Lec21-peer2peer

合集下载

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

Multinomial Randomness Models for Retrieval withDocument FieldsVassilis Plachouras1and Iadh Ounis21Yahoo!Research,Barcelona,Spain2University of Glasgow,Glasgow,UKvassilis@,ounis@ Abstract.Documentﬁelds,such as the title or the headings of a document,offer a way to consider the structure of documents for retrieval.Most of the pro-posed approaches in the literature employ either a linear combination of scoresassigned to differentﬁelds,or a linear combination of frequencies in the termfrequency normalisation component.In the context of the Divergence From Ran-domness framework,we have a sound opportunity to integrate documentﬁeldsin the probabilistic randomness model.This paper introduces novel probabilis-tic models for incorporatingﬁelds in the retrieval process using a multinomialrandomness model and its information theoretic approximation.The evaluationresults from experiments conducted with a standard TREC Web test collectionshow that the proposed models perform as well as a state-of-the-artﬁeld-basedweighting model,while at the same time,they are theoretically founded and moreextensible than currentﬁeld-based models.1IntroductionDocumentﬁelds provide a way to incorporate the structure of a document in Information Retrieval(IR)models.In the context of HTML documents,the documentﬁelds may correspond to the contents of particular HTML tags,such as the title,or the heading tags.The anchor text of the incoming hyperlinks can also be seen as a documentﬁeld. In the case of email documents,theﬁelds may correspond to the contents of the email’s subject,date,or to the email address of the sender[9].It has been shown that using documentﬁelds for Web retrieval improves the retrieval effectiveness[17,7].The text and the distribution of terms in a particularﬁeld depend on the function of thatﬁeld.For example,the titleﬁeld provides a concise and short description for the whole document,and terms are likely to appear once or twice in a given title[6].The anchor textﬁeld also provides a concise description of the document,but the number of terms depends on the number of incoming hyperlinks of the document.In addition, anchor texts are not always written by the author of a document,and hence,they may enrich the document representation with alternative terms.The combination of evidence from the differentﬁelds in a retrieval model requires special attention.Robertson et al.[14]pointed out that the linear combination of scores, which has been the approach mostly used for the combination ofﬁelds,is difﬁcult to interpret due to the non-linear relation between the assigned scores and the term frequencies in each of theﬁelds.Hawking et al.[5]showed that the term frequency G.Amati,C.Carpineto,and G.Romano(Eds.):ECIR2007,LNCS4425,pp.28–39,2007.c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg2007Multinomial Randomness Models for Retrieval with Document Fields 29normalisation applied to each ﬁeld depends on the nature of the corresponding ﬁeld.Zaragoza et al.[17]introduced a ﬁeld-based version of BM25,called BM25F,which applies term frequency normalisation and weighting of the ﬁelds independently.Mac-donald et al.[7]also introduced normalisation 2F in the Divergence From Randomness (DFR)framework [1]for performing independent term frequency normalisation and weighting of ﬁelds.In both cases of BM25F and the DFR models that employ normali-sation 2F,there is the assumption that the occurrences of terms in the ﬁelds follow the same distribution,because the combination of ﬁelds takes place in the term frequency normalisation component,and not in the probabilistic weighting model.In this work,we introduce weighting models,where the combination of evidence from the different ﬁelds does not take place in the term frequency normalisation part of the model,but instead,it constitutes an integral part of the probabilistic randomness model.We propose two DFR weighting models that combine the evidence from the different ﬁelds using a multinomial distribution,and its information theoretic approx-imation.We evaluate the performance of the introduced weighting models using the standard .Gov TREC Web test collection.We show that the models perform as well as the state-of-the-art model ﬁeld-based PL2F,while at the same time,they employ a theoretically founded and more extensible combination of evidence from ﬁelds.The remainder of this paper is structured as follows.Section 2provides a description of the DFR framework,as well as the related ﬁeld-based weighting models.Section 3introduces the proposed multinomial DFR weighting models.Section 4presents the evaluation of the proposed weighting models with a standard Web test collection.Sec-tions 5and 6close the paper with a discussion related to the proposed models and the obtained results,and some concluding remarks drawn from this work,respectively.2Divergence from Randomness Framework and Document Fields The Divergence From Randomness (DFR)framework [1]generates a family of prob-abilistic weighting models for IR.It provides a great extent of ﬂexibility in the sense that the generated models are modular,allowing for the evaluation of new assumptions in a principled way.The remainder of this section provides a description of the DFR framework (Section 2.1),as well as a brief description of the combination of evidence from different document ﬁelds in the context of the DFR framework (Section 2.2).2.1DFR ModelsThe weighting models of the Divergence From Randomness framework are based on combinations of three components:a randomness model RM ;an information gain model GM ;and a term frequency normalisation model.Given a collection D of documents,the randomness model RM estimates the probability P RM (t ∈d |D )of having tf occurrences of a term t in a document d ,and the importance of t in d corresponds to the informative content −log 2(P RM (t ∈d |D )).Assuming that the sampling of terms corresponds to a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials,the randomness model RM is the binomial distribution:P B (t ∈d |D )= T F tfp tf (1−p )T F −tf (1)30V .Plachouras and I.Ouniswhere TF is the frequency of t in the collection D ,p =1N is a uniform prior probabilitythat the term t appears in the document d ,and N is the number of documents in the collection D .A limiting form of the binomial distribution is the Poisson distribution P :P B (t ∈d |D )≈P P (t ∈d |D )=λtf tf !e −λwhere λ=T F ·p =T FN (2)The information gain model GM estimates the informative content 1−P risk of the probability P risk that a term t is a good descriptor for a document.When a term t appears many times in a document,then there is very low risk in assuming that t describes the document.The information gain,however,from any future occurrences of t in d is lower.For example,the term ‘evaluation’is likely to have a high frequency in a document about the evaluation of IR systems.After the ﬁrst few occurrences of the term,however,each additional occurrence of the term ‘evaluation’provides a diminishing additional amount of information.One model to compute the probability P risk is the Laplace after-effect model:P risk =tf tf +1(3)P risk estimates the probability of having one more occurrence of a term in a document,after having seen tf occurrences already.The third component of the DFR framework is the term frequency normalisation model,which adjusts the frequency tf of the term t in d ,given the length l of d and the average document length l in D .Normalisation 2assumes a decreasing density function of the normalised term frequency with respect to the document length l .The normalised term frequency tfn is given as follows:tfn =tf ·log 2(1+c ·l l )(4)where c is a hyperparameter,i.e.a tunable parameter.Normalisation 2is employed in the framework by replacing tf in Equations (2)and (3)with tfn .The relevance score w d,q of a document d for a query q is given by:w d,q =t ∈qqtw ·w d,t where w d,t =(1−P risk )·(−log 2P RM )(5)where w d,t is the weight of the term t in document d ,qtw =qtf qtf max ,qtf is the frequency of t in the query q ,and qtf max is the maximum qtf in q .If P RM is estimatedusing the Poisson randomness model,P risk is estimated using the Laplace after-effect model,and tfn is computed according to normalisation 2,then the resulting weight-ing model is denotedby PL2.The factorial is approximated using Stirling’s formula:tf !=√2π·tftf +0.5e −tf .The DFR framework generates a wide range of weighting models by using different randomness models,information gain models,or term frequency normalisation models.For example,the next section describes how normalisation 2is extended to handle the normalisation and weighting of term frequencies for different document ﬁelds.Multinomial Randomness Models for Retrieval with Document Fields31 2.2DFR Models for Document FieldsThe DFR framework has been extended to handle multiple documentﬁelds,and to apply per-ﬁeld term frequency normalisation and weighting.This is achieved by ex-tending normalisation2,and introducing normalisation2F[7],which is explained below.Suppose that a document has kﬁelds.Each occurrence of a term can be assigned to exactly oneﬁeld.The frequency tf i of term t in the i-thﬁeld is normalised and weighted independently of the otherﬁelds.Then,the normalised and weighted term frequencies are combined into one pseudo-frequency tfn2F:tfn2F=ki=1w i·tf i log21+c i·l il i(6)where w i is the relative importance or weight of the i-thﬁeld,tf i is the frequency of t in the i-thﬁeld of document d,l i is the length of the i-thﬁeld in d,l i is the average length of the i-thﬁeld in the collection D,and c i is a hyperparameter for the i-thﬁeld.The above formula corresponds to normalisation2F.The weighting model PL2F corresponds to PL2using tfn2F as given in Equation(6).The well-known BM25 weighting model has also been extended in a similar way to BM25F[17].3Multinomial Randomness ModelsThis section introduces DFR models which,instead of extending the term frequency normalisation component,as described in the previous section,use documentﬁelds as part of the randomness model.While the weighting model PL2F has been shown to perform particularly well[7,8],the documentﬁelds are not an integral part of the ran-domness weighting model.Indeed,the combination of evidence from the differentﬁelds takes place as a linear combination of normalised frequencies in the term frequency nor-malisation component.This implies that the term frequencies are drawn from the same distribution,even though the nature of eachﬁeld may be different.We propose two weighting models,which,instead of assuming that term frequen-cies inﬁelds are drawn from the same distribution,use multinomial distributions to incorporate documentﬁelds in a theoretically driven way.Theﬁrst one is based on the multinomial distribution(Section3.1),and the second one is based on an information theoretic approximation of the multinomial distribution(Section3.2).3.1Multinomial DistributionWe employ the multinomial distribution to compute the probability that a term appears a given number of times in each of theﬁelds of a document.The formula of the weighting model is derived as follows.Suppose that a document d has kﬁelds.The probability that a term occurs tf i times in the i-thﬁeld f i,is given as follows:P M(t∈d|D)=T Ftf1tf2...tf k tfp tf11p tf22...p tf kkp tf (7)32V .Plachouras and I.OunisIn the above equation,T F is the frequency of term t in the collection,p i =1k ·N is the prior probability that a term occurs in a particular ﬁeld of document d ,and N is the number of documents in the collection D .The frequency tf =T F − ki =1tf i cor-responds to the number of occurrences of t in other documents than d .The probability p =1−k 1k ·N =N −1N corresponds to the probability that t does not appear in any of the ﬁelds of d .The DFR weighting model is generated using the multinomial distribution from Equation (7)as a randomness model,the Laplace after-effect from Equation (3),and replacing tf i with the normalised term frequency tfn i ,obtained by applying normal-isation 2from Equation (4).The relevance score of a document d for a query q is computed as follows:w d,q = t ∈q qtw ·w d,t = t ∈qqtw ·(1−P risk )· −log 2(P M (t ∈d |D )=t ∈q qtw k i =1tfn i +1· −log 2(T F !)+k i =1 log 2(tfn i !)−tfn i log 2(p i ) +log 2(tfn !)−tfn log 2(p ) (8)where qtw is the weight of a term t in query q ,tfn =T F − k i =1tfn i ,tfn i =tf i ·log 2(1+c i ·li l i )for the i -th ﬁeld,and c i is the hyperparameter of normalisation 2for the i -th ﬁeld.The weighting model introduced in the above equation is denoted by ML2,where M stands for the multinomial randomness model,L stands for the Laplace after-effect model,and 2stands for normalisation 2.Before continuing,it is interesting to note two issues related to the introduced weight-ing model ML2,namely setting the relative importance,or weight,of ﬁelds in the do-cument representation,and the computation of factorials.Weights of ﬁelds.In Equation (8),there are two different ways to incorporate weights for the ﬁelds of documents.The ﬁrst one is to multiply each of the normalised term frequencies tfn i with a constant w i ,in a similar way to normalisation 2F (see Equa-tion (6)):tfn i :=w i ·tfn i .The second way is to adjust the prior probabilities p i of ﬁelds,in order to increase the scores assigned to terms occurring in ﬁelds with low prior probabilities:p i :=p i w i .Indeed,the assigned score to a query term occurring in a ﬁeld with low probability is high,due to the factor −tfn i log 2(p i )in Equation (8).Computing factorials.As mentioned in Section 2.1,the factorial in the weighting model PL2is approximated using Stirling’s formula.A different method to approximate the factorial is to use the approximation of Lanczos to the Γfunction [12,p.213],which has a lower approximation error than Stirling’s formula.Indeed,preliminary experi-mentation with ML2has shown that using Stirling’s formula affects the performance of the weighting model,due to the accumulation of the approximation error from com-puting the factorial k +2times (k is the number of ﬁelds).This is not the case for the Poisson-based weighting models PL2and PL2F,where there is only one factorial com-putation for each query term (see Equation (2)).Hence,the computation of factorials in Equation (8)is performed using the approximation of Lanczos to the Γfunction.Multinomial Randomness Models for Retrieval with Document Fields33 3.2Approximation to the Multinomial DistributionThe DFR framework generates different models by replacing the binomial randomness model with its limiting forms,such as the Poisson randomness model.In this section, we introduce a new weighting model by replacing the multinomial randomness model in ML2with the following information theoretic approximation[13]:T F!tf1!tf2!···tf k!tf !p1tf1p2tf2···p k tf k p tf ≈1√2πT F k2−T F·Dtf iT F,p ip t1p t2···p tk p t(9)Dtf iT F,p icorresponds to the information theoretic divergence of the probability p ti=tf iT Fthat a term occurs in aﬁeld,from the prior probability p i of theﬁeld:D tfiT F,p i=ki=1tfiT Flog2tf iT F·p i+tfT Flog2tfT F·p(10)where tf =T F− ki=1tf i.Hence,the multinomial randomness model M in theweighting model ML2can be replaced by its approximation from Equation(9):w d,q=t∈q qtw·k2log2(2πT F)ki=1tfn i+1·ki=1tfn i log2tfn i/T Fp i+12log2tfn iT F+tfn log2tfn /T Fp+12log2tfnT F(11)The above model is denoted by M D L2.The deﬁnitions of the variables involved in theabove equation have been introduced in Section3.1.It should be noted that the information theoretic divergence Dtf iT F,p iis deﬁnedonly when tf i>0for1≤i≤k.In other words,Dtf iT F,p iis deﬁned only whenthere is at least one occurrence of a query term in all theﬁelds.This is not always the case,because a Web document may contain all the query terms in its body,but it may contain only some of the query terms in its title.To overcome this issue,the weight of a query term t in a document is computed by considering only theﬁelds in which the term t appears.The weights of differentﬁelds can be deﬁned in the same way as in the case of the weighting model ML2,as described in Section3.1.In more detail,the weighting of ﬁelds can be achieved by either multiplying the frequency of a term in aﬁeld by a constant,or by adjusting the prior probability of the correspondingﬁeld.An advantage of the weighting model M D L2is that,because it approximates the multinomial distribution,there is no need to compute factorials.Hence,it is likely to provide a sufﬁciently accurate approximation to the multinomial distribution,and it may lead to improved retrieval effectiveness compared to ML2,due to the lower accu-mulated numerical errors.The experimental results in Section4.2will indeed conﬁrm this advantage of M D L2.34V.Plachouras and I.Ounis4Experimental EvaluationIn this section,we evaluate the proposed multinomial DFR models ML2and M D L2, and compare their performance to that of PL2F,which has been shown to be particu-larly effective[7,8].A comparison of the retrieval effectiveness of PL2F and BM25F has shown that the two models perform equally well on various search tasks and test collections[11],including those employed in this work.Hence,we experiment only with the multinomial models and PL2F.Section4.1describes the experimental setting, and Section4.2presents the evaluation results.4.1Experimental SettingThe evaluation of the proposed models is conducted with TREC Web test collection,a crawl of approximately1.25million documents from domain.The .Gov collection has been used in the TREC Web tracks between2002and2004[2,3,4]. In this work,we employ the tasks from the Web tracks of TREC2003and2004,because they include both informational tasks,such as the topic distillation(td2003and td2004, respectively),as well as navigational tasks,such as named pageﬁnding(np2003and np2004,respectively)and home pageﬁnding(hp2003and hp2004,respectively).More speciﬁcally,we train and test for each type of task independently,in order to get insight on the performance of the proposed models[15].We employ each of the tasks from the TREC2003Web track for training the hyperparameters of the proposed models.Then, we evaluate the models on the corresponding tasks from the TREC2004Web track.In the reported set of experiments,we employ k=3documentﬁelds:the contents of the<BODY>tag of Web documents(b),the anchor text associated with incoming hyperlinks(a),and the contents of the<TITLE>tag(t).Moreﬁelds can be deﬁned for other types ofﬁelds,such as the contents of the heading tags<H1>for example. It has been shown,however,that the body,title and anchor textﬁelds are particularly effective for the considered search tasks[11].The collection of documents is indexed after removing stopwords and applying Porter’s stemming algorithm.We perform the experiments in this work using the Terrier IR platform[10].The proposed models ML2and M D L2,as well as PL2F,have a range of hyperpa-rameters,the setting of which can affect the retrieval effectiveness.More speciﬁcally,all three weighting models have two hyperparameters for each employed documentﬁeld: one related to the term frequency normalisation,and a second one related to the weight of thatﬁeld.As described in Sections3.1and3.2,there are two ways to deﬁne the weights ofﬁelds for the weighting models ML2and M D L2:(i)multiplying the nor-malised frequency of a term in aﬁeld;(ii)adjusting the prior probability p i of the i-th ﬁeld.Theﬁeld weights in the case of PL2F are only deﬁned in terms of multiplying the normalised term frequency by a constant w i,as shown in Equation(6).In this work,we consider only the term frequency normalisation hyperparameters, and we set all the weights ofﬁelds to1,in order to avoid having one extra parameter in the discussion of the performance of the weighting models.We set the involved hyperparameters c b,c a,and c t,for the body,anchor text,and titleﬁelds,respectively, by directly optimising mean average precision(MAP)on the training tasks from the Web track of TREC2003.We perform a3-dimensional optimisation to set the valuesMultinomial Randomness Models for Retrieval with Document Fields 35of the hyperparameters.The optimisation process is the following.Initially,we apply a simulated annealing algorithm,and then,we use the resulting hyperparameter values as a starting point for a second optimisation algorithm [16],to increase the likelihood of detecting a global maximum.For each of the three training tasks,we apply the above optimisation process three times,and we select the hyperparameter values that result in the highest MAP.We employ the above optimisation process to increase the likelihood that the hyperparameters values result in a global maximum for MAP.Figure 1shows the MAP obtained by ML2on the TREC 2003home page ﬁnding topics,for each iteration of the optimisation process.Table 1reports the hyperparameter values that resulted in the highest MAP for each of the training tasks,and that are used for the experiments in this work.0 0.20.40.60.80 40 80 120 160 200M A PiterationML2Fig.1.The MAP obtained by ML2on the TREC 2003home page ﬁnding topics,during the optimisation of the term frequency normalisation hyperparametersThe evaluation results from the Web tracks of TREC 2003[3]and 2004[4]have shown that employing evidence from the URLs of Web documents results in important improvements in retrieval effectiveness for the topic distillation and home page ﬁnd-ing tasks,where relevant documents are home pages of relevant Web sites.In order to provide a more complete evaluation of the proposed models for these two types of Web search tasks,we also employ the length in characters of the URL path,denoted by URLpathlen ,using the following formula to transform it to a relevance score [17]:w d,q :=w d,q +ω·κκ+URLpathlen (12)where w d,q is the relevance score of a document.The parameters ωand κare set by per-forming a 2-dimensional optimisation as described for the case of the hyperparameters c i .The resulting values for ωand κare shown in Table 2.4.2Evaluation ResultsAfter setting the hyperparameter values of the proposed models,we evaluate the models with the search tasks from TREC 2004Web track [4].We report the ofﬁcial TREC evaluation measures for each search task:mean average precision (MAP)for the topic distillation task (td2004),and mean reciprocal rank (MRR)of the ﬁrst correct answer for both named page ﬁnding (np2004)and home page ﬁnding (hp2004)tasks.36V.Plachouras and I.OunisTable1.The values of the hyperparameters c b,c a,and c t,for the body,anchor text and titleﬁelds,respectively,which resulted in the highest MAP on the training tasks of TREC2003Web trackML2Task c b c a c ttd20030.0738 4.326810.8220np20030.1802 4.70578.4074hp20030.1926310.3289624.3673M D L2Task c b c a c ttd20030.256210.038324.6762np20031.02169.232121.3330hp20030.4093355.2554966.3637PL2FTask c b c a c ttd20030.1400 5.0527 4.3749np20031.015311.96529.1145hp20030.2785406.1059414.7778Table2.The values of the hyperparameters ωandκ,which resulted in the high-est MAP on the training topic distillation (td2003)and home pageﬁnding(hp2003) tasks of TREC2003Web trackML2Taskωκtd20038.809514.8852hp200310.66849.8822M D L2Taskωκtd20037.697412.4616hp200327.067867.3153PL2FTaskωκtd20037.36388.2178hp200313.347628.3669Table3presents the evaluation results for the proposed models ML2,M D L2,and the weighting model PL2F,as well as their combination with evidence from the URLs of documents(denoted by appending U to the weighting model’s name).When only the documentﬁelds are employed,the multinomial weighting models have similar perfor-mance compared to the weighting model PL2F.The weighting models PL2F and M D L2 outperform ML2for both topic distillation and home pageﬁnding tasks.For the named pageﬁnding task,ML2results in higher MRR than M D L2and PL2F.Using the Wilcoxon signed rank test,we tested the signiﬁcance of the differences in MAP and MRR between the proposed new multinomial models and PL2F.In the case of the topic distillation task td2004,PL2F and M D L2were found to perform statistically signiﬁcantly better than ML2,with p<0.001in both cases.There was no statistically signiﬁcant difference between PL2F and M D L2.Regarding the named pageﬁnding task np2004,there is no statistically signiﬁcant difference between any of the three proposed models.For the home pageﬁnding task hp2004,only the difference between ML2and PL2F was found to be statistically signiﬁcant(p=0.020).Regarding the combination of the weighting models with the evidence from the URLs of Web documents,Table3shows that PL2FU and M D L2U outperform ML2U for td2004.The differences in performance are statistically signiﬁcant,with p=0.002 and p=0.012,respectively,but there is no signiﬁcant difference in the retrieval ef-fectiveness between PL2FU and M D L2U.When considering hp2004,we can see that PL2F outperforms the multinomial weighting models.The only statistically signiﬁcant difference in MRR was found between PL2FU and M D L2FU(p=0.012).Multinomial Randomness Models for Retrieval with Document Fields37 Table3.Evaluation results for the weighting models ML2,M D L2,and PL2F on the TREC 2004Web track topic distillation(td2004),named pageﬁnding(np2004),and home pageﬁnding (hp2004)tasks.ML2U,M D L2U,and PL2FU correspond to the combination of each weighting model with evidence from the URL of documents.The table reports mean average precision (MAP)for the topic distillation task,and mean reciprocal rank(MRR)of theﬁrst correct answer for the named pageﬁnding and home pageﬁnding tasks.ML2U,M D L2U and PL2FU are evalu-ated only for td2004and hp2004,where the relevant documents are home pages(see Section4.1).Task ML2M D L2PL2FMAPtd20040.12410.13910.1390MRRnp20040.69860.68560.6878hp20040.60750.62130.6270Task ML2U M D L2U PL2FUMAPtd20040.19160.20120.2045MRRhp20040.63640.62200.6464A comparison of the evaluation results with the best performing runs submitted to the Web track of TREC2004[4]shows that the combination of the proposed mod-els with the evidence from the URLs performs better than the best performing run of the topic distillation task in TREC2004,which achieved MAP0.179.The performance of the proposed models is comparable to that of the most effective method for the named pageﬁnding task(MRR0.731).Regarding the home pageﬁnding task,the dif-ference is greater between the performance of the proposed models with evidence from the URLs,and the best performing methods in the same track(MRR0.749).This can be explained in two ways.First,the over-ﬁtting of the parametersωandκon the training task may result in lower performance for the test task.Second,usingﬁeld weights may be more effective for the home pageﬁnding task,which is a high precision task,where the correct answers to the queries are documents of a very speciﬁc type.From the results in Table3,it can be seen that the model M D L2,which employs the information theoretic approximation to the multinomial distribution,signiﬁcantly outperforms the model ML2,which employs the multinomial distribution,for the topic distillation task.As discussed in Section3.2,this may suggest that approximating the multinomial distribution is more effective than directly computing it,because of the number of computations involved,and the accumulated small approximation errors from the computation of the factorial.The difference in performance may be greater if more documentﬁelds are considered.Overall,the evaluation results show that the proposed multinomial models ML2and M D L2have a very similar performance to that of PL2F for the tested search tasks. None of the models outperforms the others consistently for all three tested tasks,and the weighting models M D L2and PL2F achieve similar levels of retrieval effectiveness. The next section discusses some points related to the new multinomial models.。

