review of literature

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literature review(如何写文献综述)

research 4. To provide the framework,
methodological assumptions, datacollection techniques, key concepts
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Review focuses
1. The prevailing and current theories underlying the research problems;
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Frequently-occurring problems
1. No direct relevance
Relevancy is the first and parae quality of a review.
“How is it relevant to my study?”
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3. Major elements in LR
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4. Writing principles
Major principles to follow: 1. Review the sources that are most
relevant to your thesis. 2. Describe or write your review as clear
Use of L1 in L2 reading? Speaking?
1. Examine from a wider perspective and search for the most pertinent studies to evaluate.
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Difficulties in organizing

英文文献综述标准范文

英文文献综述标准范文A comprehensive review of English literature。

Introduction。

The field of English literature is vast and diverse, encompassing a wide range of genres, periods, and styles. A comprehensive review of English literature is essential for understanding the development and evolution of the discipline. This paper aims to provide a standard sample of an English literature review, covering key aspects of the field and highlighting important works and authors.Historical overview。

English literature has a rich and complex history, with roots dating back to the early medieval period. The development of English literature can be traced through various literary movements, such as the Renaissance, Romanticism, and Modernism. Each period has its own distinct characteristics and themes, reflecting the social, political, and cultural context of the time.Key themes and genres。

How to write literature review

Ask yourself questions
5. Have I critically analysed the literature I use? Do I follow through a set of concepts and questions, comparing items to each other in the ways they deal with them? Instead of just listing and summarizing items, do I assess them, discussing strengths and weaknesses?
• Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others
• Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research
What is a review of the literature?
• As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis).

