idioms. But on the other hand, owing to the different social background, customs and religions, differences are sure to appear in idioms in both languages, particularly in their national characteristics. The different opinions of the dog in English and Chinese are a good example. Though both have cultivated the habit of keeping dogs, the English people have a very high opinion of it, and the Chinese people often associate it with bad things.(36) Love me, love my dog.(37) Every dog has its day.(38)狗仗人势:Like a dog threatening people on the strength of its master's power.(39)狗嘴里吐不出象牙:A dog's mouth emits no ivory.The above idioms show their origins and national coloring. As idioms come from the lives of ordinary people, they unavoidably carry cultural characteristics closely connected with a nation's history, economy, geography, religion, customs and mentality. These constitute the next characteristic of idioms, namely cultural loading.4.2. The cultural loadingCulture, in this paper, does not mean one's ability to read and write. It means, as the authoritative anthropologist Edward B.Tytlor wrote: “Culture or civilization taken in its wide ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society(1871)转引”[6] p14. People agree that culture has four basic characteristics:1) It is learnt from society, not got from Heredity.2) It is shared by all of a society, not just a few individuals.3) It has the feature of symbol, and language is the most important symbolic system.4) It is an integrated unit and each of them is related to others.In human history, the greatest impacts on national culture include the change of the earth's surface, the migration of the races, and the conquests, assimilations and wars between groups. To analyze the cultural peculiarities of idioms, it is necessary to briefly review the major events that influence the origination and development of the two languages.5. Translation methods of idiomsTranslation is different from common communications. It involves a lot of factors, such as linguistic, cultural, psychological and art, etc. Therefore, it doesn't exclude the general rules, especially to the translators. After they finished the relevant inference and decision and began to do the code transformation, certain translation rules will avoid them from being blind. The important thing for them to pay much attention is to use the rules flexibly according to relevance principle.Techniques in translation vary, and we should use specific methods in treating specific problems, in another word, to find the optimal relevance. In the following sections, we shall discuss methods that can be used in dealing with specific idioms in translating from Chinese to English and vice versa, and try to analyze them in the light of relevance theory. Here are four main approaches. 5.1 The literal approachThe Chinese and English languages are very different in their form and ways of expression on the one hand, and are similar in many respects on the other. To preserve the national character and the special coloring in the original work, and also accelerate the cultural exchange of the two nations, the first approach in idiom translation is the literal approach. It is used under the condition that the wording does not violate the rule of the target language. Tak e the Chinese idiom “雨后春笋”for example, we can borrow the English idiom "like mushroom" but the literal approach can also be used (if proper in the context) to translate it as "like bamboo shoots after a spring shower". Another example is “猫哭老鼠”.Though we c an borrow the English idiom "to shed crocodile tears", we can also, and with better results, translate it as "the cat weeps over the mouse's death". Here, we introduce the image of "bamboo" to the English people, who will easily understand it, since pandas are becoming popular in the world now, and their food "bamboo" should also be well known to the people in the world. And the animals "cat" and “mouse", are also well known worldwide. The only problem is that the English-speaking people do not have exactly the same idiom. If we translate them in the literal way, we will not only translate the idiom's meaning but also introduce something interesting to the English people and help the two people understand each other.As a matter of fact, the exchange of foreign expressions between nations has。

从文化角度谈英语谚语的翻译

从文化角度谈英语谚语的翻译

从文化角度谈英语谚语的翻译英语谚语是英语这门语言的精华。

要把英语谚语翻译成确切的汉语,我们首先要明白英语谚语的准确意思。

由于说英语国家和中国在文化上存在着差异,因此对谚语便会有不同的理解。

所以我们就必须非常熟悉英语谚语所反映出的该国家的历史、地理、政治和社会风俗习惯等。

本文指出翻译的“度”是英语谚语汉译中最重要的,并对谚语的定义,英语谚语的理解、翻译的方法和翻译过程中出现的一些常见错误进行了阐述。

标签:英语谚语;翻译;文化角度英语是一种博采众长的语言。

英语的民族文化更是熔西方各民族文化于一炉。

所以,要了解英语民族,要学习英语语言,不可不重视其谚语。

1.我们要研究谚语的翻译首先要明白什么是谚语。

中国社会科学院语言研究所词典编辑的《现代汉语词典》则认为“谚语是在群众中间流传的固定语句,用简单通俗的话反映出深刻的道理。

”而英国出版的《朗曼现代英语词典》(Longman Modern English Dictionary)则给英语谚语做了这么一个解释,说它是:“一种广为流传的表达人们智慧的简短格言。

