material girl物质
OIML-R035-1-e07
Material measures of length for general use. Part 1: Metrological and technical requirements Mesures matérialisées de longueur pour usages généraux.Partie 1: Exigences métrologiques et techniques IMLR35-1Edition27(E)OIML R 35-1Edition 2007 (E)I NTERNATIONAL R ECOMMENDATIONForeword (3)SECTION I – GENERAL1 Scope (4)2 Terminology (4)measurement (5)3 UnitofSECTION II – METROLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS4 Accuracy classes and maximum permissible errors (6)SECTION III – TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTSlength (8)5 Nominal6 Materials (9)7 Construction (9)8 Scale (11)9 Numbering (12)10 Inscriptions (12)11 Indicating devices (13)SECTION IV – METROLOGICAL CONTROLS12 Metrological controls (14)control) marks (14)13 Verification(orSECTION V – TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS PARTICULARTO VARIOUS TYPES OF MEASURES14 Semi-rigidtape measures in a case (16)steel15 Semi-rigid steel tape measures with digital readout (18)orsemi-rigid measures (20)rigid16 One-piece17 Flexible tape measures made of fiberglass and plastics or other suitablenon-metallic materials, not in a case (21)18 Folding measures made of metal or other materials (22)19 Telescopic measures made of metal or other materials (23)20 Telescopic measures made of metal or other materials with digital readout (23)21 Flexible steel tape measures with winding device not designed for measuring lengthsgreater than their nominal length by repeated use of the same tape (25)22 Flexible steel tape measures with tensioning weight or sinker (27)23 Flexible steel tape measures with tensioning weight or sinker equipped with electronic sensing (29)24 Flexible steel surveyor’s tapes designed for measuring lengths greater than theirnominal length by repeated use of the same tape (30)25 Flexible tape measures made of made of fibreglass and plastics orother suitable non-metallic materials (31)SECTION VI – TEST REQUIREMENTS26 Test requirements for material measures of length (33)27 Test requirements for material measures fitted with ancillary electronic devices (33)Bibliography (36)The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) is a worldwide, intergovernmental organization whose primary aim is to harmonize the regulations and metrological controls applied by the national metrological services, or related organizations, of its Member States. The main categories of OIML publications are:•International Recommendations (OIML R), which are model regulations that establish the metrological characteristics required of certain measuring instruments and which specifymethods and equipment for checking their conformity. OIML Member States shallimplement these Recommendations to the greatest possible extent;•International Documents (OIML D), which are informative in nature and which are intended to harmonize and improve work in the field of legal metrology;•International Guides (OIML G), which are also informative in nature and which are intended to give guidelines for the application of certain requirements to legal metrology;and•International Basic Publications (OIML B), which define the operating rules of the various OIML structures and systems.OIML Draft Recommendations, Documents and Guides are developed by Technical Committees or Subcommittees which comprise representatives from the Member States. Certain international and regional institutions also participate on a consultation basis. Cooperative agreements have been established between the OIML and certain institutions, such as ISO and the IEC, with the objective of avoiding contradictory requirements. Consequently, manufacturers and users of measuring instruments, test laboratories, etc. may simultaneously apply OIML publications and those of other institutions.International Recommendations, Documents, Guides and Basic Publications are published in English (E) and translated into French (F) and are subject to periodic revision.Additionally, the OIML publishes or participates in the publication of Vocabularies (OIML V) and periodically commissions legal metrology experts to write Expert Reports (OIML E). Expert Reports are intended to provide information and advice, and are written solely from the viewpoint of their author, without the involvement of a Technical Committee or Subcommittee, nor that of the CIML. Thus, they do not necessarily represent the views of the OIML.This publication - reference OIML R 35-1, Edition 2007 (E) - was developed by the OIML Technical Subcommittee TC 7 Measuring instruments for length and associated quantities. It was approved for final publication by the International Committee of Legal Metrology in 2007 and will be submitted to the International Conference of Legal Metrology in 2008 for formal sanction.OIML Publications may be downloaded from the OIML web site in the form of PDF files. Additional information on OIML Publications may be obtained from the Organization’s headquarters:Bureau International de Métrologie Légale11, rue Turgot - 75009 Paris - FranceTelephone: +33 (0)1 48 78 12 82Fax: +33 (0)1 42 82 17 27E-mail: biml@Internet: Material measures of lengthfor general useSECTION I – GENERAL1 Scope1.1 This Recommendation applies to material measures of length for general use, hereinafter called “measures”.1.2 This Recommendation specifies the technical, metrological and administrative conditions which are mandatory for these measures.1.3 This Recommendation includes the requirements for digital readouts on the cases of tapes, whether electronic or mechanical.1.4 This Recommendation does not apply to high-precision measures used by industry in the field of mechanics or in geodesy (for example: gauge blocks, geodetic wires, precision line measures).1.5 This Recommendation does not address safety aspects, for example the use of material measures with electronic devices in hazardous areas. Guidelines for these aspects should be followed in accordance with the applicable international, regional or national regulations, which are often detailed in standards.2 Terminologycharacteristics2.1 Metrological2.1.1 Material measure of lengthMaterial measure provided with scale marks, the distances between which are indicated in legal units of length.length2.1.2 NominalLength by which the measure is designated.2.1.3 Principal scale marksTwo scale marks, the distance between which represents the nominal length of the measure.2.1.4 ScaleSet of all the scale marks and associated numbering.interval2.1.5 ScaleValue expressed in units of length of:the difference between the values corresponding to two consecutive scale marks, for analog indication; orthe difference between two consecutive indicated values, for digital indication.2.2 Types of measuresmeasure2.2.1 EndLength measure which has the principal scale marks formed by two end surfaces or edges of the measure.measure2.2.2 LineLength measure which has the principal scale marks formed by two lines, holes or marks.measure2.2.3 CompositeLength measure which has one of the principal scale marks formed by an end surface or edge and the other by a line, hole or mark.devices2.2.4 SupplementaryDevices such as one or more fixed or movable hooks, rings, handles, tips, winding devices, and verniers intended to facilitate and extend the utility of the measure.device2.2.5 IndicatingPart of the measure which displays the measurement result either continuously or on demand. An electronic indicating device shall comprise of a sensor, transducer, calculator and indicator.device2.2.6 AncillaryDevice intended to perform a particular function, directly involved in elaborating, transmitting or displaying results.2.3 Influences and reference conditionsquantity2.3.1 InfluenceQuantity that is not the subject of the measurement but which influences the values of the measurand or the indication of the instrument.2.3.2 InfluencefactorInfluence quantity having a value within the specified rated operating conditions of the instrument. 2.3.3 DisturbanceInfluence quantity having a value within the limits specified in this Recommendation, but outside the specified rated operating conditions of the instrument.2.3.4 Rated operating conditionsConditions of use, giving the range of values of influence quantities for which the metrological characteristics are intended to lie within the specified maximum permissible errors.conditions2.3.5 ReferenceSet of specified values of influence factors fixed to ensure valid intercomparison of the results of measurements.3 Unit of measurementThe unit of length is the metre (symbol m) together with the authorized multiples and sub-multiples.SECTION II – METROLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS4 Accuracy classes and maximum permissible errorsclasses4.1 AccuracyThe material measures of length covered by this Recommendation belong to one of three accuracy classes, designated by the numbers I, II, and III, according to their accuracy.4.2 Maximum permissible error on initial verification, under rated operatingconditions4.2.1 The maximum permissible error on initial verification, positive or negative,a)for the nominal length, andb)for any other distance between any two non-consecutive scale marks,is expressed by the formula:(a + b L) mm,where: L is the value of the length in question, rounded up to the nearest whole number of metres,a andb are coefficients the values of which are given, for each accuracy class, in Table 1.Table 1 – Accuracy classesAccuracy class a bI 0.1 0.1II 0.3 0.2III 0.6 0.44.2.2 The maximum permissible error, positive or negative, for the scale interval, i, less than or equal to 1 cm, is given for each accuracy class in Table 2.Table 2 – Maximum permissible errorsMaximum permissible errorfor the accuracy class(mm)Scale interval, iI II IIIi≤ 1 mm 0.1 0.2 0.31 mm < i≤ 1 cm 0.2 0.4 0.6For the scale interval greater than 1 cm, the maximum permissible error is expressed as a function of the length of the interval, by the formula:(a + b L) mm,where the values of the coefficients are equal to the values given in 4.2.1 and L is the value of the length in question, rounded up to the nearest whole number of metres.4.2.3 The maximum permissible difference between the lengths, i, of two consecutive scale intervals, having a value less than or equal to 1 cm, is given for each accuracy class, in Table 3.Table 3 – Maximum permissible differenceMaximum permissible differencefor the accuracy class(mm)Scale interval, iI II IIIi≤ 1 mm 0.1 0.2 0.31 mm < i≤ 1 cm 0.2 0.4 0.6For the scale interval greater than 1 cm, the maximum permissible difference between the lengths of two consecutive scale intervals is expressed, as a function of the length of the interval, by the formula:(a + b L) mm,as defined in 4.2.2.4.2.4 However, for end or composite measures, the maximum permissible error, positive or negative, for the length of the terminal scale interval bounded by an end surface, is increased by:0.1 mm for measures of class I,0.2 mm for measures of class II,0.3 mm for measures of class III.Moreover, the requirements set out in 4.2.1 and 4.2.3 do not apply:when one of the two non-consecutive scale marks, referred to in 4.2.l b, is formed by an end surface;when one of the two consecutive scale intervals, referred to in 4.2.3, is a terminal scale division bounded by an end surface.4.3 Maximum permissible error in serviceThe maximum permissible error in service, positive or negative, equals twice the maximum permissible error on initial verification given in 4.2.4.4 Rated operating conditionsThe rated operating conditions for material measures of length shall be as follows:4.4.1 TemperatureThe temperature limits shall be the reference temperature ±8 °C or the temperature indicated on the measure ±8 °C.4.4.2 HumidityThe manufacturer shall specify whether the instrument is designed for condensing or non-condensing humidity.voltage4.4.3 Electrical4.4.3.1 BatteriesUpper limit (U bmax): the voltage of a new or fully charged battery of the specified type;Lower limit (U bmin): as specified by the manufacturer.4.4.3.2 Mains power voltage variations–15 % to +10 % of nominal voltage.conditions4.5 ReferenceTesting shall be performed under the following reference conditions unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer:the measure is at the reference temperature: 20 °C or the temperature indicated on the measure (see 10.2). Tolerance ±2 °C;ambient relative humidity range: 45 % to 55 %;power source: the nominal (battery) voltage, or the voltage of a new of fully charged battery according to the manufacturer’s specification;when the tension is specified, the measure shall be supported on a horizontal surface over the total length under test, practically without friction, and shall be stretched out by the tension indicated on the measure.SECTION III – TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS5 Nominallength5.1 The nominal length of the measures shall be an integral multiple of 0.5 m up to 15 m. Any nominal length between 15 m and 100 m shall be an integral multiple of 5 m, and any nominal length over 100 m shall be an integral multiple of 50 m.5.2 Other values may be deemed appropriate for specific applications provided that the specific application is clearly indicated on the measure.5.3 Land surveying measures shall have nominal lengths of 5 m, 10 m, 20 m, 50 m, 100 m or 200 m, as stipulated in 22.1.6 Materials6.1 The measures and their supplementary devices shall be made of materials which, under normal conditions of use, are sufficiently durable, stable, and resistant to environmental influences.6.2 The properties of the materials used shall be such that:the expansion due to a temperature change of ±8 °C from the reference temperature or the temperature indicated on the measure plus all other errors shall not exceed the maximum permissible error for the accuracy class to which the measure belongs;for measures which have to be used under a specified tension, a variation of ±10 % of this tension does not produce a variation in length exceeding the maximum permissible error.7 Construction7.1 The measures and their supplementary devices shall be well and robustly constructed, and carefully finished.7.2 The dimensions and shape of the cross-section of measures shall be such that, under normal conditions of use, measurements can be made with the degree of accuracy required for the accuracy class to which the measures belong.7.3 Tape measures shall be made in such a way that when the tape is stretched out on a flat surface, its edges are virtually straight and parallel.7.4 The surfaces forming the two principal scale marks (end surfaces) of end measures shall be flat and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the measure.7.5 The end surfaces of an end or composite measure made of wood or other material of durability equal to or less than that of wood shall be provided with a bracket, plate, or end fitting which is resistant to wear and impact damage, and suitably attached to the measure.7.6 Supplementary devices are permissible, provided they cannot cause confusion; they shall be designed and attached to the measure in such a way that, under normal conditions of use, it is virtually impossible for the measurement uncertainty to increase.7.7 Winding devices for tape measures shall be made in such a way that they do not cause any permanent deformation of the tape.7.8 On certain types of measures, a blank length of the measure, extending beyond the principal scale mark at the end of the measure and long enough for verification purposes, may be provided.End measure: zero endLine measures: zero end≥ 20 mm≥ 20 mmNominal length endSpecific examples of scales and numberingFigure 1 – Examples illustrating certain requirements8 Scale8.1 The scale marking shall be clear, regular, indelible, and carried out in such a way that reading is definite, easy and unambiguous.Some non-numbered scale marks, not exceeding the number of scale marks between two consecutive numbered scale marks on the measure, may extend beyond the principal scale mark at the end of the measure.8.2 The scale interval shall take the form:1 × 10n,2 × 10n or 5 ×10n metres,n being a positive or negative whole number or zero.Furthermore, the scale interval shall not exceed:1 mm for measures with a nominal length of 0.5 m or 1 m, in relation to their accuracy;1 cm for measures with a nominal length not greater than2 m;10 cm if the nominal length is greater than 2 m and less than 10 m;20 cm if the nominal length is equal to or greater than 10 m and less than 50 m;50 cm if the nominal length is equal to or greater than 50 m.However, these values may be exceeded for specific applications, provided the specific application is indicated on the measure.8.3 When the scale marks are lines, these shall be straight, perpendicular to the axis of the measure, and shall all have the same width, which shall be constant throughout their length.The length of the lines shall be related to the corresponding unit of measurement. The lines shall be such that they form a distinct and clear scale and that their width does not cause any measurement uncertainty.The maximum permissible width of the lines, in relation to the accuracy class and the scale interval of the measure is given in Table 4.An arrowhead or other equivalent symbol may be used to distinguish certain important scale marks.Table 4 – Maximum width of linesMaximum width of the lines for the accuracy class Scale interval of the measureI II and IIILess than or equal to 2 mm 0.2 mm 0.2 mmGreater than 2 mm0.2 mm 10 % of the scale intervaland less than or equal to 2 cmGreater than 2 cm 0.2 mm 2 mm8.4 Certain sections of the scale, particularly towards the ends, may be subdivided into decimal sub-multiples of the scale interval adopted for the measure as a whole.In that case, the width of the lines may be less in the areas of reduced scale intervals than on the rest of the measure.8.5 Scale marks may also take the form of holes, if the scale interval is greater than or equal to 1 cm, or other marks, if the scale interval is greater than or equal to one decimetre, provided that these marks ensure sufficiently precise reading, taking into account the accuracy class to which the measure belongs.8.6 A measure may have more than one scale, for which the scale intervals may be different.9 Numbering9.1 Numbering shall be clear, regular, indelible, and carried out in such a way that reading is definite, easy, and unambiguous; the number of numbered scale marks shall be determined accordingly.9.2 Numbering may be fully sequential, or partially sequential and partially repetitive.In the case covered by 8.4 above, the numbering in parts with reduced scale intervals may be different from that for the rest of the measure.9.3 The position, dimensions, shape, color and contrast of the numbers shall be appropriate to the scale and the associated scale marks.Depending on how the measure is to be read, numbers may be inscribed parallel or perpendicular to the edge of the measure.9.4 Whatever the scale interval, the numbers shall represent millimetres, centimetres, decimetres, or metres and shall not be accompanied by the corresponding symbols.If the numbered unit is not the metre, the scale marks corresponding to metres may be numbered in metres, in which case these numbers shall be followed by the symbol “m”; furthermore, the number of preceding metres may be repeated in the same way in front of the other numbered scale marks.Millimetre scales shall be numbered every centimetre.When the scale interval of a line measure is in the form of 2 × 10n and not less than 2 cm, all scale marks shall be numbered.9.5 On a measure with several scales, the numbering of these scales may be different and the numbering systems may increase in the same direction or in the opposite direction.10 Inscriptions10.1 The following inscriptions are mandatory in all cases:nominal length (optional in a rectangle);the numeric code, trade mark or trade name of the manufacturer and/or of his representative;designation of accuracy class: I, II or III, in an oval.10.2 The following inscriptions are mandatory in certain cases:reference temperature, if other than 20 °C (see 4.4);tension, if specified;specific use for which the measure is intended, in the cases covered by clauses 5 (nominal length) and 8.2 (scale interval).10.3 Nominal length, temperature, and tension shall be expressed in one of the units specified in OIML International Document D 2 Legal units of measurement, followed by the corresponding legal symbol.10.4 All of these inscriptions shall be clearly visible and readable, and placed at the beginning of the measure or on the case of the measure if the case and measure are not separable.10.5 In addition, any other non-metrological inscriptions specified in particular regulations or authorized by competent national authorities may appear on the measure.10.6 Advertising inscriptions may appear on the measures, provided the requirement of 10.7 is met.10.7 All inscriptions shall be arranged so that they do not interfere with the reading of the measure.10.8 Under the sole responsibility of the manufacturer, the thermal expansion coefficient of the material of which the measure is made, may be indicated in the form α = .../°C or α = ... K–1.devices11 Indicatingaspects11.1 General11.1.1 Indicating devices may be used with semi-rigid steel tape measures with readout, telescopic measures and flexible steel tape measures with tensioning weight or sinker equipped with electronic sensing.11.1.2 The indicating device shall be in addition to the scale marks on the blade. It shall provide an easily read, reliable and unambiguous visual indication of the indicated length throughout the whole length of the measure.11.1.3 The indicating device shall be able to display the indicated length up to and including the nominal length of the measure.11.1.4 The indicated length shall be expressed in metres (symbol “m”) or authorized multiples or sub-multiples. The appropriate symbol shall appear immediately adjacent to the indicated length.11.1.5 The indicated length shall be given by a line of adjacent digits appearing in one or more apertures. The advance of a given digit shall be completed while the digit of the next immediately lower decade changes from 9 to 0.11.1.6 The length indicated on the display shall agree with the measurement made by the blade to the nearest scale interval of the blade.11.1.7 There shall be no ambiguity in distinguishing between the length currently being measured and alternative displays.11.2 Electronic indicating devices11.2.1 If the power source voltage drops below the manufacturer's specified minimum value, the device either continues to function correctly, indicates an error signal or automatically goes out of service.11.2.2 On switch-on and optionally on demand, it shall be possible to visually check the correct operation of the entire display. This shall comprise:displaying all the elements (“eights” test);blanking all the elements (“blank” test);displaying “zeros” (“zeros” test).Each step of the sequence shall last at least 0.5 s.SECTION IV – METROLOGICAL CONTROLScontrols12 MetrologicalWhen material measures of length are subject to an individual country’s metrological controls, these controls may include some or all of the controls below (according to the country’s national legislation).approval12.1 TypeEach type of measure from each manufacturer is subject to type approval. Documentation to assist type approval examination shall be supplied by the manufacturer or his authorized representative.No modifications may be made on an approved type without special authorization.12.2 InitialverificationNew, repaired and readjusted measures shall undergo initial verification tests. Documentation to assist initial verification testing shall be supplied by the manufacturer or his authorized representative.verification12.3 PeriodicPeriodic verification shall be carried out at fixed intervals on certain types of measures in use, as required by national regulations.12.4 Uncertainty of measurementThe uncertainty of measurement should not be added to the error when determining compliance with the maximum permissible error (see 4.2).13 Verification (or control) marksMeasures shall be constructed so that they can accommodate the verification (or control) marks prescribed by national regulations; a space shall be provided for this purpose near the beginning of the measure.SECTION V – TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTSPARTICULAR TO VARIOUS TYPES OF MEASURESIn addition to the general requirements covering all material measures of length, special technical requirements which shall be met by certain types of measures are given below.This applies to two types of measures indicated in the section numbers below. The sections are described more fully later.A – Measures for short lengths14 Semi-rigid steel tape measures in a case,15 Semi-rigid steel tape measures with digital readout,16 One-piece rigid or semi-rigid measures,17 Flexible tape measures made of fibreglass and plastics or other suitable non-metallicmaterials, not in a case,18 Folding measures made of metal or other materials,19 Telescopic measures made of metal or other materials,20 Telescopic measures made of metal or other materials with digital readout.B – Measures for long lengths21 Flexible steel tape measures with winding device not designed for measuring lengthsgreater than their nominal length by repeated use of the same tape,22 Flexible steel tape measures with tensioning weight or sinker,23 Flexible steel tape measures with tensioning weight or sinker equipped with electronicsensing,24 Flexible steel surveyor's tapes designed for measuring lengths greater than theirnominal length by repeated use of the same tape,25 Flexible tape measures made of fibreglass and plastics or other suitable non-metallicmaterials.Measures with a nominal length from 5 m to 10 m may be made to conform to the two types, either A (14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20) or B (21, 22, 23, 24, 25).Note:The drawings on the following pages are given for guidance only. Manufacturers have complete freedom in the manufacture of the measures, provided that they meet the statutory requirements.A – MEASURES FOR SHORT LENGTHS14 Semi-rigid steel tape measures in a caselength14.1 NominalThese measures have nominal lengths between 0.5 m and 15 m; they are of the end, line, or composite type.14.2 Construction14.2.1 If the zero end is of a squared end type and is fitted with a ring, this ring may be included in the nominal length of the measure.14.2.2 The means of fastening a supplementary device to the end of a measure shall be permitted to obscure the scale marks at the beginning of the measure only under the following conditions: if the nominal length is less than 5 m, no scale marks may be obscured;if the nominal length is between 5 m and 10 m, not more than the first 15 mm may be obscured;if the nominal length is greater than 10 m, not more than the first 30 mm may be obscured. 14.2.3 These measures may be contained in a case, one of the dimensions of which may be included in the range of the scale, in particular for measurement of internal dimensions; in this case, the dimension in question shall be indicated on the case and the zero end shall be of the end type and shall be provided with a fixed or sliding hook or tongue.14.2.4 These measures may include a belt clip or carrying strap. These must not obscure the dimensions marked on the side of the case or interfere with internal measurements (i.e. must not prevent the end of the case touching the object being measured).14.2.5 The blade lock, if fitted, shall be strong enough to hold the blade at all extensions up to and including fully extended.14.2.6 The cross-section of the blade shall be cambered (i.e. the blade shall be of curved cross-section).14.2.7 These tapes do not require a tractive force to be applied.14.3 Scale14.3.1 These measures may have two scales with the same point of origin on the same face and may also have a scale on the other face.14.3.2 The scale interval shall be less than or equal to 1 cm.classes14.4 AccuracyThese measures shall conform to accuracy class I or II.。