literaturereview结构

literaturereview结构
一篇文献综述的典型结构包括以下几个部分：
1.引言
-简要介绍研究领域的背景和意义，为读者提供背景信息。

-指出该文献综述的目的和研究问题。

2.文献筛选和选择标准
-描述文献筛选过程，包括文献的方法和使用的关键词。

-说明选择文献的标准，例如时间范围、研究方法等。

3.文献综述
-根据研究问题，将文献分成几个主题，每个主题可以是一个段落或一个部分。

-对每个主题进行概述，包括主要研究结果和方法。

-对文献之间的相互关系进行分析和讨论，指出各个研究之间的异同点。

4.结果和发现的总结
-总结每个主题的关键发现和结论，指出每个主题的重要性。

-突出各个研究之间的模式和趋势，从而为研究问题提供更全面的理解。

5.研究局限和未来研究方向
-指出文献综述中可能存在的局限性，例如样本数不足、研究方法的
局限等。

-提出未来研究的方向和问题，为进一步研究提供建议。

6.结论
-总结整个文献综述的主要发现和结论。

-指出该文献综述的意义和对研究领域的贡献。

以上是一篇文献综述的典型结构，可以根据实际需要进行调整和修改。

此外，需要注意的是，文献综述需要保持逻辑连贯和清晰，每个部分的内
容都要有充分的论据和证据支持。

同时，在写作过程中要注意文献的引用
和注释，确保准确而恰当地引用已有研究的成果。

literaturereview文献综述的写法（英文版）

literaturereview⽂献综述的写法（英⽂版）Literature ReviewThis packet details the steps necessary to produce a literature review that may be required for work in various disciplines, including English, history and psychology. This packet is not intended to replace instructor guidelines and should not be used in that manner. The packet’s intended use is as a supplement to classroom instruction on assembling a literature review. Therefore, it contains only general information that must be tailored to fit specific guidelines as required by your discipline and by your instructor.This packet is subdivided into six sections:I. General InformationStates what a literature review is and what purpose it serves.II. ProcessGives step-by-step instructions on how to get started on your literature review.III. OrganizationExplains the two most common ways of arranging information in a literature review.IV. FormatProvides descriptions for two of the most common formats used in a literature review, the item to item comparison and contrast (Format A) and the criteria to criteria comparison and contrast (Format B).V. ChecklistAllows appraisal of your completed literature review to assure that it follows all necessary guidelines.VI. ResourcesLists helpful resources used to compile this packet so that you may obtain further information.M General Information MDefinitionLiterature reviews can have two roles: In their first role, they function as a stand-alone paper. At other times they will actually be part of a larger research thesis. In this handout, literature reviews will be referred to in the stand-alone sense. As a stand-alone paper, literature reviews are multi-layered and are more formal and detailed than book reviews. As the author of a literature review, you must become familiar with a large amount of research on a specific topic. You will then develop your own thesis about the topic related to this research. After this, you will classify and critically analyze research on the topic by making a comparison between several different studies and by emphasizing how these studies and their comparison relate to your own thesis.In effect, a literature review is a paper that compiles, outlines and evaluates previously established research and relates it to your own thesis. It provides a context for readers as if theywere researching the topic on their own. Just from reading your paper, readers should be able to gain insight into the amountand quality of research on the topic. Your thesis and the literature reviewed serve several important functions within the paper:Your thesis creates a foundation for the literature review because it helps narrow the topic by providing a sense of direction; however, you will have to conduct some initial research and reading before deciding on an appropriate thesis. Your personal thesis may be a statement addressing some of the following situations: “why your research needs to be carried out, how you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, how your work adds to the research already carried out”(Brightwell, G. and Shaw, J., 1997-98), or it may present some other logical perspective.Reviewed literature is organized in a logical manner that best suits the topic of the review and the hypothesis of the literature (see Organization and Format). The selected method of organization and style of format should draw attention to similarities and differences among the reviewed literature; these similarities and differences are based on specific criteria you revealed in the literature review’s introduction. According to Brightwell and Shaw (1997-98), your goal in the body of the review “. . . should be to evaluate and show relationships between the work already done (Is Researcher Y’s theory more convincing than Researcher X’s? Did Researcher X build on the work of Researcher Y?) and between this work and your own [thesis].” Additional information on these topics can be found in the Organization and Format sections of this packet. Therefore, carefully planned organization is an essential part of any literature review.PurposeAlthough literature reviews may vary according to discipline, their overall goal is similar. A literature review serves as a compilation of the most significant sources on a subject and relates the findings of each of these sources in a rational manner while supporting the literature review author’s own thesis. A literature review establishes which sources are most relevant to its author’s point and which sources are most credible to the discipline at hand.In a literature review, the results of previous research are summarized, organized and evaluated. Discipline-SpecificityA literature review’s organization, format, level of detail and citation style may vary according to discipline because different disciplines have different audiences. Examples here pertain to the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities.Natural and social sciences The author of a literature review in the natural or social sciences must pay close attention to measurements, study populations and technical aspects of experimental findings. Typically, a portion of the natural or social sciences literature review is set aside for reviewing sources on the primary topic. Then, a comparative analysis or discussion section is used to analyze the similarities and differences among the sources, tying them in with the literature review author’s original thesis.Humanities The author of a literature review in the humanities usually does not set aside a special section for reviewing the sources; instead, citations may be found randomly throughout the paper. The literature being reviewed is arranged according to paragraphs based on the author’s points, which in turn, support the author’s thesis. The paper itself may not be called a literature review at all. It is more likely to be called a critical analysis.Remember that the best bet for determining what type of literature review is appropriate for your course is checking with the instructor prior to beginning research.REVIEW1. What is the purpose of a literature review? What is the connection between theauthor’s thesis and the literature being reviewed?2. What discipline will your literature review be classified in?M Process M1. Find several articles that deal with your research topic. Sometimes it is helpful to review the bibliography of one of the first scholarly sources that you encounter and compare it to the bibliographies of other sources on the topic. If the same source is listed within several of these bibliographies, it is probably a fundamental, credible source that will aid you in your review.2. Before you begin reviewing literature, realize that you are looking to accomplish two things:A. Defining your research problem/thesis (examples: finding a flaw inresearch, continuing previous research, etc . . .)B. Reading and evaluating significant works that are relevant to yourresearch problem.You will be conducting Steps A and B simultaneously because the two form a circular pattern. As you read related sources (Step B), you define your problem, and as you define your problem (Step A) you will more easily be able to decide what material is relevant enough to be worthy of reading (Step B).3. Once you begin reviewing, make an entry with complete bibliographical information and comments for each work that you are going to include in the review.4. Compare the articles by evaluating the similarities and differences among them. This will be the initial stage in the formulation of your thesis.5. Form a thesis that is clearly written and can be logically supported by the literature you will include in your review.6. View the articles briefly again and jot down any notes that seem to relateto your thesis.7. Decide which organizational pattern and format are best for the topic of your review.8. Construct an appropriate outline for the literature review.9. Write an introduction that introduces the topic, reveals your thesis statement, and arranges key issues.10. Organize and write the body of your paper according to the appropriate format: topical or chronological.11. Write a conclusion that reconciles similarities and differences on the topic and reemphasizes the criteria used to arrive at this conclusion./doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html plete the final draft of the literature review.13. Check over the final draft for grammar and punctuation errors.14. Use the checklist provided here to make sure that all parts of the literature review are addressed and focused. REVIEW1. What do you consider to be the most crucial step(s) in the process of your literature review ? Why? Justify your response(s).A literature review can be arranged either topically or chronologically.Topical organization occurs in reviews where previous research being evaluated is divided into segments with each one representing a part of some larger issue. In a topical review, the author begins by describing the characteristics of research shared by several studies and then moves on to analyze their similarities and differences. For more information, see the example below.ExampleThe organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review about the effect of seating arrangements on peer tutoringcommunication, you would first introduce the topic and what your literature review will attempt to assess:…Writing centers can set the table for collaborative tutoring sessions through a careful consideration of spatial arrangement . . .Then state what angle is going to be explored:…These studies will be used to support the author’s claims that spatial arrangement