它语言凝练,常具有鲜明的形象和一定的韵律,易于记忆。

”(a brief familiar maxim of folk wisdom,usually compressed in form,often involving a bold image and frequently a jingle that catches the memory.)从上文我们不难看出,英语谚语也是英美等国人民的口头创作,凝聚着人民群众的生活经验,反映了自然界和社会的一定规律,人民可以从中吸取经验和教训,得到智慧和启示。

2.谚语作为民间文化形式的一种,与文化背景是分不开的,不同语言的民族拥有不同的文化,便存在着文化差异。

因此要把英语谚语翻译成汉语,它们之间不同的文化背景及文化差异,起着至关重要的作用。

要正确理解英语谚语,就必须和使用英语谚语民族的历史、地理、政治、宗教、生活习惯及文化传统相联系。

中华文化的智慧之花——熟语 (2)

中华文化的智慧之花——熟语 (2)

三、根据古诗文写成语:
1虽鞭之长,不及马腹。 (《左传-宣公十五年》) ( 鞭长莫及 ) 2欲觉闻晨钟,令人发深省。( 发人深省 ) (杜甫-《游龙门奉先寺》) 3见义不为,无勇也。 (见义勇为 ) 《论语-为政》 4吾有卿之名而无其实。 (《国语-晋语》) ( 有名无实 )
5春风得意马蹄疾,一日看尽长安花。 春风得意 )——(孟郊-《登科后》) (
之五:作为语言综合运用题出现
根据下面句子的语境,写出两个适用于句 中横线处的熟语(歇后语、俗语或成语均可) ,答在序号后面。(2004全国四卷) 庄山林说完了,转过身去喝水。可王杏 花偏偏有个 的习惯,就又追问了一 句:“这个消息究竟是从哪里来的?”
参考答案: ①打破沙锅问到底
②刨根问底
之六:作为名言名句默写的内容出现
开小差 踢皮球 开绿灯 唱黑脸 挖墙脚 唱对台戏 钻牛角尖 捅马蜂窝
八字没一撇
重打鼓,另开张 刀子嘴,豆腐心
戴高帽
3、在句法功能上它同成语近似,在修辞功能上它有 强烈的通俗性和口语色彩。歇后语和谚语是句子形式, 有时可用作句子。成语雅的多,俗的少,惯用语几乎 都是俗的,雅的极少数,而且贬义的较多。
定义:由两个部分组成的一句话,前一部分 是引子,后一部分是注释,也叫引注语。个 别的只说前一部分。
校 园 歇 后 语 (歌名集锦)
尖子生——特别的爱给特别的你 差生——为什么受伤的总是我 偏题答案——谁也不知道 老师报分数—— 谁的眼泪在飞 郊游的希望——天不下雨天不刮风天上有太阳 琼瑶电视剧——从不后悔爱上你 足球赛——牵挂你的人是我 中国足球队走向世界——等你等到我心痛 贾宝玉——你究竟有几个好妹妹 放假前夕——渴望 毕业赠言——爱拼才能赢 毕业前夕——分手的夜里 给昔日同窗写信——你在他乡还好吗