SAE-AS-50881
SAE-AS50881ADOPTION NOTICESAE-AS50881, "WIRING, AEROSPACE VEHICLE", was adopted on30-SEP-98 for use by the Department of Defense (DoD). Proposed changes by DoD activities must be submitted to the DoD Adopting Activity: Commander, Naval Air Warfare Center, Aircraft Division, Code 414100B120-3, Highway 547, Lakehurst, NJ 08733-5100. Copiesof this document may be purchased from the Society of Automotive Engineers 400 Commonwealth Drive Warrendale, Pennsylvania, United___________________States, 15096-0001. /Custodians:Adopting Activity:Army - CRNavy - ASNavy - ASAir Force - 11AREA SESSDISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A:Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions. Copyright 2000 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved.Printed in U.S.A. TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790 SAE WEB ADDRESS: 1.SCOPE:1.1Purpose:This specification covers all aspects from the selection through installation of wiring and wiringdevices used in aerospace vehicles. Aerospace vehicles include airplanes, helicopters, lighter-than-air vehicles, and missiles.1.1.1Application:This specification establishes design requirements guidance for wiring of aerospacevehicles. Although many of the requirements are written as mandatory and shall be considered as such, there is also considerable material which is intended to denote optional, preferential orguidance type requirements. In interpreting the material contained herein, it is intended that the philosophy of the entire document be considered for the wiring of each new type of vehicle. This philosophy is safety of the personnel, safety of the vehicle, satisfactory performance and reliability of the vehicle and ease of maintenance, and service life all at the least cost to the operator. The intent of this document will be fulfilled by tailoring the requirements in each new type or class of aerospace vehicle designed, to the proper application.2.APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS:2.1Government documents:2.1.1Specifications, standards and handbooks:Unless otherwise specified, the followingspecifications, standards and handbooks of the issue listed in that issue of the Department ofDefense Index of Specifications and Standards (DODISS) specified in the solicitation form a part of this specification to the extent specified herein.SPECIFICATIONSMILITARYMIL-C-17Cables, Radio Frequency, Flexible and Semirigid, General Specification for MIL-I-631Insulation, Electrical, Synthetic-Resin Composition, NonrigidMIL-I-3190Insulation Sleeving, Electrical, Flexible, Coated, General Specification forMIL-C-3607Connector, Coaxial, Radio Frequency, SeriesMIL-C-3650Connectors, Coaxial, Radio Frequency, Series LCMIL-C-3655Connector, Plug and Receptacle, Electrical (Coaxial, Series Twin), andAssociated Fittings, General Specification for2.1.1 (Continued):MIL-B-5087Bonding, Electrical, and Lighting Protection, for Aerospace SystemsMIL-C-5541Chemical Conversion Coatings on Aluminum and Aluminum AlloysMIL-T-7099Terminal, Lug and Splice, Crimp Style Aluminum, for Aluminum Aircraft Wire MIL-T-7928Terminals, Lug and Splice, Crimp Style, CopperMIL-PRF-8516Sealing Compound, Polysulfide Rubber, Electric Connectors and ElectricSystems, Chemically CuredMIL-I-8700Installation and Test of Electronic Equipment in Aircraft, General SpecificationforMIL-DTL-22520Crimping Tools, Terminal, Hand or Power Actuated, Wire Termination and ToolKits, General Specification forMIL-W-22759Wire, Electric, Fluoropolymer-insulated, Copper or Copper AlloyMIL-DTL-23053Insulation Sleeving, Electrical, Heat Shrinkable, General Specification forMIL-PRF-23586Sealing Compound, Electrical, Silicone Rubber, Accelerator RequiredMIL-I-23594Insulation Tape, Electrical, High Temperature, Polytetrafluoroethylene,Pressure-sensitiveMIL-M-24041Molding and Potting Compound, Chemically Cured PolyurethaneMIL-W-25038Wire, Electrical, High Temperature and Fire Resistant, and Flight Critical,General Specification forMIL-C-25516Connectors, Electrical, Miniature, Coaxial, Environment-resistant Type,General Specification forMIL-DTL-27500Cable, Power, Electrical and Cable Special Purpose, Electrical Shielded andUnshielded, General Specification forMIL-PRF-39012Connectors, Coaxial, Radio Frequency, General Specification for2.1.1 (Continued):MIL-C-39029Contacts, Electrical Connector, General Specification forMIL-T-43435Tape, Lacing and TyingMIL-PRF-46846Rubber, Synthetic, Heat-ShrinkableMIL-PRF-49142Connector, Plug and Receptacle, Electrical, Triaxial, Radio Frequency,General Specification forMIL-PRF-55339Adapter, Connector, Coaxial, Radio Frequency, (Between Series and WithinSeries), General Specification forMIL-W-81044Wire, Electrical, Crosslinked Polyalkene, Crosslinked Alkane-imide Polymer orPolyarylene Insulated, Copper or Copper AlloyMIL-DTL-81381Wire, Electric, Polyimide-insulated, Copper and Copper AlloyMIL-T-81490Transmission Lines, Transverse Electromagnetic ModeMIL-T-81714Terminal Junction System (TJS), Environment-resistant, General SpecificationforMIL-C-83517Connector, Coaxial, Radio Frequency for Coaxial, Strip or MicrostripTransmission Line, General Specification forMIL-C-85049Connector Accessories, Electrical, General Specification forMIL-C-85485Cable, Electric, Filter Line, Radio Frequency AbsorptiveMIL-S-85848Sleeving, For Identification Marking, Heat Shrinkable, General Specificationfor2.1.1 (Continued):STANDARDSFEDERALFED-STD-595Colors Used in Government ProcurementMILITARYMIL-STD-100Engineering DrawingsMIL-STD-196Joint Electronics Type Designation SystemMIL-STD-464Department of Defense Interface Standard for Electromagnetic EnvironmentalEffects Requirements for SystemsMIL-STD-681Identification Coding and Application of Hookup and Lead WireMIL-STD-704Aircraft Electric Power CharacteristicsMIL-STD-889Dissimilar MetalsMIL-STD-970Standards and Specifications, Order of Preference for the Selection ofMIL-STD-1353Electrical Connectors, Plug-in Sockets and Associated Hardware, Selectionand Use ofMIL-STD-1553Digital Time Division Command/Response, Multiplex Data BusMIL-STD-7080Electric Equipment, Aircraft, Selection and Installation ofMIL-STD-7179Finishes, Coatings, and Sealings for the Protection of Aerospace WeaponsSystems, General Specification forMS18029Cover Assembly, Electrical, for AS27212 Terminal Board AssemblyMS21266Grommet, Plastic, EdgingMS21919Clamp, Loop-Type, Cushioned, SupportMS25274Cap, Electrical (Wire End, Crimp Style, Type II, Class 1), for 105°C TotalConductor Temperature2.1.1 (Continued):MS25281Clamp, Loop-Plastic, Wire SupportMS25435Terminal, Lug, Crimp Style, Straight Type, for Aluminum Aircraft Wire, Class 1 MS25436Terminal, Lug, Crimp Style, 90° Upright Type, for Aluminum Aircraft Wire,Class 1MS25437Terminal, Lug, Crimp Style, Left Angle Type, for Aluminum Aircraft Wire,Class1 (Canceled)MS25438Terminal, Lug, Crimp Style, Right Angle Type, for Aluminum Aircraft Wire,Class 1MS25439Splice, Permanent, Crimp Style, 2 Way Type for Aluminum Aircraft Wire,Class1MS25440Washer, for Use With Aircraft Aluminum TerminalsMS27488Plug, End Seal, Electrical ConnectorMS35489Grommet, Synthetic and Silicone Rubber, Hot Oil and Coolant ResistantMS90376Cap, Dust, Plastic, Electric ConnectorMS90387Tool, Hand, Adjustable, for Plastic Tiedown StrapsHANDBOOKSMILITARYMIL-HDBK-216RF Transmission Lines and FittingsMIL-HDBK-502Acquisition LogisticsMIL-HDBK-863Wiring Data and System Schematic Diagrams, Preparation ofTECHNICAL MANUALSARNY TM55-1500-323-24Installation Practices for Aircraft Electrical and Electronic WiringNAVAIR 01-1A-505Installation Practices for Aircraft Electrical and Electronic WiringUSAF T.O. 1-1A-14Installation Practices for Aircraft Electrical and Electronic Wiring2.1.1 (Continued):COMMERICAL ITEM DESCRIPTIONS (CID)A-A-52080Tape, Lacing and Tying, Nylon (Type I), -67 °F (-55 °C) to 250 °F (121 °C)A-A-52081Tape, Lacing and Tying, Polyester (Type II), -100 °F (-73 °C) to 280 °F(138 °C)A-A-52082Tape, Lacing and Tying, TFE-Fluorocarbon (Type III), -100 °F (-73 °C) to450 °F (232 °C)A-A-52083Tape, Lacing and Tying, Glass (Type IV), -100 °F (-73 °C) to 800 °F (427 °C) A-A-52084Tape, Lacing and Tying, Aramid (Nomex), (Type V), -100 °F (-73 °C) to 500 °F(260 °C)A-A-59178Nipple, Electrical TerminalADDITIONAL DOCUMENTSAdditional documents pertaining to the selection of wire and electrical cables are listed inAppendix A.(Unless otherwise indicated, copies of federal and military specifications, standards andhandbooks are available from the Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4D, 700Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094.)2.2Non-Government publications:The following documents form a part of this document to the extent specified herein. Unlessotherwise specified, the issues of the documents which are DOD adopted are those listed in the issue of the DODISS cited in the solicitation. Unless otherwise specified, the issues of documents not listed in the DODISS are the issues of the documents cited in the solicitation (see 6.2).AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INC. (AIA)NAS813Cap - Protective Electrical ConnectorNAS820Plug - Protective Electrical ConnectorNASM33540Safety Wiring and Cotter Pinning, General Practice for(Application for copies should be addressed to the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005.)2.2 (Continued):AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)Y14.151966Electrical and Electronics DiagramsY32.21975Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics DiagramsY32.161975Reference Designations for Electrical and Electronic Parts and Equipment(Application for copies should be addressed to the American National Standards Institute, Inc.,1430Broadway, New York, NY 10018-3308.)SOCIETY OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERS (SAE)AIR44651992Design and Handling Guide Radio Frequency Absorptive Type Wire andCables (Filter Line, MIL-C-85485)ARP53691998Guidelines for Wire Identification Marking Using the Hotstamp ProcessAS43721990Performance Requirement for Wire, Electrical, Insulated Copper or CopperAlloyAS43731990Test Method for Insulated Electrical WireAS44611992Assembly and Soldering Criteria for High Quality/High Rreliability SolderingWire and Cable Terminations in AerospaceAS6136Conduit, Electrical, Flexible, Shielded, Aluminum Alloy for Aircraft Installation AS7351Clamp, Loop Type BondingAS10380Coupling Installations, Standard Conduit, ElectricalAS23190Straps, Clamps and Mounting Hardware, Plastic and Metal for Cable HarnessTying and SupportAS27212Terminal Board Assembly, Molded-In Stud, ElectricalAS33681Strap, Tiedown, Electrical Components, Identification, Adjustable, Self-Clinching, Plastic, Type II, Class IAS33731Strip, Mounting, Nut Insulating, for AS27212 Terminal BoardAS81714/11Terminal Junction System (TJS), Terminal Junction Blocks, Sectional, WireIn-Line Junctions, Single, Series I2.2 (Continued):AS81714/12Terminal Junction System (TJS), Terminal Junction Blocks, Sectional, WireIn-Line Junctions, Double, Series IAS81824Splice, Electric, Permanent, Crimp Style, Copper, Insulated, Environment-resistantAS81824/1Splice, Electric, Permanent, Crimp Style, Copper, Insulated, Environment-resistant, Class IAS83519Shield Termination, Solder Style, Insulated, Heat-shrinkable, Environment-resistant, General Specification forAMS-S-8802Sealing Compound, Temperature-Resistant, Integral Fuel Tanks and Fuel CellCavities, High-Adhesion(Application for copies should be addressed to the Society of Automotive Engineers,400Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.)(Industry association specifications and standards are generally available for reference fromlibraries. They are also distributed among technical groups and using Federal agencies.)2.3Order of precedence:In the event of a conflict between the text of this document and the references cited herein (except for related associated detail specifications, specification sheets, or military standards), the text of this document takes precedence. Nothing in this document, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.2.4Definitions:2.4.1AIRCRAFT:An airplane, helicopter or lighter-than-air vehicle.2.4.2BRANCH: A section of harness that divides off and extends to a point of termination.2.4.3BUNDLE:Any number of harnesses or branches routed and supported together along somedistance within the aircraft.2.4.4CHAFING:Repeated relative motion between wiring system components, or between a wiringsystem component and structure or equipment, which results in a rubbing action that causes wear which will likely result in mechanical or electrical failure during the aerospace vehicles specified service life.2.4.5CONNECTOR PLUG:The connector containing the coupling ring or active retention device of themating pair.2.4.6CONNECTOR RECEPTACLE:The connector containing the static retention device of the matingpair.2.4.7ELECTRICAL CABLE:Two or more insulated conductors, solid or stranded, contained in acommon covering, or two or more insulated conductors twisted or molded together withoutcommon covering, or one insulated conductor with a metallic covering shield or outer conductor. 2.4.8END FACE:The end portion of a fiber optic terminus that is intended to transmit light to anadjoining end of a mated terminus. End faces are either cleaved or cleaved and polished so as to optimize their light transmission characteristics.2.4.9FIBER OPTICS CABLE: A cable that is designed to transmit light waves between a lighttransmission source and a receiver. In signal applications, the transmitter and receiver includedevices that are used to convert between optical and electronic pulses. Typical cables include a glass or plastic core, a layer of cladding having a lower refractor index to refract or totally reflect light inward at the core/cladding boundary, a buffer, strength members and jacketing to protect the inner cable from environmental damage.2.4.10FIREPROOF:The capability of a material or component to withstand a 2000°F flame (±150°F) forfifteen minutes minimum, while still fulfilling its design purpose.Clarification: The term “fireproof” when applied to a connector, backshell or accessory hardware mounted and secured to a structure used to confine fires within designated fire zones means that the connector system will perform this function (conduct electrical power and prevent flame/heat penetration) under conditions likely to occur in such zones and will withstand a 2000°F flame(±150°F) for fifteen minutes minimum. A connector system consists of mated connectors, fullywired, backshells or conduit assemblies, and mounting hardware installed on a structural panel (firewall).2.4.11FIRE RESISTANT:The capability of a connector system (as defined in “fireproof”) to perform itsintended function in designated fire zone areas under heat and other abnormal conditions, asencountered in powerplants and auxiliary power unit (APU) installations, that are likely to occur at the particular location or area and to withstand a 2000°F flame (±150°F) for 5 minutes minimum. 2.4.12FIREWALL: A structural panel designed to prevent a hazardous quantity of air, fluid, or flame fromexiting a designated fire zone in which a fire may erupt and cause additional hazard to the aircraft.This structural panel permits penetration of fluid carrying lines (fuel and hydraulics), ducts,electrical power and control cables/or rods through the use of suitable fireproof components orfittings. The firewall and the attached components or fittings shall withstand flame penetration and shall not exhibit backside ignition for the required test time (15 minutes). The backsidetemperature should not exceed 450°F max and the structural panel should have fireproof insulating material installed to limit the backside temperature.2.4.13FIRE ZONE: A designated area or enclosure generally considered to be within certain selectedareas within engine nacelles and APU installations that under abnormal operating conditions can experience temperatures approaching 2000°F. These conditions are generally the results of fuel or hydraulic line failures, heat duct failures, or engine case burn through allowing high pressure and high temperature gas to escape from the engine, and similar types of failures. Some typical fire zones are the engine nacelles, (APU) compartment, fuel burning heaters, weapon exhaust areas, and other combustion equipment installations. Other areas such as wheel wells, may also beconsidered a fire zone area due to the heat generated from the brakes.2.4.14FLAMMABLE:Capable of bursting into flame when a spark or open flame is pased sufficientlynear, as with fumes and vapors from hot oils or volatile combustible liquids, and with finelypowdered, combustible solids.2.4.15GROUP: A number of wires and/or electrical/optical cables and their terminations securedtogether within the structure of a bundle or harness. Groups normally contain wire and/orelectrical/optical cables pertaining to a single circuit or routed to a single item of equipment.2.4.16HARNESS:An assembly of any number of wires, electrical/optical cables and/or groups and theirterminations which is designed and fabricated so as to allow for installation and removal as a unit.A harness may be an open harness or a protected harness.2.4.16.1HIGH DENSITY HARNESS: A protected harness designed to save weight and space which hasa majority of wire types selected from Appendix A, Table A-II.2.4.17OPEN HARNESS:An assembly of wires and/or electrical/optical cables that does not include aprotective outer covering.2.4.18OPTICAL SYSTEM LOSSES:Fiber optic system losses represent the difference between light,the intensity, emanating from a transmission source and that arriving at a receiver. Such losses are normally the result of air gaps, misalignment and angularity between termini end faces, cable bends, and the inherent characteristics of cabling materials. They can also result fromirregularities in the end face finish, foreign materials between end faces and micro-cracks in the cable’s glass core.2.4.19PRIMARY SUPPORT:Support provided for wiring that carries the weight of the wiring andsecures it in the intended position (see 3.11.1).2.4.20PROTECTED HARNESS: A harness that employs some overall outer covering to provideadditional mechanical protection for the wires and/or electrical/optical cables contained therein.The added protection may consist of an overbraid, tape wrap, conduit or some other form ofprotection.2.4.21SEVERE WIND AND MOISTURE PROBLEMS (SWAMP) AREAS:Areas such as wheel wells,wing folds and areas near wing flaps, and areas directly exposed to extended weather conditions are considered SWAMP areas on aerospace vehicles.2.4.22SPOT TIES:Ties other than secondary support ties used to separate a number of wires, electrical/optical cables, groups or harnesses within a bundle.2.4.23TERMINI:Individual fiber optic terminations which perform the function generally associated withconnector contacts. The various types of termini are designed either to be mechanically crimped or epoxy bonded to a fiber optic cable.2.4.24WIRE: A single metallic conductor of solid, stranded or tinsel construction, designed to carrycurrent in an electric circuit, but not having a metallic covering, sheath or shield. For the purpose of this specification, “wire” refers to “insulated electric wire.”2.4.25WIRING:Wires, electrical/optical cables, groups, harnesses and bundles, and their terminations,associated hardware, and support, installed in the vehicle. When used as a verb it is the act of fabricating and installing these items in the vehicle.2.4.26WIRING DEVICES:Wiring devices are the accessory parts and materials which are used in theinstallation of wiring, such as terminals, connectors, junction boxes, conduit, clamps, insulation and supports.2.4.27WIRE SEGMENT: A length of wire that is continuous and unbroken between its two intendedpoints of termination. A wire segment that has been broken and then repaired is still considered to be one wire segment.3.REQUIREMENTS:3.1Terminology interpretation:The term “wiring” wherever used throughout this specification shall be interpreted in accordance with2.4.25.3.1.1Deviations:Deviations from this specification desired by the contractor (substitution of equipment,material or installation) shall be specifically brought to the attention of the procuring activity byletter concurrent with or prior to forwarding the design data for approval. All requests for deviations shall include sufficient engineering information to substantiate the deviations.3.2Conflicting requirements:In case of discrepancies between this specification and the type or detail specification for a particular vehicle part, the type or detail specification shall prevail.3.3Selection of parts and materials:Parts and materials covered by documents listed herein are standard and shall be used whenever they are suitable for the purpose. Parts and materials shall be procured from QPL sources when they exist. Nonstandard parts and materials must be equivalent to or better than similar standard parts and materials. When this specification fails to provide an applicable specification or standard, the contractor shall use other established specifications or standards in the order of precedence set forth in MIL-STD-970. Parts and materials selected from other than this specification are notstandard, and approval must be obtained prior to their use in aerospace vehicles. Each vendor source for a nonstandard part or material requires approval. When a nonstandard part is used wherea suitable standard part exists, the contractor shall reference the standard part on the drawing, partslists, or data package, and the installation shall provide for replacement with the standard part.3.3.1Requests for approval of nonstandard parts:The data to be submitted with the request forapproval of nonstandard parts shall be in accordance with the terms of the contract.3.3.2Commercial utility parts:Commercial utility parts, such as screws, bolts, nuts, cotter pins, etc.,may be used, provided they have suitable properties and are replaceable by standard parts without alteration.3.3.3Contractor’s specifications:Wiring and wiring devices conforming to contractor’s specificationsmay be used, provided each contractor’s specification is approved by the procuring activity and provided no military specification exists. The contractor shall provide substantiating test data and, when required by the procuring activity, shall provide samples for test. The use of contractor’sspecifications shall not constitute waiver of procuring activity inspections. Contractor’sspecifications shall follow the format for military specifications. When a detail or general military specification exists for the class of material required, the contractor’s specification shall reference the existing military specification and set forth only the needed new requirements and deviations.3.3.4Commonality:An objective in the selection of parts shall be to maximize commonality andminimize the variety of wiring components and related servicing tools required in the construction, installation and maintenance of the electrical wiring system.3.3.5Government-furnished Aircraft Equipment (GFAE):Wiring and wiring devices furnished by theGovernment shall be installed without modification unless otherwise authorized or directed by the procuring activity.3.3.6Modification:The contractor shall not alter, rework or modify wiring or wiring devices built to andmeeting Government specifications, unless authorized or directed by the procuring activity, and such modification shall be subject to Government inspection. Modified parts shall have theGovernment identifying part number removed and shall be identified by contractor part number.3.4Service life:The wiring and associated components used for the wiring installation shall be so selected and installed to promote ease of maintenance and high reliability over the entire expected service life of the vehicle. The reliability and maintainability goals for the wiring system will be determined in the Logistic Support Analysis as delineated in MIL-HDBK-502 as will the expected service life. These goals shall be subject to procuring activity approval.3.5Smoke and fire hazards:Wiring and wiring devices shall be selected and installed in such a manner as to minimize the danger of smoke and fire hazards. Adequate protective means, both physical and electrical, shall beemployed to provide reliability and safety commensurate with this requirement.3.6Materials:Materials used in the installation of wiring and equipment shall be suitable for the purpose and shall conform to such Government specifications as are specifically applicable under the contract.3.6.1Metals:Metals used in the installation of wiring shall be corrosion resistant or shall be suitablyprotected to resist corrosion and electrolytic action during normal service life. Finish and coating shall be in accordance with MIL-STD-7179.3.6.1.1Dissimilar metals:Dissimilar metals used shall conform to the requirements of MIL-STD-889.This standard establishes requirements for the selection and protection of dissimilar metalcombinations and other significant corrosion behavior factors.3.6.2Nonmetals:Nonmetals used, including plastics, fabrics and protective finishes, shall be moistureand flame resistant, shall not support fungus growth, shall not support combustion, and shall not be adversely affected by weathering, applicable fluids and propellants, temperature and ambientconditions encountered during operation of the vehicle. Materials that give off a minimum amount of noxious gases shall be selected. Nonmetals may be treated to conform to this requirement. 3.6.2.1Insulating materials:Insulating materials shall have an arc resistance capability which will meetthe circuit requirements.3.6.3Sealing materials:Only materials that are elastomeric and reversion resistant shall be used.Sealing materials required to seal wire junctions and terminations shall be selected fromMIL-PRF-8516, MIL-PRF-23586, or other material specifically approved by the procuring activity.MIL-PRF-8516 is the preferred material. The following temperature limits apply (the upper limit includes ambient plus temperature rise):MIL-PRF-8516-51°C (-60°F) to 93°C (200°F)MIL-PRF-23586-65°C (-85°F) to 232°C (450°F)。
AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges
AISC 303-10 Code of Standard Practicefor Steel Buildingsand BridgesApril 14, 2010 Supersedes the March 18, 2005 AISC Code of Standard Practicefor Steel Buildings and Bridges and all previous versions.Prepared by the American Institute of Steel Construction under the direction of the AISC Committeeon the Code of Standard Practice.AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONOne East Wacker Drive, Suite 700, Chicago, Illinois 6060116.3-iiAISC © 2010byAmerican Institute of Steel ConstructionAll rights reserved. This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. The AISC logo is a registered trademark of AISC.The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering principles and is for general information only. While it is believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional engineer, designer, or architect. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction or of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use.Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications and codes developed by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since such material may be modified or amended from time to time subsequent to the printing of this edition. The Institute bears no responsibility for such material other than to refer to it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial publication of this edition.Printed in the United States of AmericaCode of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, April 14, 2010AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONCode of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, April 14, 2010 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 16.3-iiiPREFACEAs in any industry, trade practices have developed among those that are involved in the design, purchase, fabrication and erection of structural steel. This Code provides a useful framework for a common understanding of the acceptable standards when contracting for structural steel. As such, it is useful for owners, architects, engineers, general contractors, construction managers, fabricators, steel detailers, erectors and others that are associated with construction in structural steel. Unless specific provisions to the contrary are contained in the contract documents, the existing trade practices that are contained herein are considered to be the standard custom and usage of the industry and are thereby incorporated into the relationships between the parties to a contract.The Symbols and Glossary are an integral part of this Code. In many sections of this Code, a non-mandatory Commentary has been prepared to provide background and further explanation for the corresponding Code provisions. The user is encouraged to consult it.Since the first edition of this Code was published in 1924, AISC has continuously surveyed the structural steel design community and construction industry to determine standard trade practices. Since then, this Code has been periodically updated to reflect new and changing technology and industry practices.The 2000 edition was the fifth complete revision of this Code since it was first published. Like the 2005 edition, the 2010 edition is not a complete revision but does add important changes and updates. It is the result of the deliberations of a fair and balanced Committee, the membership of which included structural engineers, architects, a code official, a general contractor, fabricators, a steel detailer, erectors, inspectors, and an attorney. The following changes have been made in this revision:•The scope in Section 1.1 has been revised to cover buildings and other structures in a manner that is consistent with how buildings and other structures are treated in AISC 360 (the AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings). A similar and corresponding revision has been made in Section 1.4.•The list of referenced documents in Section 1.2 has been editorially updated. •Section 1.9 has been added to emphasize that not all tolerances are explicitly covered in the Code, and that tolerances not covered are not to be assumed as zero. •Clarification has been added in Section 2 that base plates and bearing plates are considered structural steel if they are attached to the structural frame, but not if they are loose items that do not attach to the structural steel frame.•Editorial improvements have been made in the Commentary to Section 3.1 to improve upon the list of items that should be provided in the contract documents, as well as to link column differential shortening and anticipated deflections to information that has been added in the Commentary to Section 7.13.•Explicit requirements have been added in Section 3.1.2 as “option 3” for when connection design work is delegated by the Structural Engineer of Record (SER) to be performed by another engineer. Provisions covering connection design by theCode of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges , April 14, 2010AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION16.3-ivSER (option 1) and selection or completion of basic tabular connections by a steel detailer (option 2) also have been revised for consistency with and distinction from option 3. Additionally, the defined term substantiating connection information has been added to the Glossary, and revisions also have been made in Section 4 to correspond with the addition of option 3 in Section 3.1.2.• Information has been added to the Commentary in Section 4.1 to summarize the importance and benefits of holding a pre-detailing conference to open lines ofcommunication and develop a common understanding about the project.• Section 4.7 has been added to address requirements for erection drawings. • Section 6.4.3 has been modified to better address incidental camber in trusses. • Information has been added in the Commentary to Section 7.10.1 to better describe the provisions that relate to special erection conditions or other considerations thatare required by the design concept, as well as to highlight special considerations in the erection of cantilevered members.• The intent in Section 7.13.1.2(d) has been clarified in the text as well as with the relocation of supporting Commentary.• The intent in Section 10.2.5 has been editorially clarified for groove welds in butt joints and outside corner joints.• The document has been editorially revised for consistency with current terms and other related documents.The Committee thanks Glenn Bishop, the Council of American Structural Engineers (CASE), and its Guidelines Committee for their assistance and partnership in the development of Section 3.1.2 in this edition of the Code. Also, the Committee thanks Rex I. Lewis and Homer R. Peterson , II for their contributions as members of the Committee for part of this cycle of development, and honors Committee member Leonard R. Middleton, who passed away during this cycle.By the AISC Committee on the Code of Standard Practice,James A. Stori, Chairman Barry L. Barger, Vice Chairman William A. Andrews Paul M. Brosnahan Richard B. Cook William B. Cooper William R. Davidson Theodore L. Droessler Donald T. Engler Lawrence G. Griffis D. Kirk Harman Viji Kuruvilla Keith G. LandwehrJames L. LarsonH. Scott MetzgerDonald G. MooreDavid B. RattermanDavid I. RubyRex D. SmithThomas S. Tarpy, Jr.James G. ThompsonMichael J. TylkMichael A. WestCharles J. Carter, SecretaryAmanuel Gebremeskel, Asst. SecretaryCode of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, April 14, 2010 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 16.3-vTABLE OF CONTENTSGlossary (vii)Section 1. General Provisions (1)1.1. Scope (1)1.2. Referenced Specifications, Codes and Standards (1)1.3. Units (2)1.4. Design Criteria (3)1.5. Responsibility for Design (3)1.6. Patents and Copyrights (3)1.7. Existing Structures (3)1.8. Means, Methods and Safety of Erection (4)1.9. Tolerances (4)Section 2. Classification of Materials (5)2.1. Definition of Structural Steel (5)2.2. Other Steel, Iron or Metal Items (6)Section 3. Design Drawings and Specifications (9)3.1. Structural Design Drawings and Specifications (9)3.2. Architectural, Electrical and Mechanical Design Drawings and Specifications (15)3.3. Discrepancies (15)3.4. Legibility of Design Drawings (16)3.5. Revisions to the Design Drawings and Specifications (16)3.6. Fast-Track Project Delivery (17)Section 4. Shop and Erection Drawings (18)4.1. Owner Responsibility (18)4.2. Fabricator Responsibility (19)4.3. Use of CAD Files and/or Copies of Design Drawings (20)4.4. Approval (21)4.5. Shop and/or Erection Drawings Not Furnished by the Fabricator (23)4.6. The RFI Process (23)4.7. Erection Drawings (24)Section 5. Materials (25)5.1. Mill Materials (25)5.2. Stock Materials (26)Section 6. Shop Fabrication and Delivery (28)6.1. Identification of Material (28)6.2. Preparation of Material (29)6.3. Fitting and Fastening (29)6.4. Fabrication Tolerances (30)6.5. Shop Cleaning and Painting (33)6.6. Marking and Shipping of Materials (35)16.3-vi6.7. Delivery of Materials (35)Section 7. Erection (37)7.1. Method of Erection (37)7.2. Job-Site Conditions (37)7.3. Foundations, Piers and Abutments (37)7.4. Lines and Bench Marks (38)7.5. Installation of Anchor Rods, Foundation Bolts and Other Embedded Items (38)7.6. Installation of Bearing Devices (39)7.7. Grouting (40)7.8. Field Connection Material (40)7.9. Loose Material (41)7.10. Temporary Support of Structural Steel Frames (41)7.11. Safety Protection (44)7.12. Structural Steel Frame Tolerances (45)7.13. Erection Tolerances (46)7.14. Correction of Errors (56)7.15. Cuts, Alterations and Holes for Other Trades (56)7.16. Handling and Storage (56)7.17. Field Painting (57)7.18. Final Cleaning Up (57)Section 8. Quality Control (58)8.1. General (58)8.2. Inspection of Mill Material (59)8.3. Non-Destructive Testing (59)8.4. Surface Preparation and Shop Painting Inspection (59)8.5. Independent Inspection (59)Section 9. Contracts (61)9.1. Types of Contracts (61)9.2. Calculation of Weights (61)9.3. Revisions to the Contract Documents (62)9.4. Contract Price Adjustment (63)9.5. Scheduling (63)9.6. Terms of Payment (64)Section 10. Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel (65)10.1. General Requirements (65)10.2. Fabrication (65)10.3. Delivery of Materials (66)10.4. Erection (67)Appendix A. Digital Building Product Models (68)Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, April 14, 2010AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONCode of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, April 14, 2010 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 16.3-viiGLOSSARYThe following abbreviations and terms are used in this Code. Where used, terms are italicised to alert the user that the term is defined in this Glossary.AASHTO. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Adjustable Items. See Section 7.13.1.3.AESS. See architecturally exposed structural steel.AISC. American Institute of Steel Construction.Anchor Bolt. See anchor rod.Anchor Rod. A mechanical device that is either cast or drilled and chemically adhered, grouted or wedged into concrete and/or masonry for the purpose of the subsequent attachment of structural steel.Anchor-Rod Group. A set of anchor rods that receives a single fabricated structural steel shipping piece.ANSI. American National Standards Institute.Architect. The entity that is professionally qualified and duly licensed to perform architectural services.Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel. See Section 10.AREMA. American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association. ASME. American Society of Mechanical Engineers.ASTM. American Society for Testing and Materials.AWS. American Welding Society.Bearing Devices. Shop-attached base and bearing plates, loose base and bearing plates and leveling devices, such as leveling plates, leveling nuts and washers and leveling screws.CASE. Council of American Structural Engineers.16.3-viiiClarification. An interpretation, of the design drawings or specifications that have been released for construction, made in response to an RFI or a note on an approval drawing and providing an explanation that neither revises the information that has been released for construction nor alters the cost or schedule of performance of the work.the Code, this Code. This document, the AISC Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges as adopted by the American Institute of Steel Construction. Column line. The grid line of column centers set in the field based on the dimensions shown on the structural design drawings and using the building layout provided by the owners designated representative for construction. Column offsets are taken from the column line. The column line may be straight or curved as shown in the structural design drawings.Connection. An assembly of one or more joints that is used to transmit forces between two or more members and/or connection elements.Contract Documents. The documents that define the responsibilities of the parties that are involved in bidding, fabricating and erecting structural steel. These documents normally include the design drawings, the specifications and the contract.Design Drawings. The graphic and pictorial portions of the contract documents showing the design, location and dimensions of the work. These documents generally include plans, elevations, sections, details, schedules, diagrams and notes.Embedment Drawings. Drawings that show the location and placement of items that are installed to receive structural steel.EOR, Engineer, Engineer of Record. See structural engineer of record.Erection Bracing Drawings. Drawings that are prepared by the erector to illustrate the sequence of erection, any requirements for temporary supports and the requirements for raising, bolting and/or welding. These drawings are in addition to the erection drawings.Erection Drawings. Field-installation or member-placement drawings that are prepared by the fabricator to show the location and attachment of the individual shipping pieces.Erector. The entity that is responsible for the erection of the structural steel. Established Column Line. The actual field line that is most representative of the erected column centers along a line of columns placed using the dimensions shown in theCode of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, April 14, 2010AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONCode of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, April 14, 2010 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 16.3-ixstructural design drawings and the lines and bench marks established by the owner’s designated representative for construction, to be used in applying the erection tolerances given in this Code for column shipping pieces.Fabricator. The entity that is responsible for fabricating the structural steel.Hazardous Materials. Components, compounds or devices that are either encountered during the performance of the contract work or incorporated into it containing substances that, not withstanding the application of reasonable care, present a threat of harm to persons and/or the environment.Inspector. The owner’s testing and inspection agency.MBMA. Metal Building Manufacturers Association.Mill Material. Steel mill products that are ordered expressly for the requirements of a specific project.Owner. The entity that is identified as such in the contract documents.Owner’s Designated Representative for Construction. The owner or the entity that is responsible to the owner for the overall construction of the project, including its planning, quality, and completion. This is usually the general contractor, the construction manager or similar authority at the job site.Owner’s Designated Representative for Design. The owner or the entity that is responsible to the owner for the overall structural design of the project, including the structural steel frame. This is usually the structural engineer of record.Plans. See design drawings.RCSC. Research Council on Structural Connections.Released for Construction. The term that describes the status of contract documents that are in such a condition that the fabricator and the erector can rely upon them for the performance of their work, including the ordering of material and the preparation of shop and erection drawings.Revision. An instruction or directive providing information that differs from information that has been released for construction. A revision may, but does not always, impact the cost or schedule of performance of the work.RFI. A written request for information or clarification generated during the construction phase of the project.16.3-xSER. See structural engineer of record.Shop Drawings. Drawings of the individual structural steel shipping pieces that are to be produced in the fabrication shop.SJI. Steel Joist Institute.Specifications. The portion of the contract documents that consists of the written requirements for materials, standards and workmanship.SSPC. SSPC: The Society for Protective Coatings, which was formerly known as the Steel Structures Painting Council.Standard Structural Shapes. Hot-rolled W-, S-, M- and HP-shapes, channels and angles listed in ASTM A6/A6M; structural tees split from the hot-rolled W-, S- and M- shapes listed in ASTM A6/A6M; hollow structural sections produced to ASTM A500, A501, A618 or A847; and, steel pipe produced to ASTM A53/A53M.Steel Detailer. The entity that produces the shop and erection drawings.Structural Engineer of Record. The licensed professional who is responsible for sealing the contract documents, which indicates that he or she has performed or supervised the analysis, design and document preparation for the structure and has knowledge of the load-carrying structural system.Structural Steel. The elements of the structural frame as given in Section 2.1. Substantiating Connection Information. Information submitted by the fabricator, if requested by the owner’s designated representative for design in the contract documents, when option (2) or option (3) is designated for connections per Section3.1.2.Tier. The structural steel framing defined by a column shipping piece.Weld Show-Through. In architecturally exposed structural steel, visual indication of the presence of a weld or welds on the side of the member opposite the weld.Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, April 14, 2010AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONCode of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, April 14, 2010 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 16.3-1CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICEFOR STEEL BUILDINGS AND BRIDGESSECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS1.1. ScopeThis Code sets forth criteria for the trade practices involved in steel buildings,bridges, and other structures, where other structures are defined as thosestructures designed, fabricated, and erected in a manner similar to buildings,with building-like vertical and lateral load resisting elements. In the absence ofspecific instructions to the contrary in the contract documents, the tradepractices that are defined in this Code shall govern the fabrication and erectionof structural steel.Commentary:The practices defined in this Code are the commonly accepted standards ofcustom and usage for structural steel fabrication and erection, which generallyrepresent the most efficient approach. This Code is not intended to define aprofessional standard of care for the owners designated representative fordesign, change the duties and responsibilities of the owner, contractor, architector structural engineer of record from those set forth in the contract documents,or assign to the owner, architect or structural engineer of record any duty orauthority to undertake responsibility inconsistent with the provisions of thecontract documents.This Code is not applicable to steel joists or metal building systems, which areaddressed by SJI and MBMA, respectively.1.2. Referenced Specifications, Codes and StandardsThe following documents are referenced in this Code:AASHTO Specification—The 2010 AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 5th Edition.AISC Seismic Provisions—AISC 341-10, the 2010 AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings.AISC Specification—AISC 360-10, the 2010 AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings.ASME B46.1—ASME B46.1-02, Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay).AREMA Specification—The 2010 AREMA Manual for Railway Engineering, Volume II—Structures, Chapter 15.16.3-2ASTM A6/A6M—09, Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes, and Sheet Piling.ASTM A53/A53M—07, Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless.ASTM A325—09, Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength.ASTM A325M—09, Standard Specification for High-Strength Bolts for Structural Steel Joints (Metric).ASTM A490—08b, Standard Specification for Heat-Treated Steel Structural Bolts, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength.ASTMA490M—08, Standard Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts, Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3, for Structural Steel Joints (Metric).ASTM A500/A500M—07, Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes.ASTM A501—07, Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing. No metric equivalent exists.ASTM A618/A618M—04, Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing.ASTM A847/A847M—05, Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength, Low-Alloy Structural Tubing with ImprovedAtmospheric Corrosion Resistance.ASTM F1852/F1852M—08, Standard Specification for "Twist-Off" Type Tension Control Structural Bolt/Nut/Washer Assemblies, Steel, HeatTreated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength.AWS D1.1—The AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code—Steel, 2008.CASE Document 11—An Agreement Between Structural Engineer of Record and Contractor for Transfer of Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) files onElectronic Media, 2000CASE Document 962—The National Practice Guidelines for the Structural Engineer of Record, Fourth Edition, 2000.RCSC Specification—The Specification for Structural Joints Using High-Strength Bolts, 2009.SSPC SP2—SSPC Surface Preparation Specification No. 2, Hand Tool Cleaning, 2004.SSPC SP6—SSPC Surface Preparation Specification No. 6, Commercial Blast Cleaning, 2004.1.3. UnitsIn this Code, the values stated in either U.S. customary units or metric unitsshall be used. Each system shall be used independently of the other.Commentary:In this Code, dimensions, weights and other measures are given in U.S.customary units with rounded or rationalized metric-unit equivalents in Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, April 14, 2010AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONCode of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, April 14, 2010 AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION 16.3-3brackets. Because the values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, theselective combination of values from each of the two systems is not permitted.1.4. DesignCriteriaFor buildings and other structures, in the absence of other design criteria, theprovisions in the AISC Specification shall govern the design of the structuralsteel. For bridges, in the absence of other design criteria, the provisions in theAASHTO Specification and AREMA Specification shall govern the design ofthe structural steel, as applicable.1.5. Responsibility for Design1.5.1. When the owner’s designated representative for design provides the design,design drawings and specifications, the fabricator and the erector are notresponsible for the suitability, adequacy or building-code conformance of thedesign.1.5.2. When the owner enters into a direct contract with the fabricator to both designand fabricate an entire, completed steel structure, the fabricator shall beresponsible for the suitability, adequacy, conformance with owner-establishedperformance criteria, and building-code conformance of the structural steeldesign. The owner shall be responsible for the suitability, adequacy andbuilding-code conformance of the non-structural steel elements and shall establish the performance criteria for the structural steel frame.1.6. Patents and CopyrightsThe entity or entities that are responsible for the specification and/or selection ofproprietary structural designs shall secure all intellectual property rights necessary for the use of those designs.1.7. ExistingStructures1.7.1. Demolition and shoring of any part of an existing structure are not within thescope of work that is provided by either the fabricator or the erector. Suchdemolition and shoring shall be performed in a timely manner so as not tointerfere with or delay the work of the fabricator and the erector.1.7.2. Protection of an existing structure and its contents and equipment, so as toprevent damage from normal erection processes, is not within the scope of workthat is provided by either the fabricator or the erector. Such protection shall beperformed in a timely manner so as not to interfere with or delay the work of thefabricator or the erector.16.3-41.7.3. Surveying or field dimensioning of an existing structure is not within the scopeof work that is provided by either the fabricator or the erector. Such surveyingor field dimensioning, which is necessary for the completion of shop anderection drawings and fabrication, shall be performed and furnished to thefabricator in a timely manner so as not to interfere with or delay the work of thefabricator or the erector.1.7.4. Abatement or removal of hazardous materials is not within the scope of workthat is provided by either the fabricator or the erector. Such abatement orremoval shall be performed in a timely manner so as not to interfere with ordelay the work of the fabricator and the erector.1.8. Means, Methods and Safety of Erection1.8.1. The erector shall be responsible for the means, methods and safety of erectionof the structural steel frame.1.8.2. The structural engineer of record shall be responsible for the structuraladequacy of the design of the structure in the completed project. The structuralengineer of record shall not be responsible for the means, methods and safety oferection of the structural steel frame. See also Sections 3.1.4 and 7.10.1.9. TolerancesTolerances for materials, fabrication and erection shall be as stipulated inSections 5, 6, 7, and 10.Commentary:Tolerances are not necessarily specified in this Code for every possible variationthat could be encountered. For most projects, where a tolerance is not specifiedor covered in this Code, it is not needed to ensure that the fabricated and erectedstructural steel complies with the requirements in Section 6 and 7. If a specialdesign concept or system component requires a tolerance that is not specified inthis Code, the necessary tolerance should be specified in the contractdocuments. If a tolerance is not shown and is deemed by the fabricator and/orerector to be important to the successful fabrication and erection of thestructural steel, it should be requested from the owner’s designated representative for design. The absence of a tolerance in this Code for aparticular condition does not mean that the tolerance is zero; rather, it meansthat no tolerance has been established. In any case, the default tolerance is notzero.Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, April 14, 2010AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION。