is instrumental in encouraging collaborative environments in the writing center…Then, arrange key issues that will be addressed in this review by answering questions that you have personally developedand are tailored to fit your topic. In the introduction, give the audience a clear picture of how you will organize your paper: Establishing a Critical Response for a Literature ReviewYou may find this section helpful at Steps 3, 4 and 5 of the process. When reviewing your sources, explore the following areas to help develop your critical response:What is the purpose of the research or work?What research or literary methods are used?How do the major concepts operate?In a research study, how accurate are the measurements?In a literary work, is the author’s position objective or biased? What are the different interpretations of the results of the study or of the literary work itself?M Organization MIn the following, I1 first review some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discuss some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center. Finally, I include some other considerations.In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information topically around each point (or question) that you asked yourself:-Research Review-Recommended Spatial Arrangement-Alternative Spatial Arrangement-Other ConsiderationsThen, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings:…While the seating arrangements outlined above are generally a good ‘setting’ for peer tutoring sessions, we should remember that each tutoring session is unique. Not all students will be comfortable with a side-by-side spatial arrangement at a round table. Tutors should be perceptive of and receptive to students who may have other spatial needs…Chronological organization occurs when a review is organized in time order and is most often used when a historical context is needed for discussing a topic from its beginning to its current state; chronological organization is especially helpful when discussing inactive periods and shifts in perspective on a given topic.ExampleThe organization of a literature review begins in the introduction. For example, in the introduction of a literature review entitled Development of Social Science Research on Attitudes Towards Gender in America, you would first introduce the topic and what your review hopes to assess:…This literature review will assess the development of research designed to uncover gender attitudes in America during the latter part of the 20th Century…Then state what angle is going to be explored:..As research progressed throughout the 20th century, the methods that social scientists use for measuring these attitudes developed and changed as well…Then, chronologically arrange issues that will be addressed in this review:Gender stereotypes still exist today, and varying attitudes can be traced over the past fifty years. Survey instruments used to gather data on these varying attitudes have also changed drastically over the course of time.In the body of this literature review, you would organize the information chronologically, adressing each point (or question)that is being asked for a particular time period:-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1950’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1960’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1970’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1980’s-Stereotypes and Survey Instruments of the 1990’s-Current Advancements1 Always clear the use of I with your instructor. An alternative to this would be the use of third person wording, such as “This paper reviews some relevant research concerning spatial arrangement and then discusses some recommended and alternate seating arrangements to encourage a collaborative environment in the writing center.”Then, write a conclusion that explains the significance of your findings:Although the survey instruments used in the 1950’s and 1960’s developed an obvious bias when surveying Americans regarding gender attitudes, the 1970’s brought about great change. Today social scientists are more careful than ever about testing the quality of a survey instrument before using it on the general public.M Format MThere are also two suggested formats for composing your literature review. Format A is used when comparing several studies that have similar hypothesis but different findings. Each piece of research is summarized individually. Format A is good for reviews with a small number of entries; however, this format may confuse the audience when used with a large number of reviews because descriptions of so many studies may get in the way of the analysis. Keep in mind that each piece of research usually will not receive equal attention in the review.Format A OutlineI. Introduction consists of four parts that are usually discussed in one paragraph.a. Identify the general topic being discussed.b. Mention trends published about the topic.c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literaturereview.d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating theliterature review and rationalizing its organizationII. Literature reviewed section is divided up according to study.a.First study is summarized and discussed.b.Second study is summarized and discussed.c. Third study is summarized and discussed.III. Comparative analysis acknowledges the similarities and differences between studies.a. Similarities (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed.b. Differences (if any) among the studies are evaluated and discussed.IV. Conclusion/Summary effectively wraps up the review.a.Summarize points of comparison or contrast among the works based on Section IIIof your review.b.Provide insight of relationship between the topic of the review and a larger area ofstudy such as a specific discipline or professionFormat B organizes the literature review according to similarities and differences among research rather than by literature studied. In a review organized according to Format B, little background information on the literature being reviewed is given outright. Instead, it is worked into the body paragraphs of the sections on similarities and differences. The conclusion then uses these two sections (similarities and differences) to tie in points of comparison and contrast between the works. Format B better suits papers that are topically organized. Format B is outlined below.Format B OutlineI. Introduction consists of four parts usually discussed in one paragraph.a. Identify the general topic being discussed.b. Mention trends published about the topic.c. State thesis establishing the reason for writing the literaturereview.d. Explain criteria by giving a description of each of the criteria used in evaluating theliterature review and rationalizing its organizationII.Similiarities within the research are discussed.a. First similarity among research is discussed.b. Second similarity among research is discussed.c. Third similiarity among research is discussed.III. Differences in the research are discussed.a.First difference between research is discussedb.Second difference between research is discussedc.Third difference between research is discussedIV. Conclusion/Summarya. Summarize points of comparison or contrast between the works.b. Provide insight into relationship between the topic of the literature and a largerarea of study such as a specific discipline or profession.The most important thing to remember when organizing a literature review is that it is not a list summarizing one work after another. The review should be organized into sections according to theme that are set apart by subject-related headings. REVIEW1.Which format have you chosen for your literature review? Why?M A Literature Review Checklist: MDid I . . . . . . ?□ Establish a valid thesis based on the examined research□ State this thesis clearly in my introduction□ Define unfamiliar terms□ Incorporate background information to define the problem□ Begin each entry in the review with a complete bibliographical reference□ List and describe the hypothesis/thesis in each work reviewed□ Describe the outcome of the work or the research□ Develop and incorporate my own comments, including response to the research, similarities and differences among literature reviewed, and reservations regarding author’s methods or conclusions□ Avoid overquoting□ Check for grammar and punctuation errors□ Correctly cite all references in uniform documentation styleM Resources MBrightwell, G. and Shaw, J. (1997-98). Writing up research. RetrievedAugust 20, 2002 from Languages and Educational Development at theAsian Institute of Technology’s Web page at/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html nguages.ait.ac.th/EL21OPEN.HTMCentral Queensland University Library. (2000). The literature review. RetrievedJuly 22, 2003 from /doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html .au/litreviewpages/Cuba, L. (2002). A short guide to writing about social science. New York:Addison-Wesley Publishers.Leibensperger, S. (2003). Setting the table: Encouraging collaborative environments with spatial arrangement in the writing center. Unpublished literature review.Northern Arizona University. (1999). Electronic textbook - A blast from thepast: Your literature review. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html /~mid/edr720/class/literature/blast/reading2-1-1.htmlTaylor, D., & Procter, M. (2001). The literature review: A few tips onconducting it. Retrieved June 17, 2002 fromhttp://www.utoronto.ca/writing/litrev.htmlTrinder, L. (2002). Appendix. The literature review. Retrieved August 27, 2003/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html /~w071/teaching/ppf/Appendix%20Lit%20Review.pdfThe University of Wisconsin-Madison Writing Center. (2001). Academicwriting: Reviews of literature. Retrieved May 30, 2002 from/doc/8b508cc25fbfc77da269b1c1.html /writing/Handbook/ReviewofLiterature.html*In traditional APA style, this section would be entitled “References” and would be listed on a separate page double-spaced. Due to space constraints in this packet, it has been formatted differently.Copyright 2003 by the Academic Center and the University of Houston-Victoria.Created 2003 by Candice Chovanec-Melzow.。

