文化语义差异与大学英语阅读

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文化差异与英语阅读理解教学论文

文化差异与英语阅读理解教学论文文化差异与英语阅读理解教学论文摘要：影响阅读理解活动的因素是多而复杂的，其中既包括阅读材料作者本身的文化背景和差异，也包括阅读者本人的文化背景和差异。

所以要达到理想的阅读理解效果，在阅读教学中应该充分注意到文化差异对阅读的影响。

从即文化背景差异、文化语用差异和阅读教学中如何注重文化差异三个方面具体分析了文化差异对英语阅读理解教学的影响，提出了阅读理解教学中应该注重文化差异。

关键词：文化差异；英语阅读教学1 文化背景图式差异与阅读理解汉英两个民族在各自文化熏陶下衍生出各自不同的思维模式和推理模式，有着各自不同的生活方式和习惯，这种差异会导致他们在语言交流和使用中产生不同的联想，带来交流中的障碍和误解甚至冲突。

任何一篇作品都有其特定的背景知识。

但建立在语言学、心理学基础之上的图式认知理论对背景知识进行了更全面更深刻的论述。

图式(schema)是已知事物的信息存在于人们头脑中的认知结构，即人们在接触新事物时会把新事物与相关的已知事物相联系，通过大脑的能动反应，从而激发出能认识或帮助认识新事物的图式。

人们在接触新事物或在阅读过程中遇到的新知识时会很自然地与已知的事物相联系，并在大脑中显现出与新事物相关联的图式。

这里所指的已知事物信息就是背景知识，背景知识是构成图式的建筑砌块。

图式是记忆结构，它既包括语言、文化、习俗等其他领域的知识，也包括已形成的神经反应模式。

图式是认知的基础，读者可以借助记忆中激活的知识结构来填补文章中未表达出来的细节内容，从而达到理解的目的。

阅读者在进行阅读时用这些背景知识来预测和解读文章内容和信息，并与大脑中预存的相关背景进行对比和修正，从而在结合文章内容和信息形成新的背景知识储存在大脑中。

对体裁、修辞或文章组织结构等背景知识的缺乏将会导致阅读者理解上的障碍，对形式背景知识的娴熟运用是成功阅读的重要因素。

2 文化语用差异与阅读理解阅读理解过程并不象人们通常所认为的是一个被动的、简单的语言信息输入和吸收的过程，而是一个复杂的、积极的、语言和思维相互作用的信息解码心理行为过程。

新大学英语文化对比阅读(上)文化对比阅读(上)补充阅读材料 (1)[2页]

2015: The 90s ComebackUnknownChina’s ‘jiulinghou’ or the Post 90s generation is the one consumer group to watch for 2015. As marketing trends see mobile marketing and social ecommerce continue to grow, the jiulinghou will be the influential group carrying these trends.Who are the ‘jiulinghou’?The Post-90s generation in China were born between 1990-1999, growing up in relatively prosperous situations; often in a stable family environment with hardworking parents, and two sets of doting grandparents eager to bring up a grandchild. Their parents sought a steady life, aiming to provide better futures for themselves by investing in their children. Due to the one-child policy, jiulinghou were precious, and arguably pampered throughout their lives. The Post-90s generations affect up to 50% of their family’s expenditure.Jiulinghou are a large consumer group, as according to statistics by The World Factbook, they make up 14.7% of China’s population. Notorious in the media and labelled as lazy, selfish and endangering the future of China, the ‘jiulinghou’ are negatively criticised for being individualistic. However, this group would describe themselves differently. When was being individualistic a synonym for being selfish? Instead, this generation is unique as they seek a better quality of life not only in money, but in leisure, hobbies, passions and society. They are seeking freedom: for themselves, their futures and each other.Consumer behaviourBeing digital natives, jiulinghou are a large wave in the smartphone surge China is currently experiencing. They use social media as their voice; to communicate between friends and family, but also the rest of China. They write reviews to stamp authenticity and combat the trust issues in China of fake products and scams. They create communities of like-minded individuals, sharing the same interests and values.The brand is not the only factor affecting decision making, and this consumer group is thoughtful and practical when purchasing. Jiulinghou consume to enrich their lives;making sure that each product or brand meets their needs, whether it is for a specific function, to show social status or a personal point of difference.How to market to jiulinghouMarketing to this consumer group takes a different approach compared to the older generations of consumers. If you were to advertise to the parents of jiulinghou, or even balinghou (the Post-80s generation), there would still be a large focus on stability, investment and family.The jiulinghou appreciate uniqueness and freedom as that’s what they seek for themselves. Provide customisation and flexibility in your products and brand, to let the jiulinghou take it and make it their own. They appreciate the ability to customise, as although they do want to be different, they also want to participate in communities and trends. This may seem like a contradictory behaviour, but doesn’t everyone understand the emotional and psychological need to be different but also the same?You will not be able to win over this group with just a flash campaign, marketed by a popular celebrity or KOL. Instead, jiulinghou will want to know who you are and what your brand is about before they invest in you. Push your niche and USP as jiulinghou are looking for something a little less mainstream. Show your brand personality and engage in a conversation with your jiulinghou consumers. This supports the importance of not only existing, but frequently updating social media content, and sparking conversations between your brand and consumers. Social eCommerce is already happening in China, with jiulinghou key stakeholders in this form of consumption. As a brand, bring your social and ecommerce platforms together, making it easier to jiulinghou to engage with you and then make a purchase.The final wordThe jiulinghou are not only an important group for 2015, but they will shape the consumption behaviours of future China. Soon the Post-90s generation will be the dominant consumer group, as they age into marriage, having children, and buying big ticket items such as cars and property. Begin understanding this generation now so you can have loyal customers in the future.http://www.digitaljungle.agency/2015-the-90s-comeback/。