LEC-2

目
1。磁场基本理论
录
自动控制元件及线路-2
- 电气控制常识
-磁场基本物理量
-电磁基础定律
2。电气控制常识 -线路、线缆
-低压电器
3。电控线路举例
哈尔滨工业大学航天学院控制与仿真中心
哈尔滨工业大学航天学院控制与仿真中心
1 磁场基本理论
电磁元件是利用磁场做媒介来实现信息（或能量）传递（或转换）的装置。磁场产生: 由永久磁铁产生由电流产生直流磁场交流磁场
哈尔滨工业大学航天学院控制与仿真中心
路的平均长度L=0.3m，铁心的相对磁导率为5000，套装在铁心上的励磁绕组为500匝。试求在铁心中产生1T的磁通密度时，所需的励磁磁动势和励磁电流。解用安培环路定律来求解。磁场强度 1 HB 159 A / m FFe 5000 4 10 7
B I
（a）导线在任意磁场中受力
F
B
I
（b）导线在均匀磁场中受力（空间磁场中的导线受力）
电感不变的线圈
e = -L
dI dt
dF=IdlB = IdlBsinθ
哈尔滨工业大学航天学院控制与仿真中心
哈尔滨工业大学航天学院控制与仿真中心
1-2
磁路的基本定律
（均匀磁场中的导线受力）
1-2
磁路的基本定律
（H/m）
近似等于真空磁导率。
∮AB•dA =∮ABcosθdA = 0
n θB
μr=μ/μ0
（无单位）
其中：μ — 物质的实际磁导率。
哈尔滨工业大学航天学院控制与仿真中心
哈尔滨工业大学航天学院控制与仿真中心
1-2
磁路的基本定律
根据高斯定律可得到：汇集在一点的多条磁路（分支

IEC_standarization_update

IEC / EN standardizationby Takeshi Haida,CHAdeMO Technical WGAll rights reserved. CHAdeMO AssociationCHAdeMO Europe Annual Member Meeting 2014Topics1All rights reserved. CHAdeMO Association1.IEC standard for DC EV charging station•IEC 61851-23 ed.1 (published)•IEC 61851-24 ed.1 (published)•IEC 62196-3 ed.1 (published)•IEC 61851-21-2 (EMC under discussion)2.to the Europe and Japan Standard•EN, JIS3.NEW work in IEC•MT5 (maintenance project on the IEC61851-23 ed.1 and IEC61851-24 ed.1)Key items of DC EV charging station for International standardization2All rights reserved. CHAdeMO AssociationElectrical Safety Charging Function Charging PerformanceElectrical Safety Charging Function Charging Performance Vehicle CouplerVehicle Coupler Digital CommunicationProtocolDigital Communication Protocol IEC61851‐23IEC61851‐24IEC62196‐3All rights reserved. CHAdeMO AssociationStandardization project and PublicationElectrical Safety Charging Function Charging PerformanceElectrical Safety Charging Function Charging Performance Vehicle CouplerVehicle Coupler Digital CommunicationProtocolDigital Communication Protocol Project 61851‐23Project 61851‐24Project 62196‐3Technical Committee TC69Technical CommitteeTC23 /SC23HIEC61851‐23 edition 1IEC61851‐24 edition 1IEC62196‐3 edition 12010.72011.32010.102014.32014.32014.6All rights reserved. CHAdeMO AssociationStandardization project and PublicationElectrical Safety Charging Function Charging PerformanceElectrical Safety Charging Function Charging Performance Vehicle CouplerVehicle Coupler Digital CommunicationProtocolDigital Communication Protocol Project 61851‐23Project 61851‐24Project 62196‐3Technical Committee TC69Technical CommitteeTC23 /SC23HIEC61851‐23 edition 1IEC61851‐24 edition 1IEC62196‐3 edition 12010.72011.32010.102014.32014.32014.6All rights reserved. CHAdeMO AssociationIntegration of CHAdeMO, GB, CCS into IEC standards CHAdeMOCHAdeMO CCSCCS GBGB System IEC61851‐23 edition 1IEC61851‐24 edition 1IEC62196‐3 edition 1Vehicle Coupler•Annex AA (System A)•Annex BB (System B)•Annex CC (System C)•Annex A •Annex B •Annex CComm. Protocol System Vehicle CouplerComm. Protocol System Vehicle CouplerComm. Protocol •Config. AA •Config. BB •Conffg. EE •Config. FFIEC61851-23 (Charging System, Safety, etc.) Master standard of DC charging master standard•Requirements and measures for Electrical safety•Necessary functions for charging•Charge performance•Specific system requirements（61851‐24 specifics digital communication.)AC PowerTraction batteryCommunicationcontrol Communication controllerCable & ConnectorＥＶDC ChargerBuildingPower converterAll rights reserved. CHAdeMO AssociationAll rights reserved. CHAdeMO AssociationIEC61851-24 (Digital communication protocol)Quick ChargerVehicleSignal the start-of-charging setup (‘d1’on)Start CAN communication (‘f’on)Compatibility checkControl output currentMonitor charging errors and charging timerReceive charging termination signal (‘j’off)Terminate charging session (‘d1’, ‘d2’off)Unlock the connectorTransmit charger parameters: Available output voltage/current, Error thresholds etc.Receive charging permission signal (‘j‘on)Lock the connector and perform insulation test Signal the completion of charger setup (‘d2’on)Transmit battery parameters: Target charge voltage, battery capacity, maximum charging time etc.Signal the completion of vehicle setup (‘k’on)Receive charging start signal (‘g’on)Turn on EV main relaysCalculate optimal current based on battery condition Transmit current order value (every 100msec)Monitor supplied current and errorConfirm that DC current on main circuit is below 5A Turn off EV main relaysTerminate charging session (‘k’off)Compatibility checkCharging current controlSignal the completion of battery chargingTerminate outputting currentBattery energy has reached the threshold valueAll rights reserved. CHAdeMO AssociationIEC62196-3 (DC vehicle coupler)Dimensional Communication ConnectorrequirementsProtocolCAN PLCConfiguration AA CHAdeMO (Japan)(System A)Configuration EE COMBO 1 (US)Configuration BB GB/T (PRC)(System B)Configuration FF COMBO 2 (DE)(System C)All rights reserved. CHAdeMO AssociationRelationship of CHAdeMO spec. and IECIEC standardsCHAdeMO Specifications•Including detail technical information for charger and vehicle manufacture. •Timely reflecting market needs.•Essences and principal for ensuring electrical safety, power quality, design consistency.•Maintenance process through international consensus buildingEurope and Japan Industrial Standard Final Draft of61851‐23, 61851‐24, 62196‐3Voting at IEC Parallel voting at CELENEC IEC61851‐23 (published 2014.3)IEC61851‐24 (published 2014.3)IEC62196‐3 (published 2014.6)EN61851‐23 (published)EN61851‐24 (published)EN62196‐3 (approved & before publicationJapanese Industrial Standards Committee JIS D61851‐23 (2014.10)*JIS D61851‐24 (2014.10)*JIS D62196‐3 (2014.10)*Including small localizationAll rights reserved. CHAdeMO AssociationNEW WorksAll rights reserved. CHAdeMO Association ⏹IEC TC69 launch maintenance project for IEC61851-23 and 61851-24⏹Several new topics includes, such as:•Multiple outlet or Multi-standards chargers•Pluggable or Movable charger•Bi-directional power•DC-DC•Test specification•Etc.⏹Kick off meeting is held from Nov. 4 to Nov. 7 in TokyoThank youAll rights reserved. CHAdeMO Association。