从跨文化交际角度看俄汉熟语翻译

从跨文化交际角度看俄汉熟语翻译

从跨文化交际角度看俄汉熟语翻译摘要:语言是跨文化交际中最主要的手段。

在运用语言进行交际时,会遇到具有鲜明民族特色的熟语及其运用、翻译问题。

翻译过程中文化因素对于跨文化交际研究有着特殊的意义。

本文就以上问题进行分析,并提出几点看法。

关键词:跨文化交际熟语翻译熟语指常用的固定短语,是习用的词的固定组合,语义结合紧密、语音和谐,是语言中独立运用的词汇单位,它包括成语、谚语、歇后语和惯用语。

熟语一般具有两个特点:结构上的稳定性、意义上的整体性。

培根曾说过,从一个民族的俗语和谚语里可以发现这个民族的天赋、智慧和精神。

中俄两国各自都有丰富的熟语,由于地理、历史、宗教信仰和生活习惯等方面的差异,俄汉熟语承载了不同的民族文化特点和文化信息,他们与文化传统紧密相连,不可分割。

语言是跨文化交际的最主要手段。

在运用语言进行交际时,避免不了要遇到具有鲜明的文化特征的熟语及其应用、翻译等问题。

而熟语翻译实际上是如何在译入语中处理译出语表现出的各种不同文化特征。

两种语言在交际时,熟语所表现的文化特征课划分为三种关系:对应关系、半对应关系和非对应关系。

1 对应关系对应关系指的是俄汉两种语言的熟语在意义和形象上都是相应一致的。

在这种情况下,两者之间便可以进行互译。

如:Время –деньги.—时间就是金钱。

Лучше один раз увидеть,чем сто раз услышать.—百闻不如一见。

Человек предполагает,а бог располагает.—谋事在人,成事在天。

Куй железо,пока горчо.—趁热打铁。

Как рыба в воде.—如鱼得水。

Не показывать виду.—不露声色。

Глух и нем.—装聋作哑。

Остановиться на полдороге.—半途而废。

Открывать свою душу.—敞开心扉。

Покидать свет.—撒手人寰。

从认知语言学视角比较葡汉熟语中的动物隐喻

从认知语言学视角比较葡汉熟语中的动物隐喻

从认知语言学视角比较葡汉熟语中的动物隐喻一、隐喻的内涵认知语言学家乔治?莱考夫和马克?约翰逊(2003:4)认为,隐喻并不仅仅是诗意的想象和修辞手法,隐喻渗透在我们日常生活的方方面面。

在认知语言学中,隐喻也被称为概念隐喻,隐喻的本质是通过另一种事物来诠释和理解当前的事物,我们思想和行为所依据的概念系统是以隐喻为基础来构建的。

隐喻中被理解的事物或概念是目标域,用于理解这一事物的概念是源域,隐喻的构建实际上就是将源域的属性和特征映射到目标域上(如下图所示)。

隐喻的构建植根于特定的文化背景,因此,隐喻本身是体现不同文化模式的语言和认知载体,而比较两种语言中隐喻特征的差异则成为了分析两种语言文化差异的合理路径。

概念隐喻的构建常常反映在语言学意义上的“熟语”之中。

熟语是指语言中约定俗成的词组或句子,普遍意义上包括成语、俗语、谚语、格言、歇后语和惯用语等六种类型。

在日常生活中,人们使用熟语往往张口即来,但事实上,很大一部分的熟语都是概念隐喻,其背后体现的文化内涵值得深究。

中国和葡萄牙自古以来有着不同的文化传统,近年来,随着经贸往来不断增加,中国和葡萄牙的文化交流日益频繁。

通过比较葡汉熟语中的概念隐喻,我们可以对这两个国家文化根源的差异有更深入的认识。

由于葡萄牙语和汉语中都有着大量的动物熟语,而且这些熟语有着丰富的隐喻内涵,能集中反映葡汉语言中的概念隐喻实现映射关系、表达特定文化的特征,因此,我们选取了动物熟语作为比较葡汉熟语中隐喻的特点以及文化差异的有效着眼点。

二、动物隐喻的特点动物熟语往往可以归类为“人是动物”这一基本概念隐喻。

在这个概念隐喻的构建过程中,人们不只是基于动物自身的特征实现源域和目标域的映射,事实上,人们也会将拟人化的动物充当源域来实现相应的映射,即人首先将人类的性格赋予动物,然后再将拟人化的动物特征用于理解人的性格行为特点。