英语阅读理解中中西文化差异

英语阅读理解中中西文化差异永顺一中楚金蓉引言英语阅读是英语学习的重要内容。

它帮助我们学习语言技巧，丰富文化知识。

在国际交往日益频繁，国际贸易逐渐增多的今天，阅读变成了了解世界，学习先进技术的最方便的手段之一。

因此，提高阅读理解能力就成了我们当前研究的重要课题，英汉语言的差别，特别是两种语言隐含的文化差异，是阅读理解过程中的最大的障碍。

下面，我从阅读理解的实质出发，来探讨英语阅读理解中中西文化差异。

一、阅读理解中的社会文化1.1.阅读理解的实质阅读理解是阅读者的主体行为，是阅读者与作者的对话。

从语言心理学的角度来说，阅读是思维同语言之间相互反应的积极过程，一个人的思维不同程度地受到社会群体，文化意识的影响，所以对于我们中国人来说，英语阅读的实质，就是一种通过语言符号传达信息的跨文化交际。

1.2.文化的含义及与语言的关系文化是一个社会所具有的独特的信仰、习惯、制度、目标和技术的总模式。

它包括一切人类社会共享的产物，它不仅包括城市、组织、学校等物质的东西，也包括思想风俗、习惯、家庭模式等非物质的东西，它是一个社会的整个生活方式，一个民族的全部活动，所以文化被深深地打上了社会和民族的烙印，人类本身就是文化的组成部分，人类创造文化，反过来文化又造就了人类，文化表现为的似下两方面：(1)普通文化：表习俗、仪式及衣食住行等方面的生活方式。

(2)深层文化：包括哲学、文学、艺术宗教等方面。

语言是一个大的人类群体使用和理解的一套符号和连接这些符号的规则系统，符号和表示符号的文字因文化而异，制约符号的规则也因文化而异。

语言是文化的一个部分，也足了解一种文化如何理解现实的向导，没有语言，就没有文化；从另一个方面看，文化又是帮助理解语言的指南，词的意义，用法是由文化决定的，可以说，语言反映了一个民族的特征，它不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景，而且还蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和思维方式。

所以说理解语言必须了解文化。

试论汉英文化差异与大学英语教学研究

试论汉英文化差异与大学英语教学研究语言是文化的重要载体，学习语言的基础是了解其文化属性。

大学英语是一门重要的语言课程，由于汉英文化在诸多方面的差异，往往导致大学英语教学出现诸多问题，从而影响了教学质量。

因此大学英语教学中必须重视汉英文化的差异，加强文化知识的教育，提高大学生英语的综合水平。

本文分析了汉英文化差异的具体表现，并探讨了大学英语教学应对文化差异的策略。

标签：汉英；文化差异；大学英语；教学0 引言由于受历史背景、地理环境、社会经济等因素影响，汉英文化存在着明显的差异，体现在大学英语教学中，严重制约了教学的实效性。

我国大学英语教学受传统教学理念的影响，把传授知识和培养语言技能作为教学重点，而忽略了实际生活中汉英文化的差异性，导致文化与语言教学严重脱节，使得大学生的英语综合素养水平较低。

随着全球化进程的加快，为培养更多高素质的优秀人才，大学英语教学中必须渗透文化差异的教育，从而提高学生的文化素养以及英语的实际应用能力。

1 汉英文化差异在具体表现1.1 思维方式上的差异思维方式是语言与文化沟通的桥梁，反映出不同文化的特征，关系到语言的生成和发展。

虽然人类的思维规律有一定的共性部分，但是不同文化背景的人，由于受到不同文化氛围的影响，思维方式表现出明显差异，表现在语言的表达形式上。

英语的表达以西方文化为依托，体现西方人的思维方式，而中国学生由于受中国传统文化的影响，以中国人的思维方式去理解英语或者表达英语，容易造成文化的误解，导致英语学习失去实际应用价值。

例如，西方人在写作中陈述个人观点时，习惯直接使用“我”的第一人称来进行表达；而中国文化一贯弘扬集体主义，尽量避免凸显个人，因此中国学生在进行英文写作时，也习惯用“我们”来陈述个人观点，而较少采用“我”，以至于与西方人的思维方式出现较大差异。

1.2 价值观上的差异价值观是一种能够帮助人们区别美丑、善恶的价值体系，是一种持久信念，也是人们处世的哲学、道德标准和行为规范。

汉英文化差异与大学英语教学研究_大学英语听说3答案完整

汉英文化差异与大学英语教学研究_大学英语听说3答案完整随着外语教学包括英语教学研究与实践的不断深入与发展，我们对语言教学主要目的在于掌握语言进行交际的认识也在不断加深。