傲慢与偏见PrideandPrejudice1995年版本中英文剧本3
傲慢与偏见PrideandPrejudice1995年版本中英文剧本3傲慢与偏见Pride and Prejudice BBC版本中英文剧本3Lizzy! Jane! What do you think? Mr Collins has made an offer of marriage to Charlotte Lucas! She's accepted him! 丽西,瑾你们说呢? 科林斯先生跟夏洛蒂洛克斯求婚了她也接受了Charlotte? Engaged to Mr Collins? Impossible! 夏洛蒂? 跟科林斯先生订婚? 不可能The fireplace in the great room at Rosings would be much larger than that. A fireplace of truly prodigious dimensions. 罗新斯园大房里的壁炉还大得多尺寸真正惊人的…好大But why should you be surprised, my dear Lizzy? Do you think it incredible that Mr Collins could procure any woman's good opinion, because he didn't succeed with you? 你为什么要惊讶呢? 亲爱的丽西你认为科林斯先生不可能得到女人的垂青吗? 就因为他向你求婚失败? Charlotte, I didn't mean... I Was surprised. Charlotte, if Mr Collins has been so fortunate as to secure your affections, I'm delighted for you both. 夏洛蒂,我不是这个意思我很惊讶可是夏洛蒂,若科林斯先生有幸获得你的感情我替你们两人高兴I see what you are feeling. I'm not romantic, you know. I never was. I ask only a comfortable home. And, considering Mr Collins' character and situation in life, I'm convinced my chance of happiness with him is as fair as most who enter the marriage state. 我知道你的感受你知道我不是个浪漫的人从来就不是我只要求一个舒适的家以科林斯先生的个性和地位相信我跟他结婚会跟大多夫妻一样幸福(COLLINS): My dear Charlotte! Cousin Elizabeth, you can see before you the happiest of men! 亲爱的夏洛蒂伊丽莎柏表妹我现在是世上最幸福的男人Jane, it was such a humiliating spectacle! She knows she'smarrying one of the stupidest men in England. I never believed her capable of that.瑾,真是太可耻了她明知道嫁的是全英国最愚蠢的男人我没想到她会做这种事Lizzy, you do not make allowances for differences of situation and temper. Our cousin Mr Collins is not the cleverest of men, perhaps, but he is respectable. He is not vicious, and as far as fortune goes, it's an eligible match. 丽西,你不懂得体谅别人不同的环境和性情我们的科林斯表哥也许不是最聪明的人但是个正派人他不是坏人就财产而言他也是适合的对象Very eligible! You wouldn't think of marrying a man like that, simply to secure your own comfort. 是很适合你绝不会为了保障生活舒适就嫁给那样的人吧?No, but Lizzy, not everyone is the same. 我不会,可是,丽西不是每个人都一样的Dear Jane! I doubt that you will have to make a choice between marrying for love and marrying for more material considerations. Though you may, perhaps? 亲爱的瑾我想你不会需要考虑为爱而嫁或为物质条件而嫁虽然你可能会?(THERE IS A KNOCK ON THE DOOR) - This came just now from Netherfield, ma'am尼德斐园刚送来的,小姐.- Thank you. 谢谢It's from Caroline Bingley. She writes.. ..that the whole party will have left Netherfield by now, for London. And without any intention of coming back again. 是卡洛琳宾莱写来的她说他们所有人现在已经离开尼德斐园前往伦敦而且不打算再回来(MISS BINGLEY): Charles first thought that his business in London Would only take a feW days, but We're certain that this cannot be so. I am convinced that When Charles gets to toWn, he Will be in no hurry to leave it again. I do not pretend to regret anything I shall leave in Hertfordshire, my dearest friend, exceptyour society. Mr Darcy, of course, is impatient to see his sister. And toconfess the truth, I'm scarcely less eager to meet her again, from the hope I dare to entertain of her being hereafter... my sister. Am I Wrong, my dearest Jane, in indulging the hope of an event Which Would secure the happiness of so many? 我哥哥查尔斯本来以为伦敦的事几天就可能办完但我们确定这是不可能的我相信查尔斯到了伦敦不会忙着离开亲爱的朋友,我不会假装赫特福郡有什么值得留恋的除了和你作伴的时光达西先生当然急着想见妹妹老实说我跟他一样急着见她因为我希望以后她会是…我的妹妹我这么想不对吗? 亲爱的瑾我衷心渴望这一件会让许多人都幸福的事Is it not clear enough? Caroline Bingley believes her brother is indifferent to me and she means to put me on my guard. - Can there be any other opinion on the subject?这还不够清楚吗? 卡洛琳宾莱相信她哥哥对我漠不关心还好心来让我提高警觉丽西这事还能有第二种解释吗?- Yes, there can! Miss Bingley sees that her brother is in love with you, and she wants him to marry Miss Darcy. She hopes to keep him in town and persuade you that he does not care about you. Indeed, Jane, you ought to believe me. No one who has seen you and Bingley together can doubt his affection. 当然有宾莱小姐看出她哥哥爱上你但她要他娶达西小姐希望把他留在伦敦让你相信他不喜欢你真的,瑾你应该相信我看过你和宾莱先生在一起就不可能怀疑他对你的感情I cannot believe Caroline is capable of wilful deceit. 我不相信卡洛琳会存心骗我All I can hope for is that she is deceived herself. Believe her to be deceived, by all means, but she can hardly convince a man so much in love that he's in love with someone else instead! If Bingley is not back by your side and dining at Longbourn withintwo weeks, I shall be very much surprised. 我只希望她这是自欺欺人你务必要相信她是被蒙蔽了但她无法说服坠入情网的人相信自己爱的是别人若宾莱先生两周内没回你身边到龙柏园晚餐我可会大吃一惊呢I don't envy Charlotte in the slightest! Fancy marrying a clergyman! - He'll read from Fordyce's sermons every night. 我丝毫不嫉妒夏洛蒂洛克斯没想到她会想嫁给牧师他每天晚上会对着她讲道- Before they go to bed! 然后才上床Look at that hideous cloth! It would do very well for Mary. 看这块难看的料子你不觉得很适合梅莉吗?Look! There's Denny and Carter. 看,丹尼和卡特- And Wickham! 还有威卡- I suppose you'll keep him all to yourself again? 我想你又要霸占威卡了吧丽西- Of course. She's violently in love with him! 她当然会啦她对人家一往情深- For heaven's sake, lower your voice. 凯蒂,拜托你小声点Good afternoon to you, Ladies! How fortunate! We were going to Longbourn in search of you. 午安,各位小姐遇到各位真走运我们正想走到龙柏园找你们We came into town in search of you! 我们是到镇上来找你们的We hoped we would see you at the Netherfield ball. 我们本来希望在尼德斐园的舞会见到你I was very sorry to lose the pleasure of dancing with you. But fate, it would seem... 很遗憾失去和你共舞的机会但命运似乎…No. With you I must be entirely open. I decided that it would be wrong for me to be there. I found that I had better not meet with Mr Darcy. Scenes might arise unpleasant to more than myself. 不,我必须对你坦白我认为我不应该去我在舞会举行前夕觉得还是不见达西先生的好免得到时场面让其他人尴尬I understand and admire your forbearance. 我很了解也很佩服你的宽宏大量Not that it would give me a moment's concern to see Mr Darcy publicly set down, but in Mr Bingley's house... It would grieve me to see him embarrassed and discomfited. And through him, your sister. 我不是担心达西先生当众丢脸不过在宾莱先生家里看到他尴尬为难,我会难过他难过令姐也会难过Yes. 是的- I hear Mr Collins is engaged to be married. 我听说令表兄科林斯先生要结婚了- Yes, to my good friend Charlotte Lucas. 对娶我的好友夏洛蒂洛克斯I had thought that his intentions tended in another direction. 我以为他喜欢的是另一个人Perhaps they did, but they took a little turn, to everybody's satisfaction. 可能是的,但他移情别恋结局令大家都满意And relief. I hope that you will stay and take tea with us. I should like to introduce you to my mother and father. 也松了口气希望你留下和我们喝茶我希望把你介绍给家父母认识Thank you. 谢谢Denny! 丹尼Oh, young George Wickham is such a charming young man, is he not, my dear? 乔治威卡这青年真讨人喜欢不是吗,亲爱的?What? Oh, indeed he is. It was very good of him to entertain us so eloquently with stories about his misfortunes. With such narratives to hand, who would read novels? 什么?的确他真好心,滔滔不绝地诉说他的不幸来娱乐我们有这么多故事听谁还要看小说?But I believe he has been treated contemptibly by Mr Darcy, father. 但我相信达西先生确实对他非常残忍,爸爸I dare say he has. Though Darcy may be no more of a black-hearted villain than your average rich man, used to his own way. 我想是的,丽西虽然达西先生的黑心恶行不过是有钱人的一贯作风It behoves us all to take very careful thought before pronouncing an adverse judgement on any of our fellow men. 我们批评别人之前最好还是三思而后行Lord! I feel very sorry for poor Mr Wickham. 天啊我很替可怜的威卡先生难过And so becoming in his regimentals! 他穿军服真好看I remember the time when I liked a red coat myself well enough. And I do still in my heart. 记得当年我也很喜欢看红外套现在我心里还是很喜欢And there's no need to smile like that, Miss Lizzy! Though Mr Wickham has taken a fancy to you, I'm sure you've done nothing to deserve it, after your dealings with Mr Collins! Well, it is all in vain, it will all come to nothing! The poor young man! If only he had five or six thousand a year, I'd be happy to see him marry any of the girls! But nothing turns out the way it should. And now Mr Bingley, of whom we all had such expectations, is gone off forever! 用不着这样笑,丽西小姐虽然威卡先生很喜欢你我相信你不配得到他的情意毕竟你曾经对科林斯先生这么无情不过这到头来都是一场空可怜的年轻人若他一年有5,6千磅收入我乐意把任何一个女儿嫁给他但一切都事与愿违我们都寄予厚望的宾莱先生再也不会回来了What? 什么?I've heard again from Caroline Bingley. It's now definite that they will stay in town for the whole winter. 我又收到卡洛琳宾莱的信现在他们很确定会在伦敦过冬I cannot believe it. 我不敢相信It is true. 这是真的Come now, Jane, take comfort. Next to being married, a girl likes to be crossed in love now and then. When is it your turn,Lizzy? You can't be long outdone by Jane, when here are officers enough in Meryton to disappoint all the young ladies in the country. Let Wickham be your man. He's a pleasant fellow. He would jilt you creditably. 好了,瑾,别难过除了嫁人姑娘家最喜欢偶尔为情所困什么时候轮到你,丽西? 你受不了老是输给瑾吧美乐顿有不少军官足够伤尽每个小姑娘的心就让威卡先生当你的情人吧他是个讨人喜欢的家伙会狠狠抛弃你的Thank you, sir, but a less agreeable man would do. We must not all expect Jane's good fortune. 谢谢差一点的人我也满意了我们不能指望像瑾那样好命True, but it is a comfort to think... that whatever of that kind may befall you, you have an affectionate mother who will always make the most of it. 的确但你也应该感到安慰一旦这种事发生到你头上你有个热心的母亲会拼命替你撮合I don't know what will become of us all, indeed I do not! And I cannot bear to think of Charlotte Lucas being mistress of this house! That I should be forced to make way for her, and see her take my place! 不知道我们将来怎么办? 我真的不知道我不敢想像夏洛蒂洛克斯当这屋子的女主人我得被迫让位给她眼睁睁看她代替我的位置My dear, don't give way to such gloomy thoughts. Let us hope for better things. Let us flatter ourselves that I might outlive you.亲爱的,别这么悲观我们不妨乐观一点运气好的话说不定我会比你长命You mustn't be anxious for me, Lizzy. He will be forgot, and we shall all be as we were before. But, I may remember him as... ..the most amiable man of my acquaintance. That is all. I have nothing either to hope or fear... ..and nothing to reproach him with. At least I have not had that pain. 你千万不要替我担忧,丽西我会忘记他的我们也会想以前一样被遗忘可是我会记得他是…我所认识最和蔼的一个人仅仅如此我无须奢望也无须害怕.也无须责怪于他至少我还没有那么痛苦My dear Jane. You're too good. Your sweetness and disinterestedness are truly angelic. 亲爱的瑾你太善良了你甜美无私宛如天使- Don't tease me, Lizzy. 别笑我,丽西- Indeed I do not tease you. There are few people whom I really love, and even fewer of whom I think well. The more I see of the world, the more I am dissatisfied with it. Jane, what if you were to go to town? Aunt and Uncle Gardiner would gladly take you with them to Gracechurch Street after Christmas. 我不是笑你我真心爱的人不多看得起的人更少对这个世界看得越多我就越不满瑾,如果你到伦敦去呢? 我相信卡地那舅舅和舅母一定很乐意在圣诞节后带着你回格雷斯查奇街- Why would you have me go to London, Lizzy? 你为什么要我到伦敦去,丽西?- No reason. A change of scene and society? 不为什么换换环境和社交圈罢了Why are you so late? I'm sure I feared your coach had overset itself, or you had been attacked by robbers! 你们怎么这么晚? 我还怕你们马车翻了或是碰上了强盗Nonsense, we made good time. How do you do, Fanny? 胡说,我们一路上都很开心,你好吗? Very ill, Edward. No one knows what I suffer with my nerves. - But then I never complain. - That's the best way, Fanny. You're very good. 糟透了,爱德华,糟透了谁也不知道我心里多烦但我从不抱怨这样是最好的了芬妮,你真好- Have you brought us some presents? 你们带了什么给我们带了礼物吗?- I see you've not changed, Lydia. 丽笛亚你一点都没变,丽笛亚- Why, have I not grown? 我没长大吗?- Aye, in everything but good sense. 是长大了,还是这么傻气Lizzy! Get yourselves in, get yourselves in, for you have barely time for a change of clothes! We are bidden to the Philips' this evening. I have no desire to be going here and there at night. I should much rather sit at home and rest my poor nerves. 瑾,丽西你们进来吧你们没时间换衣服了我们今晚受邀到菲力普家天知道我晚上根本不想到处乱跑我宁可坐在家里养养心神# God rest ye merry gentlemen, Let nothing you dismay,# Remember Christ our Saviour Was born on Christmas Day, # To save us all from Satan's pow'r...(SONG CONTINUES IN THE BACKGROUND)Aye, poor Jane. I would not have you think I blame poor Jane at all! Who could blame poor Jane for the matter? She is the dearest girl in the world! I was telling our dear sister, Mrs Gardiner, she did her best. - She would have got Bingley if she could. - She did her best, and no one could do more. But, oh, sister, when I think about Lizzy! 可怜的瑾你们可别以为我有责怪瑾的意思这件事谁能怪可怜的瑾呢她是世上最甜美的女孩了我跟妹妹卡地那太太说过她已经尽力了要是有可能她早就嫁给宾莱先生了她会的她尽了力谁也没办法比上她了不过,弟妹,我一想到丽西- It must be very hard, sister.一定很叫人难过,姐姐- It is very hard. - She could have been Mr Collins' wife by now! 是很不好受,她本来可能已经做了科林斯太太- That would have given you such comfort! 照至少还能给你一点安慰Oh, those Lucases are such artful people indeed. They are all for what they can get! 洛克斯家一家真是狡猾能到手的绝不放过However, your coming just at this time is the greatest of comforts. And we are very pleased to hear what you tell us about the latest fashions for long sleeves. 你们这时候来再好不过了我们很高兴听你说最新流行的长袖衣服May I present Mr Wickham to you, Aunt? 容我向您介绍威卡先生,姨妈I understand you come from Derbyshire, Mr Wickham. 听说您是德贝夏郡人威卡先生- Indeed I do, ma'am. Do you know the country? 是的,夫人你对那里很熟吗?- Very well. I spent some of the happiest years of my life at Lambton. Not five miles from where I grew up, at Pemberley! Pemberley! Surely it is the most handsome house in Derbyshire, and consequently in the world! 很熟我一生最快乐的几年是在兰顿渡过的那儿离我长大的地方不到5哩潘巴利潘巴利当然,潘巴利是德贝夏郡最雄伟的宅院也就是全世界最雄伟的宅院I see you take my view of things, ma'am. - Are you acquainted with the family? 我的看法和您相同,夫人您认识那家人吗?- No. 不,不认识I had the good fortune to be the protégé of old Mr Darcy. He was the very best of men. I wish you'd known him. 我有幸得老达西先生的照养长大他是最好的人了卡地那太太真希望你认识他And a four on yours, and I'm out! Lord, I've won again! Let's have some dancing now. I long for adance! Mary! Mary, play Grimstock.4点,我打完了天啊!我又赢了我们来跳舞吧我好想跳舞梅莉梅莉,弹支舞曲Capital! Capital! 太好了- Fine girls, are they not, Mr Gardiner? 她们可不都是好姑娘吗卡地那先生- Indeed they are, Sir William. - The two eldest in particular, perhaps?没错威廉爵士尤其是最大的两个- Indeed, indeed. They would grace the court of St. James itself! But let's not forget the younger Miss Bennets! 没错,我想圣詹姆士宫也会因她们增添光彩但我们别忘了3位小贝纳小姐Aye, theyhave arms and legs enough between them, and are three of the silliest girls in England.她们永远都少不了舞伴也是英国最傻气的3个女孩When do you go into Kent? 你什么时候到肯特郡?We shall spend the wedding night at Lucas Lodge, and then travel to Hunsford on Friday. You will write to me, Lizzy? I believe I am not likely to leave Kent for some time. - I shall depend on hearing from you very often.我们会在洛克斯居渡过新婚之夜然后星期五启程到亨斯佛村你会写信给我吧,丽西? 我想我暂时不能离开肯特郡希望常收到你的来信- That you certainly shall. 放心吧My father and Maria are to come to me in March. Lizzy, will you promise to be one of the party? - You will be as welcome as either of them. 家父和梅莉亚三月会来看我丽西你跟他们一起来好吗? 真的,我会像欢迎家人一样欢迎你- Then how could I refuse? But I'll only come if you guarantee me a glimpse of the famous chimney piece at Rosings Park! 那我怎能拒绝? 但你一定要保证让我一瞥罗新斯园著名的壁炉台That you could scarcely avoid, even if you wished to! 我想你很难错过就算你不想看也难(MARIA): Charlotte! Have you asked her? Is she to come to Hunsford with us? 夏洛蒂你问了她没有,夏洛蒂? 她要跟我们到亨斯佛村吗?- Yes. 要- Good! I shan't be half so frightened of Lady Catherine if you are with us, Lizzy! 太好了有你在,我就不会这么害怕看见德波夫人了Who is that girl dancing with Mr Wickham? 和威卡先生跳舞那女的是谁Her name is Mary King. She's come to stay with her uncle in Meryton. - She's not very pretty, is she? 她叫梅莉金来美乐顿看叔叔的她不怎么美,不是吗?- Beauty is not the only virtue, Maria. She's just inherited a fortune of 10,000 pounds, I understand. Now that is a definite virtue! 美丽不是唯一的优点梅莉亚就我所知她刚继承一万磅的遗产这是不折不扣的优点(MOTHER): It is very hard. And I feel sorry for Lizzy, because she's done little to deserve it.不,这太叫人难过了我很替丽西难过虽然她也不配得到威卡的爱(L YDIA): For Wickham to pursue Miss King all the way to Barnet, just for her 10,000 pounds! 威卡先生一路追梅莉金小姐到巴内特就是为了她的一万磅(KITTY): I wish someone would die and leave me 10,000 pounds. Then all the officers would love me! 我希望有人死了留给我一万磅那每个军官都会疯狂爱上我了- (MOTHER): I'm sure they would, Kitty dear. 我相信会的,凯蒂他们一定会的- (KITTY): Did you think her pretty, mamma?你觉得她漂亮吗,妈妈?- No indeed, she has nothing to any of you.老实说,她比不上你(L YDIA): A little short freckled thing! Poor Wickham. How he must be suffering. 又矮又长雀斑可怜的威卡,他一定很痛苦(JANE): January the 12th. My dearest Lizzy, here We continue at Gracechurch Street to be quiet and comfortable. Aunt and Uncle could not be kinder or more attentive. All I lack here, dear Lizzy, is you, to make me laugh at myself. Three Weeks ago, When our Aunt Was going to that part of toWn, I took the opportunity of calling on Miss Bingley in Grosvenor Street. I Was very eager to see Caroline again. And I thought she Was glad to see me, though a little out of spirits. She reproached me for giving her no notice of my coming to London, and I thought it very strange that both my letters should have gone astray. 一月12日亲爱的丽西我们在格雷斯查奇街继续安宁闲适度日舅舅舅母对我极为疼惜关心亲爱的丽西,我唯一欠缺的就是没有你来让我发笑你没忘记三星期前姨妈要到宾莱家那一带我趁机到葛罗斯文诺街拜访宾莱小姐我很急着再见卡洛琳我以为她很高兴见到我虽然有点意兴阑珊她责怪我来伦敦没通知她我还奇怪我写的两封信居然都寄丢了Very strange indeed. 的确很奇怪My visit Was not long, as Caroline and Mrs Hurst Were going out. 我没多久就走了因为卡洛琳和赫斯特太太要出门Goodbye, Miss Bennet. 再见,贝纳小姐They promised to call at Gracechurch Street in a day or tWo.I Waited at home every morning for three Weeks, and at length, today she came. I knoW, my dear Lizzy, you Will be incapable of triumphing at my expense, When I confess I have been entirely deceived in Miss Bingley's regard for me. She made it very evident that she took no pleasure in seeing me. When I asked after her brother, she made it clear that he knoWs of my being in toWn, but is much engaged at present With Mr Darcy and his sister. I must conclude then, that Mr Bingley noW no longer cares for me. 但她们一再保证一两天后就到格雷斯查奇街来看我我每天早上在家等了3星期最后她今天终于来了我知道,亲爱的丽西你不会幸灾乐祸我承认我完全看错了宾莱小姐对我的情谊她表示得很清楚她不想见到我当我问候她哥哥的近况她明白表示他知道我在伦敦但正忙着陪伴达西先生和他的妹妹我只得断定宾莱先生不再喜欢我了Lizzy! Come quick! Denny and Carter are here. And guess who else? Wickham! 丽西,快来丹尼和卡特来了你猜还有谁? 是威卡I heard you were going into Kent. I felt I could not let you go without calling to see you once. 我听说你要到肯特郡觉得应该在你走之前登门跟你道别I'm very glad you did. I've missed our conversations. I hear I am to congratulate you on your forthcoming betrothal to MissKing? 我很高兴你来了我很怀念跟你的谈话我要恭喜你就快跟金小姐订婚了You must despise me. 我想你一定看不起我Indeed I do not! I understand, as my younger sisters are not yet able to, that handsome young men must have something to live on, as well as the plain ones. 其实没有,相信我我了解一件妹妹不懂的事年轻男子无论英俊与否一样得为五斗米打算Miss Bennet... ..I would wish you to believe me that... had circumstances been different... 贝纳小姐我希望你相信如果情况不同的话Had old Mr Darcy never had a son. 如果老达西先生没有儿子Oh, yes. 是的But life is full of these trials, as my sister Mary reminds us daily. I sincerely wish you every happiness in the world. 不过我妹妹梅莉常提醒我们生命充满考验我真心希望你幸福快乐- You are very forbearing.你很宽宏大量- I flatter myself I am! I think Jane would be quite proud of me. 这不是我自夸我想瑾会以我为荣的I hope you and I, at least, will always be good friends.我希望我们俩至少…可以永远当好朋友I'm sure we shall, Mr Wickham. 我相信会的,威卡先生(FATHER): Well, Lizzy, on pleasure bent again. Never a thought of what your poor parents will suffer in your absence? 丽西又要去找乐子了没想过你不在时可怜的父母会多伤心It is a pleasure I could well forego, father, as I think you know. But I shall be happy to see Charlotte. 爸爸,我想你知道我不去找这乐子也无妨但我再见到夏洛蒂会很开心What of your cousin Mr Collins and the famous Lady Catherine de Bourgh? As a connoisseur of human folly, I thought you impatient to be savouring these delights. 见你表哥科林斯先生呢? 见著名的德波夫人呢? 我身为人类愚行的鉴赏家该认为你是急着去品尝这些乐趣Of some delights, I believe, sir, a little goes a long way. 我相信有些乐趣是可以细水长流的Yes. Well, think of me, Lizzy. Until you or your sister Jane return, I shall not hear two words of sense spoken together. You'll be very much missed, my dear. Very well, very well. Go along then. Get along with you. 是要,想我,丽西在你或你姐姐瑾回来之前我不会再听到一句有头脑的话我会很想你的亲爱的很好去吧,快滚吧Aye, Maria. All that land to the left of us belongs to Rosings Park. 是,梅莉亚我们左边的地方都属于罗新斯园All of it? Oh, Lady Catherine must be very rich indeed! 全都是德波夫人一定很有钱I believe so, I believe so! And she has many favours in her gift. Your sister has made a fortunate alliance! 我相信是的而且她乐善好施你姐姐能很幸运能结这门亲(SIR WILLIAM): Yes, well, I believe the next turn takes us on to Hunsford. 是我想再转个弯就道亨斯佛村Sir William! Maria! Cousin Elizabeth. I am truly honoured to be able to welcome you to my humble abode! 威廉爵士梅莉亚伊丽莎柏表妹各位光临寒舍真是蓬荜生辉- My dear Sir! 岳父大人- My dear Mr Collins! 好女婿I am deeply honoured to make a humble welcome to the Parsonage... 很荣幸能欢迎各位驾临寒舍牧师公馆我能在这里迎接各位…- I am happy to see you, Elizabeth. 我很高兴见到你,伊丽莎柏- And I you. 我也很高兴见到你The staircase, I flatter myself, is eminently suitable for a clergyman in my position, being neither too shallow nor toosteep. As serviceable a staircase as I've ever seen, sir. At St. James' Court... Though it is nothing to the staircases you will see at Rosings. I say staircases, because there are several, and each in its way very fine. And here, if you would permit me, cousin Elizabeth. This will be your bedchamber, while you are with us. And I trust you will find it comfortable and convenient. 不是我自夸,这楼梯对我这种地位的神职人员是在适合也不过了既不太浅也不太陡是我见过相当好用的楼梯在圣詹姆士宫…可比不上罗新斯园那些楼梯我说那些楼梯是因为那里有不少楼梯每个都非常精致请容我为你服务伊丽莎柏表妹这间就是你在这里的卧房相信你会觉得非常舒适方便- Indeed it is a very pleasant room.这房间的确很宜人- Observe that closet, cousin Elizabeth. - What do you say to that? 看到衣柜没有,表妹?你觉得怎么样?- Well...Is it not the very essence of practicality and convenience? Lady Catherine de Bourgh herself was kind enough to suggest that these shelves be fitted. Shelves in the closet...这可不是完全符合实用和方便的精神? 这要感谢德波夫人好心向我建议把架子装成你现在看到的样子在衣柜装架子Happy thought indeed.这倒是个好点子She is kindness itself. Nothing is too small to be beneath her notice, is it not, my dear? - She is a very attentive neighbour. - We dine at Rosings Park twice every week! - And are never allowed to walk home. 她真是太好心了多小的事都逃不过她的眼睛对不对亲爱的她这位邻居非常热心我们每周都到罗新斯园晚餐她从不让我们走路回家- That is generosity itself, is it not, Maria?她真是太慷慨了不是吗,梅莉亚?Her ladyship's carriage is regularly ordered for us. I shouldsay one of her ladyship's carriages, for she has several. And now, Sir William, you were kind enough to express a wish to see my gardens. 夫人的马车经常让我们使用其实应该说是其中一辆因为她有好几辆马车现在,威廉爵士您说过想看看我的花园Mr Collins tends the gardens himself, and spends a good part of every day in them. 科林斯先生亲自照料花园每天要花不少时间在上面- The exercise must be beneficial.劳动必定有益身心- Oh, yes. I encourage him to be in his garden as much as possible. - And he has to walk to Rosings nearly every day. 是的我鼓励他尽可能待在花园里他几乎每天都要走路到罗新斯园- So often? Is that necessary?这么频繁? 有这个必要吗?Perhaps not, but I confess I encourage him in that as well. 应该没有但我承认我还是鼓励他天天去- Walking is very beneficial exercise. 走路非常有益身心- Oh, indeed it is. When he's in the house, he is mostly in his book room, which affords a good view of the road, whenever Lady Catherine's carriage should drive by.的确不错他在家时几乎都待在书房只要德波夫人的马车驶过他可从窗口看得一清二楚- And you prefer to sit in this parlour? 而你喜欢坐在起居室- Yes. So, it often happens that a whole day passes in which we haven't spent more than a few minutes in each other's company. 对经常一整天过去我们在一起不过几分钟I see. 这样…I find that I can bear the solitude very cheerfully. I find myself... ..quite content with my situation, Lizzy. 我发现我很喜欢独处我发现我自己…对现状很满意,丽西- (COLLINS): Charlotte, come quickly! 亲爱的夏洛蒂,快来- (CHARLOTTE): What is it? 怎么了,亲爱的?(MARIA): Lizzy! Lizzy! Come into the dining room. There's。
DBL_5472_2007-06
Application examples Roof lining passenger cars (molded headlining)
Sliding roof lining
Lining luggage compartment floor W 169
Roof reinforcement insulation BR 211, BR 221 Roof reinforcement insulation BR 164, BR 251, BR 169
DBL 5472 A 2007-06, Page 2
Contents
1 Scope .....................................................................................................................................................3 2 Materials ................................................................................................................................................3 3 Properties...............................................................................................................................................3 3.1 General requirements........................................................................................................................3 3.2 Shape, color, dimensions, cut-outs and making-up ..........................................................................4 4 Technical data........................................................................................................................................4 5 Test methods .........................................................................................................................................4 6 Duties of the supplier .............................................................................................................................4 7 Samples .................................................................................................................................................4 8 Deliveries ...............................................................................................................................................4 9 Identification...........................................................................................................................................4 10 Packaging, form of supply and delivery conditions................................................................................4 11 Storability ...............................................................................................................................................4 12 Special instructions ................................................................................................................................4 13 Complaints .............................................................................................................................................4 14 Environmental protection regulations/industrial safety ..........................................................................5 15 Normative references ............................................................................................................................5 16 Technical data: Table 2 .........................................................................................................................6
TL52064
Norm vor Anwendung auf Aktualität prüfen / Check standard for current issue prior to usage.