因此,动物就具有了“国家身份”。

也就是说,不同国家和民族的人依照自己的特点和社会关系将动物拟人化,这样一?恚?在不同的文化和社会背景中,动物的象征含义也就存在差异。

从文化角度看翻译的忠实

从文化角度看翻译的忠实

从文化角度看翻译的忠实从文化角度来看,翻译的忠实涉及到对原文的理解和传达。

翻译的本质是通过一种语言将另一种语言的信息传达出来,这就要求翻译者对原文的理解必须十分准确。

只有准确理解了原文的内容,才能在另一种语言中恰当地表达出来。

而原文所蕴含的文化内涵往往深远而复杂,需要有深入的文化背景知识才能准确理解和传达。

中国的传统文化中有很多成语、典故和文化符号,这些对外国人来说往往是陌生的,因此在翻译时就需要额外解释或注释。

如果在翻译过程中丢失了原文所蕴含的文化内涵,就会导致翻译的不够忠实,甚至产生误导。

翻译的忠实也涉及到对目标语言文化的适应和传达。

翻译并不仅仅是简单的语言转换,更重要的是要传达原文所代表的文化精神和价值观。

而不同的文化背景往往会对同一件事情产生不同的理解和评价,因此在翻译时就需要根据目标语言文化的特点进行相应的调整和转换。

西方文化强调个人主义和自由,而东方文化则更注重集体和家庭,因此在翻译时就需要考虑这些不同的文化背景,选择合适的词语和表达方式来传达原文的文化内涵。

如果在翻译过程中忽视了目标语言文化的特点,就会导致翻译的失真和不忠实。

翻译的忠实还涉及到文化意识和价值观的尊重。

每个文化都有其独特的文化特点和传统习俗,翻译者在进行翻译时就需要尊重原文所代表的文化传统和价值观。

这就要求翻译者具有较高的文化意识和跨文化交流能力,能够理解和尊重不同文化背景下的差异性,避免出现对原文文化的歪曲和曲解。

对于一些宗教文本和传统经典,翻译者就需要谨慎处理,尊重原文所代表的宗教信仰和文化传统,避免产生冒犯或触犯文化禁忌的情况。

只有在尊重不同文化的前提下,翻译才能真正做到忠实和合适。

从文化角度来看,翻译的忠实不仅仅是对语言层面的忠实,更重要的是对文化层面的忠实。

翻译者需要在翻译过程中准确理解原文的文化内涵,同时根据目标语言文化的特点进行合理的转换和调整,尊重不同文化的差异性和价值观,才能做到真正的忠实翻译。

只有通过文化的角度来审视翻译,在不同文化之间进行真正意义上的交流,才能做到翻译的忠实和有效。

从中西文化交流视野看罗明坚“葡汉辞典”中概念的诠释翻译

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认知语言学视域下的汉语熟语理解与翻译探究

认知语言学视域下的汉语熟语理解与翻译探究

认知语言学视域下的汉语熟语理解与翻译探究摘要:从认知语言學中的隐喻、概念合成等理论来诠释熟语表征及熟语语义的建构过程。

在了解熟语的认知机制及其语义建构过程的基础上,采用关联一顺应翻译模式对汉英熟语翻译进行探究,有助于顺应不同文化语境的要求,动态选择最佳关联的表达方式,从而有效实现翻译的目的。

关键词:熟语;隐喻;概念合成;关联顺应翻译模式中图分类号:h0—06 文献标识码:a 文章编号:1001—5981(2012)06—0151—04国外學者们从不同的视角对熟语进行广泛的研究,如katz&postal(1963)从转换生成语法的角度研究熟语的语法形式结构;nunberg,sag&wasow在句法模式中对熟语进行详细的探讨,但却忽视了熟语的常规性和比喻性。

gibbs从认知的角度提出了熟语的概念隐喻假设,探讨了熟语的常规性和比喻性;国外另外一个研究焦点集中于从心理语言學的角度对熟语的处理和理解。

而国内20世纪80年代以王德春,孙维张为代表的學者对熟语的语义、意义和结构的修辞方向展开研讨,同时期还有马国凡和刘洁修对熟语的形成和源流方面的意义进行过研究。

80年代末至90年代,以马国凡、王德春对熟语运用和人文性发展进行的讨论最为突出。

随后,张辉提出了熟语研究的新视角,确定了基于认知语义學的熟语分析框架,把隐喻、转喻与概念整合纳入统一的框架。

综上所述,国外多从心理语言學的角度注重对熟语理解和处理的研究,很少从认知的角度探究熟语的构建和不同文化语境下熟语的翻译。

国内对熟语研究,多是对其分类和性质的讨论,关注熟语意义的静态分析和熟语运用的探讨,较少对熟语的翻译以及熟语语义的构建过程进行动态研究。

事实上,熟语的形成、构建、理解和翻译是一个连续的、动态的过程。

从认知的角度对熟语理解、语义构建过程和熟语翻译进行详细探究认为,只有在深入了解熟语的内在机制和熟语翻译加工之影响因素的基础上,才能在关联顺应翻译模式指导下有效地翻译不同文化语境下的熟语涵义。