语言是社会的，语言的使用脱离不开社会环境。

不同社会，存在着民族脾性、心理状态、风俗习惯、社会关系等诸多方面的不同，从而导致民族文化的不同。

汉英文化差异大学英语教学语言是社会文化发展的产物。

语言的生存和发展都离不开赖以生存的社会文化环境，通过对汉英文化差异在语言学各个层次上的表现，以及英美文化背景知识对汉英文化影响的探讨，提出英美文化导入在大学英语教学中的方式方法。

一、文化差异文化的差异是从文化起源的那一刻起就开始了的。

而且，越是在起源阶段的差异，就越具本原性，就越是能够最终极地解释后来文化的差异问题。

而要揭示文化起源时的差异，就必须首先找出文化起源的初始因素，然后再从这初始因素来探索和描述不同文化各自形成的历史的和逻辑的轨迹。

1.在行为准则上的体现人格结构的另一体现是行为模式，它是人的内在的文化基质得以在现实的感性世界中实现出来的唯一通道。

一个人的行为不是随意的，而总是以某种特定的、且具有一定稳定性的方式进行的。

而且，在同一民族和文化区中，这种特定而又稳定的方式必然具有普遍性，必然体现在许多人的行为之中。

所以，不同的人格结构必然具有不同的行为模式。

既然西方人人格结构的核心是内在自我，那么，他们自然倾向于将自己同他人区别开来，突出自己的个性与独特性，强调同他人相异的一面。

这种倾向，我们称之为“立异”心理。

2.在价值观念上的体现在人伦本位的文化模式中，在长期使用“该不该”的思维模式的支配下，中国古代知识分子几乎丧失了裁决真理的权利和能力。

在伦理本位的文化中，人们一贯只能被动地接受外部的指令，至多也只会达到将外部指令转化为自身的内在要求。

无论是哪种情况，这个外部指令都不可能具有真理的意义，因为它不是经过个人在科学论证后的自己的发现，从而也不能作为个人的本质的确证。

文化差异与英语阅读能力

一
文化差异对英语阅读理解的影响
有得意日）Ｌｖｉ，ｏｅｍｏ．爱屋及乌）。而在中国，；ｏｅｈｅｌｙｄｇ（ｖ狗常用来看家护院，多用来比喻受奴役的人，有一定的贬义，如：狗仗人势、狗眼看人低，狼心狗肺，狐朋狗友等。如果不了解中西方文化中词义的差异，就容易引起阅读理解的失误。一个词可能引起种种联想，些联想又常因民族而异。这对学英语的中国人来说，不但要勤查词典，还需要在平时的阅读实践当中不断积累。习语是人民大众１头上习用的定型词组或短语，３包括俚语、谚语、俗语等，是语言反映社会和文化的重要组成部分。习语好比一面镜子，能清楚地反映出一个民族的文化特色，无论是地理环境、历史背景、风俗习惯、生活方式、价值观念、宗教信仰等，都在习语中得到充分的反映。汉英民族共同的经历使这两个民族有着相似的习语。如：趁热打铁（ｔｋｓｉｒｅ
摘
要：大学英语教学的主要目标之一就是培养学生较强的阅读能力。文化与语言的紧密联系决定了
文化差异在英语阅读理解过程中的重要性。文化差异对英语阅读理解的影响主要体现在词语、思维模式与篇章、文化背景等几个方面，以提高学生的阅读能力为目的的文化教学应遵循一定的原则和方法，这些观点
运用典故在英汉两种语言中是一个普遍的现象，这些典故包含了丰富的文化．涵。在阅读中如能正确把握一些常内用英语典故的含义，对正确理解文章大有裨益。当你看到这
样一个句子：ｈｙｈｖ，ｂｉｖｒａｔｏｅｅａｄｒ’ Ｔｅａｅｙｈｓｅｃ，ｐｎｄａＰｎｏａＳｔｙｂｘ（ｏ．他们这种作法犹如打开了潘多拉的盒子，成了极大造的混乱和不幸。ａｄｒ ’ ｂｘ潘多拉的盒子）自于希腊）Ｐｎｏｓｏ（ａ来神话，普罗米修斯盗天火给人类后，主神宙斯大怒，图谋报复人类。他把潘多拉送给普罗米修斯的兄弟厄庇墨透斯，同时还交给她一个盒子，作为结婚礼物，送给她的新婚丈夫。厄庇墨透斯不听普罗米修斯的劝告，潘多拉为妻，娶并打开她带来的盒子。结果，盒子里装的“ 疾病 ” “ 、疯狂 ” “ 、罪恶 ” 、 “ 嫉妒” 等祸患一起飞出，只有 “ 希望” 留在盒底。从此，间人充满着各种灾祸。后来，潘多拉的盒子成了习语，意思是“ 灾祸之根源” 。我们若知道了这个典故，对上述句子就不会