Page 2 TL 520 64: 2002-12
D
1 Basic supply requirements Approval of first supply and changes acc. to VW 011 55. Each change of material (e.g. raw material type, raw material origin, type of tanning, finish, surface treatment) shall be resampled, retested and re-released in writing prior to usage in standard production. For a release, apart from pure material sampling, in-vehicle tests and manufacturing feasibility tests with positive results are generally required, among others. Avoidance of hazardous substances acc. to VW 911 01. One skin is required for complete testing. The leather manufacturer shall clearly be identified on the fleshside of the leather. The manufacturer identification must not adversely affect the leather neither on the fleshside nor the surface side. It must not be recognizable on the surface side. 1.1 Appearance
ISO 25539-2-2012
ii
© ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
ISO 25539-2:2012(E)
Contents
Page
Foreword.........................................................................................................................................................roduction......................................................................................................................................................................... v 1 Scope....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 3 Normative references.......................................................................................................................................... 1 Terms and definitions.......................................................................................................................................... 2
material girl翻译
material girl翻译Material Girl是一首由美国流行歌手麦当娜（Madonna）演唱的歌曲，这首歌曾在1985年成为她的标志性歌曲之一。
歌曲的歌词表达了一个女性追求财富和物质享受的愿望。
以下是一些例句，展示了一些用法和中英文对照：1. She's a material girl, living in a material world. (她是个物质女孩，生活在一个物质世界。
)2. I'm not materialistic, but I do love nice things. (我不是追求物质的人，但我确实喜欢好东西。
)3. Many people mistakenly believe that being a material girl leads to happiness. (很多人错误地认为成为一个物质女孩会带来幸福。
)4. She spends all her money on designer clothes and luxury vacations. She's a real material girl. (她把所有的钱都花在名牌服装和奢华度假上，她真是个物质女孩。
)5. Material possessions can never truly fulfill your soul. (物质财富永远无法真正满足你的灵魂。
)6. She's always chasing after the latest trends and expensive gadgets. She's such a material girl. (她总是追逐最新的潮流和昂贵的小工具，她真是个物质女孩。
)7. Materialism has become a dominant value in our society.(物质主义已经成为我们社会的主导价值观。
material的用法及短语
material的用法及短语摘要：1.Material 的含义与用法2.Material 的短语搭配3.Material 的例句正文：【Material 的含义与用法】Material 是一个英文单词，其含义为“材料”，主要用来表示制作物品所使用的原材料。
在实际应用中，material 可以用于描述各种不同类型的材料，如金属、塑料、木材等。
此外，material 还可以用来表示“与某事相关的信息或数据”。
【Material 的短语搭配】1.Material science（材料科学）2.Material culture（物质文化）3.Material loss（材料损失）4.Material girl（物质女孩）5.Material boy（物质男孩）【Material 的例句】1.This table is made of solid wood material.（这张桌子是由实木材料制成的。
）2.Material is an important factor in determining the quality of aproduct.（材料是决定产品质量的一个重要因素。
）3.The students are studying the material for their exams.（学生们正在为考试复习材料。
）4.She is a material girl who loves to buy luxury goods.（她是一个物质女孩，喜欢购买奢侈品。
）5.The company suffered a significant material loss due to the fire.（公司因火灾遭受了重大材料损失。
）通过以上例句，我们可以看出material 这个单词在实际应用中的多样性。
在写作中，我们可以根据上下文和语境，灵活运用material 的各种用法和短语搭配。
NEMA TS2
TS 2-2003 v02.06 Page i
CONTENTS
................................................................................................................................................xv Scope ..........................................................................................................................................................xvi History .........................................................................................................................................................xix TS 2-1998 Update.......................................................................................................................................xxi TS 2-2003 Update........................................................................................................................
VW60184
Confidential. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be transmitted or reproduced without prior permission of a Standards Department of the Volkswagen Group.Parties to a contract can only obtain this standard via the B2B supplier platform “”.© VOLKSWAGEN AGN o r m v o r A n w e n d u n g a u f A k t u a l i t ät p r üf e n / C h e c k s t a n d a r d f o r c u r r e n t i s s u e p r i o r t o u s a g e .T h e E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n i s b e l i e v e d t o b e a c c u r a t e .I n c a s e o f d i s c r e p a n c i e s t h e G e r m a n v e r s i o n s h a l l g o v e r n .N u m e r i c a l n o t a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o I S O p r a c t i c e (s e e V W 01000).Q U E L L E : N O L I SPage 2VW 60184: 2006-06─Table 9:a) Fuel system test pressure changed from 600 kPa to 680 kPab) Coolant changed from Technical Supply Specification TL 774, types B, C, to TL 774, type F c) Line “Pressurizing fluid” added─Section “Pressure-vibration-temperature testing (PVT)” deletedPrevious issues1981-02; 1982-12; 1984-03; 1991-08; 1993-01; 1996-05; 2000-09 1ScopeThis standard shall apply to spring clamps used in the ─coolant circuit and servo system ─fuel system ─air intake system ─and charge air systemfor sealing of connections between hoses and fittings. See Table 7 for specifications relating to minimum leakage pressure.Intermediate sizes that deviate from the nominal sizes specified in Tables 1 to 3 are not permissible and must not be assigned standard production part numbers due to the risk of confusion during assembly.The diameter increment with the assignment of the appropriate hose, fitting and spring clamp can be found in VW 601 90. 2DescriptionDescription of a spring clamp of Shape A with nominal diameter d n = 19 mm, strip width = 12 mm, material is 51CrV4 according to EN 10132-4 and surface protection according to TL 233, gray (Ofl-t 650/gr):Spring clamp N 906 554 011)orSpring clamp VW 60184-A19x12-51CrV4-Ofl-t650/gr3MarkingSpring clamps shall be provided with a permanent marking. The location and type of this marking shall be as described in Figures 1 to 3.Legend1 Supplier code and optional manufacturer’s code, typeface according to DIN 1451-3-C2 2 Nominal diameter code (font height at least 2 mm)3 Optional marking with name or manufacturer’s code and nominal diameter permittedFigure 1 – Shape A(standard) Figure 2 – Shape B(space-saving clamp with stop piece)Figure 3 – Shape B(space-saving clamp with stopchannel)1)For released parts, refer to standard part administration system "NVS".Page 3VW 60184: 2006-064 DimensionsIt is not compulsory for spring clamps to comply with Figures 4 to 6 shown below. Only the dimensions specified in Tables 1 to 3 must be complied with. Missing dimensions shall be chosen by the manufacturer.Figure 4 – Shape AFigure 5 – Shape B with stop piece(refer to Figure 4 for missing dimensions and specifications)Figure 6 – Shape B with stop channel(refer to Figure 5 for missing dimensions and specifications)_________________________2) Characteristic process value Cpk. min. 1,33.3) Applies to all inside edges.Page 4VW 60184: 2006-06Table 1 – Shape A (strip width 12 mm)Dimensions in mmNominal∅d n 1) 8)s 1± 0,4 a2)- 3 b3)- 3c ± 0,3 e ± 0,7f± 0,2g± 0,7Color (similar to RAL) Supplied ∅d a max 4),5)Assembly∅d o min 6)Mass [g] 147)0,8 9gray 701113,3 15,8 3,5 17 1,2 black 901115,6 18,5 4,6 19 gray 701117,8 20,2 6,9 23 1,3black 901121 24,79,2 27 gray 701125,2 29 11,7 32 black 901129,5 34,5 14,2 40 1,7gray 701135,5 42,5 17,1 47 black 901141,5 50 22,7 55 2,1 gray 701147,5 58 29 60 black 901151,5 64 33,4 65 gray 701157,5 70 37,1 70 black901161,5 73 39 75 gray 701166 78 37 80 black 901170 83 39 85 gray 701174 88 40,8 902,6 8,51012 7 3 5,8black90117993491) Nominal Ø does not correspond to the supplied diameter.2) The dimension "a" shall be omitted for nominal Ø above 60 mm3) Dimension “b” shall be measured using a depth gage accuracy of 0,1 mm for a mandrel Ø = nominal Ø.4) Supplied diameter d a measured after opening once to the maximum assembly diameter (extend to end stop). The diameter d amust be measured in the x-direction.5) Characteristic process value Cpk. min. 1,33. 6) To be determined using measuring pins. 7) Not for use in FSI engines (fuel system).8) Spring clamp nominal Ø <14 mm, see standard part administration system NVS.Table 2 – Shape A (strip width 15 mm)Page 5VW 60184: 2006-06Table 3 – Shape B (strip width 12 mm)Dimensions in mmNominal ∅d n 1)s 1± 0,4a k b 2)- 2,5 c ± 0,3 e ± 0,7f ± 0,2g ± 0,7Color (similar to RAL) Supplied ∅d a max3),4)Assembly∅d o min 5)Mass [g] 146)0,8 black 901113,315,8 3 17 1,2 6black 901115,618,5 4 19 black 901117,820,27 23 1,3black 90112124,79 27 black 901125,22911 32 black 901129,534,514 40 1,7 black 901135,542,516 47 black 901141,55023 552,110312 7 3 5 black 901147,558291) Nominal Ø does not correspond to the supplied diameter.2) Dimension “b” shall be measured using a depth gage accuracy of 0,1 mm for a mandrel Ø = nominal Ø.3) Supplied diameter d a measured after opening once to the maximum assembly diameter (extend to end stop). The diameter d a must be measured in the x-direction. 4) Characteristic process value Cpk. min. 1,33. 5) To be determined using measuring pins.6) Due to the increased demands on parts used in FSI engines, where possible this diameter must only be used for FSI engines following consultation with the E1GB department. Alternatively, spring clamp N 909 865 01 may be used.5 Supplier-specific part numbersSpring clamps used in hose-fitting connections are sensitive, safety-relevant components. The procedure for supplier-specific part numbers that has been developed in the past has proven itself to be effective and will be continued. The differentiation between new spring clamp developments and parts from new manufacturers shall only be guaranteed by means of new part number indices; this is for logistical reasons and to ensure traceability in case of damage and shall be implemented by the E2TC/3 department. 6MaterialSpring steel shall be used that meets the specifications for the spring clamp component according to this standard within the scope of the fitting-hose clamp system (e.g. VW 780 07).The long-term static tensile load requirements for spring clamps necessitate increased requirements in terms of material ductility at high and low operating temperatures, the degree of purity of the material, and the surface properties of the material.The suitability of the spring clamp component shall be determined based on the material and the manufacturing process. This must be recorded on the drawing as part of the technical engineering approval (BMG – German abbreviation) process. The following specific process steps are significant here: manufacture of the strip, annealing processes, punching and bending, quenching and tempering, cleaning, coating. In order to ensure confidentiality, the details of the manufacturing process must only be disclosed to the E1GB department.It is not permissible to use phosphate treatment as a processing aid in the production of the cold-rolled strip.Page 6VW 60184: 2006-067 Surface protectionVW 137 50 Ofl - t 650/sw or t 650/gr, see Tables 1 to 3 for color assignments.Adhesion: crosscut test according to DIN 53151: 1981-05 Gt 0-1.Spring clamps with nominal Ø ≥ 32 mm must be coated with a permanent sliding agent (wax emulsion) in order to improve the sliding properties (creep behavior) of the part (please refer to drawing).Spring clamps with nominal Ø < 32 mm can be optionally coated with a permanent sliding agent (wax emulsion) at the discretion of the manufacturer.The manner in which coatings are structured may be selected according to the manufacturing process used. The required roundness must be observed in this respect (see Section 8.1.2.2).8 TestsSpring clamps must be opened to the fully-open diameter and allowed to return to the closed position at least once prior to carrying out tests.8.1 Technical engineering approval (BMG)55 parts shall be provided for the technical engineering approval process. Recommendations in this respect shall be made via the E1GB department.8.1.1 Corrosion protection requirements15 parts shall be provided.The pliers contact points shall be excepted from this evaluation.8.1.1.1 Test according to DIN 50021 SS with scribing line according to DIN EN ISO 7253,test duration 720 hNo blistering, no base metal corrosion, no rust creep. System-determined fading to gray is permissible, but there must be no voluminous zinc corrosion.8.1.1.2 Test atmosphere according to DIN 50017 KK, test duration 240 h.No blistering, no base metal corrosion. The requirements as specified in Section 7 must be complied with (see "Adhesion").8.1.1.3 Long-term life test (1 000 h test) only in instance of new developmentThe hardened, coated spring clamps must be clamped on a plastic mandrel according to the minimum assembly diameter -0,3 mm, dipped in a 5% sodium chloride solution and then placed in a condensed water container.Test temperature: (+60 ± 5) °CRelative air humidity: 100%Medium: Tap water (must be changed once weekly)In the first week after the start of the test, the spring clamps shall be immersed once daily in a 5% sodium chloride solution for 10 seconds and opened once to the maximum assembly diameter. As of the second test week, this procedure shall only be repeated once weekly.At least 15 specimens, no fractures.Material requirements: No cracks, no fractures, function shall still be guaranteed.Surface coating: System-determined fading to gray and approx. 10% base metalcorrosion are permissible.Page 7VW 60184: 2006-068.1.2 Mechanical test15 parts shall be provided.8.1.2.1 Determination of the clamping forces F x and F yThe clamping forces shall be determined on a 4-channel force measuring device, where d n (± 0,1) of the spring clamps shall be according to Figures 7 and 8 and Tables 4 and 5. Low-friction contact shall be ensured by means of a linear support for the four internal mountings.The 4 individual forces shall be evaluated independently of one another.In order to provide improved, targeted process management, the control of the clamping forces during production can be carried out using the differences in diameters d x – d y.F x = F x1 + F x2F y = F y1 + F y2Figure 7 – Shape A Figure 8 – Shape BTable 4 – Clamping forces for strip width 12 mmValues in N Nominal ØF x F y∆F = F x – F y Nominal ØF x F y∆F = F x – F yd n≥≥d n≥≥14 170 120 10 to 110 55 620 460 50 to 29017 170 130 10 to 130 60 650 480 20 to 20019 380 320 20 to 160 65 600 430 20 to 20023 380 320 20 to 160 70 560 460 20 to 20027 400 340 20 to 180 75 380 340 20 to 20032 400 340 30 to 200 80 380 340 20 to 20040 400 340 50 to 220 85 340 300 20 to 20047 530 430 50 to 230 90 340 300 20 to 200Page 8VW 60184: 2006-06Table 5 – Clamping forces for strip width 15 mmValues in NNominal ØF x F y ∆F = F x – F yd n ≥≥60 1 250 1 000 20 to 240 65 1 150 850 20 to 240 701 15085020 to 240If markedly higher clamping forces are present than those given in Tables 4 and 5 (above 1,25 x F min ), then larger clamping force differences may be permitted under certain conditions. The maximum clamping force difference shall be determined using Formula (1). The difference ∆F in this case must lie between ∆F min and ∆F max :22min max min ,min ,max min max TableTabley x y x Table Table F F F F F F F F F ∆−∆×+++∆+∆=∆(1)Legend F x , F yMeasured clamping force valuesF x min , F y min Minimum values of the clamping forces according to Tables 4 and 5 ∆F min Minimum value for permissible clamping force difference according to Tables 4 and 5∆F maxMaximum value for permissible clamping force difference according to Tables 4 and 5minmin y x y x F F F F ++Standardized total force y x F F +Absolute force level2min max TableTable F F ∆+∆Mean value of permissible clamping force differences according to Tables 4 and 52min max TableTable F F ∆−∆Position factor (proportionality factor for permissible exceedance value)Page 9VW 60184: 2006-068.1.2.2 Roundness deviationNOTE: measuring device: feeler gage strip, 3 mm wide.groundmandrelFigure 9 – Roundness deviation taking Shape A as an exampleTable 6 – DimensionsDimensions in mmNominal Ø d n14 17 19 23 27 32 40Mandrel Ø d p13,7 16,7 18,6 22,6 26,5 31,5 39,4Tolerance ± 0,1S3 max0,09Table 6 (completed)Nominal Ø d n47 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90Mandrel Ø d p46,4 54,4 59,4 64,4 69,4 74,4 79,4 84,4 89,4Tolerance ± 0,1s3max0,12 1)1) for strip width of 12 mm: 0,15for strip width of 15 mm: 0,2The dimension "s3" according to Table 6 between the test mandrel (see Figure 9) and the spring clamp must not be exceeded after the spring clamp has been tensioned to the end stop (max. assembly diameter 4))4) Supplied diameter measured after opening once to the maximum assembly diameter (extend to end stop). The diameter d a must be measured in x-directionPage 10VW 60184: 2006-068.1.3 Leak tightness test8.1.3.1 Load pressure test (see Figure 10)The following leak tightness values at room temperature (Table 7) must be complied with for the connection between the hose and the test fitting achieved using the spring clamp:Table 7Application Pressurizing fluid Minimum leakage pressure Test hose according to 1) Coolant circuit and servo system Water 300 kPa over-pressure2a) Fuel system up to an operatingWater 700 kPa over-pressurepressure of 400 kPa2b) Fuel system (FSI engines) up to anWater 1200 kPa over-pressureoperating pressure of 700 kPa3) Air charge system (above nominal ØAir in water bath 1)d n=60)4) Air intake system Air in water bath 10 kPa vacuum1) for strip width of 12 mm: 200 kPafor strip width of 15 mm: 300 kPaDimensions not shown are still to be determined.The load pressure test in accordance with Table 7 must use smooth test fittings for applications 1 through 3 (mandrel without bead). For dimensions refer to Table 8. For application 4 the molded hose and fitting must have standard-production grooves according to VW 605 08, 2001-10, Section 6.1.1 and Section 6.1.2.The test pressure must be increased continuously at a rate of 50 kPa/s until the nominal load is reached. The test must be carried out “until failure”, the test is not aborted until twice the minimum leakage pressure is reached. The leakage pressure is defined as the pressure at which water or air leakage is first observed.Dimensions in millimeters.groundLegend1 Spring clamp under test2 Hose according to VW 605 07, VW 605 08 or VW 780 07. Materials to be used as applicable according to the Technical SupplySpecification5)3 Any seal of manufacturer's choice.4 Connection to the load test pressure device5 Test mandrel of manufacturer’s choice6)Figure 10 - Test connection for low pressure5) TL 680, TL 520 68 and TL 523 61 for EPDM, TL 523 03 for ECO and TL 522 19 for AEM.6) Material for test mandrels is steel according to DIN EN 10088-3, for example.Table 8 – Low pressure applications (coolant circuit, servo returnsystem, fuel system and charge air system)Dimensions in mmHose clamp HoseTest mandrel ØNominal ØNominal dimensions Inner Ø1)Wall thickness 2)d n d i x s 2 d i max s 2 min d p Tol.7,3 x 3,5 3,214 8 x 3,5 7,5 7,85 17 10 x 3,5 9,59,85 19 12 x 3,5 11,5 11,85 23 16 x 3,5 15,5 15,85 27 20 x 3,5 19,5 19,85 32 25 x 3,5 24,5 3,124,85 40 32 x 4 31,5 3,6 31,85 47 38 x 4,5 37,5 37,85 55 46 x 4,5 45,5 4,1 45,85 60 50 x 4,5 49,5 49,85 65 55 x 4,5 54,554,85 7060 x 4,559,54,359,85+ 0,021) For released parts, see NVS2) The dimensions of the hose on the test mandrel side must be manufactured to a minimum length of 28 mm using an appropriate technique (e.g. grinding) for the purpose of the load pressure test. This ensures that the test is carried under the least favorable conditions.8.1.3.2 Temperature cycle testAt least 6 parts are required for this test according to Table 9.The leakage test shall be carried out in a hot/cold oven using standard production fittings and hoses according to Table 8; the leak tightness shall be checked using a leak detection spray at a temperature of T=-30 °C . The test chamber must alwa ys be brought up to temperature without any hold time when the key temperatures are reached. The cycle time is specified as a minimum of8.2 Accompanying tests8.2.1 Accompanying tests for process assuranceTo be decided by the manufacturer, but the following ductility test must be complied with.8.2.2 Ductility test following quenching and temperingThe hardened, uncoated spring clamps shall be clamped on a plastic mandrel according to the minimum assembly diameter -0,3 mm and exposed to a 0,9% HCl solution at room temperature (+23 ± 5) °C.Time until component is damaged: at least 8 minutes without fracture.8.3 Opening forcesThis Section defines a criterion for spring clamp quality assurance that must be applied in all assembly plants. It is assumed in this regard that technical engineering approval has already been granted (see Section 8.1 of this standard) and suitability for standard production has thus been proven.This Section describes how opening forces must be measured and the minimum values that must be complied with.NOTE: Before the tests are performed, the spring clamp must be widened to the maximum assembly diameter (as far as the end stop) and allowed to return to the unloaded position. Spring clamps may only be opened using the tool recommended by the manufacturer (see also VW 601 90).The opening forces for the spring clamps are suitable for comparative testing within the areas of responsibility of Production and Quality Assurance.8.3.1 Measuring deviceThe measuring device used must be capable of registering a force when the spring clamp is opened by a certain amount (e.g. spring balance).The force measuring device must have standard tool inserts suitable for the spring clamp to be tested. The E317) insert has proven itself to be suitable for spring clamps with shapes A and B (see Figure 12 and Figure 13). The inserts must be attached to the force measuring device so that they are in line with the measuring device and in such a way as to ensure they cannot slip away.The “0 mm” path (corresponds to block length “l” = 0) is defined as the position in which the tool inserts just touch each other. The distance between the inserts is defined as being positive, regardless of what is displayed on the testing machine.Figure 12 – Pliers insert (e.g. type "E31")Figure 13 – Insert fastening with dimension for forming depths7) "E31" is a threaded version of insert "E32" from VW 601 90, 2001-08, Table 5.8.3.2 Measurement of the as-received diameter (d a)The diameter in the x-direction (see Figure 14) can be measured using a caliper gage (preferably digital); readings must be taken to an accuracy of one decimal place.Figure 14 – Illustration of the measurement direction8.3.3 Measurement of the opening forcesThe spring clamps must be placed in the open inserts and lightly preloaded (max. 5 N); this ensures that the spring clamp is correctly seated in the insert with no lash. The measurement shall start at this point by moving the inserts together.The measurement shall be carried out until the specified length "l" is reached (see Figure 16 and Table 10). The forming depths a1 = a2 are taken into consideration. The evaluation of the opening force shall preferably be carried out automatically by the measuring device at the distances specified in Table 10.Figure 16 – Force measuring device using Shape A as an exampleTable 10 – Specified valuesDimensions in mmSpring clamp shape Distance value "l" ± 0,05A 9B < 19 6B ≥ 19 12The values listed in Table 11 below must be complied with:Table 11 – Opening forces for spring clamps with strip width 12 mm Nominal Ø As-received Ø Opening force F O min[N]Opening force F O min[N]d n [mm]d a[mm]Form A Form B14 13,3 70 8017 15,6 110 11019 17,8 150 20023 21 190 22027 25,2 200 22032 29,5 200 20040 35,5 150 15047 41,5 200 20055 47,5 200 –60 51,5 220 –65 57,5 200 –70 61,5 190 –75 66 150 –80 70 170 –85 74 170 –90 79 150 –NOTE: The opening force for all spring clamps must not be any lower than those specified. The values specified are absolute lowest limit values and not average requirements.Clamps that do not achieve these values must be subjected to normal testing before use (Section 8.1.2.1).9 Referenced standards8)TL 233 Non-Electrolytically Applied Zinc Flake Coatings with Top Coating;Requirements for Surface ProtectionTL 680 Coolant Hoses with Reinforcement; Material Requirements and Functional RequirementsTL 774 Ethylene Glycol-Based Coolant Additive; Material RequirementsTL 520 68 Single-Layer EPDM Coolant Hose; Material RequirementsTL 522 91 AEM, Alternatively ACM for Hoses; Material RequirementsTL 523 03 ECO/CO Molded Parts with Fabric Insert; Material RequirementsTL 523 61 Coolant Hoses with Aramide Reinforcement; Material Requirements andFunctional RequirementsTL 822 53 Fuel Line ASSY; Functional RequirementsVW 137 50 Surface Protection of Metal Parts; Surface Protection Types, CodesVW 601 90 Overview Standard; Hose Connections for Various Application Systems VW 605 07 Fuel Lines; Hoses and Studs for the Use of Spring ClampsVW 605 08 Charge Air and Intake Air Connections; Hoses and Hose Studs; Minimum Requirements, Dimensions, DesignsVW 780 07 Coolant System; Hoses and Fittings for Use with Spring ClampsDIN 1451-3 Lettering; Linear-Antiqua without Serifes; Lettering for PrintingDIN 50017 Climates and Their Technical Application; Condensated Water Containing ClimatesDIN 50021 Salt Spray TestingDIN 53151 1981-05 May 1981 issue: Testing of Paints, Varnishes and Similar Coating Materials;Cross-Cut Test on Paint Coatings and Similar CoatingsDIN EN 10088-3 Stainless Steels – Part 3: Technical Delivery Conditions for Semi-Finished Products, Bars, Rods, Wire, Sections and Bright Products of CorrosionResisting Steels for General PurposesDIN EN ISO 7253 Paints and Varnishes – Determination of Resistance to Neutral Salt Spray (Fog)8) In this Section, terminological inconsistencies may occur as the original titles are used.。
DIN EN 10283
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 January 2010. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Unit-1-College-life
Para.3
When they found out I was looking for New Gerard, one said, “Oh, just follow us ; that’s where we’re going.” Even now I feel comfortable in the dorm because there are friendly people around to talk with.
19
Para.5
End
I do like things about college — being on my own, talking with friendly people, having Fridays off, but this doesn’t mean I don’t think about things at home. Although I like college, I can still get homesick: New York is a pretty good place, too.