现代文化语境下汉语熟语的语用分析

现代文化语境下汉语熟语的语用分析

现代文化语境下汉语熟语的语用分析汉语熟语是指在日常交际中经常使用的一些成语、俗语和习语,是汉语中富有文化内涵和审美价值的重要组成部分。

而随着现代社会文化的多元化和互联网的普及,汉语熟语的应用场景也发生了广泛变化。

因此,在现代文化语境下,汉语熟语的语用分析已经成为一个具有重要意义的研究领域。

一、现代文化语境下汉语熟语的使用在现代文化语境下,汉语熟语的使用方式和场所已经有了较大变化。

传统文化中对于熟语的应用多强调其表达的深刻、庄重和内涵,但在现代社会中,熟语的应用场景变得更加广泛,使用的方式也更加灵活。

一些熟语和成语不仅在文学作品中得到广泛运用,同时也被广泛应用于网络评论、微博微信等日常交际的文本中,增强了其可普及性。

二、现代文化语境下汉语熟语的语用价值现代文化语境下,汉语熟语的语用价值得到了进一步的体现。

首先,在网络社交等领域中,汉语熟语的使用不仅能够传递文化信息,同时能够塑造人们的形象、增进人际关系、引起共鸣等,因此它的表达能力得到了加强。

其次,一些熟语和成语给人们留下深刻印象,既能够体现个人的文化情操,又能够展示人们的文化素质和社交能力。

此外,熟语和成语的传播还能够促进文化内涵的传承,达到文化的传承和弘扬的目的。

三、实践中的问题和困境当前,在网络社交这一领域中,汉语熟语的大量使用导致了不少人使用时出现不恰当的语境和意思歧义,这使汉语熟语的真正意义逐渐淡化。

另外,由于现代社会人们对语言表达的要求变得更加多样化,因此,汉语熟语的使用场景也出现了多元化,这就需要我们对每个场景使用的熟语都进行细致的分析和考量,避免出现意义歧义和引起不必要的误会。