英汉两种语言和文化的差异英语作文

英汉两种语言和文化的差异英语作文Differences between English and Chinese language and cultureLanguage is a fundamental aspect of a culture, and it plays a critical role in shaping the way people think and communicate. English and Chinese are two of the most widely spoken languages in the world, and they come from vastly different linguistic and cultural backgrounds. In this essay, we will explore the differences between English and Chinese language and culture.One of the most significant differences between English and Chinese is the writing system. English uses the Latin alphabet, which consists of 26 letters, while Chinese uses characters that represent words or concepts. Chinese characters are visually complex and require a great deal of memorization to learn. In contrast, the Latin alphabet is relatively simple and easy to learn.Another key difference between English and Chinese is the sentence structure. English follows a subject-verb-object order, while Chinese follows a subject-verb-object order. This difference in sentence structure can lead to misunderstandings between speakers of the two languages. For example, a Chinesespeaker may have trouble understanding a sentence in English because of the different word order.In addition to the differences in writing system and sentence structure, English and Chinese also have differences in pronunciation and phonetics. English has a relatively small number of distinct sounds, while Chinese has a larger number of tones and phonemes. This means that Chinese speakers may have difficulty pronouncing certain English sounds, and vice versa.Cultural differences also play a role in shaping the languages of English and Chinese. For example, Chinese culture places a high value on politeness and formality, which is reflected in the language. Chinese speakers often use honorifics and formal language when speaking to elders or authority figures. In contrast, English speakers are more likely to use informal language and may not place as much importance on politeness.Another cultural difference between English and Chinese is the concept of individualism versus collectivism.English-speaking cultures tend to emphasize individual freedom and autonomy, while Chinese-speaking cultures place a greater emphasis on harmony and group cohesion. This difference in cultural values is reflected in the languages themselves. Forexample, English has a greater variety of pronouns to indicate individual identity, while Chinese has fewer pronouns that emphasize group identity.In conclusion, English and Chinese are two vastly different languages with distinct linguistic and cultural characteristics. Understanding these differences is essential for effective communication and can help bridge the gap between speakers of the two languages. By recognizing and appreciating the unique qualities of each language, we can learn to communicate more effectively and appreciate the richness of both English and Chinese culture.。

新大学英语文化对比阅读(上)文化对比阅读(上)补充阅读材料 (52)[3页]

Why I love my strict Chinese momSophia ChuaWriter Amy Chua shocked the world with her provocative essay, “Why Chinese Mothers are Superior,” when it appeared in the Wall Stree t Journal earlier this month. The article, excerpted from her new book, “Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother,” described “how Chinese parents raise such stereotypically successful kids.” It led with a manifesto: “Here are some things my daughters, Sophia and L ouisa, were never allowed to do: attend a sleepover; have a playdate; be in a school play; complain about not being in a school play; watch TV or play computer games; choose their own extracurricular activities; get any grade less than an A; not be the No. 1 student in every subject except gym and drama; play any instrument other than the piano or violin; not play the piano or violin.”While Chua says she has received death threats for her comments (one critic called her the “worst mother ever”), the quest ion remains: What do her own children think? Now Chua’s eldest daughter, Sophia Chua-Rubenfeld, 18, tells her side of the story exclusively to The Post . . .Dear Tiger Mom,You’ve been criticized a lot since you published your memoir, “Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother.” One problem is that some people don’t get your humor. They think you’re serious about all this, and they assume Lulu and I are oppressed by our evil mother. That is so not true. Every other Thursday, you take off our chains and let us play math games in the basement.But for real, it’s not their fault. No outsider can know what our family is really like. They don’t hear us cracking up over each other’s jokes. They don’t see us eating our hamburgers with fried rice. They don’t know how much f un we have when the six of us —dogs included —squeeze into one bed and argue about what movies to download from Netflix.I admit it: Having you as a mother was no tea party. There were some play dates I wish I’d gone to and some piano camps I wish I’d skipped. But now that I’m 18 and about to leave the tiger den, I’m glad you and Daddy raised me the way you did. Here’s why.A lot of people have accused you of producing robot kids who can’t think for themselves. Well, that’s funny, because I think those people are . . . oh well, it doesn’t matter. At any rate, I was thinking about this, and I came to the opposite conclusion: I think your strict parenting forced me to be more independent. Early on, I decided to be an easy child to raise. Maybe I got it from Daddy — he taught me not to care what people think and to make my own choices — but I also decided to be who I want to be. I didn’t rebel, but I didn’t suffer all the slings and arrows of a Tiger Mom, either. I pretty much do my own thing these days —like building greenhouses downtown, blasting Daft Punk in the car with Lulu and forcing my boyfriend to watch “Lord of the Rings” with me over and over — as long as I get my piano done first.Everybody’s talking about the birthday cards we once made for you, w hich you rejected because they weren’t good enough. Funny how some people are convinced that Lulu and I are scarred for life. Maybe if I had poured my heart into it, I would have been upset. But let’s face it: The card was feeble, and I was busted. It took me 30 seconds; I didn’t even sharpen the pencil. That’s why, when you rejected it, I didn’t feel you were rejecting me. If I actually tried my best at something, you’d never throw it back in my face.I remember walking on stage for a piano competition. I was so nervous, and you whispered, “So-so, you worked as hard as you could. It doesn’t matter how you do.”Everybody seems to think art is spontaneous. But Tiger Mom, you taught me that even creativity takes effort. I guess I was a little different from other kids in grade school, but who says that’s a bad thing? Maybe I was just lucky to have nice friends. They used to put notes in my backpack that said “Good luck at the competition tomorrow! You’ll be great!” They came to my piano recitals —mostly for the dumplings you made afterward —and I started crying when I heard them yelling “bravo!” at Carnegie Hall.When I got to high school, you realized it was time to let me grow up a little. All the girls started wearing makeup in ninth grade. I walked to CVS to buy some and taught myself how to use it. It wasn’t a big deal. You were surprised when I came down to dinner wearing eyeliner, but you didn’t mind. You let me have that rite of passage.Another criticism I keep hearing is that you’re somehow promoting tunnel vision, but you and Daddy taught me to pursue knowledge for its own sake. In junior year, Isigned myself up for a military-history elective (yes, you let me take lots of classes besides math and physics). One of our assignments was to interview someone who had experienced war. I knew I could get a good grade interviewing my grandparents, whose childhood stories about World War II I’d heard a thousand times. I mentioned it to you, and you said, “Sophia, this is an opportunity to learn something new. You’re taking the easy way out.” You were right, Tiger Mom. In the end, I interviewed a terrifying Israeli paratrooper whose story changed my outlook on life. I owe that experience to you.There’s one more thing: I think the desire to live a meaningful lif e is universal. To some people, it’s working toward a goal. To others, it’s enjoying every minute of every day. So what does it really mean to live life to the fullest? Maybe striving to win a Nobel Prize and going skydiving are just two sides of the same coin. To me, it’s not about achievement or self-gratification. It’s about knowing that you’ve pushed yourself, body and mind, to the limits of your own potential. You feel it when you’re sprinting, and when the piano piece you’ve practiced for hours finall y comes to life beneath your fingertips. You feel it when you encounter a life-changing idea, and when you do something on your own that you never thought you could. If I died tomorrow, I would die feeling I’ve lived my whole life at 110 percent.And for that, Tiger Mom, thank you./2011/01/18/why-i-love-my-strict-chinese-mom/。

