11th Five-Yeat Plan for Development and Utilization of Coalbed Methane and Coal Mine Methane
五一计划五十个英语单词
五一计划五十个英语单词Title: The Five-Year Plan: A Blueprint for Economic Growth.The Five-Year Plan is a comprehensive strategic framework guiding economic development in China.Originating in the Soviet Union, this planning model has been adapted and refined to suit China's unique socio-economic context. Each plan outlines specific targets for key sectors like agriculture, industry, and services, aiming to achieve sustainable and balanced growth.The first Five-Year Plan was launched in 1955, focusing on industrialization and infrastructure development. Since then, the plans have evolved to address changing economic landscapes and global challenges. The current plan, the14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025), emphasizes innovation, technological advancement, and green development.A key aspect of the Five-Year Plan is its emphasis ontargeted investments. This ensures that resources are allocated efficiently to areas with the highest growth potential. Infrastructure projects, such as highways, railways, and renewable energy facilities, are acornerstone of this strategy.Moreover, the plans prioritize technological innovation, aiming to transform China into a global leader in areaslike artificial intelligence, robotics, and 5G technology. This focus on innovation is crucial for maintaining China's competitive edge in the global economy.Environmental sustainability is also a key theme in recent Five-Year Plans. With a focus on green development, China aims to reduce pollution, conserve resources, and promote renewable energy. This commitment to sustainability is reflected in policies promoting eco-friendlytechnologies and practices.In conclusion, the Five-Year Plan is a critical toolfor guiding China's economic growth. Its focus on targeted investments, technological innovation, and environmentalsustainability ensures that China remains a dynamic and competitive player in the global economy. As the country enters its 14th Five-Year Plan, it remains to be seen how these strategies will further transform China's economic landscape.。
十二五规划中英文对照
十二五规划中英文对照(1)A and accelerate the transformation of the mode of economic development, and create a new situation of scientific development加快转变经济发展方式，开创科学发展新局面the "11th five-year plan" period of economic and social development achievements. "11th five-year plan" period in history is very common in the past five years. Facing the complex environment changes at home and abroad and major risk challenge, the party to unite and lead the people of all ethnic groups, seize the first affair of governing party, implement the party's theory, line, principles and policies implemented correctly and effectively, and give full play to the macro-control of China's socialist system, give full play to the advantages of the politics of the market in resource allocation, the basic role of national historic changes new outlook. We effectively deal with international financial crisis huge impact, and maintain the fast yet steady economic development, and for the long-term good laid an important basis for sustainable development. We overcame the wenchuan earthquake and major natural disaster, the success of Beijing Olympic Games was held in Shanghai world expo, and successful completion of the eleventh five-year plan for the determination of the objectives and tasks. After five years, our country social productive forces strive fast development, the comprehensive national strength increases, people's living standards improved markedly, the international status and influence significantly increased, the socialist economic, political, cultural and social development and the construction of ecological civilization and the party's construction, has made great progress in compose the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The achievements of five hard-won, experience, create the precious spiritual wealth of far-reaching influence.“十一五”时期经济社会发展取得巨大成就。
Five-Year Plan (12th)
Part I: Transforming growth pattern, create a new scenario for scientific development Chapter 1: Development EnvironmentGiven the great achievements of social development that we have attained in the last five years, the 11th Five Year Plan period is indeed extraordinary. In face of the complex changes and major risks both at home and abroad, the whole nation are united. Under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), “Strive to Develop” has been attached great importance. Through implementing theories and policies of CPC and conducting the most effective macroeconomic regulation, we fully give full play to the socialist mechanism as well as to the market in terms of allocating resources. As a result, historical changes have occurred to our nation. We have not only effectively addressed the negative impacts caused by the global financial crisis but also maintained a rapid and stable economic development, which has laid a solid foundation for the sustainable development in the future. We successfully held the Beijing Olympic Games and the Shanghai World Expo. We have achieved the major objectives set in the 11th Five Year Plan. With five -year hard work, the national GDP and competitiveness have significantly enhanced. People have enjoyed a relatively high living standard, which has given a boost to China’s international status and influence. Tremendous achievements have been made in various aspects including construction of socialist economy, socialist politics, socialist culture, and ecological civilization. The new chapter of socialism with Chinese characteristics has been written. Having said that, our success does not come easily and the experiences we have gained are precious. The aspirations we have had are profound and lasting.The current