四、解决现实问题的建议在面对现代文化语境下汉语熟语使用的问题时,我们可以采取以下几种方式。

首先,我们应该加强自身的语言能力和表达水平,由此增强自身对汉语熟语的理解和运用能力。

一方面,我们应该注重阅读与学习,对汉语熟语的源起、文化内涵及应用场景进行深入了解。

另一方面,则通过多元化的社交活动,探索和学习汉语熟语的合适使用场景,从而降低误用几率和保证表达准确性。

学习葡萄牙语对于了解葡萄牙文化有什么帮助

学习葡萄牙语对于了解葡萄牙文化有什么帮助

学习葡萄牙语对于了解葡萄牙文化有什么帮助语言是文化的载体,是打开文化之门的钥匙。

学习葡萄牙语,就如同踏上了一条深入了解葡萄牙文化的精彩旅程。

首先,葡萄牙语能够让我们直接接触到原汁原味的葡萄牙文学作品。

葡萄牙拥有悠久而丰富的文学传统,从古典的诗歌到现代的小说,都蕴含着这个国家独特的价值观、历史记忆和社会观察。

通过葡萄牙语,我们能够阅读若泽·萨拉马戈、费尔南多·佩索阿等文学巨匠的原著,真切感受他们细腻的笔触、深邃的思想和独特的叙事风格。

这种直接的阅读体验,远远胜过通过翻译作品来了解,因为翻译过程中难免会损失一些原文的韵味和文化内涵。

在音乐方面,葡萄牙的法朵音乐闻名于世。

学习葡萄牙语,我们可以听懂歌词中所表达的情感和故事。

法朵那哀怨、深情的旋律,常常诉说着爱情、离别和生活的艰辛。

当我们理解了歌词的含义,就能更深刻地领会这种音乐形式所传达的情感力量,感受到葡萄牙人民内心深处的情感世界。

葡萄牙的电影也是其文化的重要组成部分。

学习葡萄牙语后,观看未经配音或翻译的葡萄牙电影,能够更准确地捕捉演员的台词和语气,理解其中的幽默、讽刺和情感表达。

这有助于我们更好地了解葡萄牙的社会现实、生活方式以及人们的思维方式。

葡萄牙语还为我们打开了了解葡萄牙历史的大门。

在学习语言的过程中,我们会接触到与历史相关的词汇、故事和文献。

从大航海时代的辉煌到现代社会的发展,葡萄牙的历史进程在语言中留下了深刻的印记。

通过阅读葡萄牙语的历史资料,我们能够以更真实、更全面的视角去认识这个国家的发展轨迹,理解其文化形成的背景和原因。

此外,葡萄牙的传统节日和习俗也是其文化的瑰宝。

比如圣约翰节,人们在街上狂欢,跳舞、放烟花。

学习葡萄牙语,我们可以与当地人交流,了解这些节日背后的传说和意义,参与到庆祝活动中,亲身感受那份欢乐和热情。

在日常生活中,葡萄牙语能帮助我们更好地理解葡萄牙人的价值观和社交礼仪。

从简单的问候到深入的交流,语言中的细微之处都反映着文化的特点。

葡萄牙语在文化交流中的独特价值是什么

葡萄牙语在文化交流中的独特价值是什么

葡萄牙语在文化交流中的独特价值是什么语言是人类文明的重要载体,是沟通交流的桥梁。

在众多语言中,葡萄牙语以其独特的魅力和价值,在文化交流的舞台上发挥着重要作用。

葡萄牙语作为世界上少数几种广泛使用的语言之一,拥有着丰富的历史和文化底蕴。

它起源于伊比利亚半岛,随着葡萄牙的航海探险和殖民扩张,传播到了世界各地。

这种传播不仅带来了语言的交流,更促进了不同文化之间的融合与碰撞。

从文化传承的角度来看,葡萄牙语承载着葡萄牙以及众多葡语国家和地区的历史记忆、传统习俗和价值观念。

通过葡萄牙语,我们能够深入了解葡萄牙的文学、艺术、音乐等各个领域的瑰宝。

例如,葡萄牙的诗歌和小说,以其独特的风格和深刻的内涵,展现了葡萄牙人民的情感世界和社会现实。

而在巴西、安哥拉等葡语国家,也各自有着独特的文化表达,通过葡萄牙语得以传承和发展。

在文学方面,葡萄牙语文学作品丰富多样。

像若泽·萨拉马戈这样的文学巨匠,其作品以深刻的社会洞察和独特的叙事风格著称。

他的作品通过葡萄牙语传播到世界各地,让更多的人了解到葡萄牙语文学的魅力。

对于喜爱文学的人来说,阅读葡萄牙语的原著能够更真切地感受到作者的思想和情感,避免因翻译而可能产生的偏差和损失。

音乐也是葡萄牙语文化交流中的重要组成部分。

葡萄牙的法多音乐,以其悲伤而动人的旋律,诉说着生活的喜怒哀乐。

巴西的桑巴和波萨诺瓦等音乐形式,更是在全球范围内广受欢迎。

这些音乐通过葡萄牙语的歌词,传递着独特的文化情感和价值观念,让人们在欣赏音乐的同时,也能了解到葡语国家的文化特色。

葡萄牙语在电影领域也有着不可忽视的影响力。

葡萄牙和巴西等国家的电影产业逐渐崛起,许多优秀的电影作品通过葡萄牙语展现了当地的社会风貌和人民的生活。

这些电影为世界观众打开了一扇了解葡语国家的窗口,促进了文化的交流和理解。

从经济交流的角度来看,葡萄牙语在国际贸易和商务合作中发挥着重要作用。

随着全球经济一体化的发展,葡萄牙以及众多葡语国家在国际市场上的地位日益重要。

文化视角下的葡萄牙语感叹词

文化视角下的葡萄牙语感叹词

文化视角下的葡萄牙语感叹词作者:李靖来源:《现代盐化工》2019年第01期摘; ;要:葡萄牙语有很多独特的感叹词,而这些感叹词又都有自身独特的使用情境。

本文试图通过对葡萄牙语(以巴西葡萄牙语为主)中感叹词的初步介绍,让大家更了解葡萄牙语中感叹词的使用情境及其背后的一些文化元素。

本文首先探讨了感叹词的定义,接着分析了感叹词的特征,最后简要论述了感叹词与文化之间的联系。

关键词:葡萄牙语;感叹词;文化在交际活动中,感叹词不仅能简明有力地传达说话者要表达的意思,而且还能丰富话语内容,增加话语的条理性和韵律感。

另一方面,对于葡语学习者来说,感叹词的使用情况,很大程度上也能反映出说话者语言水平的地道程度以及对对象国文化的理解程度。

虽然感叹词发挥着如此重要的作用,但是,要想恰到好处地使用感叹词却是不容易的。

相信很多外语学习者都有过这样的窘境:其一,想表达某种情绪,却始终想不到或找不到合适的表达方式;其二,想用第二语言表达某种感情,却脱口而出相对应的母语的表达方式。

这说明:一方面,我们只是知道感叹词有某种表达效果,并没有将其内化成自己的交际词汇,更没有将其使用情境纳入自己的交际语库之中;另一方面,我们的第二外语学习中受到了母语的“干扰”,或者说产生了“语言转移”的现象,也就是“操第二语言者会把自己第一语言的某些表达方式转移到第二语言中去”[1]。