电气英文缩写

火力发电站常用英语技术词汇（电气部分）A List of Abbreviations and Symbols in English-Chinese（Electric part）ALIGN Alignment 校正AC Alternating Current 交流电ALM Alarm 报警AMP Ampere 安培AX THR BRG Axis Thrust Bearing 轴向推力，轴承AUTO Automation 自动AUX Auxiliary 辅助的BYPS Bypass 旁路BNR Burner 燃烧器CPL Control Pannel Local 就地控制盘CPM Control Pannel Main 主控盘CRT Cathode Ray Tube 屏幕显示CT Current Transformer 变流器CB Cut Breaker 开关CMPR Compressor 压缩机CNDNR Conditioner 调节器CNTL Control 控制CNTLE Controller 控制器CONDTY Conductivity 导电率CIR Circuit 回路COUPI Coupling 藕合，连接CP Condensate Polisher 除盐装置CS Control Switch 控制开关DC Direct Current 直流电DEV Deviation 偏差DIFFRL Y Differential Relay 差动继电器DIST Disturbance 故障DSCH Discharge 排出EP Electrical Static Precipitator 电除尘EFF Efficiency 效率EO Electric Operate 电气操作EQ Equipment 设备ER Error 误差ESC Escape 逃逸ESS Engineering Safety System 保安系统EU Engineering Unit 工程单位FDBK Feedback 反馈FCB Field circuit breaker 灭磁开关FA Failure Alarm 故障报警FD Forced Draft 强制通风FDF Forced Draft Fan 送风机1FLD Field 磁场FLG Flange 法兰FREQ Frequency 频率GND Ground 接地GC Generator Cooling 发电机冷却GEN Generator 发电机GMT Generator Main Trandformer 发电机变压器HS Hand Switch 手动开关H Hand 手动的HMDY Humidity 湿度INTLK Interlock 联锁IC Instrument and Control 仪表与控制（热工）INST Instrument 仪表INVR Inverter 倒相器，转换开关I /O Input/Output 输入/输出JA Power active 有功功率JF Power factor 功率因数JH Power horse load 厂用电率JR Power reactive 无功功率KA KWH active 有功电度Forward KA 正向有功电度Backward KA 反向有功电度KR KWH active 有功电度Forward KR 正向无功电度Backward KR 反向无功电度LUB Lubricate 润滑油LP Low Pressure 低压LSH Local Switch Hand 就地开关LUB OIL Lube Oil 润滑油M Mechanical 机械Motor 马达MAG Magnetic 磁性MOD Mode 方式M/A Manual/Automatic 手动/自动MAN Manual 手动MEAS Measure 测量MFT Master Fuel Trip 主燃料切断MIN Minimal 最小的MKUP (MU) Make-up 补充M.O. Manual Operate 手操MORTE Moter control center 动力控制中心MPT Main Power Transformer 主变压器OL Overload 过载OPER Operation 运行OSC Oscillograph 示波器OTLT Outlet 出口PC Power Centre 动力中心PC Pressure Controller 压力控制器2PF Power Factor 功率因数PMG Permanent Magnet Generater 永磁机PRO Protection 保护PROGR Program 程序RECT Rectifier 整流器RET Return 返回ROT Rotor 转子RPM Revolutions per minite 转/分RTU Remote Telemetry Unit 遥测装置SAT Saturate 饱和的SCN Scanner 控制器Shut-Down 停止运行SG Switchgear 开关装置SH-DN Shut-Down 切除SLS Seals 密封SO Shut Off 关闭SPD Speed 转速SST S stand-up/stand-by transformer 高压起动/备用变压器ST Start 启动，开始STD-BY Stand By 备用ST System 系统STM Steam 蒸汽STR Stator 定子STRNR Strainer 滤器SU Start Up 启动SV Solenoid Valve 电磁阀Shut Off Valve 关断阀SW Switch 开关TE Temperature Element 测量元件TG Turbine-generator 汽轮发电机Turbine-gear 汽机盘车THERM Thermal 热力的TRANS Transfer 转换TRBL Trouble 故障TRKG Tracking 跟踪TURB Turbine 汽机UA T U nit auxiliary transformer 高压厂用变压器UPS 不停电电电源V AC Vacuum 真空V AL Value 数值VB Vibration 振动VLV Valve 阀门WH Watthour 瓦小时WP Work Point 工作点WX Watt Transducer 功率转换器CV Control Valve 控制阀PS Position Switch 状态开关，位置开关3PT Position Transmitter 状态变送器ON …………………………………………………………………………………开（状态）OFF …………………………………………………………………………………关（状态）OPEN……………………………………………………………………开(状态，常指阀门）CLOSE …………………………………………………………………关（状态，常指阀门）START………………………………………………………………………………………启动STOP…………………………………………………………………………………………停止STARTUP …………………………………………………………………………起动；启动SHUTDOWN ………………………………………………………………………………停机STAND BY…………………………………………………………………………………备用ALARM ……………………………………………………………………………………报警OPERATE…………………………………………………………………………运行；操作TRIP………………………………………………………………………………………跳闸TEST………………………………………………………………………………………试验INDICATION；DISPLAY …………………………………………………………指示；显示INLET …………………………………………………………………………………内，入口OUTLET…………………………………………………………………………………外，出口INPUT ………………………………………………………………………………………输入OUTPUT………………………………………………………………………………………输出SIDE ………………………………………………………………………………（某）侧，边A/M：AUTOMATION/MANUAL……………………………………………………自动/手动AUX：AUXILIARY ………………………………………………………………………辅助A/H：AUTOMATION/HAND ………………………………………………………自动/手动LOC：LOCAL …………………………………………………………………………就地REM：REMOTE ……………………………………………………………………………摇控P：PRESSURE………………………………………………………………………………压力T：TEMPERATURE………………………………………………………………………温度F：FLOW……………………………………………………………………………………流量S：SPEED……………………………………………………………………………………速度R：RATE ……………………………………………………………………………比率，速率L：LOAD…………………………………………………………………………负荷，负载R：RISSTANCE ……………………………………………………………………………电阻4POWER………………………………………………………………………………功率，电源R．P．M……………………………………………………………………………………转/分MW：MEGAWATT…………………………………………………………………………兆瓦PARAMETER ………………………………………………………………………………参数KW：KILOWATT……………………………………………………………………………千瓦HIGH……………………………………………………………………………………………高INTERMEDIATE………………………………………………………………………………中LOW……………………………………………………………………………………………低SILENCER ……………………………………………………………………消音器，报警消除ZOOM……………………………………………………………………摄像机镜头，移向目标SYSTEM………………………………………………………………………………………系统BYPASS ……………………………………………………………………………………旁路PIPE；TUBE………………………………………………………………………管道，管子VALVE……………………………………………………………………………………阀门MCS：MANAGMENT COMMAND SYSTEM………………………………管理命令系统UNIT ………………………………………………………………………………………单元PRINT…………………………………………………………………………………………打印SYMBOL……………………………………………………………………………………符号CURVE，LINE………………………………………………………………………曲线，线PANEL …………………………………………………………………………………………盘DESK……………………………………………………………………………………台，桌ROOM …………………………………………………………………………………………室STATION…………………………………………………………………………………………站PLANT………………………………………………………………………………………厂，站I＆C：INSTRUMENT AND CONTROL………………………………………仪表与控制MODE ………………………………………………………………………………方式，模式SET POINT ……………………………………………………………………………设定值TRANSMITTIER ；TRANSDUCER………………………………………变送器；传感器COMPUTER …………………………………………………………………………计算机KEYBOARD………………………………………………………………………………键盘CODE ……………………………………………………………………………代码；编码DATA ……………………………………………………………………数据；文件；资料5DISK…………………………………………………………………………………………磁盘DIGIT…………………………………………………………………………………………数字FIGURE………………………………………………………………………………………图示STATIC ……………………………………………………………………………………静态DYNAMIC ；DYNAMICAL……………………………………………………………动态TRIP ACKNOW……………………………………………………………………跳闸确认COLD START—UP ………………………………………………………………冷态启动WARM START—UP…………………………………………………………………温态启动HOT START—UP……………………………………………………………………热态启动RESET ………………………………………………………………………………………复位SELECT ……………………………………………………………………………………选择UNAVAIL……………………………………………………………………不允许(不能投用的) FAST …………………………………………………………………………………………快SLOW …………………………………………………………………………………………慢NORMAL ……………………………………………………………………………………正常INCREASE……………………………………………………………………………………增加DECREAS …………………………………………………………………………………减少RUNBACK................................................................快速减负荷STEAM TURBINE……………………………………………………………………汽轮机TURBINE GENERATOR……………………………………………………………汽轮发电机组STATOR………………………………………………………………………………………定子ROTOR………………………………………………………………………………………转子BEARING……………………………………………………………………………………轴承SHAFT……………………………………………………………………………………………轴BLADE…………………………………………………………………………………………叶片BARRING……………………………………………………………………………………盘车NOZZLE………………………………………………………………………………………喷嘴FLANGE………………………………………………………………………………………法兰SEAL…………………………………………………………………………………………密封BEARING BRASS…………………………………………………………………………轴瓦GEN. SHAFT SEAL &STATOR WIND………………………发电机密封及静子绕组CURRENT…………………………………………………………………………………电流6VOLTAGE…………………………………………………………………………………电压RESISTANCE………………………………………………………………………………电阻REACTANCE………………………………………………………………………………电抗INDUCTANCE……………………………………………………………………………电感CAPACITANCE……………………………………………………………………………电容AMPERE……………………………………………………………………………………安培VOLT(V)……………………………………………………………………………………伏特OHM…………………………………………………………………………………………欧姆WATT………………………………………………………………………………………瓦特KILOWATT…………………………………………………………………………………千瓦MEGAWATT………………………………………………………………………………兆瓦POWER……………………………………………………………………………………功率FREQUENCE………………………………………………………………………………频率SPEED………………………………………………………………………………速率，转速WATTFUL POWER…………………………………………………………………有功功率REACTANCE CAPACITY…………………………………………………………………无功LOAD………………………………………………………………………………………负荷POWER FACTOR……………………………………………………………………功率因数LOSS ………………………………………………………………………………………损耗DIRECT CURRENT (DC)…………………………………………………………………直流ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)………………………………………………………交流OVER CURRENT…………………………………………………………………………过流OVVER VOLTAGE ………………………………………………………………………过压OVERLOAD………………………………………………………………………………过载EXCITE……………………………………………………………………………………励磁LOAD FLOW …………………………………………………………………负荷潮流分布TRANSMISSION…………………………………………………………………………传输BASE LOAD………………………………………………………………………………基荷PEAK LOAD………………………………………………………………………………峰荷CARRIER……………………………………………………………………………………载波COMMUNICATION………………………………………………………………………通讯TELEPHONE………………………………………………………………………………电话7LIGHT………………………………………………………………………………………照明SIGNAL………………………………………………………………………………………信号FIELD………………………………………………………………………………………磁场LINE ………………………………………………………………………………………线路GENERATOR …………………………………………………………………………发电机AERIAL LINE……………………………………………………………………………架空线CUTERNATOR……………………………………………………………………同步发电机BUS…………………………………………………………………………………………母线EXCITOR…………………………………………………………………………………励磁机BUSBAR FRAME………………………………………………………………………母线架MOTOR…………………………………………………………………………………电动机BUSCOUPLER……………………………………………………………………………母联ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR………………………………………………………异步电动机INSULATOR……………………………………………………………………………绝缘子BRUSH………………………………………………………………………………………电刷BUSHING …………………………………………………………………………………套管ARMATURE………………………………………………………………………………电枢TRANSFORMER………………………………………………………………………变压器COIL…………………………………………………………………………………………线圈MAIN TRANSFORMER STEP-UP TRANSFORMER………………………………主变WINDING…………………………………………………………………………………绕组UNIT TRANSFORMER…………………………………………………………………单元变CORE………………………………………………………………………………………铁芯START UP TRANSFORMER…………………………………………………………启动变POLE………………………………………………………………………………………电极BACK UP TRANSFORMER…………………………………………………………备用变PHASE…………………………………………………………………………………………相POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER……………………………………………………电压互感器PHASE ANGLE …………………………………………………………………………相角CURRENT TRANSFORMER ……………………………………………………电流互感器CONDUCTOR …………………………………………………………………………导体CABLE …………………………………………………………………………………电缆8ANGLE OF LEAD………………………………………………………………………超前角CIRCUIT BREAKER……………………………………………………………………断路器ANGLE OF LAG………………………………………………………………………滞后角SWITCH…………………………………v………………………………………………开关NEUTRAL POINT………………………………………………………………………中性点AUTOFORMER…………………………………………………………………………自藕变GROUND(EARTH) ………………………………………………………………………接地DISCONNECTOR …………………………………………………………………隔离开关DIESEL GENERATOR …………………………………………………………柴油发电机AUXI TRANSFORMER ……………………………………………………………厂用变SWITCHGEAR ………………………………………………………………………配电盘BULB ……………………………………………………………………………………灯泡CLOSE ……………………………………………………………………………………合闸BATTERY…………………………………………………………………………………电池TRIP ………………………………………………………………………………………跳闸CATHODE ………………………………………………………………………………阴极RECLOSING …………………………………………………………………………重合闸ANODE……………………………………………………………………………………阳极AUTORECLOSING ………………………………………………………………自动重合闸CHARGING EQUIPMENT ………………………………………………………充电设备COMBINED RECLOSING ………………………………………………………综合重合闸BUS SECTION ……………………………………………………………………母线分段COMMON TRANSFORMER.................................................公用变CONNECTING BREAKER.................................................联络开关GAS ………………………………………………………………………………………瓦斯PLUG ……………………………………………………………………………………插头ARC……………………………………………………………………………………………电弧PLUG SOCKET……………………………………………………………………………插座HARDWARE…………………………………………………………………………………硬件CLOSED-LOOP ……………………………………………………………………………闭环OPEN-LOOP ………………………………………………………………………………开环BUS …………………………………………………………………………………………母线9DISK…………………………………………………………………………………………磁盘CPU(CENTARL PROCESSING UNIT)…………………………………………中心处理机RETURN………………………………………………………………………………………回车ABNORMAL CONDITION……………………………………………………………异常状态DLS……………………………………………………………………………………数字逻辑站DIS……………………………………………………………………………………数字显示站DCS ………………………………………………………………………………数字控制站CONFIGURATION……………………………………………………………结构，布置，外形VDU …………………………………………………………………………………可见显示屏SUPERVISORS DESK…………………………………………………………………值长台UNIT CONTROL DESK…………………………………………………………机组控制台EHV MIMIC PANEL ……………………………………………………电气高压模拟屏COMMON SERVICES LOGIC SUITE……………………………………公用系统逻辑柜CRT…………………………………………………………………………………………显示屏ADS(ALARM DISPLAY SELECT PANELS)……………………………报警显示选择屏CIU ……………………………………………………………………………计算机接口单元BATTERY BACKED CLOCK…………………………………………………电池备用时钟INTERFACE…………………………………………………………………………………接口E.W.S. ………………………………………………………………………………工程师工作站DAS…………………………………………………………………………………数据采集系统CCR…………………………………………………………………………………………中控室MCC…………………………………………………………………………………马达控制中心I.C.S…………………………………………………………………………数字控制站终端模件TSE…………………………………………………………………………………汽机监视设备UIU……………………………………………………………………………操作员站接口单元MFC………………………………………………………………………………多功能控制器MONITERING………………………………………………………………………………监测TRANSMITTIER ………………………………………………………………………变送器AUTOMATION FOLLOWING………………………………………………………自动跟踪EXCEPTION REPORT………………………………………………………………例外报告THREE ELEMENT LEVEL CONTROLLER…………………………三冲量水位控制器TIME DELAY…………………………………………………………………………时间延迟10SCR CONTROLLER………………………………………………………可控硅整流控制器DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM…………………………………………分散控制系统UN/NTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY…………………………………………不间断电源THERMOCOUPLES……………………………………………………………………热电偶IND………………………………………………………………………………………指示器RATED…………………………………………………………………………………….额定PANEL……………………………………………………………………………………配电盘SWITCHBOARD…………………………………………………………………………….开关柜LOCAL CONTROL ………………………………………………………………………..就地控制RELAY …………………………………………………………………………………继电器SETING………………………………………………………………………………….定值FUSE……………………………………………………………………………………..熔断器GENERATER………………………………………………………………………………发电机BATTERY…………………………………………………………………………………电池CHARGE …………………………………………………………………………………充电WINDING ………………………………………………………………………………绕组AMORTISSEUR WINGING………………………………………………………………阻尼绕组CONDUIT PACKADE………………………………………………………………………控制箱SHAFT……………………………………………………………………………………轴VENTILATING FAN ………………………………………………………………………通风扇SPACER……………………………………………………………………………………垫片HARMONIC …………………………………………………………………………………谐波HARMONIC CONTENT………………………………………………………………………谐波成分EXCITER……………………………………………………………………………………励磁机INVERTER……………………………………………………………………………………逆变器MOTOR...................................................................电动机INDUCTION MOTOR.........................................................异步电动机SQUIRREL INDUCTION MOTOR................................................鼠笼式异步电动机BEARING ................................................................轴承BEARING SHELL...........................................................轴承套ROLLING BEARING ........................................................滚动轴承SLIP RING...............................................................滑环BRUSH...................................................................电刷EARTHING BRUSH..........................................................接地碳刷CABLE LUG...............................................................电缆鼻子BOLT.....................................................................螺栓NUT......................................................................螺帽SPRING WASHER............................................................弹性垫圈INSULATION................................................................绝缘子INSULATION RESISTANCE.....................................................绝缘电阻PIN INSULATION............................................................针式绝缘子SEAL......................................................................密封圈FILTER....................................................................过滤器PRIME MOVER...............................................................原动机DIESEL GENERATOR..........................................................柴油发电机COMPRESSOR DRIVE..........................................................压缩机POWER SYSTEM..............................................................电力系统PHASE CONECTION...........................................................相序MAINTENANCE ..............................................................维护OVERHAUL..................................................................大修RECONDITIONING............................................................修复POSITIVE..................................................................正序NEGATIVE..................................................................负序ZERO.......................................................................零序RATE OF HOUSE CONSUPTION...................................................厂用电率GROUNDING ISOLATING SWITCH.................................................接地刀闸DISCONNECTION..............................................................断线EQUIPMENT FAULT............................................................装置故障FAULT TRIP.................................................................事故跳闸VOLTAGE REGULATOR..........................................................电压调整器SENSING ...................................................................感应CONPENSATION...............................................................补偿ZIG-ZAG....................................................................Z型接线PARALLELING OPERATION......................................................并列运行TORQUE.....................................................................转矩GOVERNOR...................................................................调速器SWITCH GEAR................................................................开关设备REVERSE POWER..............................................................逆功率MONITOR....................................................................监视CIRCULATING CURRENT........................................................环流LEADING POWER FACTER.......................................................超前的功率因数LAGGING POWER FACTER.......................................................滞后的功率因数INDUCTIVE..................................................................感性的CAPACITIVE.................................................................容性的CROSS CURRENT..............................................................涡流SECONDARY CURRENT..........................................................二次电流SECONDARY INTERCONNECTION LOOP.............................................二次回路AUXILIARY CONTACT..........................................................辅助接点THYRISTOR..................................................................可控硅整流器SCR........................................................................半导体整流器FIRING CIRCUIT..............................................................触发回路VAIRIABLE FREQUENCY.........................................................变频WAVEFORM....................................................................波形DISTORTED WAVEFORM..........................................................畸波AIR GAP ....................................................................气隙CENTRIFUGAL FORCE...........................................................离心力LINE TO LINE VOLTAGE........................................................线电压LINE TO NEUTRAL VOLTAGE.....................................................相电压NAMEPLATE...................................................................铭牌FLASHING....................................................................强励RHEOSTAT....................................................................变阻器JUMPER......................................................................短路片CONNECTION..................................................................接线柱DRIVE DISC..................................................................驱动轮FLY WHEEL...................................................................飞轮SHEAVE WHHEEL...............................................................皮带轮PLOLARITY...................................................................极性OHMMETER....................................................................欧姆表MEGOHMMETER.................................................................兆欧表MULTIMETER..................................................................万用表FREQUENCY...................................................................频率计TACHOMETER..................................................................转速表MEGGER......................................................................摇表SNAP RING PLIER.............................................................卡簧钳CLAMP ON AMMETER............................................................钳型电流表ALLIGATOR...................................................................鳄鱼夹TAPE........................................................................扎带CRIMPING TOOL...............................................................绕线器CABLE TIE...................................................................电缆卡子STRIPPING TOOL..............................................................压线器CONDUIT.....................................................................导线FLEXIBLE CONDUIT............................................................软线ARCING......................................................................拉弧WRENCH......................................................................扳手Assemblie 集合，集结，组装comment 注释，评论standby 备用detector 探测器bracket 支架interlocks 互锁，连锁axial 轴向的accessory 附件fabrication 制作，构成，伪造物vent 通风孔，出烟孔，出口，放出，排出，发泄tank 桶，箱，罐diagram 图表corrosion 侵蚀，腐蚀状态concentration 集中，集合，浓缩，浓度recommend 推荐，介绍，托付，劝告abnormal and normal conditions 变工况和额定工况scale 范围，水垢，水锈，比例，刻度facilitate 推动，促进，使简化multistage 多级的remote control 遥控manhole 人孔，检修孔equivalent 等价物，相等的forging 锻造seat 部位，座socket welding 管座焊接enthalpy 焓estimate 评价，评估，估价parameters 参数，参量nominal 名义上的，额定的，标称的MS—Main Steam 主蒸汽Cycle循环Intercept截止Gage规，表，压力计Taps接头test wells测点插孔thermometer温度计margin余量friction losses磨擦损失solenoid螺线管modulat调整，调节criteria标准short 短路继电保护DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION .................................差动保护STATOR GROUNDING /ZERO SEQUENCE PROTECTION...............定子接地/零序保护WATER-BREAK PROTECTION...................................断水保护UNDER FREQUENCE PROTECTION...............................低频保护OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION..................................过压保护COIL-TO-COIL PROTECTION..................................匝间保护EXCITATION LOSS PROTECTION...............................失磁保护LOSS SYNCHRONISM RAISING PROTECTION......................加速失步保护LOSS SYNCHRONISM REDUCING PROTECTION......................减速失步保护CONVERSE POWER PROTECTION.................................逆功率保护STATOR ONE POINT PROTECTION...............................(发电机)转子一点接地保护DISTANCE PROTECTION.......................................阻抗保护INCOMPLETE PHASE PROTECTION...............................非全相保护FUNCTION LOSS PROTECTION..................................失灵保护ABNORMAL OPERATION PROTECTION.............................误上电保护SYMMETRICAL OVERLOAD (STATE TIME ) PROTECTION.............对称过负荷(定时限)保护SYMMETRICAL OVERLOAD (CONVERSE TIME ) PROTECTION.............对称过负荷(反时限)保护ASYMMETRICAL OVERLOAD (STATE TIME ) PROTECTION.............不对称过负荷(定时限)保护ASYMMETRICAL OVERLOAD (CONVERSE TIME ) PROTECTION.............不对称过负荷(反时限)保护OVER EXCITATION (STATE TIME ) PROTECTION....................过激磁(定时限)保护OVER EXCITATION (CONVERSE TIME ) PROTECTION....................过激磁(反时限)保护START AND STOP PROTECTION....................................起停机保护TRANSFORMER PRESSURE PROTECTION..............................变压器压力释放保护ZERO SEQUENCE OVER CURRENT PROTECTION........................零序电流保护ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENT-VOLTAGE PROTECTION.....................零序电流—电压保护MAIN TRANSFORMER HEAVY GAS PROTECTION........................主变重瓦斯保护MAIN TRANSFORMER LIGHT GAS PROTECTION........................主变轻瓦斯保护FAN OF MAIN TRANSFORMER COOLER START PROTECTION..............主变通风保护BRANCH FAST IN LIMITED TIME PROTECTION ......................分支限时速断保护COMPOUND VOLTAGE-CURRENT PROTECTION..........................复合电压—电流保护。