新大学英语文化对比阅读(上)文化对比阅读(上)补充阅读材料 (43)[3页]

Consumed by Our Consumer SocietyNatasha JosefowitzTHINGS! More things to clutter our desks, our shelves, our homes!Years ago, on our way to Borrego Springs, just past Dudley’s bakery, we saw a man carving a bear with a chain saw. There were several bears in various stages of completion, some standing, some sitting. One was holding a salmon in his front paws. He was about four feet tall and was almost finished. We stopped and asked if he was for sale. Yes he was, and not too expensive. We gave a deposit and said we would pick him up on our way back home.The bear is now standing by the front door to my apartment at the White Sands of La Jolla, and I smile at him as I pass by. He gives me pleasure, but did I “need” him? This was, of course, totally “impulse buying.”Planned purchases require a four-step process. First, there must be an awareness of need or want. Second, there is the search for the object, either by going to a store, looking through a mail-order catalog, or going online. Third, there is the actual act of acquiring the object, which may include bargaining. And fourth, there is the ownership of the object by either using it, wearing it, eating it, looking at it, or listening to it.Impulse buying has none of these elements — you see it, it sings to you, you want to possess it, you might deliberate for a few seconds about the fact that you don’t really need or maybe you cannot really afford it, and then you buy it anyway because practical factors don’t really play a part in the decision. Acquiring something you want triggers the pleasure centers of your brain.Some people, mostly collectors, enjoy the hunt, the challenge of finding something rare. They will own the object for a while, then sell it and look for another. Other people are packrats: they like owning a lot of stuff and live in cluttered houses, often to the dismay of their spouses.I know for myself, when I pass a frozen yogurt place, I stop and indulge even when I’m not hungry. It’s good, so why not? I have read that one should never enter grocery shop when hungry because one buys on impulse. When my husband and I traveled,we bought souvenirs that ended up gathering dust in unseen corners of the house. Our kids begged us not to bring them anything anymore from exotic places. Tour buses and cruise ships have shopping tours, shopping stopovers, and almost everyone helps the economy of the countries visited, returning home saying, “where shall we put it”or “who can we give this to?”I remember, as a child in Europe, our families took dominical walks together. We strolled on Sundays enjoying the various parks near Paris. Later, when I had children and lived in Switzerland, families went walking in the surrounding countryside. That was the weekend activity. Today, families go to the mall. When my granddaughter was a teenager, she went to the mall with her friends with nothing special in mind, and they returned with “must have” items such as blue nail polish or another T-shirt. Shopping is now equated with other legitimate leisure activities.The lines are too often blurred between “need” and “want.” Do I need the sweater in the store window? Probably not. Can I use it? Probably yes. Do I want it? Definitely. So do I buy it? Mail order catalogs, beautifully displayed store windows enticing customers to come in and browse, and ads in newspapers, all beckon us to spend money to own more. Now we own too much because we are prodded by our environment and our culture to keep buying to respond to our fleeting desires for this or that not-really-needed object.We used to go to the local library to borrow books, now we buy them. I remember shortening dresses and skirts when fashions changed and adding hems and borders to lengthen them when the new look was longer. We re-heeled our shoes, darned our socks, and even took our stockings with runs to the woman who specialized in re-weaving them. We made do, it was good enough; perfect was not in our vocabularies. Our aspirations were more limited. We were not bombarded by so many promising ads.Were we less stressed because of fewer choices, less need to make constant decisions?I do not know, nostalgia creates memory gaps, but I do know that we should all do less shopping, own less, get rid of clutter, and have a life free of too much stuff. Discarding something often feels like a loss and that can trigger stress hormones, which is why it is so hard to get rid of things. So far I am a failed minimalist./dr-natasha-josefowitz/consumed-by-our-consumer-_b_6329190.html。