1; ; 感叹词的定义和特征1.1; 感叹词的定义一直以来关于感叹词的定义,学界都是众说纷纭,莫衷一是。

在感叹词的功能方面,即感叹词是用来表达人类自身情感这一点上,以贝沙拉等[2]、库尼亚和辛特拉[3]和贡萨尔维斯等[4]为代表的学者们都达成了一致。

但是,以贝沙拉为代表的语言学者将感叹词定义为一个词类。

然而,以库尼亚和辛特拉为代表的语言学家则认为感叹词不仅仅指代一个词,还包括词组或一声叫喊,语法功能上则相当于一个句子。

贡萨尔维斯则进一步研究了感叹词在句中的作用,感叹词不仅仅传递某种情感,它还是一个话语对象,成为说话者说话策略的一部分。

熟语文化翻译——评《汉语熟语英译词典》

熟语文化翻译——评《汉语熟语英译词典》

熟语文化翻译——评《汉语熟语英译词典》
蓝红军
【期刊名称】《湘潭师范学院学报(社会科学版)》
【年(卷),期】2008(030)003
【摘要】熟语承载着十分丰富的文化信息,熟语的翻译历来被看成是翻译的一大难事.在翻译过程中,异化或归化熟语中的文化信息都可能引起争议.通过对<汉语熟语英译词典>的分析,我们了解到,以平等对话的态度,对熟语中的文化信息进行描写,并辅以语境的帮助,开展文化间的互动,这样才能真正做好文化的传播,达成异质文化的共生和交融.
【总页数】3页(P130-132)
【作者】蓝红军
【作者单位】广东外语艺术职业学院,广东,广州,510507
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H315.9
【相关文献】
1.初探汉语熟语的跨文化翻译 [J], 陈孝燕;曾凡伟
2.汉英词典中若干熟语英译辨正 [J], 李振荣
3.汉语熟语研究的神经认知视角r——评张辉《熟语表征与加工的神经认知研究》[J], 胡晋阳
4.评《汉语熟语英译词典》 [J], 吴春兰;曾东京
5.《汉语熟语英译词典》中成语翻译浅析 [J], 江艳
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任何一个国家的语言都并非仅与该国家的历史文化等方面相关。葡萄牙语的发展进程中吸收了大量的拉丁语源与希腊语源,书写上可与西班牙语相通,并且与米兰德斯语、加泰罗尼亚语、意大利语、法语及其他罗曼语族的语言存在很多共性。这也就导致了在大量葡萄牙语熟语中并非真正意义上融合的是葡萄牙的文化,而是起源于某些使用这些语言的地区或国家。无论是地理位置、历史发展还是文化融合,这些因素所产生的联系同样形成了葡萄牙语熟语的一大特点。
翻译作为两种语言之间沟通的必要手段。中国与葡萄牙在各自的历史文化发展过程中沉淀出富含自己文化特性的熟语。与传统意义上的翻译不同的是,对于熟语翻译而言,就不仅仅局限于对句意、词汇的翻译,而是需要将文化与语言进行融合。只有在了解两门语言文化与语言的同时,才能更好的进行熟语翻译。懂得从文化视角看葡汉熟语,是翻译熟语的先决条件。了解两种语言文化,将一句熟语与其文化相联系,在明白这句熟语所要表达意思的基础上,选择最合适的翻译方法,才是正确翻译熟语的方式。
从文化视角看葡汉熟语及翻译
【摘 要】熟语是语言的一种特殊表达方式,与普通表述的区别在于其文化蕴含非常丰富。不同国家对应不同的文化,不同的文化形成能够体现其特性的熟语。翻译是语言意义的转换,而对于熟语翻译而言,有必要从文化视角出发,借助历史、宗教与民俗文化中方方面面的特点,寻求葡汉熟语的异同,实现真正意义上意义再生的熟语翻译。
三、“来源”分类及熟语举例
(一)历史沉淀(历史典故与寓言神话)
葡萄牙王国建立于1143年,15至16世纪则通过海外扩张迅速崛起,在15世纪末达到了鼎盛时期。与此同时,葡萄牙航海技术的迅速发展使其船队远征,在非洲黄金海岸加纳建立要塞,随后抵达安哥拉海岸,沿非洲西海岸南下航行发现好望角,绕过好望角到达非洲东海岸(今莫桑比克等地区)。不久之后抵达印度西海岸,自此开辟了欧洲至亚洲的航线。在16世纪中期,葡萄牙的海外殖民地已覆盖非洲、拉丁美洲(主要为巴西)与亚洲的大片土地,使得葡萄牙帝国达到了巅峰时代,其殖民历史长达近六百年之久。 大航海时代的整个历史进程中,无论是葡萄牙帝国,还是统一后迅速崛起的、且在海上同样颇具实力的邻国西班牙,相互之间对饮食、艺术、建筑,体育,与语言等文化方面都有着深远的影响。航海大发现(Descobrimentos)自那时起成为葡萄牙人引以为豪的历史大事件。文化在历史中沉淀,慢慢渗透到语言中,形成了很多与如此一段历史密不可分的熟语。