world is characterized of continuous complex changes, which may last for a while. Based on the judgment of both domestic and international situations, China is still in an important period of strategic opportunities during which there is a great deal China can achieve, and it is faced with both precious historic opportunities and plenty of foreseeable and unforeseeable risks and challenges. We should strengthen our awareness of the opportunities and challenges ahead. A good understanding of law of development, better adaptation to the environment, appropriate reconciliation of a variety of conflicts can put forward the endeavour of opening-up and reform as well as socialist modernization drive. In face of multi-polarity, deepening economic globalization, new changes in global economic political system, breakthroughs in technological innovation and that international tide remains peace, cooperation and development; China could embrace the general international environment which makes for the nation’s stable development. Meanwhile, international financial crisis still poses its profound impacts on global economy, slowing down the world’s economic growth; the global demand structure also appears salient changes, with competition more intensively focusing on market, resources, talented people, technologies and standards; global issues such as climate change, energy security and food safety are becoming protruding; protectionism in various forms has been increasing. Under the scenari o, China’s external international environment has proved to be more complicated. China is to locate its positioning in international economic division of labour and to facilitate international economic cooperation as well as to and create its new advantages in global competition.Domestically speaking, China is experiencing industrialization, informationization, urbanization, marketization and further internationalization, with a stable growth in per capita national income. China is also undergoing an accelerated transformation of economic structure and a huge potential in market demand, enjoying abundant capital supply, an increase in the capacity of technology and education, an enhancement in the quality of labours and a gradual improvement of infrastructure. Dynamics in structure is conspicuouslystrengthened; government macro-control ability as well as its capability to handle complicated situations has also been greatly been enhanced. Social security system is getting strengthened along with overall social stability within grasp. China is confident to with its ability and social conditions to promote the development of economic and social development up to a new level as well as to raise the overall national strengthen. However, it is important to have a clear sight of the imbalanced, incompatible and non-sustainable elements within China’s development, which mainly turn out to be a tightened constraint between economic growth on one hand and resources and environment on the other, an imbalance between investment and consumption, a relatively large income disparity, uncompetitive technological innovation ability, unreasonable industrial structure, vulnerable agricultural basis, a gap between rural and urban development, a coexistence of total employment pressure and structural contradiction, a significant increase in social conflicts and a still considerable number of institutional obstacles that restrain scientific development. China needs to wisely judge and accurately grasp the development trend, making full use of various advantageous conditions to efficiently solve the protruding contradictions and issues. Chapter 2: Guiding PrinciplesTo formulate the 12th Five Year Plan, we should hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents, we should comprehensively implement a scientific outlook on development and adjust to the new changes both home and abroad. We should live up to people’s expectation t o live a better life by deepening the endeavour of opening up and reform, and improve the social welfare system and people’s livelihood. In order to achieve those goals, the scientific development is the theme while the acceleration of economic growth modes is the cardinal line. Additionally, we should consolidate the progress achieved in tackling the global financial crisis and improve a steady and rapid economic development in the long run as well as promote social harmony. The above-mentioned goals will lay a decisive foundation for building a well-off society in an all aspects.The theme of scientific development is required by the times. It determines the overall situation of our endeavour of opening-up and reform, and the modernization drive. With more than 1.3billion people, China is still and will be on the primary stage of socialism. As the largest developing country in the world, development is the key to solving problems. Currently, adhering to development in China is the main principle, In other words, we should stick to scientific development, pay more attention to people and to the comprehensive and coordinated sustainable development, put a premium on overall planning with due consideration for all concerned, attach more importance to social welfare protection and improvement and enhance social justice. The inevitable way to promote scientific development is to maintain the cardinal line of speeding up the transformation of economic development, which accords well with China’s fundamental reali ties and the new characteristics of the current developing stage. To accelerate transformation of the mode of economic development is a serious reform in China’s economic and social fields, which must be run through the overall process and various fields in the development of economy and society, to make for a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development, to