新大学英语文化对比阅读(上)文化对比阅读(上)补充阅读材料 (13)[3页]

Decade of difference in a generationMike BastinForeign brands should note Chinese shoppers born in the 1990s vary a great deal from those born in the 1980sWhile China’s economic miracle continues, with GDP still growing at around a healthy 8 percent, more discussion centers on the emergence and changing nature of Chinese consumerism.Most attention is on the younger generations, usually the heaviest consumers of most branded products. Reliable estimates put the number of Chinese consumers between the ages of 18 and 35 at about 440 million.But how much is known about the needs and desires of these younger Chinese consumers and how should European companies tailor their marketing campaigns to attract and retain this large and increasingly affluent market segment?Due to the almost simultaneous commencement of China’s opening-up and family planning policies in the late 1970s, younger Chinese consumers are perceived, and perceive themselves, as quite different from older generations.China’s rapid economic emergence since then has not proceeded at a gradual pace. The 1980s saw the foundations of economic development laid, followed by relatively rampant growth in the 1990s. It was during the early 1990s that foreign direct investment soared in China.As a result, younger generations have experienced a very different and fast-changing consumer environment, with many world-famous brands penetrating the Chinese mainland, such as McDonald’s and Ikea.But this uneven pace of change has led to age segmentation of this younger section, with the balinghou, those born in the 1980s, separated from those born in the 1990s, the jiulinghou.Even though differences in consumption behavior between the balinghou and jiulinghou may not be that great, there is certainly the perception that these twogroups are different. Those born during this 20-year period often define themselves as either balinghou or jiulinghou, although the latter resent being labeled as such.But what are these differences and how can European companies adapt their marketing campaigns accordingly?First, it is vital for European firms to appreciate that this entire group of younger consumers is increasingly bi-cultural, and that a blend of collectivistic and individualistic consumer values is emerging. It is also important to understand that this increase in modern values has not led to any substantial decrease in traditional values.However, the jiulinghou — at least those born into China’s new urban middle-class families — have grown up in a significantly different environment compared with the balinghou. Shopping experiences for the jiulinghou are much more about fun and adventure, and they can be characterized as far more hedonistic than the balinghou.The jiulinghou are also far more high-tech savvy than the older group, with greater use of and demand for the latest technology, and higher Internet adoption rates. Marketing campaigns targeting the jiulinghou should, therefore, consider heavy use of social media rather than the traditional mass mediaGenerally, the jiulinghou are more individualistic than the balinghou. For example, hierarchy and family values remain strong but are considered more important to the balinghou. Advertisements featuring the extended family will therefore resonate more with the older group.Modern notions such as “open to change”and “self-direction”are much more prevalent among the jiulinghou and marketing campaigns and brand positioning need to adapt accordingly.However, biculturalism is very much the rising trend, with traditional (Confucian) values such as mianzi (face) and guanxi (connections) remaining strong. But even here there are important differences in interpretation between the balinghou and jiulinghou.In buying a car, for example, the balinghou are motivated to buy an expensive, high-quality brand such as Audi or Mercedes to display material wealth and successin business, while the jiulinghou will buy the same car, but will seek to gain face by displaying the fun, adventure and freedom that results.Self-direction, independence and even non-conformist consumer values need to be incorporated into many marketing campaigns for the jiulinghou. These values have replaced the follower mentality among the balinghou.Until now, few Western brands have attempted any form of brand positioning and marketing communication that makes use of a China association or Chinese image, yet this is precisely what would appeal to the jiulinghou. The balinghou will perceive any Chinese imagery as equivalent to low-quality and poor service, but the jiulinghou will interpret it very differently.Key to success for any advertising campaign targeting younger Chinese consumers, therefore, is a mixture of individualistic and collectivistic appeals.Finally, it is vital for European firms to know that this change in consumer values across younger Chinese generations is continuing, and that increasing individualism will lead to greater diversity within similar age groups.Personality and value-orientation will become more important factors, and although these are fairly consistent across the age groups of younger consumers at present, they will inevitably change, and European companies should invest in research into these areas.Chinese consumerism continues to evolve and will probably increase in complexity, resulting in a totally new form of Chinese culture. This requires heavy investment in research./epaper/2013-06/21/content_16642534.htm。

文明差异对文学的影响英语作文

文明差异对文学的影响英语作文English: The influence of cultural differences on literature is profound and multifaceted. Various civilizations have unique values, beliefs, and traditions that shape their literary works. For example, Western literature often focuses on individualism, self-expression, and the power of the individual to overcome challenges. In contrast, Eastern literature often emphasizes harmony, interconnectedness, and the cyclical nature of life. These differences in cultural values impact themes, characters, plot development, and even writing style. Additionally, cultural differences can also influence the interpretation of literary works, with readers from different cultures bringing their own perspectives and biases to the text. Overall, the rich tapestry of cultural diversity enriches the world of literature, offering a wide range of perspectives and insights into the human experience.中文翻译: 文明差异对文学的影响深远而多方面。