lec6-网络实例与数据链路层标准

电压 + 周期振幅 time
codec
一排"猫"
ISP1
codec
6 Copyright 2007 YAN Wei. All rights reserved.
调制解调技术
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
ASK用载波的两个不同振幅来表示二个二进制值调幅 FSK载波频率随数字信号改变而载波的幅度恒定调频 PSK载波信号的相位移动表示数据调相
非对称DSL(ADSL)
ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line)
运行在已有普通电话线上的一种新的高速宽带技术.
非对称性
上行速率16~640Kbps) 下行速率(T1/E1~8Mbps)
面向非对称服务
视频点播居家购物 Internet访问多媒体应用等
19 Copyright 2007 YAN Wei. All rights reserved.
第六讲网络实例与数据链路层标准

1
Copyright 2007 YAN Wei. All rights reserved.
数据链路层实例
主要内容
电信网络有线电视 HDLC协议 PPP协议
掌握协议
掌握
阅读
2.5,2.6,2.7 3.6
协议
了解有线电视系统
V系列建议 X系列建议 I系列建议传输系统 DTE

V系列建议 X系列建议 I系列建议
DCE
3
DCE
DTE
Copyright 2007 YAN Wei. All rights reserved.
公共电话交换网络(PSTN)

130nm_CMOS_Logic_process_flow_introduction

1.Poly Photo 150A PEOX 320A SiON poly poly 2.HM etch
PR
PR
3.PR remove
4.Poly etch
5.SiON remove
NLH5AHPO550A
50:1 HF, 5sec+H3PO4 10mins
poly
poly
poly
10
Poly patterning ( 6T SRAM )
0.13/0.12um
Void cause by worse ILD HDP gap fill
PE SION for PID protection LRSIN for CT-ET stop layer
0.13/0.15um
HDP 4750A LRSIN300A SION150A
P+ N-Well P+ N+ P-Well N+
Gate ox.=60A+14.5A gate ox.2
Gate ox. 1+2~70A
Gate ox.=14.5A Gate ox. 2=14.5A
1.2 V NMOS P_WELL1 NLDD1
1.2 V PMOS N_WELL1 PLDD1
Remove the 1st Gate ox NLB85A
8
DUAL GATE
Gate ox. 1=58A 1750A poly
60Å thick gate oxide 14.5Å thin gate oxide
PR
Wet dip NLB85A
Gate ox. 1=60A
gate ox.1
P_WELL2/ NLDD2 3.3 V NMOS

中国移动IP承载网网络资源命名规范V215

中国移动通信有限公司网络部保留对此规范书的解释权和修改权。
本规范定义中国移动IP承载网网元设备、端口等的命名原则，用于指导工程及维护的网元设备命名、VPN命名及端口描述等。
下列标准所包含的条文，通过在本规范中引用而构成为本规范的条文。本规范出版时，所示版本均为有效。所有标准都会被修订，使用本规范的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。
序号
/
端口
序号
-
端口
带宽
符号
字
符
字符
字符/数字
字符
字符
/数字
数字
字
符
数字
字符
数字
字符
字符
/数字
字符数
3
1
≤36
2
≤15
≤2
1
1
1
≤2
1
≤6
说明：
(1)TO-：表示后面描述信息是对端网元的信息。
(2)对端网元设备名称：对端设备的名称（参见前5.2网元设备命名规范）。
(3)“[”，“]”,“-”，“/”：连接符。
本技术规范引用以下标准：
-《中国移动CMNET省网网管系统技术规范》1.0版，2002年8月
-《中国移动通信网网元设备编码和路由命名原则》第一版，2002年3月
-《中国移动传送网资源命名规范》版本v1.0
IPNET
IP Network
中国移动IP承载网
CMNET
ChinaMobileNetwork
中国移动互联网
Remote Access Dialing User Service
远程访问接入用户服务
PPP
Peer-Peer Protocol
端到端协议

3GPP TS 36.331 V13.2.0 (2016-06)