How to write a literature__ review

You can gain and demonstrate skills in two areas

Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets : information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased and valid studies.

In a research study, how good are the basic components of the study design (e.g., population, intervention, outcome)? How accurate and valid are the measurements? Is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question? Are the conclusions validly based upon the data and analysis? In material written for a popular readership, does the author use appeals to emotion, one-sided examples, or rhetorically-charged language and tone? Is there an objective basis to the reasoning, or is the author merely "proving" what he or she already believes? How does the author structure the argument? Can you "deconstruct" the flow of the argument to see whether or where it breaks down logically (e.g., in establishing cause-effect relationships)? In what ways does this book or article contribute to our understanding of the problem under study, and in what ways is it useful for practice? What are the strengths and limitations? How does this book or article relate to the specific thesis or question I am developing?

文献综述英文模板

文献综述英文模板撰写文献综述英文模板的步骤如下：1. Title: Use a clear and concise title that reflects the focus of your literature review.2. Abstract: Provide a brief overview of your literature review, including the research question, methods, key findings, and conclusions.3. Introduction: Explain the background and importance of your topic, introduce the research question, and outline the aims and objectives of your literature review.4. Literature Search Methodology: Describe the search strategy you used to identify relevant studies, including databases, keywords, and inclusion/exclusion criteria.5. Summary of Literature Reviewed: Highlight the key findings and themes from the studies you have included in your literature review, paying attention to their relevance to your research question.6. Analysis and Discussion: Analyze and compare the findings from the selected studies, exploring patterns, trends, and gaps in the literature. Discuss how these findings contribute to ourunderstanding of the topic and identify any limitations or biases in the research.7. Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your literature review and highlight its significance. Draw conclusions about the state of research on your topic and identify any gaps or future research directions.8. References: Cite all the studies included in your literature review using the appropriate referencing style (, APA, MLA).这是一个基本的文献综述英文模板，具体内容可能需要根据研究领域和主题进行调整。

什么是LiteratureReview（文献综述）？快到ddl你还懵？

什么是LiteratureReview（文献综述）？快到ddl你还懵？不知不觉，八月已经过了快一半了，还有不到一个月就要交dissertation，也就是毕业论文了。

在阅读了大量文献和确定研究方法主题后，作为dissertation的第一个大模块，很多小伙伴都在开始撰写Literature Review了。

最近，君君收到很多来自毕业生的消息，咨询如何写Literature Review，并觉得特别头疼这一部分。

今天，让我们一步一步剖析什么是LR怎么写好LR吧！首先，我们要明确什么是LR。

什么是LR01毕业论文作为学术性作文，LR部分需要向读者提供有关你主题的重要文献的分析性概述。

如果你的受众比你对该主题的了解少，那么你的目的就是教学。

当然啦，绝大多数同学做的研究项目属于这一种：如果受众（导师）比你更了解这个话题，那么你的目的是展示对该主题的熟悉程度，专业知识的贮备和智能。

# 将一个人的原创作品放在现有文献的背景下。

# 解释与您的主题相关的主要问题。

# 描述每项工作与正在考虑的其他工作的关系。

# 找出解释的新方法，并阐明以往研究中的任何差距。

# 解决之前看似矛盾的研究中的冲突。

# 确定哪些文献对理解您的主题做出了重要贡献。

# 指出进一步研究你的主题的方法。

LR要写什么？02简单来说，我们要牢牢记住一个词“结构合理well structured”你的想法必须在逻辑上从一个点流向另一个点，或是从一个点拓展散射开到几个相对于的研究问题上。

内容上我们主要有四大项必须满足概念：利用文献概述你正在考虑的主题，问题或理论。

归类：将你收集到的这些文献划分类别和概念，也就是按照Research Question归类关联：将前人的工作与你的工作，你想法之前的作品和你的研究点联系起来。

评估：对那些对理解和发展主题做出最大贡献的作品提供结论。

在写这四大部分的过程中，每当你计划将文献纳入你LR的过程中，先思考这几个问题：资格:这篇文章作者有什么资格来做出判断?中立:作者的观点是公正的还是有偏见的?可信度:作者的哪篇论文哪个观点令人信服，为什么?价值:作者的结论是否增加了你研究的问题的价值?看到这里，已经成功了一半啦！加油继续哦！内容上我们主要有四大项必须满足概念：利用文献概述你正在考虑的主题，问题或理论。