高二语言文化差异英语阅读理解20题

高二语言文化差异英语阅读理解20题1<背景文章>Cultural differences in social etiquette between China and the United States are quite significant. In China, when people meet for the first time, they usually ask about each other's job, family situation, and other personal matters. This is considered a way to show concern and friendliness. However, in the United States, such questions may be regarded as intrusive. Americans tend to start a conversation with topics like the weather, sports, or hobbies.Another difference is in the way people address each other. In China, it is common to use titles such as "Teacher Li," "Manager Wang," or kinship terms like "Auntie Zhang," "Uncle Liu." But in the United States, people usually call each other by their first names directly, regardless of age or social status.When it comes to giving gifts, Chinese people often attach great importance to the value and practicality of the gift. They may choose expensive gifts to show respect and gratitude. In contrast, Americans may value the thought and sentiment behind the gift more than its price. A handmade card or a small token can also be very meaningful.In terms of dining etiquette, in China, people usually share dishes andit is polite to offer food to others. In the United States, people generally have their own plates and seldom share food. Also, in Chinese restaurants, it is common for people to make a lot of noise while eating, which is considered a sign of a lively atmosphere. But in American restaurants, people are expected to keep quiet and not disturb others.1. In China, when people meet for the first time, they usually ask about _____.A. each other's hobbiesB. each other's job and family situationC. the weatherD. sports答案：B。

《2024年英汉词语文化语义对比研究》范文

《英汉词语文化语义对比研究》篇一一、引言随着全球化的发展和国际交流的频繁，语言和文化之间的交流显得尤为重要。

其中，词语作为语言的基本单位，其文化语义的差异往往对跨文化交流产生深远影响。

本文旨在通过对英汉词语文化语义的对比研究，揭示两种语言中词语的文化内涵及其差异，为跨文化交际提供理论支持。

二、英汉词语文化语义的共性与差异1. 共性英汉两种语言在文化语义上存在共性，主要体现在以下几个方面：（1）基本概念与意义：大部分英汉词语在基本概念和意义上具有相似性或共通性，如“爱”、“友谊”、“家庭”等词汇在两种语言中均具有相似的文化内涵。

（2）文化传承：英汉两种语言在文化传承过程中，许多词语都承载着各自民族的历史、传统和价值观。

例如，“龙”在中文中象征着吉祥、尊贵，而在英文中，“dragon”也有类似的含义。

2. 差异尽管英汉词语在文化语义上存在共性，但也存在显著差异，这些差异主要体现在以下几个方面：（1）历史背景：由于历史背景的不同，同一概念在不同语言中的表达可能存在差异。

例如，“tea”在英文中是一种流行饮料，而在中文中，茶的文化内涵更为丰富，具有修身养性的作用。

（2）地域特色：地域特色是造成英汉词语文化语义差异的重要因素。

例如，“秋千”在英文中无对应词汇，而在中文中则具有浓厚的民俗文化色彩。

（3）宗教信仰：宗教信仰对词语的文化语义产生深远影响。

例如，基督教文化中的“God”（上帝）与佛教、道教等宗教文化中的神祇概念在中文中无法找到完全对应的词汇。

三、英汉词语文化语义对比的方法与实例分析1. 方法为了更好地进行英汉词语文化语义对比，可以采用以下方法：（1）文献研究法：通过查阅相关文献，了解英汉词语的文化背景和历史渊源。

（2）实地调查法：通过实地调查，了解不同语言环境下词语的使用情况和文化内涵。

（3）案例分析法：选取具有代表性的英汉词语进行对比分析，探讨其文化语义的异同。

2. 实例分析以“dog”和“狗”为例，虽然两词在基本概念上相似，都指代一种家养动物，但在文化语义上却存在差异。

浅谈英语语言中与汉语中的语义和文化的不对等现象

英汉词汇的文化内涵极为丰富，但在许多方面存在着不对应现象。

从语言学和跨文化交际学的角度上来说，它的产生是因为每一种语言都有它自身所特有的语言体系与建构，每一个民族都有它自己的生活习惯、思维方式、语言心理、行为规范、价值观念和文化传统，两种语言之间的语义和文化的对等是极为少见的。

具体体现在以下三个方面：一、词语的文化内涵不同导致词汇空缺现象词汇空缺现象是指由于文化和语言的差异，一种语言有的词在另一种语言中也许没有对应或契合的词。

这些词语有的源于对客观世界的认识的不同，有的源于社会生活的不同。

例如：英语中的Victoria girl(维多利亚女孩)，指的是思想比较保守的女性，因为维多利亚时期英国的思想比较保守，所以以这位女王的名字来形容那些思想行为比较保守的人等等。

中文中一些词语在英语中也有词汇空缺现象，例如：王母、朱雀、玄武、土地庙、中山装、景泰蓝、红眼病、四大金刚，五福同寿等等，这些具有中国独特文化内涵的词汇，在英语中也很难找到对应的词汇。

二、词义和文化的意想差异导致语义不同词义的联想和文化意象差异实际上属于“文化信息”差异，具体反映在词汇的比喻与联想意义和社会文化意义的不对应上。

英语中的很多词汇以及表达方式所蕴涵的寓意都与希腊神话有关。

Achilles’ heel (阿格琉斯的脚后跟)指的是致命的弱点。

来自于希腊神话特洛伊战争，阿格琉斯是希腊最英勇的战士，而他的致命弱点就是他的脚后跟；Juda’s kiss(犹大的吻)，犹大是出卖耶和华的叛徒，这个短语指的是口蜜腹剑的意思； The laurel of Apollo(阿波罗的月桂树)，桂花在中文里我们想到的是秋天，而这个短语却是表示胜利(victory)。