3GPP TS 36.331 V13.2.0 (2016-06)Technical Specification3rd Generation Partnership Project;Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network;Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);Radio Resource Control (RRC);Protocol specification(Release 13)The present document has been developed within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP TM) and may be further elaborated for the purposes of 3GPP. The present document has not been subject to any approval process by the 3GPP Organizational Partners and shall not be implemented.This Specification is provided for future development work within 3GPP only. The Organizational Partners accept no liability for any use of this Specification. Specifications and reports for implementation of the 3GPP TM system should be obtained via the 3GPP Organizational Partners' Publications Offices.KeywordsUMTS, radio3GPPPostal address3GPP support office address650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia AntipolisValbonne - FRANCETel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16InternetCopyright NotificationNo part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.© 2016, 3GPP Organizational Partners (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC).All rights reserved.UMTS™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its members3GPP™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational PartnersLTE™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI currently being registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners GSM® and the GSM logo are registered and owned by the GSM AssociationBluetooth® is a Trade Mark of the Bluetooth SIG registered for the benefit of its membersContentsForeword (18)1Scope (19)2References (19)3Definitions, symbols and abbreviations (22)3.1Definitions (22)3.2Abbreviations (24)4General (27)4.1Introduction (27)4.2Architecture (28)4.2.1UE states and state transitions including inter RAT (28)4.2.2Signalling radio bearers (29)4.3Services (30)4.3.1Services provided to upper layers (30)4.3.2Services expected from lower layers (30)4.4Functions (30)5Procedures (32)5.1General (32)5.1.1Introduction (32)5.1.2General requirements (32)5.2System information (33)5.2.1Introduction (33)5.2.1.1General (33)5.2.1.2Scheduling (34)5.2.1.2a Scheduling for NB-IoT (34)5.2.1.3System information validity and notification of changes (35)5.2.1.4Indication of ETWS notification (36)5.2.1.5Indication of CMAS notification (37)5.2.1.6Notification of EAB parameters change (37)5.2.1.7Access Barring parameters change in NB-IoT (37)5.2.2System information acquisition (38)5.2.2.1General (38)5.2.2.2Initiation (38)5.2.2.3System information required by the UE (38)5.2.2.4System information acquisition by the UE (39)5.2.2.5Essential system information missing (42)5.2.2.6Actions upon reception of the MasterInformationBlock message (42)5.2.2.7Actions upon reception of the SystemInformationBlockType1 message (42)5.2.2.8Actions upon reception of SystemInformation messages (44)5.2.2.9Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType2 (44)5.2.2.10Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType3 (45)5.2.2.11Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType4 (45)5.2.2.12Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType5 (45)5.2.2.13Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType6 (45)5.2.2.14Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType7 (45)5.2.2.15Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType8 (45)5.2.2.16Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType9 (46)5.2.2.17Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType10 (46)5.2.2.18Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType11 (46)5.2.2.19Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType12 (47)5.2.2.20Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType13 (48)5.2.2.21Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType14 (48)5.2.2.22Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType15 (48)5.2.2.23Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType16 (48)5.2.2.24Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType17 (48)5.2.2.25Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType18 (48)5.2.2.26Actions upon reception of SystemInformationBlockType19 (49)5.2.3Acquisition of an SI message (49)5.2.3a Acquisition of an SI message by BL UE or UE in CE or a NB-IoT UE (50)5.3Connection control (50)5.3.1Introduction (50)5.3.1.1RRC connection control (50)5.3.1.2Security (52)5.3.1.2a RN security (53)5.3.1.3Connected mode mobility (53)5.3.1.4Connection control in NB-IoT (54)5.3.2Paging (55)5.3.2.1General (55)5.3.2.2Initiation (55)5.3.2.3Reception of the Paging message by the UE (55)5.3.3RRC connection establishment (56)5.3.3.1General (56)5.3.3.1a Conditions for establishing RRC Connection for sidelink communication/ discovery (58)5.3.3.2Initiation (59)5.3.3.3Actions related to transmission of RRCConnectionRequest message (63)5.3.3.3a Actions related to transmission of RRCConnectionResumeRequest message (64)5.3.3.4Reception of the RRCConnectionSetup by the UE (64)5.3.3.4a Reception of the RRCConnectionResume by the UE (66)5.3.3.5Cell re-selection while T300, T302, T303, T305, T306, or T308 is running (68)5.3.3.6T300 expiry (68)5.3.3.7T302, T303, T305, T306, or T308 expiry or stop (69)5.3.3.8Reception of the RRCConnectionReject by the UE (70)5.3.3.9Abortion of RRC connection establishment (71)5.3.3.10Handling of SSAC related parameters (71)5.3.3.11Access barring check (72)5.3.3.12EAB check (73)5.3.3.13Access barring check for ACDC (73)5.3.3.14Access Barring check for NB-IoT (74)5.3.4Initial security activation (75)5.3.4.1General (75)5.3.4.2Initiation (76)5.3.4.3Reception of the SecurityModeCommand by the UE (76)5.3.5RRC connection reconfiguration (77)5.3.5.1General (77)5.3.5.2Initiation (77)5.3.5.3Reception of an RRCConnectionReconfiguration not including the mobilityControlInfo by theUE (77)5.3.5.4Reception of an RRCConnectionReconfiguration including the mobilityControlInfo by the UE(handover) (79)5.3.5.5Reconfiguration failure (83)5.3.5.6T304 expiry (handover failure) (83)5.3.5.7Void (84)5.3.5.7a T307 expiry (SCG change failure) (84)5.3.5.8Radio Configuration involving full configuration option (84)5.3.6Counter check (86)5.3.6.1General (86)5.3.6.2Initiation (86)5.3.6.3Reception of the CounterCheck message by the UE (86)5.3.7RRC connection re-establishment (87)5.3.7.1General (87)5.3.7.2Initiation (87)5.3.7.3Actions following cell selection while T311 is running (88)5.3.7.4Actions related to transmission of RRCConnectionReestablishmentRequest message (89)5.3.7.5Reception of the RRCConnectionReestablishment by the UE (89)5.3.7.6T311 expiry (91)5.3.7.7T301 expiry or selected cell no longer suitable (91)5.3.7.8Reception of RRCConnectionReestablishmentReject by the UE (91)5.3.8RRC connection release (92)5.3.8.1General (92)5.3.8.2Initiation (92)5.3.8.3Reception of the RRCConnectionRelease by the UE (92)5.3.8.4T320 expiry (93)5.3.9RRC connection release requested by upper layers (93)5.3.9.1General (93)5.3.9.2Initiation (93)5.3.10Radio resource configuration (93)5.3.10.0General (93)5.3.10.1SRB addition/ modification (94)5.3.10.2DRB release (95)5.3.10.3DRB addition/ modification (95)5.3.10.3a1DC specific DRB addition or reconfiguration (96)5.3.10.3a2LWA specific DRB addition or reconfiguration (98)5.3.10.3a3LWIP specific DRB addition or reconfiguration (98)5.3.10.3a SCell release (99)5.3.10.3b SCell addition/ modification (99)5.3.10.3c PSCell addition or modification (99)5.3.10.4MAC main reconfiguration (99)5.3.10.5Semi-persistent scheduling reconfiguration (100)5.3.10.6Physical channel reconfiguration (100)5.3.10.7Radio Link Failure Timers and Constants reconfiguration (101)5.3.10.8Time domain measurement resource restriction for serving cell (101)5.3.10.9Other configuration (102)5.3.10.10SCG reconfiguration (103)5.3.10.11SCG dedicated resource configuration (104)5.3.10.12Reconfiguration SCG or split DRB by drb-ToAddModList (105)5.3.10.13Neighbour cell information reconfiguration (105)5.3.10.14Void (105)5.3.10.15Sidelink dedicated configuration (105)5.3.10.16T370 expiry (106)5.3.11Radio link failure related actions (107)5.3.11.1Detection of physical layer problems in RRC_CONNECTED (107)5.3.11.2Recovery of physical layer problems (107)5.3.11.3Detection of radio link failure (107)5.3.12UE actions upon leaving RRC_CONNECTED (109)5.3.13UE actions upon PUCCH/ SRS release request (110)5.3.14Proximity indication (110)5.3.14.1General (110)5.3.14.2Initiation (111)5.3.14.3Actions related to transmission of ProximityIndication message (111)5.3.15Void (111)5.4Inter-RAT mobility (111)5.4.1Introduction (111)5.4.2Handover to E-UTRA (112)5.4.2.1General (112)5.4.2.2Initiation (112)5.4.2.3Reception of the RRCConnectionReconfiguration by the UE (112)5.4.2.4Reconfiguration failure (114)5.4.2.5T304 expiry (handover to E-UTRA failure) (114)5.4.3Mobility from E-UTRA (114)5.4.3.1General (114)5.4.3.2Initiation (115)5.4.3.3Reception of the MobilityFromEUTRACommand by the UE (115)5.4.3.4Successful completion of the mobility from E-UTRA (116)5.4.3.5Mobility from E-UTRA failure (117)5.4.4Handover from E-UTRA preparation request (CDMA2000) (117)5.4.4.1General (117)5.4.4.2Initiation (118)5.4.4.3Reception of the HandoverFromEUTRAPreparationRequest by the UE (118)5.4.5UL handover preparation transfer (CDMA2000) (118)5.4.5.1General (118)5.4.5.2Initiation (118)5.4.5.3Actions related to transmission of the ULHandoverPreparationTransfer message (119)5.4.5.4Failure to deliver the ULHandoverPreparationTransfer message (119)5.4.6Inter-RAT cell change order to E-UTRAN (119)5.4.6.1General (119)5.4.6.2Initiation (119)5.4.6.3UE fails to complete an inter-RAT cell change order (119)5.5Measurements (120)5.5.1Introduction (120)5.5.2Measurement configuration (121)5.5.2.1General (121)5.5.2.2Measurement identity removal (122)5.5.2.2a Measurement identity autonomous removal (122)5.5.2.3Measurement identity addition/ modification (123)5.5.2.4Measurement object removal (124)5.5.2.5Measurement object addition/ modification (124)5.5.2.6Reporting configuration removal (126)5.5.2.7Reporting configuration addition/ modification (127)5.5.2.8Quantity configuration (127)5.5.2.9Measurement gap configuration (127)5.5.2.10Discovery signals measurement timing configuration (128)5.5.2.11RSSI measurement timing configuration (128)5.5.3Performing measurements (128)5.5.3.1General (128)5.5.3.2Layer 3 filtering (131)5.5.4Measurement report triggering (131)5.5.4.1General (131)5.5.4.2Event A1 (Serving becomes better than threshold) (135)5.5.4.3Event A2 (Serving becomes worse than threshold) (136)5.5.4.4Event A3 (Neighbour becomes offset better than PCell/ PSCell) (136)5.5.4.5Event A4 (Neighbour becomes better than threshold) (137)5.5.4.6Event A5 (PCell/ PSCell becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbour becomes better thanthreshold2) (138)5.5.4.6a Event A6 (Neighbour becomes offset better than SCell) (139)5.5.4.7Event B1 (Inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold) (139)5.5.4.8Event B2 (PCell becomes worse than threshold1 and inter RAT neighbour becomes better thanthreshold2) (140)5.5.4.9Event C1 (CSI-RS resource becomes better than threshold) (141)5.5.4.10Event C2 (CSI-RS resource becomes offset better than reference CSI-RS resource) (141)5.5.4.11Event W1 (WLAN becomes better than a threshold) (142)5.5.4.12Event W2 (All WLAN inside WLAN mobility set becomes worse than threshold1 and a WLANoutside WLAN mobility set becomes better than threshold2) (142)5.5.4.13Event W3 (All WLAN inside WLAN mobility set becomes worse than a threshold) (143)5.5.5Measurement reporting (144)5.5.6Measurement related actions (148)5.5.6.1Actions upon handover and re-establishment (148)5.5.6.2Speed dependant scaling of measurement related parameters (149)5.5.7Inter-frequency RSTD measurement indication (149)5.5.7.1General (149)5.5.7.2Initiation (150)5.5.7.3Actions related to transmission of InterFreqRSTDMeasurementIndication message (150)5.6Other (150)5.6.0General (150)5.6.1DL information transfer (151)5.6.1.1General (151)5.6.1.2Initiation (151)5.6.1.3Reception of the DLInformationTransfer by the UE (151)5.6.2UL information transfer (151)5.6.2.1General (151)5.6.2.2Initiation (151)5.6.2.3Actions related to transmission of ULInformationTransfer message (152)5.6.2.4Failure to deliver ULInformationTransfer message (152)5.6.3UE capability transfer (152)5.6.3.1General (152)5.6.3.2Initiation (153)5.6.3.3Reception of the UECapabilityEnquiry by the UE (153)5.6.4CSFB to 1x Parameter transfer (157)5.6.4.1General (157)5.6.4.2Initiation (157)5.6.4.3Actions related to transmission of CSFBParametersRequestCDMA2000 message (157)5.6.4.4Reception of the CSFBParametersResponseCDMA2000 message (157)5.6.5UE Information (158)5.6.5.1General (158)5.6.5.2Initiation (158)5.6.5.3Reception of the UEInformationRequest message (158)5.6.6 Logged Measurement Configuration (159)5.6.6.1General (159)5.6.6.2Initiation (160)5.6.6.3Reception of the LoggedMeasurementConfiguration by the UE (160)5.6.6.4T330 expiry (160)5.6.7 Release of Logged Measurement Configuration (160)5.6.7.1General (160)5.6.7.2Initiation (160)5.6.8 Measurements logging (161)5.6.8.1General (161)5.6.8.2Initiation (161)5.6.9In-device coexistence indication (163)5.6.9.1General (163)5.6.9.2Initiation (164)5.6.9.3Actions related to transmission of InDeviceCoexIndication message (164)5.6.10UE Assistance Information (165)5.6.10.1General (165)5.6.10.2Initiation (166)5.6.10.3Actions related to transmission of UEAssistanceInformation message (166)5.6.11 Mobility history information (166)5.6.11.1General (166)5.6.11.2Initiation (166)5.6.12RAN-assisted WLAN interworking (167)5.6.12.1General (167)5.6.12.2Dedicated WLAN offload configuration (167)5.6.12.3WLAN offload RAN evaluation (167)5.6.12.4T350 expiry or stop (167)5.6.12.5Cell selection/ re-selection while T350 is running (168)5.6.13SCG failure information (168)5.6.13.1General (168)5.6.13.2Initiation (168)5.6.13.3Actions related to transmission of SCGFailureInformation message (168)5.6.14LTE-WLAN Aggregation (169)5.6.14.1Introduction (169)5.6.14.2Reception of LWA configuration (169)5.6.14.3Release of LWA configuration (170)5.6.15WLAN connection management (170)5.6.15.1Introduction (170)5.6.15.2WLAN connection status reporting (170)5.6.15.2.1General (170)5.6.15.2.2Initiation (171)5.6.15.2.3Actions related to transmission of WLANConnectionStatusReport message (171)5.6.15.3T351 Expiry (WLAN connection attempt timeout) (171)5.6.15.4WLAN status monitoring (171)5.6.16RAN controlled LTE-WLAN interworking (172)5.6.16.1General (172)5.6.16.2WLAN traffic steering command (172)5.6.17LTE-WLAN aggregation with IPsec tunnel (173)5.6.17.1General (173)5.7Generic error handling (174)5.7.1General (174)5.7.2ASN.1 violation or encoding error (174)5.7.3Field set to a not comprehended value (174)5.7.4Mandatory field missing (174)5.7.5Not comprehended field (176)5.8MBMS (176)5.8.1Introduction (176)5.8.1.1General (176)5.8.1.2Scheduling (176)5.8.1.3MCCH information validity and notification of changes (176)5.8.2MCCH information acquisition (178)5.8.2.1General (178)5.8.2.2Initiation (178)5.8.2.3MCCH information acquisition by the UE (178)5.8.2.4Actions upon reception of the MBSFNAreaConfiguration message (178)5.8.2.5Actions upon reception of the MBMSCountingRequest message (179)5.8.3MBMS PTM radio bearer configuration (179)5.8.3.1General (179)5.8.3.2Initiation (179)5.8.3.3MRB establishment (179)5.8.3.4MRB release (179)5.8.4MBMS Counting Procedure (179)5.8.4.1General (179)5.8.4.2Initiation (180)5.8.4.3Reception of the MBMSCountingRequest message by the UE (180)5.8.5MBMS interest indication (181)5.8.5.1General (181)5.8.5.2Initiation (181)5.8.5.3Determine MBMS frequencies of interest (182)5.8.5.4Actions related to transmission of MBMSInterestIndication message (183)5.8a SC-PTM (183)5.8a.1Introduction (183)5.8a.1.1General (183)5.8a.1.2SC-MCCH scheduling (183)5.8a.1.3SC-MCCH information validity and notification of changes (183)5.8a.1.4Procedures (184)5.8a.2SC-MCCH information acquisition (184)5.8a.2.1General (184)5.8a.2.2Initiation (184)5.8a.2.3SC-MCCH information acquisition by the UE (184)5.8a.2.4Actions upon reception of the SCPTMConfiguration message (185)5.8a.3SC-PTM radio bearer configuration (185)5.8a.3.1General (185)5.8a.3.2Initiation (185)5.8a.3.3SC-MRB establishment (185)5.8a.3.4SC-MRB release (185)5.9RN procedures (186)5.9.1RN reconfiguration (186)5.9.1.1General (186)5.9.1.2Initiation (186)5.9.1.3Reception of the RNReconfiguration by the RN (186)5.10Sidelink (186)5.10.1Introduction (186)5.10.1a Conditions for sidelink communication operation (187)5.10.2Sidelink UE information (188)5.10.2.1General (188)5.10.2.2Initiation (189)5.10.2.3Actions related to transmission of SidelinkUEInformation message (193)5.10.3Sidelink communication monitoring (195)5.10.6Sidelink discovery announcement (198)5.10.6a Sidelink discovery announcement pool selection (201)5.10.6b Sidelink discovery announcement reference carrier selection (201)5.10.7Sidelink synchronisation information transmission (202)5.10.7.1General (202)5.10.7.2Initiation (203)5.10.7.3Transmission of SLSS (204)5.10.7.4Transmission of MasterInformationBlock-SL message (205)5.10.7.5Void (206)5.10.8Sidelink synchronisation reference (206)5.10.8.1General (206)5.10.8.2Selection and reselection of synchronisation reference UE (SyncRef UE) (206)5.10.9Sidelink common control information (207)5.10.9.1General (207)5.10.9.2Actions related to reception of MasterInformationBlock-SL message (207)5.10.10Sidelink relay UE operation (207)5.10.10.1General (207)5.10.10.2AS-conditions for relay related sidelink communication transmission by sidelink relay UE (207)5.10.10.3AS-conditions for relay PS related sidelink discovery transmission by sidelink relay UE (208)5.10.10.4Sidelink relay UE threshold conditions (208)5.10.11Sidelink remote UE operation (208)5.10.11.1General (208)5.10.11.2AS-conditions for relay related sidelink communication transmission by sidelink remote UE (208)5.10.11.3AS-conditions for relay PS related sidelink discovery transmission by sidelink remote UE (209)5.10.11.4Selection and reselection of sidelink relay UE (209)5.10.11.5Sidelink remote UE threshold conditions (210)6Protocol data units, formats and parameters (tabular & ASN.1) (210)6.1General (210)6.2RRC messages (212)6.2.1General message structure (212)–EUTRA-RRC-Definitions (212)–BCCH-BCH-Message (212)–BCCH-DL-SCH-Message (212)–BCCH-DL-SCH-Message-BR (213)–MCCH-Message (213)–PCCH-Message (213)–DL-CCCH-Message (214)–DL-DCCH-Message (214)–UL-CCCH-Message (214)–UL-DCCH-Message (215)–SC-MCCH-Message (215)6.2.2Message definitions (216)–CounterCheck (216)–CounterCheckResponse (217)–CSFBParametersRequestCDMA2000 (217)–CSFBParametersResponseCDMA2000 (218)–DLInformationTransfer (218)–HandoverFromEUTRAPreparationRequest (CDMA2000) (219)–InDeviceCoexIndication (220)–InterFreqRSTDMeasurementIndication (222)–LoggedMeasurementConfiguration (223)–MasterInformationBlock (225)–MBMSCountingRequest (226)–MBMSCountingResponse (226)–MBMSInterestIndication (227)–MBSFNAreaConfiguration (228)–MeasurementReport (228)–MobilityFromEUTRACommand (229)–Paging (232)–ProximityIndication (233)–RNReconfiguration (234)–RNReconfigurationComplete (234)–RRCConnectionReconfiguration (235)–RRCConnectionReconfigurationComplete (240)–RRCConnectionReestablishment (241)–RRCConnectionReestablishmentComplete (241)–RRCConnectionReestablishmentReject (242)–RRCConnectionReestablishmentRequest (243)–RRCConnectionReject (243)–RRCConnectionRelease (244)–RRCConnectionResume (248)–RRCConnectionResumeComplete (249)–RRCConnectionResumeRequest (250)–RRCConnectionRequest (250)–RRCConnectionSetup (251)–RRCConnectionSetupComplete (252)–SCGFailureInformation (253)–SCPTMConfiguration (254)–SecurityModeCommand (255)–SecurityModeComplete (255)–SecurityModeFailure (256)–SidelinkUEInformation (256)–SystemInformation (258)–SystemInformationBlockType1 (259)–UEAssistanceInformation (264)–UECapabilityEnquiry (265)–UECapabilityInformation (266)–UEInformationRequest (267)–UEInformationResponse (267)–ULHandoverPreparationTransfer (CDMA2000) (273)–ULInformationTransfer (274)–WLANConnectionStatusReport (274)6.3RRC information elements (275)6.3.1System information blocks (275)–SystemInformationBlockType2 (275)–SystemInformationBlockType3 (279)–SystemInformationBlockType4 (282)–SystemInformationBlockType5 (283)–SystemInformationBlockType6 (287)–SystemInformationBlockType7 (289)–SystemInformationBlockType8 (290)–SystemInformationBlockType9 (295)–SystemInformationBlockType10 (295)–SystemInformationBlockType11 (296)–SystemInformationBlockType12 (297)–SystemInformationBlockType13 (297)–SystemInformationBlockType14 (298)–SystemInformationBlockType15 (298)–SystemInformationBlockType16 (299)–SystemInformationBlockType17 (300)–SystemInformationBlockType18 (301)–SystemInformationBlockType19 (301)–SystemInformationBlockType20 (304)6.3.2Radio resource control information elements (304)–AntennaInfo (304)–AntennaInfoUL (306)–CQI-ReportConfig (307)–CQI-ReportPeriodicProcExtId (314)–CrossCarrierSchedulingConfig (314)–CSI-IM-Config (315)–CSI-IM-ConfigId (315)–CSI-RS-Config (317)–CSI-RS-ConfigEMIMO (318)–CSI-RS-ConfigNZP (319)–CSI-RS-ConfigNZPId (320)–CSI-RS-ConfigZP (321)–CSI-RS-ConfigZPId (321)–DMRS-Config (321)–DRB-Identity (322)–EPDCCH-Config (322)–EIMTA-MainConfig (324)–LogicalChannelConfig (325)–LWA-Configuration (326)–LWIP-Configuration (326)–RCLWI-Configuration (327)–MAC-MainConfig (327)–P-C-AndCBSR (332)–PDCCH-ConfigSCell (333)–PDCP-Config (334)–PDSCH-Config (337)–PDSCH-RE-MappingQCL-ConfigId (339)–PHICH-Config (339)–PhysicalConfigDedicated (339)–P-Max (344)–PRACH-Config (344)–PresenceAntennaPort1 (346)–PUCCH-Config (347)–PUSCH-Config (351)–RACH-ConfigCommon (355)–RACH-ConfigDedicated (357)–RadioResourceConfigCommon (358)–RadioResourceConfigDedicated (362)–RLC-Config (367)–RLF-TimersAndConstants (369)–RN-SubframeConfig (370)–SchedulingRequestConfig (371)–SoundingRS-UL-Config (372)–SPS-Config (375)–TDD-Config (376)–TimeAlignmentTimer (377)–TPC-PDCCH-Config (377)–TunnelConfigLWIP (378)–UplinkPowerControl (379)–WLAN-Id-List (382)–WLAN-MobilityConfig (382)6.3.3Security control information elements (382)–NextHopChainingCount (382)–SecurityAlgorithmConfig (383)–ShortMAC-I (383)6.3.4Mobility control information elements (383)–AdditionalSpectrumEmission (383)–ARFCN-ValueCDMA2000 (383)–ARFCN-ValueEUTRA (384)–ARFCN-ValueGERAN (384)–ARFCN-ValueUTRA (384)–BandclassCDMA2000 (384)–BandIndicatorGERAN (385)–CarrierFreqCDMA2000 (385)–CarrierFreqGERAN (385)–CellIndexList (387)–CellReselectionPriority (387)–CellSelectionInfoCE (387)–CellReselectionSubPriority (388)–CSFB-RegistrationParam1XRTT (388)–CellGlobalIdEUTRA (389)–CellGlobalIdUTRA (389)–CellGlobalIdGERAN (390)–CellGlobalIdCDMA2000 (390)–CellSelectionInfoNFreq (391)–CSG-Identity (391)–FreqBandIndicator (391)–MobilityControlInfo (391)–MobilityParametersCDMA2000 (1xRTT) (393)–MobilityStateParameters (394)–MultiBandInfoList (394)–NS-PmaxList (394)–PhysCellId (395)–PhysCellIdRange (395)–PhysCellIdRangeUTRA-FDDList (395)–PhysCellIdCDMA2000 (396)–PhysCellIdGERAN (396)–PhysCellIdUTRA-FDD (396)–PhysCellIdUTRA-TDD (396)–PLMN-Identity (397)–PLMN-IdentityList3 (397)–PreRegistrationInfoHRPD (397)–Q-QualMin (398)–Q-RxLevMin (398)–Q-OffsetRange (398)–Q-OffsetRangeInterRAT (399)–ReselectionThreshold (399)–ReselectionThresholdQ (399)–SCellIndex (399)–ServCellIndex (400)–SpeedStateScaleFactors (400)–SystemInfoListGERAN (400)–SystemTimeInfoCDMA2000 (401)–TrackingAreaCode (401)–T-Reselection (402)–T-ReselectionEUTRA-CE (402)6.3.5Measurement information elements (402)–AllowedMeasBandwidth (402)–CSI-RSRP-Range (402)–Hysteresis (402)–LocationInfo (403)–MBSFN-RSRQ-Range (403)–MeasConfig (404)–MeasDS-Config (405)–MeasGapConfig (406)–MeasId (407)–MeasIdToAddModList (407)–MeasObjectCDMA2000 (408)–MeasObjectEUTRA (408)–MeasObjectGERAN (412)–MeasObjectId (412)–MeasObjectToAddModList (412)–MeasObjectUTRA (413)–ReportConfigEUTRA (422)–ReportConfigId (425)–ReportConfigInterRAT (425)–ReportConfigToAddModList (428)–ReportInterval (429)–RSRP-Range (429)–RSRQ-Range (430)–RSRQ-Type (430)–RS-SINR-Range (430)–RSSI-Range-r13 (431)–TimeToTrigger (431)–UL-DelayConfig (431)–WLAN-CarrierInfo (431)–WLAN-RSSI-Range (432)–WLAN-Status (432)6.3.6Other information elements (433)–AbsoluteTimeInfo (433)–AreaConfiguration (433)–C-RNTI (433)–DedicatedInfoCDMA2000 (434)–DedicatedInfoNAS (434)–FilterCoefficient (434)–LoggingDuration (434)–LoggingInterval (435)–MeasSubframePattern (435)–MMEC (435)–NeighCellConfig (435)–OtherConfig (436)–RAND-CDMA2000 (1xRTT) (437)–RAT-Type (437)–ResumeIdentity (437)–RRC-TransactionIdentifier (438)–S-TMSI (438)–TraceReference (438)–UE-CapabilityRAT-ContainerList (438)–UE-EUTRA-Capability (439)–UE-RadioPagingInfo (469)–UE-TimersAndConstants (469)–VisitedCellInfoList (470)–WLAN-OffloadConfig (470)6.3.7MBMS information elements (472)–MBMS-NotificationConfig (472)–MBMS-ServiceList (473)–MBSFN-AreaId (473)–MBSFN-AreaInfoList (473)–MBSFN-SubframeConfig (474)–PMCH-InfoList (475)6.3.7a SC-PTM information elements (476)–SC-MTCH-InfoList (476)–SCPTM-NeighbourCellList (478)6.3.8Sidelink information elements (478)–SL-CommConfig (478)–SL-CommResourcePool (479)–SL-CP-Len (480)–SL-DiscConfig (481)–SL-DiscResourcePool (483)–SL-DiscTxPowerInfo (485)–SL-GapConfig (485)。