literature review大纲怎么写

一、简介1.1 文献综述的定义及意义文献综述是指对已有研究文献进行搜集、整理、分析和评价，以系统地总结并阐述某一领域内研究现状、问题及趋势的一种学术性文稿。

文献综述在学术研究中具有重要的地位和作用，它不仅可以帮助研究者全面了解某一领域的研究现状，还可以为其研究提供理论和实证依据，促进学术交流与发展。

1.2 文献综述的分类根据研究对象和内容的不同，文献综述可分为理论文献综述和实证文献综述两大类。

理论文献综述主要关注某一理论或概念的研究现状和演变过程，而实证文献综述则集中于某一现象或问题的实证研究成果。

1.3 文献综述的写作目的和要求撰写文献综述的目的在于系统整理和分析已有的研究成果，从而提供有关领域的全面、准确和客观的信息。

文献综述应当具有全面性、前瞻性、评价性和创新性，具备对所涉及的研究进行全面梳理和深入分析的能力。

二、文献综述的写作步骤2.1 确定研究范围和目标在进行文献综述之前，首先需要明确研究的范围和目标。

这包括确定研究的主题、领域、时间跨度和深度，以及所要达到的综述结果和效果。

2.2 收集文献资料收集文献资料是进行文献综述的首要步骤。

可以通过文献检索、网络搜索、文献引用和专家推荐等渠道获取相关的文献资料，并建立起一套完整的文献数据库。

2.3 文献筛选和整理在收集到大量文献资料后，需要对其进行筛选和整理，筛选出与研究目标和范围相符合的文献资料，并按照一定的逻辑和结构进行整理。

2.4 文献分析和评价对筛选和整理出的文献资料进行系统分析和评价，包括对其内容、方法、结论和贡献的评述，以及对其优缺点和局限性的分析。

2.5 撰写文献综述报告在完成文献分析和评价后，可以根据其结果撰写文献综述报告。

报告的结构应该包括综述的目的和意义、研究范围和目标、文献资料的搜集和整理过程、文献分析和评价结果，并给出对相关研究的展望和建议。

三、文献综述的写作技巧3.1 注重逻辑和结构文献综述的写作应该注重逻辑和结构的完整性和合理性，确保整个综述过程的条理清晰，观点连贯，论证有力。

Literature Review (翻译实践型论文文献综述示例)

功能对等理论谈E.B.Whites散文汉译中的风格对等The Style Equivalence in the Translation of Essays by E.B.White Based on the Theoryof Functional EquivalenceNo one can deny the difficulties in the literary prose translation from English to Chinese. And essay, generally can be seen as literary prose, with its huge varieties in form, content, and style etc., is hard to single out the translation of it as a whole for evaluation. Discussions surround the translation of essay never die. Scholars, home and aboard, have done a great body of researches on it, some of them stand out for their original and comprehensive achievements. Now let’s have a check on some extraordinary theories in essay translation built by them.First comes Hilaire Belloc, he points out that the essence of translating is the resurrection of an alien thing in a native body, which has something of the opinion of “reaching the acme of perfection” by Mr. Qian Zhongshu in his work On the translation by Lin Shu, and laid down six general rules for prose translation, which give relative clear guidance for the translation of prose text.Then Burton Raffel, argues, in his book The Art of Translating Prose, that the strict translation of prose should reveal the inner structure of the original syntax. In his opinion, the syntactic structures of prose represent the style of the author, and “the style is the man”. And he further puts forward that only when the syntactic structures of the original message is kept or retained, can the style of the original be successfully reproduced or transposed. He takes translation as an art rather than a science, and views the prose translation more from the perspective of stylistics.As for domestic scholars on the studies of essay translation, Professor Gao Jin holds the idea that the tone and style are to a large extent translatable, and gives definitions for the translatableness of language in general and translability in particular cases. And if the essence of the thought and idea of the original are fully grasped, tone and style of author are likely to be retained.And Liu Shicong with its “artistic flavor” theory. According to Professor Liu, the “artistic flavor” contains textual atmosphere, sound and rhythm, individualized artistic recreation. He reaches to a deep level of prose translation with the recreation of the artistic flavor as the very core. While his theory is hard to operate, and stands the test of time.Among all the theories, Functional equivalence theory is of highest importance. The Functional equivalence, originally called dynamic equivalence, raised by Dr. Eugene A.Nida as “the closest natural equivalence” of the source language text, is taken as a better and relative operative way to evaluate and handle problems in translation, that the traditional translation theory cannot well manage. Before the theory came, there is no practical method of keeping balance between literary translation and free translation. Though it is not straightly stick to prose translation, it still guides a lot to the translation of essay.This paper tries to analyse the equivalence of style in the translation of essay based on the Functional equivalence theory, taking some essays by E.B.White for example.。

literature review原则

literature review原则
撰写文献综述时应遵循以下原则：
1.目标明确：确定综述的目标和范围，明确要回答的研究问题
或提供的相关信息。

2.合适的文献来源：选择权威、可靠的文献来源，如学术期刊、学术数据库、会议论文集等。

不应仅仅依赖于互联网上的非学术来源，如博客、维基百科等。

3.文献选择标准：根据研究目标和研究问题，制定文献选择标准，例如年代限定、研究方法等。

确保选择的文献与研究问题相关且具备一定的学术质量。

4.系统性：进行文献综述时应有一定的系统性，可采用文献检
索策略，如关键词检索和引用导航等，确保收集到的相关文献充分且全面。

5.批判性思考：对选择的文献进行批判性思考，包括文献作者
的研究方法和实证资料，对结果的解释和推理的合理性等，确保评估文献的可靠性和可信度。

6.合理的组织结构：根据文献综述的目标和范围，采用合理的
组织结构撰写文献综述，可以按主题或时间顺序进行组织，以清晰地呈现文献的内容。

7.准确的引文和标注：在文献综述中正确引用和标注相关文献
的信息，遵循所使用的引用规范，如APA、MLA等。

8.合适的文字表达：清晰准确地表达文献的主要内容和结论，确保读者能够理解和获得所需信息。

9.文献评估和讨论：对所选文献进行评估和讨论，指出各篇文献的优缺点、相互之间的联系和差异，从而提供更深入的分析和解释。

10.更新和维护：定期更新文献综述，及时添加最新的研究成果，确保综述的时效性和可靠性。

Howtowriteliteraturereview解析

(4) Strategies for writing the literature review
• Find a focus: not just simply list your sources and go into detail about each one of them, one at a time. • Construct a working thesis statement：argue for a particular perspective on the material． • Use evidence：interpretation must be backed up with evidence to show that what you are saying is valid. • Be selective： Select only the most important points in each source to highlight in the review.
Unit Five
How to Write Literature Review
Focuses
• • • • • • What is a review of the literature? Why do we write literature review? How to write literature review ? Cited sources in a literature review Order of Citations Verb Tense in Citation
• For scholars, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the writer in his or her field. Literature reviews also provide a solid background for a research paper's investigation. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to most research papers.