汉语的金、木、水、火、土五颗行星代表了八卦五行，但是在英语里面的含义却是完全不对等的。

英语之中，金星（Mars）是天上最美丽的一颗星，代表了美丽女神维纳斯；木星(Jupiter)是天神宙斯的化身；水星(Mercury)因为离太阳最近跑得最快，所以是通信使者；火星(Mars)因为一直有着熊熊的火焰，是战神的化身；土星(Saturn)因为万物的生长都离不开土壤所以是大地之母，宙斯的母亲。

大学英语阅读教案：提高语义理解和文化意识

大学英语阅读教案：提高语义理解和文化意识概述本教案旨在帮助大学生提高英语阅读能力，并加强对语义理解和文化意识的培养。

通过有效的教学方法和相关练习，学生将能够更好地理解英语文章中的信息并深入了解其中包含的文化背景和内涵。

课程目标1.培养学生良好的英语阅读习惯和技巧；2.提高学生对于英文单词、短语以及句子的语义理解能力；3.增进学生对不同文化背景下文章的理解和欣赏能力；4.培养学生在跨文化交流中灵活运用语言的能力。

教学内容单元一：基础阅读技巧1.阅读前预测与目标设定2.快速浏览与扫读技巧3.利用上下文推断词义4.归纳和总结主要观点单元二：拓展词汇量与短语搭配1.有效记忆生词和固定搭配2.掌握常见词义的变化和用法差异3.学习常见英语习语与惯用表达单元三：文化意识培养1.理解不同文化下的价值观和传统习俗2.解读与思考文化隐喻及象征意义3.比较不同文化间的思维方式和表达方式教学方法和活动安排1. 教师讲授教师通过讲解基础阅读技巧、词汇学习策略以及跨文化交流等知识点，引导学生建立正确的阅读态度和方法。

2. 小组合作练习学生分成小组进行阅读材料的讨论与分析，共同解决难点并提高语义理解能力。

3. 文化背景研究学生根据所给的阅读材料，进行相关文化背景研究，深入了解文章中所涉及的文化内涵和背景信息。

4. 阅读日记写作要求学生每周撰写一份阅读日记，记录自己在英语阅读中遇到的困难、收获以及对于文化意识的理解等，并进行反思和总结。

教学评估方法1. 阅读理解测试定期进行阅读理解测试，以确保学生对所学知识的掌握程度，包括语义理解和文化背景的把握。

2. 口头表达评估通过小组讨论、演讲等形式，评估学生在跨文化交流中使用英语的能力，并对其进行指导和提升。

3. 阅读日记评价针对学生的阅读日记，进行评价并提供反馈意见，促进学生自主地进行阅读思考与写作能力的提高。

参考资源和教材推荐•英语教材：《大学英语精读》、《大学英语泛读》等；•参考书目：《Interactions Access: Reading》、《Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress》等；•网络资源：BBC Learning English、TED Talks等相关英语学习网站。

文化差异与英语阅读理解

教学中导入文化背景，培养学生的文化意识，高其阅读理解能力。提
【关键词】文化；言；语阅读理解；导入
外语学习者大都有这样的经历：即使他具备了一定程度能读懂所学外语的能力，但有时对阅读材料还是很难理解或根本不知所云。因此，不熟知相关的社会文化知识，和当地的社会文化习惯，有可能造成一定程度上的误解。则文化背景知识是读者理解特定语篇所必备的外界知识，理解原文起着至关对重要的作用。但目前大学英语阅读教学仍倾向于语言形式和阅读技巧的讲解和传授，对语言中的文化教学没有引起足够的重视。因此，首先有必要了解语言与文化的关系。
个社会的整个生活方式，个民族的全一部活动方式。语言是交流思想和传递信息的工具，它是人类社会生活须臾不能离开的东西。自古以来，言学家们语都试图从多方面对语言进行探讨。自加世纪初美国的鲍阿斯（ｒｎｏｓＦａｚＢｓ）和萨丕尔（ｄａａｉ）ＥｗｒＳｐｒ以来，ｄ人类语言学家都强调语言的社会属性，为语认言和他的社会环境是分不开的，此必因须把语言学看成是一门社会科学，语把言置与社会文化的大环境中研究。
三、入文化背景。高学生导提的阅读理解能力
英语教师在阅读教学中，要注意导入文化内容，介绍一些与阅读材料有关的文化背景知识，使学生较容易地理解文章的内涵。并且努力探索更多途径来让学生充分了解两种文化的异同，帮助学生掌握文化背景知识。（）１培养学生异文化意识。学习个国家的语言，必然要接触到这个国家的文化。不同的语言之间存在文化差异，故而我们不能单方面地把自己熟悉的母语语用知识想当然地运用在英语阅读中，以免导致错解，误解。培养文化意识，要先了解作为一个系统整体的英美文化，了解控制这一系统的主导思想。唯此，能从根本上人手，强才增对文化的敏感性，而提高学生的阅读从理解能力。（）掘语言的社会意义。在阅２挖读教学中，结合社会与文化的内容进行语言教学，能使学生更深刻，更准确的把握其全部含义。在阅读学习语言时，