lec20 - 流媒体与服务质量(中)-v2

电话拨号等功能
H.245协商使用哪个压缩算法
协议栈
H.225与网守通信
逻辑信道建立过程
RAS，Registration /Admission /Status

7
Copyright ©2013 YAN Wei. All rights reserved.
为什么?
Video/audio
RTP无需特殊的端口号
RTP
UDP

10
Copyright ©2013 YAN Wei. All rights reserved.
RTP——特性
每个发送端可指定自己的独立RTP流（音频流、视频流）大多数编码技术（如：MPEG1/MPEG2）可将音频和视频数据编码在一个流中可用于“一对多”或者“多对多”通信
5
Copyright ©2013 YAN Wei. All rights reserved.
实时交互式音频/视频
基本特征
Delay<150ms：感觉不到用户通过网络进行视频/音频交流 150<delay<400ms：可忍受语音延迟应小于几百毫秒 Delay>400ms：不能忍受不仅要控制抖动延迟非常重要与端系统的距离长短有关（8公里的光仟延迟需要40ms）与报文长度有关 – 例如：将报文长度从1KB减小到160B，单向延迟从181 毫秒减少到62毫秒
2
Copyright ©2013 YAN Wei. All rights reserved.
实况的流式音频/视频
实况转播与流式媒体的区别
用户只能暂停和倒退回放，但不能快进媒体实况音频/视频节目只能以它产生的速率传输（播放速率）

peer链接在抓斗功能上的应用

１１西门子６Ａ０直流调速装置简介．Ｒ７
西门子６Ａ０ＳＭＯＥＣＭａｔｒ列整流器Ｒ７ＩＲＧＤｓ系ｅ
器在装置对装置链接中可以功能化为主给定源和从给
定接收。过装置对装置链接，号可以从一台整流器通信以完全数字的形式传送到另外的整流器。
供电。形象地说ＳＭＯＥＲ７ＩＲＧＫ６Ａ０整流器如同接触器和开关一样，它是
一
个电气驱动系统的部件，同时
６Ａ０ＳＭＯＥＣＭａｔ又是一Ｒ７ＩＲＧＤｓｒｅ
台功能强大的微型计算机，它所有的开环和闭环驱动控制及通讯功能都由两块高速运行的３２位微处理器实现，Ｒ７６Ａ０直流驱动可以将自身控制
更强大的通讯能力，其中采用装置对装置（ｅｒｏｐｅｔ
ｐｅ）议的串行接口是 “ 同状态装置之间的链接 ” ｅｒ协相。
与主／总线系统（如ＰＯＩＵ）从例ＲＦＢＳ相反，同的整流相
１西门子６Ａ０直流调速装置Ｒ７
向，两个相邻连接器（的值可以组成一个双字连接Ｋ）
计算机应用与Ｉ术Ｔ技
ｐｅ链接在抓斗功能上的应用ｅｒ
龚水迁
（苏沙钢集团张家港海力码头有限公司，苏张家港２５２）江江１６５
● 一。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 ’ 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 ’ 。－ ● － ● ● ● ● ● 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。 ‘ 。。。。。 ● ●