4
savings［'seiviŋ］n. a reduction in the
amount of time or money that is used or needed 储蓄（金） check［t ek］n. （=cheque）支票
aspect［'æ spekt］n. a certain side of
many-sided state of affairs, idea, plan, etc. （问题、事物等的）方面
suppose［sə‘pəuz］v.1.（常用被动语态）
期望，认为应该 2.to think or believe
用马斯洛需求层次理论分析《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物
摘要《嘉莉妹妹》讲述了一位农村女孩不甘贫穷,独自来到芝加哥实现自己的“美国梦”，最终成为了纽约百老汇的一位著名演员，物质享受得到满足，精神却陷入迷失的故事。
阅读这部小说我们很容易注意到嘉莉不断升级的需要及日益增长的欲望，及在追求欲望的过程中对传统道德的违背。
本文主要依据马斯洛层次需求理论，分析嘉莉及与嘉莉妹妹关系密切的两位男主人公，在不同时期的不同需要，并分析这些欲望产生的原因，即一方面是人物内在的欲望，另一方面是环境、城市的诱惑等外在因素。
这两方面的相互作用最终导致嘉莉陷入精神的迷失。
《嘉莉妹妹》的故事似乎在警示我们，在物质越来越发达的今天，人们不应该盲目追求物质的享受，而应该充分认识到精神带给人们的幸福感和满足感,思索自己人生的意义和价值所在。
关键词：嘉莉妹妹；欲望；层次需求理论AbstractSister Carrie tells the story of a small country girl Carrie who moves to Chicago to realize her “American Dream” and eventually becomes a Broadway star in New York. Despite living a luxurious life, she is lost in spirit. Reading the novel, we may easily notice Carrie’s different needs and desires arising gradually and also the betrayal of traditional moral code in the process of pursuing material gain. The paper analyzes the reasons why Carrie and two male heroes closed to her have various needs at different stages of life, mainly based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. One is figures’inner desires; the other is the outside force, including temptations of environment, cites, etc. The interaction between them makes Carrie lose herself eventually. It seems to tell people that in modern society material supplies more and more abundantly, but we should never pursue it blindly and much importance should be attached to happiness and stability created by spirit. It is essential to ponder the significance and the value of life.Key words: Sister Carrie; desire; hierarchy of needsContentsChapter 1 General Introduction (1)1.1 About the author and the novel (1)1.1.1 The author: Theodore Dreiser (1)1.1.2 The novel: Sister Carrie (1)1.2 About Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs (2)Chapter 2 Carrier’s needs (4)2.1 Carrie’s primary needs (4)2.1.1 The physiological needs: leaving for Chicago (4)2.1.2 The safety needs: becoming Drouet’s mistress (5)2.2 Carrie’s higher level needs (6)2.2.1 The love and belonging needs — awaking step (6)2.2.2 The esteem needs — advanced development (7)2.2.3 The self-actualization needs — ultimate goal (8)Chapter 3 Drouet’s needs (10)3.1 Drouet’s primary needs (10)3.1.1 The physiological needs: the pursuit of Carrie (10)3.1.2 The safety needs: the satisfaction of material (11)3.2 Droue t’s higher level needs (12)Chapter 4 Hurstwood’s needs (13)4.1 Hurstwood’s needs in Chicago (13)4.1.1 Hurstwood’s physiological needs (13)4.1.2 Hurstwood’s safety needs (14)4.1.3 Hurstwood’s love and belonging needs (14)4.2 Hurstwood’s needs in New York (15)Conclusion (17)References (19)Acknowledgments (20)Chapter 1 General Introduction1.1 About the author and the novel1.1.1 The author: Theodore DreiserTheodore Dreiser is the most outstanding realistic novelist in the history of American literature. He is also an American naturalistic writer famous for the exploration of realistic life. Dreiser was born in Indiana in a poor German immigrant family. When Dreiser was eight, his mother was forced by the pressure of living, left home with him and three other young children, wandered from one town to another in the Midwest. The family lived a tough and criticized life. Dreiser’s childhood also endured poverty and ignorance.In 1887, he came to Chicago alone, worked in restaurants and hardware companies. In spite of this, he was attracted by the city life full of excitement and stimulation. In 1889, “he was sponsored by a sympathetic middle school teacher to study at the University of Indiana. But he dropped out of school the next year, returned to Chicago to become a debt collector in a real estate and furniture company” (Wang Sixiang, 2009: 158). This job led him to come into contact with the underworld characters and the dark side of society, accumulated a wealth of material for the future creation. It also determined the naturalistic color and the tragic thought of his creation. Dreiser entered the press in 1892, started to be a journalist. In Chicago, he witnessed the strong contrast of extreme poverty and extravagant life. These experiences are the beginning of his thought, which led him to create his own novel.1.1.2 The novel: Sister CarrieSister Carrie, Theodore Dreiser’s first novel, is a good work of epoch-making significance in the history of American fiction. This novel tells the story of Caroline Meeber, a pretty rural girl, leaves her rural home to make a living in Chicago. On the train, she meets Charles Drouet, a traveling salesman. The harsh reality shatters her dream. At the same time, in front of her is unemployment and disease. In desperation she becomes Drouet’s mistress. Later, due to the greater desire, she becomes the hotelmanager Hurstwood’s mistress. Hurstwood and Carrie elope to New York, and Carrie becomes a popular actor by chance and squeezes into the upper class. However, Hurstwood becomes poorer and finally committed suicide. The life of upper class does not make her feel satisfied. She feels empty and can not find the real meaning of life. In the loneliness and desolation, she sits in a rocking chair dreaming of the happiness that she would not get.The novel reveals the cruel squeezing of the American capitalist system for poor people and the corrosive action of bourgeois lifestyle for petty bourgeois. And the moral concept the novel reflects is also a counter-tradition. Because Carrie rather than be punished for her depravity, but becomes a popular star of musical comedies finally. Therefore, this book has aroused widespread concern in society since it was published, was banned for a time which led up to intense controversy of the literary world for more than 30 years until it is regarded as a classic to gain public recognition. Until today the novel was born one hundred years later, people are still controversial about Carrie’s character and behavior, especially her endless desire.1.2 About Maslow’s hierarchy of human needsIn Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, there are five kinds of needs ranging from lower level to higher level. These are physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs. (1)The physiological needs — it is the most basic requirement of human beings, including food, sleep, water, secretion, and sex. If any one of these needs, except sex, can not be satisfied, the physiological function of human can not operate normally. In other words, the life of human would be threatened. In this sense, the physiological need is the primary motivation of people’s action. Maslow believes that only those basic needs be met, the other needs can become new motivating factors. And to this point, the needs has been relatively satisfied will no longer be motivating factors. (2)The safety needs — it is the demand for the following things: personal and property safety, health care, job security and family safety. Maslow believes that the pursuit of the whole organism is a security mechanism, the human receptors, effectors’ organs, intelligence and other forms of energy are mainly seeking safety tools. We can even put both science and philosophy as part of meeting the security needs. (3)The love and belonging needs — if both physiological and safety needs are relatively well satisfied, and then there will emerge the love and belonging needs. Everyone wants to get mutual concern and care.The love and belonging needs is more meticulous than the physiological needs. It relates to a person’s physiological characteristics, experience, education and religion. Generally people will hunger for affectionate relations with others, for a place in the group and have a family. (4)The esteem needs — everyone wants to have a stable social status. And it requests that personal ability and achievements are recognized by the society. These needs can be divided into two parts. First is the desire for strength, achievement, adequacy, confidence and freedom. Secondly, we have what we may call the desire for reputation, attention, importance or appreciation. Satisfaction of the esteem need can make people have confidence, worth, strength, capability and adequacy of being useful and necessary in the world. (5)The self-actualization needs — it is the highest level of needs. It refers to the realization of personal ideals, aspirations and the individual’s ability to the greatest degree. Maslow notes that in order to satisfy self-actualization needs, different people take different measures. The self-actualization need is an effort to realize their potential. It is to make them become the characters they desire to be.These basic needs are related to each one and another, but any physiological and safety needs that remain unsatisfied will keep playing an important role, and needs at one level do not have to be completely satisfied before needs at the next higher level come into play. This means that the highest goal will monopolize consciousness and will tend to organize the recruitment of the various capacities of the organism. The lower needs are minimized, even forgotten or denied. But when a need is fairly well satisfied, the next higher need emerges,in turn to dominate the conscious life and to serve as the center of organization of behavior, since gratified needs are not active motivators.Chapter 2 Carrier’s needs2.1 Carrie’s primary needs2.1.1 The physiological needs: leaving for ChicagoBy the end of the Civil War (1861-1865), most of the forces that would typify twentieth century American had begun to emerge. Northern industrialism had triumphed over southern agrarianism. The great age of big city bossism began. Americans ceased to be isolated from the world and from each other. Soon the United States had the most extensive railroad system in the world. The tempo of life accelerated as Americans became increasingly mobile. From 1870 to 1890 the total population of the United States doubled. Villages became towns, towns became cities, and cities grew to a size with a speed that would have astonished the Founding Fathers. The population of Chicago increased twenty times to two million, making it the nation’s second largest city after New York. The national income quadrupled. It was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age”. Thousands and thousands of men, women and children native-born and foreign, flooded to American cities, drawn by hopes for making their fortune. They believed that anyone could grasp an opportunity to attain success through honest and hard work. Just as American naturalists argued: the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment.Dreiser clothed the social phenomenon of so-called “American Dream” through his character, Carrie. At the beginning of the novel, the heroin, Carrie, keeps pace with the general trend of the time, and moves to Chicago, which is not far away from her hometown. She is eighteen years old, bright, timid, and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth:And yet she was interested in her charms, quickly to understand the keenerpleasures of life, ambitious to gain in material things. A half-equipped littleknight she was, venturing to reconnoiter the mysterious city and dreamingwild dreams of some vague, far-off supremacy, which should make it preyand subject-the proper penitent, groveling at a woman’s slipper. (TheodoreDreiser, 1979: 3)In Maslow’s view, humans are wanting beings, mainly because humans are not satisfied with the status and are eager to achieve a higher realm. Desire is one of the strong emotions which tells people that he is still curious to exist, that he still have an edge on his longings and want to bite into the world. Carrie is driven by the environment and the internal desire to move to Chicago. Strictly speaking, it is the physiological needs. Carrie wants to change the poor life. She begins to hunt a job to earn money to fulfill her needs. Carrie accepts a job in a shoe factory for four and a half dollars a week. Every week she pays four dollars for her board and lodging. Does the story develop smoothly like this? The author gave a hint by writing “When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse” (Zhang Xiaowei, 2011: 203). Carrie tries to live on her own to start her first step of material pursuit.2.1.2 The safety needs: becoming Drouet’s mistressChicago is a charming city indeed. Carrie is surrounded by various temptations: Carrie passed along the busy aisles, much affected by the remarkabledisplays of trinkets, dress goods, stationary and jewelry. Each separatecounter was a show place of dazzling interest and attraction. She could nothelp feeling the claim of each trinket and valuable upon her personally.There was nothing there which she could not have to used-nothing whichshe did not along to own. The dainty slippers and stockings, the delicatelyfrilled skirts and petticoats, the laces, ribbons, hair-combs, purses, all touchher with individual desires. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 27)She longs for dress and beauty with a whole heart.But the fact is that the cold reality takes her by the hand. First, her sister and brother-in-law live a lean life and consumed by housework. The money left by Carrie every week is not enough for her car fares, let alone clothes, laces, ribbons, etc. And none of those things is in the range of her purchase. Second, in the shoe factory, the machines work intensively. Carrie is not strong. Her shoulders and necks ache in bending over and she is totally exhausted every day. “As Carrie listened to this and much more of similar familiar badinage among the men and the girls, she instinctively withdraws into herself. She feared that the young boys about would address such remarks to he r” (LI Wei, 2011: 278). The wholeatmosphere of the shoe factory is sordid.Carrie does not like to bear the hard work, the foul working condition and the human environment. She hopes to break away from the factory to enjoy physical comfort and from such uncouth men to keep her calm. Third, as the rigorous winter is around the corner, Carrie worries about the problem of winter clothes, for she has nothing to wear. At last, as a result of illness she loses the job and to return hometown seems to be the only choice.According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, if the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, there then emerge the safety needs. The problem is that whether she can satisfy it or not, it depends on the reality which supplies enough conditions or not, besides her own effort. Carrie understands that it is impossible to buy dress and entertain herself by her personal diligence. Drouet is, for Carrie, an escape. She does not love him, but he means a source of amazement, and she recognizes that the relative opulence of his chambers and department he procures for Carrie are the signs of that for which she is striving. Eventually she betrays herself to become Drouet’s mistress to realize her safety need. Carrie and Drouet pay a visit all round the city and go shopping, take part in various activities, enjoy delicious foods. It seems that Carrie has never hesitated,“Money! Money! What a thing it was to have! How plenty of it would clear away all the troubles” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 82). She surrendered to the magic of money. At the second stage of material pursuit, Carrie has a much stronger desire. She falls in love with it without reason.2.2 Carrie’s higher level needs2.2.1 The love and belonging needs — awaking stepAs the plot goes, the author depicts a panorama of rising needs and desire. On one hand, Carrie is not just satisfied with living together with Drouet:That young lady, under the stress of her situation and the tutelage of hernew friend, changed effectively. She the glow of a more showy life was notupon her. She did not grow in knowledge so much as she awakened in thematter of desire. Mrs. Hale’s extended harangues upon the subjects ofwealth and position taught her to distinguish between degrees of wealth.(Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 140)When she comes to her own room, Carrie sees her comparative poverty. She is not comparing it with what she has had, but what she has seen recently. She begins toponder what, after all, Drouet is and what she is. On the other hand, Carrie fears of losing Drouet’s affection, of being abandoned, and also she longs for someone to sympathize with her, but not let her ponder and wonder. It makes clear to Carrie that Drouet could not understand her. He just cares about her beauty. When Carrie is sorrow, he only asks her to dance. Carrie feels lonely and forsaken. What’s more, Carrie believes Drouet does not plan to marry her. He prefers the single state to any legal bondage. These two sides wake up Carrie’s deep desire. She “hopes to live an extravagant life but not from hand to mouth” (Peng Dankui, 1995: 74). She is eager to be understood and loved. Drouet is only an intermediary in her movement from poverty to affluence. Carrie is ready and longs to change.More wealth and higher status are Carrie’s new goal. At this time, Hurstwood becomes another male stepladder to gratify her needs both in material and spirit. Hurstwood can give her a life of honor. Carrie recognizes the quality of Hurstwood’s clothes, his style and his bearing as distinct improvements on Drouet. Hurstwood shows his thoughts and feelings concerning Carrie. “In contrast, Hurstwood appeared strong and sincere. He had no easy manner of putting her off. He sympathized with her and showed her what her true value was. He needed her, while Drouet did not care” (Gao Chenke, 2011: 115).Though Carrie has achieved her material goal, all in all, she has another need—love. Carrie begins to care about her inner thoughts, which takes the first step of exploring her spirit. Carrie’s spirit pursuit is based on material pursuit.2.2.2 The esteem needs — advanced developmentAfter becoming Hurstwood’s mistress, in a material way, Carrie is considerably improved. Hurstwood writes her regularly-a letter every morning. They both enjoy the happy days. Carrie has an opportunity to take part in a play. It is not an important thing, but because of the prestige of Hurstwood, it is significant. “By the time of the 16th had arrived Hurstwood’s friends had rallied like Romans to a senator’s call. A well-dressed, good-natured, flatteringly-inclined audience was assured from the moment he thought of assisting Carrie”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 209). Carrie moves into a new environment. She feels the respect and power of celebrities. Carrie’s needs develop further: the esteem needs. That is the desire for confidence and appreciation:There was nothing bold in her manner. Life had not taught herdomination-superciliousness of grace, which is the lordly power of somewomen. Her longing for consideration was not sufficiently powerful tomove her to demand it. Even now she lacked self-assurance, but there wasthat in what she had already experienced which left her a little less thantimid. She wanted pleasure, she wanted position. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979:176)For Carrie she is nervous. She hopes the play could succeed to gain confidence and appreciation, “The glamour, the tense situation, the fine clothes, the applause, these had lured her until she felt that she, too, could act-that she, too, could compel acknowledgment of power” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 192). Carrie tries best to explore her potentials.2.2.3 The self-actualization needs — ultimate goalHurstwood coaxes Carrie to elope to New York. But he is merely another man who either cannot hold or find a job. He forces to begin the battle for place and comfort all over again. But his situation becomes worse and worse. At the beginning, he strolls about, and then he just picks his papers up, and stays for day after day. At last, he becomes a beggar completely, lived by other’s charity. Finally he committed suicide by turning on the gas in a Bowery flophouse. When the attraction of material disappears, it is inevitable for Carrie to abandon Hurstwood. The physiological and safety needs play an important role now. Carrie begins to make a livelihood on her own. Different from the former experience, this time, she is successful by her own power without depending on some other men. Carrie becomes an actor because of her pretty-look and her diligence. Her salary rises from 30 dollars to 150 dollars per week. She becomes a famous star. She could possess of her gowns and carriage, her furniture and bank account. But she is alone, “It does not take money long to make plain its important, providing the desires are in the realm of affection. With one hundred and fifty in hand, Carrie could think of nothing particularly to do. In itself, as a tangible, apparent thing which she could touch and look upon, but this soon passed” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 548).After Carrie gains her economic status, there is only self-actualization need left. And Ames helps Carrie sublimate her spiritual pursuit into the world of literature and philosophy. Ames isn’t attracted by Carrie’s beauty, but there is something in him that has attracted her. Ames says to Carrie that riches are not everything, and there is always a great deal more in the world than she has known. Carrie understands that the thingsAmes pointed out is not money, or clothes, or applauses but a kind heart to serve others. It is an aesthetic world of which Carrie has not dreamed of and which she recognizes as a new peak to conquer and a new level to achieve. Carrie moves to the highest needs, which states that the true value of life is not in what we get but in what we give. This is the ultimate goal in her spiritual world.Chapter 3 Drouet’s needs3.1 Drouet’s primary needs3.1.1 The physiological needs: the pursuit of CarrieDrouet is a man who has a keen desire for the feminine. In the driving of the sexual instinct, he will involuntarily chase every beautiful woman he meets. After seeing beautiful pure Carrie on the train, he is attracted by her. With beautiful clothes, grandiose talk and his experiences of chatting up girls, Drouet wins Carrie’s favor. Just as the author says:Let him meet with a young woman once and he would approach her withan air of kindly familiarity, not unmixed with pleading, which would resultin most cases in a tolerant acceptance. If she showed any tendency tocoquetry he would be apt to straighten her tie, or if she “took up” with himat all, to call her by her first name. If he visited a department store it was tolounge familiarly over the counter and ask some leading questions. In moreexclusive circles, on the train or in waiting stations, he went slower. If someseemingly vulnerable object appeared he was all attention to pass thecompliments of the day to lead the way to the parlor car, carrying her grip,or, failing that, to take a seat next her with the hope of being able to courther to her destination. Pillows, books, a footstool, the shade lowered; allthese figured in the things which he could do. If, when she reached herdestination he did not alight and attend her baggage for her, it was because,in his own estimation, he had signally failed. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979:5) Drouet’s chasing for young beautiful girls is not because he is a cold-blooded, black heart, scheming villain, but because he is full of lust. When Drouet meet Carrie in the street secondly, Carrie was looking for a job and has no winter clothes to wear. Then he use Carrie’s plight to persuade her to leave her sister’s home and l ive together with him. After Carrie beca me Drouet’s mistress, Drouet didn’t have the plan to marry her. In the second part of the novel, Drouet and Carrie met again in New York, after he tried to mend fences and Carrie refused, he was not feeling so sad. Because, for him, he canfind a woman for pleasure wherever. Losing Carrie is not so important for him. At the end of the novel, on the night of a big snowstorm, he is talking with a partner to discuss where to look for a woman to have fun.3.1.2 The safety needs: the satisfaction of materialThe great industrial development in American brings about the booming of the cities like Chicago and New York. At the same time, the social gap between the rich and the poor is widening. People are obviously graded. Whether having high material consumption ability has almost become the sole criterion of level division. Drouet is divided into middle class in this social background. He doesn’t have to live in poverty like Hanson, but not as well as Hurstwood has a wealthy family and prominent position. He is good at enjoying life and the pursuit of a higher level of material comforts, immersed in his salesman career and tried to improve his social status. In his view, his life is fulfilling and almost perfect. He dressed in fashion style, wearing a striped plaid wool suit, white and pink striped shirt, gold-plated button, covered with yellow agate known as the “cat ey e”. His vest dangled a neat gold watch chain, matched with a pair of glowing shoes and a fedora. This fashionable dress greatly satisfied the vanity of him. Drouet’s s afety needs come to be realized in the abundant material world.Drouet likes to have dinner at Rector’s,a restaurant he believes that successful person would go. After dinner, he likes to go to th e resort of Fitzgerald and Moy’s to drink a glass of whiskey and enjoy a couple of cigars. In such a place, he can get to know a variety of celebrities, in order to increase the capital to show off and meet his vanity. The author has described it in detail:Rector’s, with its polished marble walls and floor, its profusion of lights, itsshow of china and silverware, and, above all, its reputation as a resort foractors and professional men, seemed to him the proper place for asuccessful man to go. He loved fine clothes, good eating, and particularlythe company and acquaintanceship of successful men. When dining, it wassource of keen satisfaction to him to know that Joseph Jefferson was wontto come to this same place, that Henry E. Dixie, a well known performer ofthe day, was then only a few tables off. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 39) As a successful salesman, Drouet believes that it is an honor to be able to make celebrities. At the same time, the big company he is working for also let him feel glory. With the reputation of Bartlett, Caryoe & Company, his work goes well. Although he isnot rich, also does not have a high social status, but he is good at communication, appropriate interaction with others, which also provides a possibility of success in his career. Living with Carrie, Drouet’s career developed gradually and his social status improved accordingly. When he and Carrie meet again, he has been responsible for a branch and is about to establish his own company. He can meet Carrie’s desire for material. He bought her beautiful dresses and coats, purchased cosmetics and went to the theatre with her. But objectively speaking, he was too concerned with material life, treat feelings do not serious. This is also the most dissatisfied for Carrie.3.2 Drouet’s higher level needsAlthough the physiological and material satisfaction is very important for Drouet, he has some higher level of needs. As a traveling salesman, Drouet’s social status is not high. He frequently went to the restaurants and pubs which celebrities always went to. In addition to the pursuit of material comforts, but also he is in the search for a social identity and the sense of belonging. Eating and talking together with the upper-class people, let him have a feeling of integrated into the society.His pursuit of Carrie is not only to satisfy his needs for sex, but also to get rid of the emptiness.Due to his work requirement, Drouet often go to travel around, and he is lacking of group sense of belonging. While Carrie as his mistress, can bring him some emotional comfort.In addition, Carrie’s young and beautiful can meet Drouet’s vanity. And he can show off in social occasions. However, Carrie is not the only choice for Drouet. Instead of creating a stable family, the best way to meet his spiritual emptiness is to seek new love affairs constantly. That is also the reason why he does not marry Carrie.。
SAE J1383-2005
VEHICLERECOMMENDED SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report isentirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.Copyright © 2005 SAE InternationalAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of SAE.TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER: Tel: 877-606-7323 (inside USA and Canada)Tel: 724-776-4970 (outside USA)3.3Mechanically Aimable HeadlampA headlamp having three pads on the lens, forming an aiming plane or an aiming ring, the aiming plane or aiming ring being used for laboratory photometric testing and for inspecting the aim of the headlamp when installed on the vehicle.3.4Aiming PlaneA plane defined by the surface of the three aiming pads on the headlamp lens or by the forward surface of an aiming ring.3.5Headlamp Optical AxisThe line formed by the intersection of a horizontal and a vertical plane through the light source parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle. If the optical axis of the headlamp is not at the geometric center of the lens, then the location will be indicated by the manufacturer on the headlamp.3.6H-V AxisA line from the center of the principal filament formed by the intersection of the horizontal (H) and vertical (V) planes which intersect the filament and are perpendicular to the test screen.3.7SeasoningProcess of energizing the filament of a bulb at design voltage for a period of time equal to 1% of design life or 10 h, whichever is shorter.3.8Design VoltageThe voltage used for design purposes.3.9Test VoltageThe specified voltage and tolerance to be used when conducting a test.3.10Rated VoltageThe nominal circuit or vehicle electrical system voltage classification. (Example: 12 V headlamp.)3.11Headlamp Test FixtureDevice specifically designed to support a headlamp in the test position during laboratory testing. Mounting hardware and components shall be representative of those necessary to operate the headlamp in its normal manner.3.12Aiming ScrewsScrews with self-locking features used for adjusting horizontal and/or vertical aim and to retain the headlamp unit in the proper position.3.23CutoffA visual/optical aiming cue in the low beam that marks a separation between areas of higher and lower luminance.4.Lighting Identification Code, Markings and Notices4.1SAE J759 Lighting Identification CodeHeadlamps meeting the requirements of this document shall be identified by the code “HR” in accordance with SAE J759.4.2Headlamp Marking RequirementsHeadlamps shall be permanently marked with the following markings:4.2.1Name and/or trademark of the manufacturer, importer, or vehicle manufacturer shall be visiblewhen installed on the vehicle.4.2.2Design voltage and part number or trade number shall appear on the headlamp.4.2.3If markings are molded on the surface of the lens, the face of letters, numbers, or other symbolsmolded on the surface of the lens shall not be raised more than 0.5 mm (0.020 in).4.2.4The letters, numbers, or other symbols shall be not less than 3 mm in height.4.3Headlamp Aim-Type Code4.3.1M ECHANICAL A IM H EADLAMP4.3.1.1The lens shall have three aiming pads which meet the requirements of Figures 1 to 4, whichdetail the dimensional specifications for the location of aiming pads on replaceable bulb headlamps. The aiming pads need not be centered at the geometric center of the lens, or onthe optical axis. Except as provided in 4.3.1.2, a whole number, which represents the distancein tenths of an inch (i.e. 0.3 inch = 3) from the aiming reference plane to the respective aimingpads which are not in contact with that plane, shall be inscribed adjacent to each respective aiming pad on the lens. The height of these numbers shall be not less than 0.157 in (4 mm). Ifthere is interference between the plane and the area of the lens between the aiming pads, thewhole number represents the distance to a secondary plane. The secondary plane shall be located parallel to the aiming reference plane and as close to the lens as possible without causing interference.4.3.1.2If the forward aiming pad is the lower inboard aiming pad, then the dimensions may be placedanywhere on the lens. The dimension for the outboard aiming pad (Dimension F in Figure 4)shall be followed by the letter “H” and the dimension for the center aiming pad shall be followedby the letter “V.” The dimensions shall be expressed in tenths of an inch.--`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---5.9.3 A separate headlamp may be used for each of the test fluids.5.9.4The test fluids are:5.9.4.1Windshield washer fluid (50% concentration by volume of methanol/detergent base, 0.16%ethanolamine)5.9.4.2Antifreeze (50% concentration by volume of ethylene glycol in water)5.9.4.3Simulated unleaded gasoline (test fluid ASTM D 471-79 Reference fuel “D”)5.9.5An unfixtured headlamp in its design operating position and condition shall be used for the test. 5.9.6 A 15 cm square cotton cloth shall be folded twice to form a 7.5 cm square and placed at thebottom of a beaker.5.9.7Meter 3 mL of the test fluid onto the folded cloth.5.9.8Remove the cloth from the beaker (5 s after completion of test fluid metering for Reference FuelD and windshield washer fluid, and 60 s after completion of test fluid metering for antifreeze).5.9.9Within 5 s after removal of the cloth from the beaker, wipe the lens and the top surface of thelens-lamp housing joint with that cloth surface which was uppermost in the beaker. The entire exterior optical surface of the lens and top surface of the lens-lamp housing joint of the fixtured headlamp shall be wiped in three horizontal cycles (one cycle consists of one back and forth motion). The first cycle shall apply the test fluid to the upper segment of the lens and the joint, the second cycle shall apply it to the center segment of the lens and the third cycle shall apply it to the lower segment of the lens.5.9.10After applying the test fluid, the test headlamp shall be set aside for a period of 48 h whereuponthe headlamp shall be wiped clean with a soft, dry, cotton cloth.5.10Abrasion Test of Plastic Headlamp Lens Material5.10.1 A 100 mm x 165 mm flat test specimen shall be measured for luminous transmittance (Y) usingan Illuminant A or headlamp bulb per ASTM E 308 before abrasion test and after wiping clean following the abrasion test. An actual headlamp lens could also be used as a test specimen.5.10.2The test specimen shall be mounted in the abrasion test machine as indicated in Figure6.5.10.3The size of the abrading pad shall be 25 mm x 100 mm constructed of 0000 steel wool and firmlyattached to a pad support of equal size such that the "grain" of the pad is perpendicular to the direction of motion.5.10.4The abrading pad shall be loaded such that an average pad pressure of 14 kPa ± 1 kPa existsnormal to the surface of the test specimen.--`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---5.10.5The density of the abrading pad shall be such that when the abrading pad mounted to the padsupport is resting unloaded on the test specimen, the pad support shall be no closer than 3.1 mm to the surface of the test specimen.5.10.6An abrasion cycle is one forward stroke 10 cm ± 2 cm and one rearward stroke of the samedistance. The velocity of the abrading pad shall be 10 cm/s ± 2 cm/s.5.10.7The test specimen shall be subjected to 20 abrasion cycles.5.11Thermal Cycle TestThis test applies only to headlamps that have a plastic lens, a plastic reflector, or both5.11.1The headlamp shall be seasoned and photometered to the test points in Table 1 and/or Table 2as applicable before and after the thermal cycle test (see 5.1.4).5.11.2The headlamp shall be rigidly mounted in a test fixture in designed operating condition anddesigned mounting position.5.11.3The headlamp shall be exposed to the thermal cycle profile shown in Figure 7. The minimumtemperature is -40 °C and the maximum temperature is 50 °C.5.11.4Separate or single test chambers may be used to generate the temperature environmentdescribed by the thermal cycle.5.11.5The headlamp shall be energized at design voltage ±20 mV, in its highest wattage modecommencing at point "A" of Figure 7 and de-energized at point "B" of each cycle.5.11.6The test period shall be 10 cycles of 8 h per cycle.5.12Internal Heat Test5.12.1The headlamp shall be seasoned and photometered to the test points in Table 1 and/or Table 2as applicable before and after the internal heat test (see 5.1.4).5.12.2The headlamp shall be rigidly mounted in a test fixture in designed operating condition anddesigned mounting position.5.12.3 A dirt mixture, consisting of Portland cement (per ASTM C 150-84), distilled or deionized water,and a small amount of surfactant shall be uniformly applied on the face of the lens and allowed to dry until the light intensity at the maximum intensity location in the beam pattern is reduced to 25% ± 2% of the original value for the highest wattage function of the lamp. The mixture may be uniformly applied by spraying or brushing.5.12.4The headlamp assembly shall be energized in its highest wattage continuous operation modeand placed in a chamber at 35 °C ± 3 °C in still air.5.12.5The test duration shall be 1 h.5.12.6The test voltage for the headlamp shall be design voltage ±0.1 V.5.12.7After the internal heat test, the lens face shall be wiped clean.5.13Chemical Resistance of Reflectors of Replaceable Lens Headlamps5.13.1The headlamp shall be seasoned and photometered to the test points in Table 1 and/or Table 2as applicable before and after the chemical resistance test (see 5.1.4).5.13.2With the headlamp in the headlamp test fixture and the lens removed, the entire surface of thereflector that receives light from a headlamp light source shall be wiped once to the left and once to the right with a 6-inch square soft cloth (with pressure equally applied) which has been saturated once in a container with 2 ounces of one of the test fluids listed in 5.13.3. The lamp shall be wiped within 5 seconds after removal of the cloth from the test fluid. A new lamp shall be used for each test fluid.5.13.3T EST F LUIDS:5.13.3.1Commercially available window cleaner, such as Windex®;5.13.3.2Tar remover (consisting by volume of 45% xylene and 55% petroleum base mineral spirits);5.13.3.3Mineral spirits;5.13.3.4Fluids other than water contained in the manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning the reflector. 5.13.4After the headlamp has been wiped with the test fluid, it shall be stored in its designed operatingattitude for 48 h at a temperature of 73 °F ± 7 °F (23 °C ± 4 °C) and a relative humidity of 30% ± 10%. At the end of the 48-h period, the headlamp shall be wiped clean with a soft dry cotton cloth and visually inspected.5.14Corrosion Resistance of Reflectors of Replaceable Lens Headlamps5.14.1The headlamp shall be seasoned and photometered to the test points in Table 1 and/or Table 2as applicable before and after the corrosion test (see 5.1.4)5.14.2The headlamp with the lens removed, unfixtured and in its designed operating attitude with alldrain holes, breathing devices or other designed openings in their normal operating positions, shall be subjected to a salt spray (fog) test in accordance with ASTM B 117-73, Method of Salt Spray (Fog) Testing, for 24 hours, while mounted in the middle of the chamber.5.14.3Afterwards, the headlamp shall be stored in its designed operating attitude for 48 hours at atemperature of 73 °F ± 7 °F (23 °C ± 4 °C) and a relative humidity of 30% ± 10% and allowed to dry by natural convection only. At the end of the 48-hour period, the reflector shall be cleaned according to the instructions supplied with the headlamp manufacturer’s replacement lens, and inspected. The lens and seal shall then be attached according to these instructions and the headlamp tested for photometric performance.6.2Color RequirementThe color of the emanating light produced by a headlamp shall be white per SAE J578.6.3Plastic Materials RequirementsHeadlamps shall meet the material requirements of SAE J576, except Luminous Transmittance.6.4Impact RequirementThe headlamp shall show no evidence of broken, cracked, or chipped pieces of the headlamp, coating adhesion failure, or delamination of material, or visible loosening or breaking apart of headlamp parts.6.5Aiming Adjustment RequirementWhen tested in accordance with 5.5, the headlamp shall meet the following requirements:6.5.1When a headlamp system is tested in a laboratory, the range of its vertical aim shall not be lessthan ±4.0 degrees in the vertical plane from the nominal correct aim position or the full range of pitch of the vehicle on which the headlamp system is installed [from empty to full rated Gross Vehicle Weight.]6.5.2 A minimum aiming adjustment of ±2.5 degrees from the nominal correct aim position shall beprovided in the horizontal plane for headlamp assemblies that have a horizontal adjuster.6.5.3When tested in the laboratory, adjustment of one aim axis through its full on-vehicle range(specified in 6.5.1 and 6.5.2) shall not cause the aim of the other axis to deviate more than ±0.76 degrees.6.5.3.1If the aim mechanism does not meet the requirements of 6.5.2, a cautionary label shall beplaced adjacent to the mechanism stating the caution and including either the reason for thecaution or the corrective action necessary. Each such label shall also refer the reader to thevehicle operator’s manual for complete instructions. Each such vehicle shall be equipped withan operator’s manual containing the complete instructions appropriate for the mechanism installed.6.5.4On headlamps with a vertical VH AD tested in the laboratory, the headlamp shall be able toindicate variations in vertical aim within a range extending from 1.2 degrees above to at least 1.2 degrees below a longitudinal horizontal plane through the center of the headlamp system.6.5.5On headlamps with a horizontal VH AD tested in the laboratory, the headlamp shall be able toindicate variations in horizontal aim within a range extending from 0.76 degrees left to at least0.76 degrees right of a longitudinal vertical plane through the center of the headlamp system.6.5.6The self-locking devices used to hold aiming screws in position shall continue to operatesatisfactorily for a minimum of 20 adjustments on each screw, over a length of screw thread of not less than 3 mm.6.15.5.1.7If the high beam is combined in a headlamp with a low beam, the low beam horizontal aimshall be used in testing the photometry of the high beam. If the high beam is not combined ina headlamp with the low beam and has fixed horizontal aim, there shall be no adjustment ofthe horizontal axis. If there is a horizontal VH AD it shall be adjusted to zero. If there is ahorizontal adjustment that is not a VH AD, the horizontal aim of the high beam shall beadjusted so that the maximum beam intensity is located on the V-V axis.6.16Installation RequirementsSee SAE J2442 for installation requirements.7.Guidelines7.1When in use, a headlamp shall not have any styling ornament or other feature, such as a glasscover or grille, in front of the lens unless the headlamp meets the requirements of SAE J1383 with the styling ornament or feature in place.7.2Headlamps shall be designed to conform to the photometric requirements applicable to theirdesign.7.3Fixed Horizontal Aim GuidelineIf horizontal aim adjusting screws are provided on fixed horizontal aim headlamps, they shall be of a tamper-proof design or the end user shall not be able to access the adjuster when the headlamp is installed in the vehicle.7.4Out-of-Focus TestThis test may be conducted on headlamps with replaceable bulbs. In place of this test, a computer simulation of the test may also be used.7.4.1O UT-OF-F OCUS P ROCEDURE7.4.1.1The headlamp shall be mounted in the goniometer with the mechanical axis coincident with thephotometer axis.7.4.1.2The headlamp shall be photometered at the appropriate test points listed in Table 1 and/orTable 2 as applicable.7.4.1.3Intensity measurements shall be made at six out-of-focus positions with the filament located at2/3 of the bulb design tolerance contained in SAE J2560.7.4.2O UT-OF-F OCUS R EQUIREMENTAt each test point in Table 1 and/or Table 2 as applicable, the intensity shall be at least 80% of any required minimum intensity and no more than 120% of any required maximum intensity with a 1/2° reaim allowed at each test point for each of the out-of-focus test positions.--`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---FIGURE 1—DIMENSIONAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR LOCATION OF AIMING PADSON REPLACEABLE BULB HEADLAMPSFIGURE 2—DETAIL EXAMPLE OF AIMING PADFIGURE 3—DIMENSIONAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR LOCATION OF AIMING PADS ON REPLACEABLE BULB UNITS FIGURE 4—DIMENSIONAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR LOCATION OF AIMING PADS ON REPLACEMENT BULB UNITSFIGURE 5—INWARD FORCE TESTER FIGURE 6—ABRASION TEST FIXTUREFIGURE 7—THERMAL CYCLE PROFILEFIGURE 8—"3 LINE" HORIZONTAL AIM VOLH2 FIGURE 9—"0.2 D" HORIZONTAL AIM VORH OR VOLH1 FIGURE 10—"0.2 D" HORIZONTAL AIM VORH OR VOLH1。