将以上定义联系起来,可以看出熟语翻译不是仅仅将句子与词汇转述成另一种语言的行为,而是在于如何更好地将原句的意义通过另一种语言方式进行表达的行为,又或者,是将原句中的文化意境体现在另一种语言中的行为。
二、“熟语”的来源综述
汉语熟语的主要来源为:历史故事与名人轶闻(身在曹营心在汉、卧薪尝胆)、自然环境与山川物产(瑞雪兆丰年、水滴石穿)、寓言故事与神话传说(开天辟地、愚公移山)、宗教信仰(善恶到头终有报)、社会环境与生活经验(人靠衣裳马靠鞍、一口吃不成个胖子)。
葡语熟语的主要来源为:历史典故(vitória de Pirro ou vitória pírrica皮洛士式的胜利、discuss?o bizantina拜占庭式的讨论)与寓言神话(Calcanhar de Aquiles阿基里斯之踵、Espada de D?mocles达摩克利斯之剑)、宗教信仰(Ver para crer眼见为实、sabedoria salom?nica所罗门的智慧)、民俗文化(onde há fumo há fogo无风不起浪、Em terra de cegos quem tem um olho é rei山中无老虎猴子称大王)。
《现代汉语词典》对于“翻译”的定义是:把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来(也指方言与民族共同语、方言与方言、古代语与现代语之间一种用另一种表达)。
翻译是语言的转换,但同时也是文化的传播。熟语的翻译不是停留在原句的表层意义的翻译,而是需要从熟语来源开始一层层揭示熟语表露出的方方面面,最终选择使用合适的表达方式呈现源语言所要表述的意义,同时又可被对象语言的使用者普遍接受。
葡语熟语ovo de Colombo,直译为哥伦布的鸡蛋(ovo鸡蛋,de的,Colombo哥伦布;现译为“哥伦布竖鸡蛋”)。哥伦布是意大利航海家,在葡萄牙一直遭受冷遇,但西班牙统一后不久,就受到西班牙伊莎贝尔女王的召见,并得到西班牙的经济与物质支持。起源故事是在为哥伦布举办的发现新美洲大陆的庆功宴会上,他听到了一些达官贵人攻击性的言论,说只要想到就一样能发现新大陆,这很平常。于是哥伦布提出谁能把鸡蛋竖立起来。没有一个人能做到,但哥伦布却轻轻地将鸡蛋磕破,稳稳地将它竖立起来。所有人反驳道,这样的话他们也可以做到。哥伦布回答道,毫无疑问你们都可以,但仅仅想到是不够的,除了我之外,并没有任何人去做了这件事。
一、“熟语”与“翻译”的定义及理解
《辞海》对于“熟语”的定义是:语言中定型的词组或句子,使用中一般不能改变其组织。包括成语、谚语、歇后语、惯用语、格言等。
根据汉语熟语的界定,无法在葡萄牙语中找出具有完全对等定义的熟语概念,但基本可以对等为葡萄牙语中的“Fraseologismo”,其中所指包含“Express?es e frases idiomáticas(idiomatismos)”、“Provérbios”与“Outros(combinaes lexicais com distintos graus de liberdade)”。“Fraseologismo”可以由两个或者多个词汇构成,任何一个词汇的替换、遗漏或增添都由可能对其语义解释产生影响。
【关键词】熟语是文化的载体,熟语则是语言的精髓。它作为一种极具魅力的语言表达方式,除了日常表达之外,更能够体现出一个民族在过往历史中的文化沉淀。熟语中的文化特性是其不容忽视的部分,它扎根与人民生活,有着浓浓的乡土气息,它或以诙谐幽默或以通俗易懂的方式阐述深刻的道理,并伴随人民生活变化而不断积累。不同国家各自具有独特的文化特性,熟语是能够体现文化差异与共性的一种语言。
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