DuplineSafe 安全中继输出模块说明说明书

• Safety relay that monitors up to 63 Safety Input Modules• Safety output available on 2 separate relay outputs (NO)• Safety approved according to IEC/EN 61508-SIL3, IEC/EN 62061-SIL3 and ISO/EN 13849-1 PL e• Approval authority: TÜV Rheinland Group • cULus approved• Automatic or manual restart• Status output for external equipment (e.g. PLC)• Operates on a standard Dupline ® network• It is possible to use DuplineSafe modules and standard Dupline ® modules on the same bus • H8-housing• For mounting on DIN-rail (EN 50022)• LED-indication for supply, relay status, manual restart ready and Dupline ® carrier • AC power supply• Configuration with GS73800080Product DescriptionDuplineSafe relay output module approved according to IEC/EN 61508-SIL3, IEC/EN 62061-SIL3 and ISO/EN 13849-1 PL e by TÜV. The module monitors up to 63 DuplineSafe input modules, type number G S751021xx. The NO relay contacts are only in the closed position if a valid “safe state” signal is received from all the Safety Input modules being mon-itored. The module can be configured to operate with automatic or manual restart after the safety relays have been released. A non-safe status output is available for connection to external equipment, e.g. a PLC. The Module must be configured prior to installation by means of the DuplineSafe configur-ation unit GS73800080. Type SelectionSupply Ordering no.DuplineSafe Safety Input Module230 VACGS 3830 0143 230DuplineSafeSafety Relay Output ModuleType GS 3830 0143Safety SpecificationsStandards SFF97% PFD (T1 = 1 year)5.5 x 10-6 PFH9.3 x 10-9/hOutput SpecificationsNote: The GS38300143 must be de-energized (power off) before programming til moduleGeneral SpecificationsSupply SpecificationsPower Supply 230 VAC +/- 15%115 VAC +/- 15% Frequency45 to 65 Hz Power consumption 4 VA Power dissipation3 WWiring DiagramMode of OperationThe Safety Output module G S3******* monitors up to 63 Safety Input modules, type number G S751021xx. Each Safety Input module is monitoring the status of one potential-free contactin a safety device, e.g. anemergency stop palm but-ton or pull cord switch. The Safety Input modules arecontinuously transmitting on the Dupline ® bus the status of the safety contacts using a dynamic signaling princi-ple on two Dupline ® channel addresses (please refer to G S751021xx datasheet for more details). During configuration of theSafety Output module, theuser must define on whichDupline ® channel address-es Safety Input modules shall be monitored. If all themodules are sending avalid “safe-state” signal,then the relay contacts ofthe Safety Output modulewill be closed. In any other situation (non-safe signal received from one or moreSafety Input modules or bus fault), the relay contacts willbe open, thus keeping the system in a safe state. Find below a principle diagram of a DuplineSafe system.The Channel Generator Any type of Dupline ® Chan-nel G enerator can be used, as this component is not part of the safety function. However, it is important to note that all Dupline ® chan-nel addresses used for Safe-ty Input modules must be monostable. Split I/O mode and intelligent channel func-tions are not allowed. If this rule is not obeyed, the relay contacts of the Safety Out-put module will remain in the open position in any situa-tion.Combined SystemsIt is allowed to use stan-dard Dupline ® modules on the channel addresses not used for safety signals, thus allowing combined systems.Monitoring from a PLC, PC or Text DisplayThere are two products available for interfacing a DuplineSafe system to a PLC, PC, Text Display or Touchscreen. One possi-bility is the Profibus-DP gateway (G S3*******), the other possibility is the small Modbus inter-face G STI50 for Text dis-plays and Touchscreens. Using these products, it is possible to monitor theIndicatorsSupply OK Dupline ® OK Relay statusManual restart ready Configuration modeGS 3830 0143DuplineSafe Principle Diagram Input SpecificationsGS 3830 0143Mode of Operation (cont.)status of all the inputs of the Safety Input modules from e.g. a PLC or Text Display. It is not allowed to perform any control function on the channel addresses used for safety signals.Automatic or manual restart Two different operation modes for restart can be configured. A restart is needed whenever the Safety output has been brought to the safe state (relay con-tacts open). If “automatic restart” is selected then the Safety Output module will automatically close the relay contacts as soon as a valid “safe-state” signal is received from all the Safe-ty Input modules. If “manu-al restart” is selected, an activation of the “manu-al restart” input is required to make a restart, and the restart will only happen ifall Safety Input modules aresending a “safe-state” signal.Status outputThe status output is ONwhen a fault or a safetytransmitter is actuated. Thisoutput can be used as anindication by using a LEDor buzzer/horn to sound analarm.Synchronization ChannelThe synchronization channelis used by the Safety Relayto send out a synchroniz-ation signal to the SafetyInput modules on the bus.Therefore, all the SafetyInput modules and the Safe-ty Relay, which together areperforming a safety function,must be coded for the samesynchronization channel.But in case there is alreadyanother safety output mod-ule on the bus sending asynchronization signal onthis channel, then this signalcan be used by other safetyoutput modules.Configuration of the SafetyOutput modulePrior to installation, theSafety Output module needsto be configured by theDuplineSafe configurationunit G S7*******. The fol-lowing parameters need tobe selected:Number of channels on theDupline® busThe “number of channels”is actually selected on thechannel generator, but theRelay Output Module needto know this figure to ensurecorrect operation.Channel addresses of SafetyInput modules to be mon-itoredEach Safety Input Module isusing two channel address-es to send its signal. Thepossible selections are inthe range A3/A4 .. P7/P8.It must be defined whichchannel addresses the Safe-ty Output module shall mon-itor. (Please note that thechannel address A1/A2 isnot allowed in the system).Synchronization channelPlease refer to abovedescriptionPlease refer to the usermanual for the Dup-lineSafe Configuration UnitG S7******* for detailedinstructions on how to con-figure the Safety Outputmodule GS38300143 to per-form the desired function.DuplineSafe - System Characteristics and RulesReaction timeThe reaction time for the total Dupline® safety-loop depends of the num-ber of Dupline® channels. The response time can be calculated as:Reaction time on r elay r elease (wo r st-case): 2 x Number of Dupline® chan-nels + 40 [ms]Note: Reaction time is for the total Dupline® safe-ty-loop; from a safety input goes to non-safe state until the output relay is released. Reaction time on r elay acti-vate (wor st-case): 4 x Num-ber of Dupline® channels + 80 [ms]Note: Reaction time is for the total Dupline® safe-ty-loop; from a safety input goes to safe state until the output relay is activatedTopologyThe Dupline® system has free topology, so cable branches can freely be made at any point in the system. There are no specif-ic length restriction on cablebranches.Cable typesA non-shielded twisted paircable with a cross-sec-tion of 1.5 mm2 is recom-mended, but the Dup-line® bus can also run oncable without twistingand with lower cross-sections. However, the rulesmentioned below must beobeyed.Cabling rulesThe Dupline® system is anextremely robust transmis-sion system, but the followingrules should be obeyed:Rule no. 1The two Dupline® wires mustbe “floating” (none of thetwo wires may be connect-ed to any other potential).Specifically it should bemade sure that the Dupline®common is not connect-ed to protective earth, e.g.through the power supply.Rule no. 2If the longest cable pathexceeds 1.5 km a DT01 ter-mination unit needs to beinstalled at the point farthestaway from the channel gen-erator.If above rules are notobeyed, noise may beinduced in the system, andas a result the relay contactsof the safety output mod-ule will remain in the openposition.Distance, cable and num-ber of Safety input modulesIt is not always the full cap-acity of 63 Safety Inputmodules can be utilized. Itdepends on the cable typeand the length of the cable.The following rule applies:Total current x cable loopresistance < 3,7 VThe total current is the sum-marized current consump-tion of all Dupline®-poweredmodules on the bus. A SafetyInput module typ. uses 1mA.Cable loop esistance = 2x Length of cable (km) xresistance/km (for the cabletype used)Please note that the “lengthof cable” in this calculationis not necessarily the totallength of cable used, it is thecable path from the chan-nel generator to the farthestSafety Input module. In otherwords, only the longestcable path counts.If the above rule is notobeyed, the relay contactsof the Safety Output mod-ule will remain open in anysituation.Example: How many safe-ty Input modules can beinstalled on a 3 km of 1.5mm2 cable ?Cable loop resistance = 2 x3 km x 13,6 Ω/km = 81,6 ΩMax total current = 3,7 V /81,6 Ω = 45,3 mA.Conclusion: In this systemthe max capacity is 45 Safe-ty Input modules, since eachinput module uses 1 mA.DuplineSafe Safety ProcedureIn order to ensure correct safety function of a Dup-line®Safe system, the steps below need to be carried out:1.Identify the exact numberof Safety Input modulesrequired2.Make a table defining thechannel address of each Safety Input module (addresses to be selectedin the range A3/A4 ..P7/ P8)3. Physically allocate thenumber of Safety Inputmodules required andprogram them one by oneaccording to the addresstable, using the Dupline®-Safe Configuration unitGS73800080.4. Configure carefully theSafety Output module tomonitor exactly thechannel addressesselected for the Dupline®Input modules5. Connect all the SafetyInput modules and theSafety Output module tot h e D u p-line® two-wire busand bring all the inputs tothe safe state.6. Now the Safety RelayOutput should haveclosed the contacts. Ifthis is not the case,please review if theaddressing of the safetyinput modules and theconfiguration of the safe-ty output module complieswith each other. If thisdoes not solve theproblem, please checkthat all the DuplineSaferules have been obeyed.7. Now checkeach individualSafety Input module by:a.Remove the busconnection from SafetyInput module and checkthat the safety relayoutput releases.b. Re-connect the safetyinput module to the busand open the inputcontacts. Check that thesafety relay outputreleasesWhen all safety inputmodules have been checkedthis way, the DuplineSafesystem is ready to operate.GS 3830 0143。

3212 19 2数据通信网关机(可下载使用)

LEC-3212 19″2U 数据通信网关机——基于Intel Bay Trail CPU ，6/12个网口， 8个串口概述LEC-3212是一款工业级高性能通信网关机，CPU 等级为Intel Bay Trail J1900低功耗处理器。

整机采用内部模块化设计，根据不同需求可以有多种规格供客户选择。

LEC-3212适合于工业现场2U 机架式安装方式，EMC 电力4级标准，符合IEC-61850-3和IEEE-1613的设计标准，是工业通信管理应用的理想解决方案，特别适用于电力，智能/轨道交通，石油和天然气等需要多种通信控制的领域。

硬件规格LED 指示灯电源/存储 PWR1/PWR2可编程灯 4×PIO ，客户自定义 LAN 6/12×Link,6/12×ACT COM 8×TX,8×RX机械特性尺寸 440（W ）×88（H ）×348（D ）mm工作环境工作温度 -40~70℃（配合工业级宽温存储设备）工作湿度 5~95%RH ，不凝结存储温度 -40~80℃ 电源需求电源输入交流：85V~285V ，直流：88V~400V ，支持双路输入报警超限/断电继电器报警接口方式 7-pin 端子典型功耗基本系统15W ，依不同模块配置功耗不同测试认证 EMC 电力四级可靠性报警工具内建蜂鸣器和RTC （实时时钟）看门狗看门狗定时器（1~255级）保修期保修期2年内免费维修，终生维护订购信息：LEC-3212A ：J1900, 6×GbE ，B 码对时，双电源LEC-3212AU8：J1900, 6×GbE ，8×RS-232/485，B 码对时，双电源 LEC-3212AE6U8：J1900, 12×GbE ，8×RS-232/485，B 码对时，双电源系统 CPU Intel Celeron J1900 4核2.0GHz 内存 1×SO-DIMM, 最大支持到8GB DDR3L 存储 2×SATAUSB 3×USB2.0接口，2×USB Pin Header 显示 VGA 接口扩展总线 PCIe 扩展操作系统 Windows 8及Linux2.6.32以上其他 B 码对时接口，2路DO Relay 接口网口 LAN 板载6×RJ45接口，支持6网口扩展数据传输率 10/100/1000Mbps 自适应隔离内建1.5KV 隔离保护串口通信标准 8×RS-232/485，RS-485自流控接口类型 2×10-Pin 端子波特率 RS-232：50bps~115.2Kbps RS-422/485：50bps~921.6Kbps隔离保护2KV 隔离设计，静电/浪涌/EFT 电力4级保护设计特点：通过中国电科院EMC 电力4级认证，符合IEC-61850-3标准板载Intel Bay Trail J1900嵌入式处理器最大支持到8GB DDR3L,VGA 显示接口板载6×GbE,10/100Mbps Base_T RJ-45接口，可扩展至12路可扩展8路RS-232/485隔离串口支持 Windows 及Linux 操作系统低功耗，无风扇设计。

中国移动网上大学代维L2考试试题

代维集客无L22021年10月26日14点30分试题数:121，重复命题数：1，重复命题率:%1. 在GPON系统中，解决ONU的注册冲突的方案是()。

A.随机延迟时刻法B.配置ONU注册优先级C.测距答案：A2. 检测设备光口是不是正常，不能够采用方式为（）A.对E1接口打环B.光口自环C.用光功率计测量光口发光功率D.测量对端设备发来的光是不是正常答案：A3. 以下配置默许路由的命令正确的选项是：( )(config)#ip route(config-if-s0)#ip route(config)#ip route(config)#ip router 答案：A4. 在光纤通信系统中，目前普遍采用的光波长为( )。

，，，，答案：A5. 1310nm波长的激光在光纤中每千米衰减值一样为( )左右答案：A6. 当路由器接收的报文的目的IP地址在路由表中没有匹配的表项时，采取的策略是( )A.丢掉该报文B.将该报文分片C.若是缺省路由存在那么依照缺省路由转发，不然抛弃D.转发该报文答案：C7. IAD设备通过（）端口上联到IMS或软互换平台B.扩展口（串口）答案：A8. A、B 两站组成点对点，假设A 站发给B 站的光纤断了，那么线路告警现象为站RLOS、B站MS-RD1站MS-RD1、B站R-LOS站R-LOS、B站R-LOS站MS-RD1、B站MS-RD1答案：B9. 电子邮件应用程序实现SMTP的要紧目的是（）A.效劳解决B.反射解决C.拒绝效劳解决D.重放解决答案：C10. MPLS的标签能够嵌套多少层C.理论上能够无穷嵌套答案：C11. 阻碍光纤带宽的因素有( )A.传输距离B.模式C.色散D.材质答案：C12. 哪一种自愈环不需要APS协议的是( )A.二纤单向通道倒换环B.二纤双向复用段倒换环C.二纤单向复用段倒换环D.四纤双向复用段倒换环答案：A13. 以下PTN产品的物理链路与珍惜技术对应关系正确的选项是，LAG，LAG，LAG，LMSP答案：C14. IAD设备通过（）端口连接PC或笔记本电脑用于治理。