a review of literature

a review of literature全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：文学评论是一种对文学作品、文学现象和文学理论进行系统性评价和探讨的文学批评形式。

文学评论的发展历史悠久，早在古希腊、古罗马时期就有文学评论的雏形，如亚里士多德的《诗学》。

随着社会文化的不断发展，文学评论也逐渐完善和丰富起来，成为文学研究领域中的一个重要分支。

文学评论的形式多种多样，包括评论性论文、文学评论杂志、文学评论节目等。

文学评论的内容也涵盖了广泛的领域，包括文学创作、文学理论、文学批评等。

文学评论既可以对文学作品进行评价和分析，也可以从不同角度探讨文学现象和文学理论，为文学研究提供了更加立体和多元的视角。

文学评论在文学领域中的作用不可忽视。

文学评论可以帮助读者更好地理解和解读文学作品。

通过文学评论的解读和分析，读者可以深入到作品的内涵和深层意义，拓展了对作品的认识和理解。

文学评论可以促进文学研究的发展。

通过对文学作品、文学现象和文学理论的评价和探讨，文学评论为文学研究提供了丰富的研究素材和思想启示，推动了文学研究领域的进步。

文学评论的发展也面临一些挑战和困难。

在信息爆炸的时代，面对海量的文学作品和文学评论，读者往往难以区分优劣和真伪，需要具备一定的文学素养和批评能力才能进行有效的辨别。

文学评论往往受到一些主观因素的影响，如作者背景、文化观念等，使得评论内容存在一定的局限性和片面性，不具备客观性和全面性。

要促进文学评论的发展，我们可以采取一些措施。

加强文学素养和批评能力的培养，提高读者对文学评论的辨别和理解能力，使之能够更好地理解和欣赏文学作品。

拓展文学评论的领域和内容，从不同角度探讨文学现象和文学理论，丰富评论内容和视角，提高文学评论的质量和深度。

注重对文学评论的监督和评估，加强对文学评论的规范和引导，促进文学评论的健康发展。

文学评论作为文学研究领域的一个重要分支，对文学作品、文学现象和文学理论进行系统性评价和探讨，具有重要的理论和实践意义。

LITERATURE-REVIEW文献综述PPT课件

The format of a review of literature may vary from discipline to discipline and from assignment to assignment.
A review may be a self-contained unit -- an end in itself -- or a preface to and rationale for engaging in primary research. A review is a required part of grant and research proposals and often a chapter in theses and dissertations.
…..an annotated bibliography ….. confined to description ….. narrow and shallow ….. confusing and longwinded ….. constructed in an arbitrary way
2021/6/7
2021/6/7
5
What is LR?
A ‘good’ literature review…..
A ‘poor’ literature review is…..
….. is a synthesis of available research ….. is a critical evaluation ….. has appropriate breadth and depth ….. has clarity and conciseness ….. uses rigorous and consistent methods

How to write a literature review-学术英语写作

(2) Four tasks
A literature review must do these things: 1. be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you are developing 2. synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known 3. identify areas of controversy in the literature 4. formulate questions that need further research
• According to the Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge and or methodological approaches on a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work.
3. How to write: (1)Four stages
1. Problem formulation —which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues? 2. Literature search —finding materials relevant to the subject being explored 3. Data evaluation —determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic 4. Analysis and interpretation —discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature

酒店业服务质量管理研究-外文文献翻译

毕设附件外文文献翻译原文及译文(3500 字)原文Study of Service Quality Management in Hotel IndustryBorkar; SameerAbstractIt is an attempt to understand the role of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations better focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations. Descriptive research design is used to know the parameters of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented; hypothesis is tested against the collected data. Since the industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction; Study presents tools for continuous improvement process and how it benefits all the stake holders. It can be inferred from the study that the hotel implement continuous improvement process and quality management tools to remain competitive in the market. The study involves hotels of highly competitive market with limited number of respondents. This limits the study to hotel industry and has scope of including other hospitality service providers as well.Keywords: Customer Satisfaction, Perception, Performance Measurement, Continuous, Improvement Process.IntroductionIt has brought paradigm shifts in the operations of hospitality industry. The overall perspective of the industry is changed due to introduction of new techniques and methods of handling various processes. Awareness among the hoteliers and the guests has fuelled the inventions focused on operations. The increased sagacity of customer satisfaction led to the use of high standards of service in industry. The new service parameters made the hoteliers to implement quality management as an effective aid. It has significantly affected hotels' ability to control and adapt to changing environments. The use of new techniques began with the simple motive of sophistication and precise activities in the given field of operation which may result in high standards of service in global economy and has allowed the rise of a leisure class.Conceptual Framework This study of Service quality management in hospitality industry is an attempt to understand the presence of quality improvement process in hospitality industry and effectiveness in making it sustainable business enterprise. It is a survey of the presently adopted quality management tools which are making the hotels operations safer, focused and reliable and meet the customer expectations.As the hospitality industry becomes more competitive there is an obvious need to retain clientele as well as increasing profitability and hence management professionals strive to improve guest satisfaction and revenues. The management professionals whom are striving for these results however often have limited understanding of research surrounding the paradigms of guest satisfaction and loyalty and financial performance. This research paper shall enlighten some of the variables and important facts of service quality resulting into guest satisfaction.Review of LiteratureCustomers of hospitality often blame themselves when dissatisfied for their bad choice. Employees must be aware that dissatisfied customers may not complain and therefore the employees should seek out sources of dissatisfaction and resolve them. (Zeithaml V., 1981, p.186 -190)It is said that service quality is what differentiates hospitality sector, however there is not an agreed definition of what service quality is. There is however a few different suggestions of how to define service quality. Dividing it into technical, functional and image components; (Greenrooms C., 1982) another is that service quality is determined by its fitness for use by internal and external customers. It is accepted that service quality is depends upon guest's needs and expectations. A definition of service quality state that quality is simply conformance to specifications, which would mean that positive quality is when a product or service specific quality meet or exceed preset standards or promises. This however seems like an easy viewwithin the hospitality industry. The alternative definitions read as follows: 1) quality is excellence; 2) quality is value for money; 3) quality is meeting or exceeding expectations. This appears better aligned with ideas which exist within hospitality management than the first mentioned simplistic approach. Service quality and value is rather difficult to calculate, companies must therefore rely on guest's quality perceptions and expectations to get consistent results which is best achieved by asking guest's questions related to expectations and their perceptions of the service quality, which can effectively be achieved through carefully designed surveys.A major problem with service quality is variability and limited capability and robustness of the service production process. (Gummesson E., 1991) Hotels consumers have well-conceived ideas about service quality and quality attributes are considered important for most types of services, the absence of certain attributes may lead consumers to perceive service quality as poor. The presence of these attributes may not substantially improve the perceived quality of the service. Most customers would be willing to trade some convenience for a price break, and that the behavior, skill level and performance of service employees are key determinants of perceived quality of services. This is a major challenge in improving or maintaining a high level of service quality. (Tigineh M. et al 1992)Studies focusing on service quality management suggest that service firms spend too little effort on planning for service quality. The resultant costs of poor service quality planning lead to lower profitability as part of the service failures.(Stuart F., et al 1996)When discussing satisfaction, it is important to understand that guest's evaluation of service comprise of two basic distinct dimensions: service delivery and service outcome (Mattila, 1999). Research indicates that how the service was delivered (perceived functional quality) is more important than the outcome of the service process (technical quality). This research clearly indicates that effort by staff have a strong effect on guest's satisfaction judgments.Companies delivering services must broaden their examination of productivity to help settle conflicts – the leverage synergies – between improving service quality and boosting service productivity. ( Parasuraman A. 2002)A key activity is to conduct regularly scheduled review of progress by quality council or working group and management must establish a system to identify areas for future improvement and to track performance with respect to internal and external customers. They must also track the changing preferences of customer. Continuous improvement means not only being satisfied with doing a good job or process. It is accomplished by incorporating process measurement and team problem solving an all work activities. Organization must continuously strive for excellence by reducing complexity, variation and out of control process. Plan-D-Study-Act (PDSA) developed by Shewhart and later on modified by Deming is an effective improvement technique. First Plan carefully, then carry out plan, study the results and check whether the plan worked exactly as intended and act on results by identifying what worked as planned and what didn't work.Continuous process improvement is the objective and these phases of PDSA are the framework to achieve those objectives. (Besterfield D. et al 2003) The 'servicescape' -is a general term to describe the physical surroundings of a service environment (Reimer 2005, p. 786) such as a hotel or cruise ship. Guests are sometimes unconsciously trying to obtain as much information as possible through experiences to decrease information asymmetries This causes guests to look for quality signals or cues which would provide them with information about the service, which leads us to 'cue utilization theory'. Cue utilization theory states that products or services consist of several arrays of cues that serve as surrogate indicators of product or service quality. There are both intrinsic and extrinsic cues to help guests determine quality. Consequentially, due to the limited tangibility of services, guests are often left to accept the price of the experience and the physical appearance or environment of the hotel or cruise ship itself as quality indicators. Though there are many trade and academic papers discussing guest satisfaction has been published, one can note that limited attention has been paid to the value perception and expectations guests have towards product delivery and influence price guests pay for an experience has on satisfaction and future spending. Furthermore it is also known that the role of pricing in relation to guest determinants of perceived quality of services. This is a major challenge in improving or maintaining a high level of service quality. (Tigineh M. et al 1992) Studies focusing on service quality management suggest that service firms spend too little effort on planning for service quality.The resultant costs of poor service quality planning lead to lower profitability as part of the service failures. (Stuart F., et al 1996)When discussing satisfaction, it is important to understand that guest's evaluation of service comprise of two basic distinct dimensions: service delivery and service outcome (Mattila, 1999). Research indicates that how the service was delivered (perceived functional quality) is more important than the outcome of the service process (technical quality). This research clearly indicates that effort by staff have a strong effect on guest's satisfaction judgments. Companies delivering services must broaden their examination of productivity to help settle conflicts –the leverage synergies –between improving service quality and boosting service productivity. ( Parasuraman A. 2002)Telephonic conversation with peers and friends in hospitality industry worked a wonder giving lots of inputs in drafting this paper. Secondary data sources- For this study, data sources such as hospitality journals, Books on service quality management, organization behavior, URL on internet of various hospitality majors. Referring hospitality publications were helpful in knowing the current inventions in industry.Research Tools: Descriptive research design is used to know the attributes of service quality management in hospitality industry. Exploratory research design is undertaken to dig out the service quality management practices and its effectiveness. Data analysis is done and presented in tables. The hypothesis is tested against the collected data.Hypotheses: The hypotheses framed for the subject areHypothesis 1: Implementing service quality management as a tool for improvement in Customer Satisfaction.Hypothesis 2: Practicing Continuous Improvement program has benefited hotel. Limitation & Scope of the Study: Though there was a specific questionnaire used for collecting information, the objective of the paper was well discussed with the every contributor and whatever the information was provided by these sources is arranged for further analysis. The analysis of the available data is done on the relevance to the topic. The effectiveness of the technology in conservation of resources was always a point of consideration. The data is sifted for making it as precise as possible.Analysis and DiscussionsThere is a significant relationship between service quality management and customer satisfaction. In hospitality industry, the customer satisfaction variables such as Availability, Access, Information, Time, delivery of service, availability of personal competence, Comfortable and safer atmosphere and pollution free environment are of prime concern to every hotelier. The industry continuously tries to improve upon their services to meet the levels of customer satisfaction.The intangible nature of the service as a product means that it could be very difficult to place quantifiable terms on the features that contribute to the quality and measurement of the quality of the product is a problem for Service quality management.The customer is frequently directly involved in the delivery of the service and as such introduces an unknown and unpredictable influence on the process. The customer variability in the process makes it difficult to determine the exact requirements of the customer and what they regard as an acceptable standard of service.This problem is magnified as it is often judgmental, based on personal preferences or even mood, rather than on technical performance that can be measured. Every hotel has a target market to cater which has very specific requirement in terms of expected and perceived quality of service.The customers come with different perception of quality every time they come to hotel and this makes it quite difficult to define quality and set the level of it. It requires hotel to continuously compare their perception against customer perception in terms of satisfaction measurement with performance measurement. The study has shown that the effective tools which management of various hotels uses for continuous improvement process and how it is dissipated amongst all the stake holders.译文酒店业服务质量管理研究博卡;萨米尔摘要本文旨在研究酒店业中质量改进过程的作用以及如何有效地推动企业的可持续发展。