DQMJ3汉化版怪物合成(全翻译)
栖息地不明不明不明不明#N/A 不明世界地图不明不明不明灼热火山不明不明黑铁监狱塔不明不明不明灼热火山不明不明不明黑铁监狱塔不明不明不明灼热火山欢乐的灵道不明不明不明不明冻骨的冰原不明黑铁监狱塔不明不明冻骨的冰原不明欢乐的灵道不明崩落都市不明崩落都市崩落都市不明寂静的草原不明不明寂静的草原黑铁监狱塔不明寂静的草原不明寂静的草原不明不明欢乐的灵道寂静的草原寂静的草原不明不明不明不明不明不明#N/A不明不明不明黑铁监狱塔不明？？？？？？不明不明不明不明黑铁监狱塔不明不明世界地图世界地图不明不明不明钢铁方舟抵抗者秘密基地不明不明不明不明不明不明不明送电设施灼热火山不明欢乐的灵道不明不明寂静的草原不明冻骨的冰原抵抗者秘密基地钢铁方舟不明不明不明灼热火山不明不明不明不明欢乐的灵道不明黑铁监狱塔灼热火山不明冻骨的冰原不明冻骨的冰原不明不死花园欢乐的灵道不明不明不明黑铁监狱塔不死花园不明冻骨的冰原寂静的草原崩落都市不明欢乐的灵道不明寂静的草原不明崩落都市中央大厦崩落都市不明不明不明不明不明不明？？？？？？不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明？？？？？？？？？？？？不明不明金属区域等金属区域等金属区域等黑铁监狱塔不明不明不明金属区域等冻骨的冰原不明灼热火山不明灼热火山黑铁监狱塔不明不明不明钢铁方舟灼热火山黑铁监狱塔不明冻骨的冰原金属区域等钢铁方舟欢乐的灵道不明不明灼热火山送电设施不明不明崩落都市草原不明不明欢乐的灵道不明不明？？？？？？不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明世界地图不明不明世界地图黑铁监狱塔不明不明不明灼热火山不明不明黑铁监狱塔不明不明不明不明不明冻骨的冰原不明不明不明世界地图不明不明不明不明不明灼热火山不明黑铁监狱塔不明不明不明不明不明冻骨的冰原不明黑铁监狱塔不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明欢乐的灵道崩落都市不明不明不明欢乐的灵道寂静的草原不明不明送电设施崩落都市不死花园寂静的草原不明不明不明不明寂静的草原不明不明寂静的草原不明寂静的草原不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明世界地图不明不明灼热火山不明不明灼热火山抵抗者秘密基地冻骨的冰原不明不明冻骨的冰原不明不明不明不明不明不明欢乐的灵道冻骨的冰原崩落都市冻骨的冰原不明不明冻骨的冰原不明崩落都市不明欢乐的灵道不明不明不明寂静的草原寂静的草原崩落都市不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明#N/A 不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明核心不明不明不明不明黑铁监狱塔核心不明不明不明不明不明不明不明#N/A 不明不明不明核心核心核心核心核心不明不明不明不明核心核心#N/A#N/A 不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明冻骨的冰原冻骨的冰原不明黑铁监狱塔世界地图不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明黑铁监狱塔灼热火山灼热火山不明不明不死花园不明不明不明崩落都市不明不明不明中央大厦崩落都市不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明世界地图不明不明不明不明不明不明不明灼热火山不明冻骨的冰原不明钢铁方舟不明黑铁监狱塔欢乐的灵道欢乐的灵道不明不明中央大厦不明不明欢乐的灵道不明崩落都市寂静的草原崩落都市欢乐的灵道欢乐的灵道欢乐的灵道不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明#N/A 不明不明不明不明#N/A#N/A 不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明不明#N/A。
Globish1500单词表
Globish1500单词表见下AAa 一个able 有能力的about 关于；大约above 在……之上accept 接受according（to）根据account 账户accuse 控告achieve 达成across 穿过act 表现adapt 适应add 添加admit 承认adult 成人advertisement 广告advise 劝告affect 影响afraid 害怕的after 在……之后again 再度against 反对；违反age 年龄agency 机构；当局ago 以前agree 同意ahead 提前；在……之前aid 辅助aim 瞄准；目标air 空气alive 有生气的；活的all 所有的allow 允许ally 同盟almost 几乎alone 单独along 沿着already 已经also 也although 尽管；虽然always 永远；一直among 在……之间amount 数量and 和；及anger 愤怒angle 角度announce 宣布another 另一个answer 答案any 任何的apartment 公寓apologize 道歉appeal 上诉；恳求appear 出现apple 苹果apply 运用；申请appoint 指派approve 批准area 区域argue 争论arm 手臂army 军队around 到处；在……四周arrest 逮捕arrive 抵达art 艺术as 如……一样ask 询问assist 帮助at 在……attach 附加attack 攻击attempt 尝试attend 出席attention 注意力authority 权威automatic 自动的autumn 秋天available 可用的average 平均avoid 避免awake 唤醒；醒着的award 奖励away 远离Bbaby 婴儿back 回来bad 坏bag 袋子；乞求balance 平衡ball 球ballot 选票；投票ban 禁止bank 银行bar 酒吧；条状物barrier 障碍base 基础basket 篮子bath 沐浴battle 战争be 是（表示状态）bear 忍耐；（生孩子）beat 敲打；打击beauty 美丽because 因为become 变成bed 床beer 啤酒before 在……之前begin 开始behind 在……的后面believe 相信bell 钟；铃铛belong 属于below 在……之下bend 弯曲beside 在……旁边best 最好的betray 背叛better 更好的between 在……之间big 大bill 账单bird 鸟birth 诞生bit 一点；碎片bite 咬black 黑色的blade 刀刃blame 责备blank 空白的blanket 毛毯bleed 流血blind 盲的block 方块；阻碍blood 血液blow 吹blue 蓝色的board 木板boat 船body 身体bomb 炸弹bone 骨头bonus 额外的好处；红利book 书boot 靴子border 边界born 天生的borrow 借boss 老板both 两者皆bottle 瓶子bottom 底box 盒子boy 男孩boycott 联合抵制；拒绝参加（纠错）brain 大脑brake 煞车branch 分支brave 勇敢的bread 面包break 打破breathe 呼吸brick 砖块bridge 桥brief 信念bright 明亮的bring 带来broad 宽阔的broadcast 广播brother 兄弟brown 棕色的brush 刷子budget 预算build 建造bullet 子弹burn 燃烧burst 爆裂bury 埋葬business 生意；企业busy 忙碌的but 但是butter 奶油button 按钮；钮扣buy 购买by 被、由；通过；按照Ccabinet 橱柜call 呼叫；打（电话）calm 平静的camera 照相机camp 露营；营地campaign 运动；活动can 能够；罐头cancel 取消capture 捕捉car 汽车card 卡片care 照顾carriage 马车；运输carry 携带case 案例；箱子cash 现金cat 猫catch 抓；接住cause 导致；起因celebrate 庆祝cell 细胞；牢房center 中心century 世纪ceremony 典礼certain 确定的；某些chain 链chair 椅子；主席chairman 主席challenge 挑战champion 冠军chance 机会change 改变channel 频道；通道character 角色；特质charge 费用；掌管chart 图表chase 追赶cheap 便宜的check 检查；支票cheer 欢呼；鼓励cheese 奶酪chemical 化学的；化学物chest 胸膛chief 首领；主要的child 小孩choose 选择church 教堂circle 圈citizen 公民city 城市civilian 平民claim 要求；主张clash 碰撞；冲突clean 干净的；清洁clear 清楚的climate 气候climb 攀爬clock 时钟close 关闭；封闭的cloth 布cloud 云coal 媒coast 海岸coat 外套code 密码cold 寒冷的collect 收集college 学院colony 殖民地color 色彩combine 结合come 来comfort 舒适command 命令comment 评论committee 委员会common 常见的communicate 沟通community 社区company 公司；陪伴compare 比较compete 竞争complete 完成；完整的compromise 妥协computer 计算机concern 关切condemn 责备condition 情况conference 会议confirm 确认congratulate 恭贺congress 代表大会；聚会connect 连接consider 考虑consumption 消耗；消费contact 联络contain 包含continent 大陆continue 继续control 控制cook 烹调cool 冷却cooperate 合作copy 复制；副本cork 软木塞corn 玉米corner 角落correct 正确的cost 成本；价值cotton 棉花count 数country 国家；乡间course 课程court 法庭cover 覆盖cow 母牛crash 碰撞；坠毁create 创造credit 信用；赊帐crew 团队crime 罪行crisis 危机criteria 标准criticize 批评crop 作物cross 十字；穿越crowd 群众；拥挤的crush 压碎cry 哭；喊culture 文化cup 杯子cure 治愈current 目前的custom 习俗cut 切Ddamage 损害dance 跳舞danger 危险dark 黑暗的date 约会daughter 女儿day 日子；白天dead 死亡的deaf 聋的deal 交易；处理dear 亲爱的debate 争论debt 债务decide 决定declare 宣布；声明decrease 减少deep 深的defeat 击败defend 防御define 定义degree 程度；学位delay 延迟delicate 精巧的deliver 运送demand 命令demonstrate 示范；证明denounce 指责deny 否认departure 离开depend 依赖deploy 布署depression 沮丧describe 描述desert 沙漠；抛弃design 设计desire 欲望destroy 毁灭detail 细节develop 发展device 装置die 死亡diet 饮食differ 不同difficult 困难的dig 挖掘dinner 晚餐diplomat 外交官direct 直接的dirt 尘土disappear 消失discover 发现discuss 讨论disease 疾病disk 圆盘dismiss 解散；让……离开dispute 争论distance 距离divide 分开do 做doctor 医生document 文件dog 狗door 门doubt 怀疑down 往下drain 排出；耗尽draw 画；拉dream 做梦；梦dress 穿衣；洋装drink 喝；饮料drive 驾驶；车道drop 落下drug 药物dry 干燥的during 在……期间dust 灰尘duty 职务Eeach 每一的ear 耳朵early 早的earn 赚得earth 土地east 东方easy 简单的eat 吃edge 边缘education 教育effect 影响effort 努力egg 蛋either 任一的elastic 有弹性的；松紧的electricity 电力element 元素else 其他embassy 大使馆emergency 紧急事件emotion 情绪employ 雇用；使用empty 空的end 结束enemy 敌人enforce 实施；强制engine 引擎enjoy 享受enough 足够的enter 进入entertain 娱乐environment 环境equal 平等的equate 等同equipment 设备erase 擦掉escape 逃脱especially 尤其是establish 建立estimate 估计ethnic 种族的evaporate 蒸发even 甚至；偶数的event 事件ever 任何时候；永远every 每一个evidence 证据evil 邪恶exact 确切的example 例子except 除……外exchange 交换excuse 借口execute 执行exercise 练习exist 存在exit 出口expand 扩张expect 预期expense 花费experience 经验experiment 实验expert 专家explain 解释explode 爆炸explore 探索export 输出；出口express 表达extend 延伸extra 额外的extreme 极端的eye 眼睛Fface 脸fact 事实factory 工厂fail 失败fair 公平的fall 落下false 不正确的；假的family 家庭；家人famous 有名的far 远的fast 迅速的fat 胖的father 父亲fear 恐惧feather 羽毛feature 特色；专栏feed 喂；饲料feel 感觉female 女性fertile 多产的；肥沃的few 少数的field 田野fierce 凶猛的；狂热的fight 打斗；对抗figure 外型；数字；计算file 档案；归档fill 填满film 电影；底片final 最后的finance 财务find 找到fine 好的finger 手指finish 结束fire 火；解雇firm 坚定的；公司first 第一fish 钓鱼；鱼fist 拳头fit 适合；健康的fix 修理flag 旗帜flat 平坦的；公寓float 漂浮floor 地板flow 流动flower 花fluid 液体fly 飞；苍蝇fog 雾fold 折叠；合拢；抱住；笼罩follow 跟随food 食物fool 傻瓜foot 脚；英呎for 为了；因为；在……方面forbid 禁止force 力量foreign 外国的forest 森林forget 忘记forgive 原谅form 形式；形成former 之前的forward 向前frame 框架free 自由的freeze 结冰fresh 新鲜的friend 朋友frighten 使害怕from 来自……front 在…之前fruit 水果fuel 燃料full 满的fun 有趣的future 未来Ggain 获得gallon 加仑game 游戏gang 一帮；一群garden 花园gas 瓦斯gather 聚集general 一般的；将军gentle 温和的get 取得gift 礼物girl 女孩give 给予glass 玻璃；杯子global 全球的go 去goal 目标god 神gold 金色的；黄金good 好的govern 掌管grass 草地gray （grey）灰色的great 伟大的green 绿色的ground 地面；基础group 群众grow 成长guarantee 保证guard 守卫guess 猜测guide 引导；导游guilty 有罪的gun 枪guy 男人；家伙Hhair 头发half 一半halt 停止hand 手hang 悬挂；吊死happen 发生happy 高兴的hard 困难的；坚硬的harm 伤害hat 帽子hate 憎恨have 拥有he 他head 头；前往……heal 治愈health 健康hear 听见heart 心脏heat 热heavy 重的help 帮助her 她的（所有格）here 这里hide 隐藏high 高的hijack 劫持hill 小丘him 他（受格）hire 雇用his 他的（所有格）history 历史hit 打hold 握着；约束hole 洞holiday 假日hollow 空洞的holy 神圣的home 家honest 诚实的hope 希望horrible 可怕的horse 马hospital 医院host 主人hostage 人质hostile 有敌意的hot 热的hour 小时house 房屋how 如何however 然而huge 巨大的human 人类humor 幽默hunger 飢饿hunt 打猎hurry 催促；匆忙hurt 受伤husband 丈夫II 我ice 冰idea 想法identify 识别if 如果ill 生病的imagine 想象import 输入；进口important 重要的improve 改善in 在……里面inch 英吋incident 意外include 包含increase 增加independent 独立的indicate 指出individual 个人的industry 工业infect 感染influence 影响inform 通知inject 注射injure 伤害innocent 无辜的insane 疯狂的insect 昆虫inspect 检查instead 做为替代insult 侮辱insurance 保险intelligence 智力intense 紧绷的interest 兴趣；利息interfere 妨碍；介入international 国际的into 到……里面invade 入侵invent 发明invest 投资investigate 调查invite 邀请involve 牵涉iron 熨斗；铁island 岛屿issue 议题；发出it 它item 项目Jjacket 外套jail 监牢jewel 珠宝job 工作join 参加joint 联合的；关节joke 笑话joy 喜悦judge 法官；判断jump 跳jury 陪审团just 仅……；正义的Kkeep 保持key 钥匙；关键kick 踢kid 孩童kill 杀死kind 种类；善良的king 国王kiss 亲吻kit 成套的工具kitchen 厨房knife 小刀know 知道Llabor 劳工；劳力laboratory 实验室lack 缺乏lake 湖泊land 土地language 语言large 大的last 最后的；持续late 迟到的laugh 大笑law 法律lay 放置；产卵lead 领导leak 漏learn 学习least 至少leave 离开left 剩下的；左边leg 腿legal 合法的lend 借出length 长度less 较少的let 让；允许letter 信；字母level 等级lie 说谎；躺下life 生活；生命lift 举起light 灯光；轻的like 喜欢limit 限制line 线link 连结lip 嘴唇liquid 液体list 清单；列出listen 倾听little 小的live 活着的；生活load 装载loan 借贷local 当地的locate 在……地点lock 锁；锁上log 原木；伐木；纪录lone 孤单的long 长的look 注意看loose 松的lose 失去lot 很多；一块地loud 大声的love 爱low 低的luck 幸运的Mmail 邮件main 主要的major 主要的；少校；主修科目make 制造male 男性man 男人manufacture 制造many 许多的map 地图march 前进mark 标记；记号market 市场marry 结婚master 大师；熟练match 符合；竞争；火柴material 材料matter 事情；物质may 或许；能够mayor 市长me 我（受格）meal 一餐mean 意味；卑鄙的measure 测量meat 肉media 媒体meet 遇见；见面member 成员memory 记忆mental 心理的mercy 慈悲message 信息metal 金属method 方法middle 中间的might 可能；力量mile 英里military 军队；军事的milk 牛奶mind 心智；介意mine 我的；矿坑；地雷minister 部长；牧师minor 次要的；较小的miscellaneous 各式各样的miss 错过mistake 错误mix 混合mob 暴民model 模型；模特儿；模范moderate 适度的modern 现代的money 金钱month 月份moon 月亮moral 道德的more 更多的morning 早上most 大多数的；最……mother 母亲motion 动作mountain 山mouth 嘴move 移动much 很多的murder 谋杀muscle 肌肉music 音乐must 必须my 我的mystery 神秘的事物Nnail 指甲；钉子name 名字narrow 窄的nation 国家native 天生的；本土的navy 海军near 靠近……necessary 必须的neck 脖子need 需要neighbor 邻居neither 两者皆非nerve 神经neutral 中性的；中立的never 从不new 新的news 新闻next 下一个nice 美好的night 夜晚no 不noise 噪音noon 中午normal 正常的north 北方nose 鼻子not 不note 注意；笔记nothing 没有notice 注意now 现在nowhere 任何地方都不……number 数字Oobey 服从object 物体；反对observe 观察occupy 占领occur 发生of ……的off （离）开offensive 冒犯的offer 提供office 办公室officer 警官；公务员often 经常oil 油old 老的on 在…上面；正进行once 一旦；曾经only 只有open 打开；开放的；开启的operate 操作opinion 意见opportunity 机会opposite 相反的；对面的oppress 压迫or 或order 命令；订单organize 组织other 其她的ounce 盎司our 我们的（所有格）ours 我们的oust 驱逐out 出外over 在……之上；超过owe 欠；归功于own 自己的；拥有Ppage...............................书页pain ...............................痛苦paint ..............................画；油漆pan ................................平底锅pants .............................长裤paper............................. 纸parade ..........................游行parcel 包裹parent 双亲parliament 议会；国会part 部分；离开；角色party 派对；政党pass 通过；通行证passenger 乘客past 过去的；通过paste 黏贴；胶水path 小径；路线patient 病人；耐心pattern 型态；模式pay 付款peace 和平pen 笔pencil 铅笔people 人percent 百分比perfect 完美的perform 表演perhaps 或许period 期间permanent 永久的permit 允许person 人physical 物理的；身体的pick 挑选picture 照片；图画；想象piece 一片pig 猪pilot 飞行员pint 品脱pipe 管；烟斗place 地方plain 平坦的；简单的plan 计划plane 飞机plant 植物；工厂plastic 塑胶plate 盘子play 玩；戏剧please 请plenty 充分的pocket 口袋point 指向；点poison 毒药policy 政策politics 政治pollute 污染poor 贫穷的popular 受欢迎的port 港口position 位置possess 拥有possible 可能的postpone 延后potato 马铃薯pound 英镑；捣碎pour 倒powder 粉末power 力量practice 练习praise 赞美pray 祈祷pregnant 怀孕的present 现在；礼物press 按压；新闻界pretty 漂亮的prevent 预防price 价值print 印刷；打印prison 监狱private 私人的prize 奖品problem 麻烦process 过程；处理product 产品professor 教授profit 利润program 节目；程序progress 进度project 项目property 财产propose 提案protect 保护protest 抗议prove 证明provide 提供public 公开的publish 出版pull 拉punish 惩罚purchase 购买pure 纯粹的purpose 目的push 推put 放置Qquality 质量quart 夸脱quarter 1/4queen 皇后question 问题quick 快速的quiet 安静的quit 停止；辞职quite 相当的Rrace 比赛radiation 放射线；发光raid 突袭；劫掠rail 铁轨；栏杆rain 雨raise 扶养；举起range 范围；一系列；排rare 少见的rate 速率；利率rather 相当；宁愿ray 光线reach 到达；碰触react 反应read 读ready 准备好real 真实的reason 理由receive 接待；收到recognize 认出；识别record 纪录；录音；唱片；记录recover 复原red 红色的reduce 减少refugee 难民refuse 拒绝regret 后悔regular 规律的；寻常的reject 拒绝relation 关系release 释放；发行remain 剩下；留下remember 记得remove 移除repair 修复repeat 重复report 报告represent 代表；呈现request 要求require 询问rescue 救援research 研究resign 辞职resist 抗拒resolution 决心resource 资源respect 尊重responsible 负责的rest 休息；剩余的restrain 抑制result 结果retire 退休return 返回revolt 反叛reward 报酬rice 米rich 富有的ride 骑乘right 正确的；右边的ring 圈；响riot 暴动rise 上升risk 风险river 河流road 道路rob 抢劫rock 岩石rocket 火箭roll 滚动；卷状物roof 屋顶room 房间root 根；根基rope 绳索rough 粗糙的round 圆形的；环绕的row 列；划（船）rub 摩擦rubber 橡皮ruin 毁灭；遗迹rule 规则run 跑步；运转Ssad 难过的safe 安全的sail 航行salt 盐巴same 同样的sand 沙satisfy 使满意save 存（款）；拯救say 说scale 规模；刻度scare 使惊吓school 学校science 科学score 分数script 手稿sea 海search 寻找season 季节seat 座位second 第二；秒secret 祕密section 条款；一段security 安全see 看见seed 种子seek 寻觅seem 似乎seize 抓住seldom 偶尔self 自我sell 销售senate 参议院；立法机构send 寄送sense 感觉sentence 句子separate 分开series 系列serious 认真的；严重的serve 服侍set 放；一套；规定settle 安顿several 数个severe 严重的sex 性；性别shade 庇荫shake 摇动shall 将会shame 羞耻shape 形状；塑型share 分享；股票sharp 锋利的she 她sheet 床单；一张shelf 架子shell 壳shelter 避难所shine 发光ship 船只；运送shirt 衬衫shock 震惊；冲击；震动shoe 鞋shoot 射击；拍摄shop 店；购物short 短的should 应该shout 吼叫show 显示shrink 缩小shut 关闭sick 生病的side 侧边sign 记号；征召；招牌signal 信号silence 寂静silk 丝silver 银；银色的similar 相似的simple 简单的since 自从……；因为sing 唱歌single 单一的；单身的sister 姊妹sit 坐下situation 情况size 尺寸skill 技能skin 皮肤skirt 裙子sky 天空slave 奴隶sleep 睡眠slide 滑；投影片slip 滑动slow 慢的small 小的smart 聪明的smash 粉碎smell 闻；气味smile 微笑smoke 抽菸smooth 平滑的snack 点心snake 蛇sneeze 打喷嚏snow 雪so 因此；这么soap 肥皂social 社会的society 社会soft 柔软的soil 土壤soldier 士兵solid 固体的solve 解决some 一些son 儿子song 歌曲soon 短暂的sorry 抱歉；感到遗憾sort 分类；种类soul 灵魂sound 声音south 南方space 空间speak 说话special 特别的speech 演说speed 速度spell 拼字；咒语spend 花费spirit 精神spot 斑点；场所；认出spread 散布spring 春天；泉水spy 间谍square 正方形；广场stage 舞台；阶段stairs 楼梯stamp 邮票；盖印stand 站立star 星星start 开始starve 挨饿state 状态；陈述；国家station 车站status 地位；状态stay 停留；保持steal 偷窃steam 蒸气steel 钢step 脚步；台阶stick 黏住；木条still 仍然；静止的stomach 胃stone 石头stop 停止store 店；储存storm 暴风雨story 故事straight 笔直的；直接的strange 奇怪的stream 溪流street 街道stretch 伸展strike 打击；罢工string 细绳；一串strong 强壮的structure 结构struggle 挣扎study 学习；书房stupid 愚笨的subject 主题；受支配的substance 物质substitute 替代succeed 成功；继承such 如此的sudden 突然的suffer 受苦sugar 糖suggest 建议suit 适合；（一套）衣服summer 夏天sun 太阳supervise 监督supply 供给support 支持suppose 猜想suppress 压抑sure 确定的surface 表面surprise 讶异surround 围绕survive 存活suspect 怀疑；嫌疑犯suspend 悬挂；中止swallow 吞咽；燕子swear 发誓；诅咒sweet 甜美的swim 游泳symbol 象征sympathy 同情system 系统Ttable 桌子tail 尾巴take 拿；带走talk 谈话tall 高的target 目标task 任务taste 品味；品尝tax 税tea 茶teach 教team 队伍tear 眼泪；撕裂tell 告诉term 词汇；学期；条款terrible 可怕的territory 领土terror 恐怖test 测试than 比较thank 感谢that 那个the 这；那（定冠词）theater 电影院；剧院their 他们的（所有格）theirs 他们的them 他们（受格）then 然后theory 理论there 那里these 这些they 他们thick 厚的thin 薄的thing 东西think 思考third 第三的this 这的those 那些though 虽然thought 想法threaten 威胁through 穿过throw 投掷thus 那么tie 绑紧；领带tight 紧的；严格的time 时间；一段时间tin 锡；罐头tiny 微小的tire 使疲倦；轮胎title 头衔；书名to 向；往；对……；为了……；到……today 今天together 一起tomorrow 明天tone 音调tongue 舌头tonight 今晚too 也……；太……tool 工具tooth 牙齿top 最上面；顶点total 全部；总计touch 接触tour 漫游；观光旅行toward 向……town 城镇track 轨道；追踪trade 交易；贸易tradition 传统traffic 交通；走私train 火车；训练transport 运输travel 旅行treason 叛国treasure 财宝treat 对待；招待treaty 条约tree 树trial 审判tribe 部落trick 诡计；哄骗trip 旅行；绊倒troop 军队trouble 麻烦；使烦躁truck 卡车true 真实的trust 信任try 尝试tube 管；管状物turn 转动twice 两次Uunder 在……之下understand 明白unit 单位universe 宇宙unless 除非until 直到up 往上upon 在……之上；在……上面urge 力劝us 我们（受格）use 使用Vvalley 山谷value 价值；看重vary 变化vegetable 蔬菜vehicle 载运工具；媒介version 版本very 非常地veto 否决权vicious 邪恶的victim 受害者victory 胜利view 视力；观看；看法violence 暴力visit 拜访voice 声音volume 音量vote 投票Wwage 薪水wait 等待walk 走路wall 墙壁want 想要war 战争warm 温暖的warn 警告wash 清洗waste 浪费；废物watch 看；手表；看守water 水；浇水wave 挥舞；海浪way 方法；道路we 我们weak 弱小、虚弱的wealth 财富weapon 武器wear 穿着；磨损weather 天气week 星期weight 重量welcome 欢迎well 很好地；健康的；井west 西方wet 湿的what 什么wheat 小麦wheel 轮子；方向盘when 何时；当……的时候where 哪里whether 是否which 哪一个while 一会儿；当……的时候；虽然white 白色的who 谁whole 整个的why 为何wide 宽的wife 妻子wild 野外的；狂野的will 将（要）；意愿；遗嘱win 赢得wind 风window 窗户wine 葡萄酒wing 翅膀；（建筑物）翼winter 冬天wire 金属线；电线wise 有智慧的wish 希望with 与……一起；用……withdraw 撤退；抽回without 没有…woman 女人wonder 纳闷；想知道wood 木头wool 羊毛word 字；词汇work 工作world 世界worry 担忧worse 更坏的；更糟糕的worth 值得；价值wound 创伤；伤口wreck 失事；残骸write 写wrong 错误的Yyard 码（长度）；院子year 年yellow 黄色的yes 是yesterday 昨天yet 尚未（否定句）you 你young 年轻的。
CAMx中文用户手册v630
MaterialStudio建模知识讲解
Mat e r i al St ud i o 建模铁基块体非晶合金-纳米晶转变的动力学模拟过程Discover 模块1 原子力场的分配在使用Discover 模块建立基于力场的计算中，涉及几个步骤。
主要有：选择力场、指定原子类型、计算或指定电荷、选择non-bond cutoffs 。
在这些步骤中，指定原子类型和计算电荷一般是自动执行的。
然而，在某些情形下需要手动指定原子类型。
原子定型使用预定义的规则对结构中的每个原子指定原子类型。
在为特定的系统确定能量和力时，定型原子使工作者能使用正确的力场参数。
通常，原子定型由Discover 使用定型引擎的基本规则来自动执行，所以不需要手动原子定型。
然而，在特殊情形下，人们不得不手动的定型原子，以确保它们被正确地设置。
图3-11）计算并显示原子类型：点击Edit→ Atom Selection，如图所示弹出对话框，如图所示从右边的⋯的元素周期表中选择Fe，再点Select，此时所建晶胞中所有都将被选中，原子被红色线圈住即表示原子被选中。
再编辑集合，点击Edit Sets ，如图所示Fe原子Edit→弹出对话框见图，点击New...，给原子集合设定一个名字。
这里设置为Fe，则3D 视图中会显示“Fe”字样，再分配力场：在工具栏上点击Discover 按钮，从下拉列表中选择Setup，显示Discover Setup 对话框，选择Typing 选项卡。
图3-2 Discover Setup 对话框Typing 选项卡在Forcefield types 里选择相应原子力场，再点Assign (分配)按钮进行原子力场分配。
注意原子力场中的价态要与Properties Project 里的原子价态( Formalcharge )一致。
2 力场的选择1)Energy力场的选择：力场是经典模拟计算的核心，因为它代表着结构中每种类型的原子与围绕着它的原子是如何相互作用的。
VW_01058
member.
This Standard is available to contracting parties solely via the B2B supplier platform .
© Volkswagen AktiengesellschaftΒιβλιοθήκη VWNORM-2011-08f
Engineering Drawings Lettering
Previous issues VW 01058: 1963-07, 1978-06, 1999-05, 2002-07, 2004-05, 2008-12, 2010-01, 2011-05
Changes
The following changes have been made compared with VW 01058: 2011-05: – Section 5.3: Title "Material field" changed to "Material specifications"; notes on adding material
Group Standard
VW 01058
Issue 2012-01
Class. No.: Descriptors:
02245
type of lettering, drawing entry, drawing specification, drawing note, lettering, drawing, restriction on use, supplier protection, fundamental tolerancing principle
Verify that you have the latest issue of the Standard before relying on it. This electronically generated Standard is authentic and valid without signature. The English translation is believed to be accurate. In case of discrepancies, the German version is alone authoritative and controlling. Numerical notation acc. to ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Friends (material girls who don’t work)
Episode 101: 3:24– 5:08 5:54 – 6:49 18:13– 19:50 Episode 104: 4:05– 6:22
7:30 – 10:05
Episode 613: 2:57– 4:55
5:30– 8:24
Experience has made me rich And now they’re after me, ‘cause everybody’s
Living in a material world And I am a material girl You know that we are living in a material world And I am a material girl
Theme 4: Material Worship
“ 美国《世界日报》22日公布的一项民调显示，在全世界23 个国家中，中国、日本和韩国三国的民众最相信“金钱万能”， 并列成为世界第一“拜金主义”国家，在金融危机之后尤为如此。 环球网24日就此发起了一项在线调查，结果显示，80%的受访网 民承认中国是第一“拜金主义”国家。“ （2010年2月25日《南方日报》）
boy with the cold hard cash Is always Mister Right, ‘cause we are
Living in a material world And I am a material girl You know that we are living in a material world And I am a material girl
Lyrics of Madonna’s 1984 Material Girl (1)
Some boys kiss me, some boys hug me I think they’re OK If they can’t give me proper credit I just walk away They can beg and they can plead But they can’t see the light, that’s right ‘cause the
Before Madonna, Marilyn Monroe sang "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in 1953; After Madonna, Lady Gaga sang "The Fame" in 2009
The Fame
I can't help myself I'm addicted to a life of material It's some kind of joke I'm obsessively opposed to the typical All we care about is runway models Cadillacs and liquor bottles Give me something i wanna be Retro glamor hollywood yes we live for the Fame doin' it for the fame 'cause we wanna live the life of the rich and famous Fame doin' it for the fame 'cause we gotta taste for champagne and endless fortune ....
Only boys who save their pennies Make my rainy day, ‘cause they are
Living in a material world And I am a material girl You know that we are living in a material world And I am a materialstions (2)
Who can help the poor more, Mother Teresa or Bill Gates? They both work for charity. When can a person work for charity? Why? Who are the opposites of material girls? Give examples. Is there any way to pursue money and spiritual aspects of life at the same time? If so, how, give examples.
LILIYA LILIYA LILIYA LILIYA 80 80 80 80
乖
囧
猫
现在这个社会， 现在这个社会，要 的就是米。 的就是米。 米，晓得伐？米 晓得伐？ ~~~！！！ ！！！ 侬有了钞票侬就是 老大！！！ 老大！！！
叫板：80后看不懂的东东
朋友现在钞票 是用啥么事计 算的啊？ 是用美金计算 的好伐？！ 侬好叫！！！
The dilemma
“One can’t have one’s cake and eat it too.” Things spiritual/intellectual and things material always seem to be on the two extremes Therefore, love or bread, it is a hard choice…
Material Boy？
1990年4月，龚如心的丈夫王德 辉在二次被绑架后，音讯杳无。 龚在同公公打官司后胜诉，得 以继承丈夫华懋官司遗产。 1959年出生的陈振聪 ，1992年 与妻子结婚数日后 ，认识当时 年约54岁的龚如心 ，以看风水、 帮龚如心寻夫、按摩等名义同 龚亲近。龚如心在2005年至 2006年间，先后分3次向陈振聪 提供合共20.64亿港元的巨款 2007年4月3日，龚如心因病去 世。身家据称达11亿港元。同 年4月18日，陈振聪手持龚如心 的遗嘱，声称自己是龚如心遗 产的唯一受益人。 2010年2月2日，香港高等法院 正式作出宣判，认为陈振聪所 持遗嘱是伪造的，而龚如心 2002年遗嘱才是最后遗嘱。
Desperate Housewives
Gabrielle made her “entrance” Gabrielle worried about her obese daughter Gabrielle got snubbed in a social event Gabrielle got ready for her husband’s vision coming back
1980s, the "Decade of Greed" in the USA
• A 1990 Times story uses five words to summarize the 1980s: "Get rich, borrow, spend, enjoy" • The 1980s were seen by many as one long consumption binge, characterized by what is called "conspicuous opulence." • The evidence: -- the jump in the sales of luxury automobiles, -- the number of MBAs (most of whom, presumably, set their sights on making money on Wall Street), -- the number of get-rich and self-help books, -- the number of Wall Street brokers who went to prison.
Lyrics of Madonna’s Material Girl (3)
Living in a material world And I am a material girl You know that we are living in a material world And I am a material girl Boys may come and boys may go And that’s all right you see
Lyrics of Madonna’s Material Girl (2)
Some boys romance, some boys slow dance That’s all right with me If they don’t raise my interest then I Have to let them be Some boys try and some boys lie but I don’t let them play
Episode 1005: 27:20—30:55 Episode 211: 7:30 –8:39
9:10– 10:57
Breakfast at Tiffany’s (material girls who work)
00:09-02:40 6:01-14:51 18:16-18:39 25:15- 26:00 1:01:45-1:04:02 1:20:00- 1:24:06 3:35-4:25 16:09-16:54 19:22-21:20 31:45- 34:50 1:04:35-1:06:00 1:25:55-1:28:15
Paris Hilton born on February 17th, 1981 the great-granddaughter of Conrad Hilton founder of the Hilton hotels and source of the family fortune -- estimated at $300 million.