Edexcel BTEC Level 2和3信息技术系统和原则通信技术单元指南说明书

Unit 29: Communication TechnologiesUnit code: F/601/7264QCF Level 3: BTEC SpecialistCredit value: 10Guided learning hours: 60Aim and purposeThe aim of this unit is to ensure learners understand the communication principles of computer networks, know the elements of data communications systems and develop the skills to implement network communications.Unit introductionNew and developing communication technologies are used within the business world to maximise productivity and access information, whether an employee is working an office or travelling the world.This unit focuses on communication technologies, examining their use within social and business communities. Learners will explore the devices and communication technologies they use on a daily basis and gain an understanding of systems, including mobile internet. Learners will look at network topologies and services, connection software and access methods amongst other areas. They will investigate the OSI and TCP/IP models. Communications technology includes a large range of devices, which are used in the business and social communities. Devices include many of the next generation wireless devices, games consoles and newer generations of mobile phones with voice and video streaming. This unit explores these devices along with their transmission methods and the underlying protocols that enable connectivity and transmission of data including signal theory and data elements. Learners will appreciate why particular transmission methods are chosen for particular situations and be able to compare the effectiveness of the different methods.Finally, learners will be able to use their knowledge and understanding to directly connect communication devices between users.This unit could be delivered as part of a system support and networking focus including other units with networking content. Although largely theoretical, the emphasis in this unit should be on practical activity to learners to understand how modern IT can be used to enhance the commercial and personal environment. This unit has links directly to other network units and the vendor units.Learning outcomes and assessment criteriaIn order to pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all the learning outcomes for the unit. The assessment criteria determine the standard required to achieve the unit.On completion of this unit a learner should:Learning outcomes Assessment criteria1 Understand thecommunication principlesof computer networks 1.1 explain how networks communicate1.2 identify communication protocols and models2 Know the main elementsof data communicationssystems 2.1 identify different types of communication devices 2.2 describe what data elements are and why theyare important2.3 describe the principles of signal theory2.4 describe different transmission methods used3 Be able to implementdifferent forms of networkcommunications 3.1 create direct network communication betweentwo users3.2 set up interconnection devices for directcommunicationUnit content1 Understand the communication principles of computer networksComputer networks: types eg LAN, WAN, wireless; network topologies eg star; mesh;bus; tree (or hierarchical); ring; network services eg packet switched, ISDN,multiplexed, ATM, WAP, broadband; network software eg network operating system;network connection software; access methods eg CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, token passing Network components: servers; workstation; network cards eg Ethernet, wireless, token ringInterconnection devices: eg switches, routers, bridges, wireless access points, mobile base stationsModels: eg open system interconnection (OSI) model, TCP/IP modelProtocols: eg Bluetooth®, Wifi, IrDa, cellular radio, GSM/UMTS, WAP, WML, 802.11 standards, TCP/IP, wireless security protocols2 Know the main elements of data communications systemsMain elements: communication devices; data elements; electronic communication methods; transmission media and methodsCommunication devices: wired devices eg data terminal equipment (DTE), data circuit terminating equipment (DCE); wireless devices eg 3G, GPRS, mobile phone, laptop, netbookSignal theory: digital signalling methods; representing data electronically (bits, bytes, packet structures); synchronous transmission; asynchronous transmission; error detection; error correction; bandwidth limitation; bandwidth noise; channel types eg telephone, high frequency (HF) radio, microwave, satellite; other issues egbandwidth, data compressionData elements: checksum eg cyclic redundancy check (CRC); encapsulation egframes, packets, datagrams; addresses; sequence numbersElectronic communication: methods eg simplex, duplex, half-duplex communication, parallel, universal serial bus, serial, infra red, Bluetooth, WiFi, 3GTransmission: methods eg coaxial, optical fibre, unshielded twisted pair (UTP),shielded twisted pair (STP), infrared, radio, microwave, satellite3 Be able to implement different forms of network communicationsInternet communication: terminology eg HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP; uniform resource locator; worldwide web; other eg blogs, wikis, video conferencing, vlogs, socialnetworkingSystem requirements: wired or mobile systems; communication services eg email, video, internet, software, configurationDirect communication: eg instant messaging, video communication, email, webphone, social networking, web conferencing, desktop sharingInterconnection devices: eg switches, routers, bridges, wireless access points, mobile base stationsEssential guidance for tutorsDeliveryThis unit could be delivered as part of a system support and networking focus which includes other units with networking content. The emphasis is on practical activity to enable learners the to understand how modern IT can be used to enhance the commercial and personal environment. This unit links directly to other network units and the practical element in 3.1 and 3.2 could link with the vendor units.Delivery of the theoretical aspects should focus on the most up-to-date technology available, including all the latest developments in mobile communications such as third generation technology.The practical aspects of the unit that are practical should be opportunities to use the main technologies listed in the unit content, such as 3G hardware and mobile computing technology, for example, a wireless PDA. Ideally, the tutor should try to secure as many of these technologies as is feasible. For those that the centre cannot provide, it is recommended that the tutor tries and sources outside examples of this form of technology to demonstrate to learners.As an addition to the practical element, it may be useful for learners to have some input from an IT communications technology specialist, who can give an insight into career progression within this sector, as well as providing up to the minute technical knowledge that learners can draw on.Outline learning planThe outline learning plan has been included in this unit as guidance and can be used in conjunction with the programme of suggested assignments. The outline learning plan demonstrates one way in planning the delivery and assessment of this unit.Topic and suggested assignments/activities and/assessmentIntroduction to the unitThe main elements of data communications systems:•whole-class exercise – tutor presentation on communication devices•directed research – using tutor-provided materials on signal theory•whole-class exercise – tutor presentation on data elements•whole-class exercise – tutor presentation on methods of electronic communication, followed by whole class•practical•whole-class exercise – tutor presentation on transmission media and methods, followed by whole class•practical.Communication principles of computer networks:•individual exercise – use tutor-provided materials to understand the features of networks•whole-class exercise – tutor demonstrates network components to class•whole-class exercise – tutor demonstrates interconnection devices to class. Assignment 1 – From End to EndTransmission protocols and models:•whole-class exercise – tutor presentation on the open system interconnection (OSI) model and the TCP/IP•model, followed by a practical•individual exercise – learn about different electronic communication protocols from tutor-provided materials.Assignment 2 – A Bespoke SolutionImplementing different forms of internet communications:•whole-class exercise – tutor presentation on internet communication terminology, followed by practical tasks•whole-class exercise – tutor presentation on system requirements, followed by practical tasks•whole-class exercise – tutor presentation on direct communication methods, followed by practical tasks.Assignment 3 – LAN ManagerAssessmentThis unit can be assessed using three assignments as outlined in the Programme of suggested assignment table. However, there are other valid ways of assessment and the programme of suggested assignment is only a suggestion.Suggested Assignment 1 – From End to EndEvidence for this assignment could be in the form of a series of leaflets, posters or web pages which are suitably illustrated and annotated.1.1 requires learners to explain how networks communicate. This can be evidenced diagrammatically with annotations and notes, or it could be part of a presentation.For 1.2, communication protocols and models should be described using graphics where appropriate.For 2.1, learners must identify different types of communication devices, addressing the prescriptive elements of the unit content.For 2.2, learners must describe what data elements are and why they are important. Learners need to describe the different elements, and their importance, in their own words.Suggested Assignment 2 – A Bespoke SolutionA presentation is the suggested evidence format for this assignment.2.3 requires learners to describe the principles of signal theory as outlined in the unit. 2.4 is about transmission methods.Suggested Assignment 3 – LAN Manager3.1 is practical, and each learner must create a direct communication link between two networked devices. This could be a short video, observation evidence, or a written summary.3.2 is also practical. In this case, learners must create interconnection devices for direct communication. As with 3.1, evidence could be a short video, observation evidence, or a written summary.Programme of suggested assignmentsThe table below shows a programme of suggested assignments that cover the assessment criteria in the assessment and grading grid. This is for guidance and it is recommended that centres either write their own assignments or adapt any Edexcel assignments to meet local needs and resources.Criteria covered Assignment title Scenario Assessment method1.1-2.2 From End toEnd An ISP hascommissioned you towrite publicity materialsexplaining some of thebasics of ITcommunication.Leaflets or poster.2.3, 2.4 A BespokeSolution A client wishes to knowmore abouttransmission signals.Produce a presentationto describe theprinciples and methodsused.Presentation.3.1, 3.2 LAN Manager The ISP has asked youto create a system thatwill enable two users tomake directcommunication. Observation records. Witness statement. Notes.Links to National Occupational Standards, other BTEC units, other BTEC qualifications and other relevant units and qualificationsThis unit forms part of the BTEC in IT sector suite. This unit has particular links with: Level 1 Level 2 Level 3Systems ArchitectureArchitectureSystemsSetting up an IT Network Networking PrinciplesNetworking Principles Computer NetworksAn Introduction toCommunicationTechnologiesThis unit maps to some of the underpinning knowledge from the following areas of competence in the Level 3 National Occupational Standards for IT (ProCom):4.7 Systems Design5.1 Systems Development5.3 IT/Technology Solution Testing.Essential resourcesLearners will need access to practical resources and suitable technology; they can also use simulators or multimedia tools to gain prior experience before handling live resources.Employer engagement and vocational contextsVisits to a local ISP or using the centre’s network would provide a suitable vocational context.Indicative reading for learnersTextbooksDodd AZ – The Essential Guide to Telecommunications, 4th edition (Prentice Hall, 2005) ISBN-10 0131487256, ISBN-13 978-0131487253Hallberg B – Networking: A Beginner’s Guide, 5th Edition (Osborne/McGraw-Hill US, 2009) ISBN-10 0071633553, ISBN-13 978-0071633550Lowe D – Networking All-in-One Desk Reference for Dummies, 3rd Edition (John Wiley & Sons, 2008) ISBN-10 0470179155, ISBN-13 978-0470179154Schiller J – Mobile communications, 2nd Edition (Addison Wesley, 2003) ISBN-10 0321123816, ISBN-13 978-0321123817WebsitesFunctional Skills — Level 2Skill When learners are …ICT – Using ICTcreating network communicationsSelect, interact with and use ICTsystems safely and securely fora complex task in non-routineand unfamiliar contextsICT – Developing, presenting andcommunicating informationsetting up communication devicesUse communications software tomeet requirements of a complextaskexplaining protocols and transmission methods. Combine and presentinformation in ways that are fitfor purpose and audience。

利谱网闸设备介绍

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------利谱网闸设备介绍隔离技术概述怎样才算隔离？实体角度理解：在设备、线路、存储上是完全分离的。

过程角度理解：网络间不存在任何形式的自动信息交换。

1/ 38隔离技术概述有哪些隔离方法？物理隔离：设备、线路、存储均独立网络隔离（协议隔离）：协议转换安全隔离：仅交换应用数据---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 网间安全层次? 网间安全威胁层次威胁类别物理层次协议层次应用层次风险等级低中高典型攻击超高电压、线路破坏等地址伪装、碎片攻击等恶意代码、垃圾邮件等3/ 38隔离技术总类技术角度物理隔离：线路、设备、存储逻辑隔离：交换机、路由器、防火墙、网闸应用角度1、桌面级隔离：部署位置：用户端产品形式：双机隔离、硬盘隔离、线路隔离 2、网络级隔离：部署位置：网关处产品形式：交换机、路由器、防火墙、网闸---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 隔离技术发展与产品沿革层次应用层传输层网络层链路层物理层隔离内容APPDATA PORT IP MAC －防火墙路由器交换机集线器产品网闸5/ 38桌面级隔离技术1、双机隔离 2、硬盘隔离3、线路隔离---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 完全的物理隔离Internet政府內部网络上不了网? 收发不了邮件…7/ 38双机隔离政府內部网络上外部网Internet上内部网每人2台电脑！太浪费了---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 硬盘隔离（双硬盘）InternetWindows …内网外网外内9/ 38硬盘隔离（单硬盘）InternetWindows …Reboot… Win2000/xp…外区内区外内---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 线路隔离Internet开 / 关只是延时！共用同一系统、硬盘并不能达到物理隔离效果！！！11/ 38网络物理隔离的定义? 网络对应OSI模型的七层 ? 网络隔离，断开全部的七层 ? 在七层之外，以非网络方式交换数据 ? 交换的数据是非网络数据（可以是文件，但不会是IP包）---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 物理隔离的网络间如何交换数据?人工拷盘方式：不方便、不及时、不安全采用隔离网闸：方便、及时、安全。

2021华为LTE初级认证及答案20

2021华为LTE初级认证及答案20考号姓名分数一、单选题(每题1分,共100分)1、什么情况能触发TA Updating（）A.进入新的TA,且当前TA不在TA listB.TA周期更新计时器超时C.UE的NAS产生了RRC连接错误D.以上都可以答案：D2、LTE网管系统中，EMS的北向接口连接____A.OSS/NMSB.OMMC.LMTD.MINOS答案：A3、B1事件表示:A.服务小区质量高于门限B.服务小区质量低于门限C.邻接异RAT小区质量高于门限D.邻接异RAT小区质量低于门限答案：C4、Linux系统中，查看监听服务状态的命令是:A.listenerstateB.listenerstatusC.lsnrctlstateD.lsnrctlstatus5、采用单小区10MHz、双频点异频组网时，要求单小区平均吞吐量满足（）A.DL 15Mbps/UL 4MbpsB.DL 15Mbps/UL 6MbpsC.DL 20Mbps/UL 4MbpsD.DL 20Mbps/UL 6Mbps答案：A6、以下哪种说法是正确的（）A.LTE只有PS域B.LTE只有CS域C.LTE既有CS域也有PS域D.LTE既无CS域也无PS域答案：A7、在UE接收到竞争解决消息后，一下那种行为是错误的A.UE对消息正确解码，并检测到自己的标识：反馈一个肯定的确认"ACKB.UE对消息正确解码，并发现消息中包含其他UE标识：不反馈信息C.UE对消息解码失败，或漏掉了下行准许信号：不反馈信息D.UE对消息正确解码，并发现消息中包含其他UE标识：反馈信息答案：D8、目前CMCC 对OLC技术应用的主要场景是（）A.室分系统B.室外宏站C.两者皆可D.答案：A9、哪些不是RF优化目的？A.优化信号覆盖B.控制导频污染C.保证参数配置正确D.提高切换成功率10、LTE系统中，载波为5MHz,每个小区包括8个FTP用户，最大吞吐量为（）Mbit/SA.1.384B.5.4C.1.7D.10答案：D11、LTE的空中接口，即Uu接口，是E-UTRAN和（）之间的接口A.E-UTRANB.UEC.MMED.SGW答案：A12、Solaris操作系统中创建目录命令____A.mvB.rmdirC.mkdirD.cp答案：C13、交通枢纽场景在WLAN/LTE合路引入的情况下，天线间距建议为( )米，覆盖4500平米。