救星来了文献综述literaturereview怎么写？

救星来了文献综述literaturereview怎么写？在英国毕业论文中，Literature Review是非常的重要。

很多同学在写毕业论文时，都会花很多时间来写这一部分。

现在，对于大多数英国研究生来说，到了写毕业论文的时候了，今天，我来罗列下毕业论文中literature review的写作技巧。

Literature Review即文献综述，是研究者在研究报告中对该选题领域的研究状况，和主要问题做出的综合阐述与评价，用以说明本研究的背景和基础。

正常来讲，文献综述的结构与标准论文类似，有引言、正文和结论。

❶Introduction部分图二Literature Review的内容包含以下几个部分：·Background 背景·Problem/hypothesis 问题/假设·Solution/Argumentation 解决方案/论证·Experimental test/Conclusion 实验/结论⚠️应侧重的是分析文献，而不是仅仅描述许多不同文献来源的发现。

❷Main Body 图二对Literature Review的看法，你的评价会直接反映体现该篇Literature Review对你的研究课题有什么意义。

包括不限于你的研究方法是否新颖，是否解决了你的的问题，实验对象是否合适，结论是否正确等等。

❸Conclusion部分图三自己对该Literature Review课题的结论，意见及需要解决的问题。

重点突出文献综述前面部分中提出的关键点以及对未来研究的建议。

⚠️不要包含新信息！不要包含文字引用！❹需要注意的问题有哪些？图三❺看文献需要思考的有哪些？图四✨以上是对literature review基本格式内容的分享。

literature review分类

literature review分类Literature Review文献综述是研究领域中非常重要的一部分，它通过对已有文献的系统梳理和分析，为研究问题提供理论依据和研究方法。

本文将对文献综述的定义、目的、步骤和写作技巧进行探讨，并结合实例进行说明。

一、文献综述的定义和目的文献综述是指对已有文献进行全面梳理、分类、分析和综合，以了解和评价研究领域的相关理论、研究方法和研究进展。

文献综述的主要目的有以下几个方面：1. 理论基础：文献综述可以帮助研究者了解研究领域的相关理论和概念，为研究问题提供理论基础。

2. 方法选择：文献综述可以帮助研究者了解研究领域中常用的研究方法和技术，为自己的研究选择合适的方法提供参考。

3. 研究进展：文献综述可以帮助研究者了解研究领域的最新进展和热点问题，为自己的研究提供创新思路和研究方向。

二、文献综述的步骤文献综述的步骤主要包括文献搜索、文献筛选、文献阅读和文献分析。

具体步骤如下：1. 文献搜索：通过图书馆数据库、学术搜索引擎和学术期刊等途径进行文献搜索，确定相关文献的来源。

2. 文献筛选：根据研究问题和研究目的，对搜索到的文献进行初步筛选，选取与研究问题相关的文献。

3. 文献阅读：对筛选出的文献进行仔细阅读，理解文献的主要内容和研究方法。

4. 文献分析：对阅读过的文献进行分类整理，并进行综合分析，提取出研究领域的主要理论、研究方法和研究进展。

三、文献综述的写作技巧在进行文献综述的写作时，需要注意以下几个方面的技巧：1. 文献引用：在文献综述中，应该正确引用已有文献的内容，避免抄袭和侵权行为。

2. 文献评价：在综述过程中，可以对已有文献的质量和可信度进行评价，并指出其不足之处。

3. 逻辑结构：在写作过程中，应该根据研究问题和研究目的，合理安排文献的逻辑结构，使文章的思路清晰明确。

4. 文章标题：在写作过程中，可以使用恰当的标题和子标题，使文章结构清晰，易于阅读。

四、实例分析以“人工智能在医学影像诊断中的应用”为例，进行文献综述。