facilitate changes while developing and further promote development with changes on the way, to finally realize the sound and fast development of both economy and social life. To achieve these goals, the fundamental requirements lie in that:We sill elevate the core competitiveness of manufacturing industry, improving the new and strategic industries, speeding up the development of service industry as well as the primary and the second industries, striking a balance between the urban and rural development,proactively and steadily put forward the urbanization, accelerating the construction of socialist new villages and achieving the coordinated and interactive development among areas.Scientific progress and innovation will support the transformation. Through comprehensively implementing the strategy of rejuvenating our country through science and education and talents, we will give full play to the role of science and human resources. China should upgrade its capabilities in indigenous research and innovation in science, technology and administration, train more innovative talents and improve education for workers. In a word, we will strive to speed up the construction of an innovation country. The "fundamental end" of economic transformation is to improve people's lives, which could only be achieved by improving social welfare system, giving priority to job creation, providing equal public services to every citizen and stepping up reform of the income distribution system, We will unswervingly realize the shared prosperity and bring the benefits to the people.In transforming the economic development mode, the importance of building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society should be stressed to save energy, reduce greenhouse emissions and actively tackle global climate change. We should develop circular economy and low carbon technologies Through striking a balance between economic development and population growth, sustainable development will be enhanced.The endeavour of reform and opening-up will drive the transformation. We should unswervingly push forward reforms in economic, political and social areas. Efforts should be made in building up a mechanism of advantage to scientific development. We should carry out the open-up strategy to achieve outcomes. We are working with the international society to tackling global challenges and share the potential for development.Chapter 3: Main Targets (see excel)Resource conservation and environmental protection targets are striking. We will maintain farmland reserves at 1.818 billion mu (approximately 121,260,600 hectares). We will cut water consumption per unit of value-added industrial output by 30%, and increase the water efficiency coefficient in agricultural irrigation to 0.53. Non-fossil fuel resources will rise to 11.4% of primary energy consumption. Energy consumption per unit of GDP will decrease 16% and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP will decrease 17%. We will make significant reductions in the total emissions of major pollutants: chemical oxygen demand (COD) and SO2 by 8%, ammonia nitrogen and nitrogen oxide by 10%. Forest coverage rate will increase to 21.66% and national forest stocks will increase by 600 million cubic metres.Chapter 4: Policy Direction-Strengthen and improve macro-control. Strengthen the coordination of fiscal, monetary, investment, industrial and land policy, well balance the relationship between economic growth, restructure and managing inflation expectancy.-establish long term mechanism of expanding domestic demand. Create positive consumption environment by actively yet steadily accelerating urbanization, implementing the strategy of employment as priority, deepening the distribution reform and improving social security system, gradually make the overall size of our domestic market ranks among the largest internationally.-optimize investment structure. Clear definite the scope of government investment, standardize the investment behaviour of SOEs, encourage private investment, effectively contain blind expansion and repeat construction, promote virtuous interaction, combine increase investment, employment and improve people’s wellbeing, create demand.-simultaneously promote industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. Industry should support agriculture, city should support countryside, consolidate the foundation for agricultural development, speeding up agricultural modernization.-Promote industrial upgrading by scientific innovation Guide the investment, talents and technology flow to enterprises, promote the strategic union of production and R&D, increase the industrial core competitiveness, promote coordinated development of three industrials in higher level.-Accelerate coordinated and interactive regional development. In implementing master strategy of regional development and main function development, high priority should be given to the strategy of large-scale development of the western region, fully play the competitive advantage of each region; facilitate the flow of production factors and transition of industries, foster new regional economic engine in the central and western region, increase the coordination of regional development.-Improve the incentive mechanism of energy conservation and emission reduction. Optimize the energy consumption structure, improve the mechanism of pricing and resources product and resource and environmental taxation, and strengthen the related laws, regulations and standard.-Promote the equalization of basic public service. Improve public fiscal system and the social security system and gradually minimize the gaps between urban-rural and regional livingstandards and public service. Establish and improve the sustainable public service system which suits Chinese development situation, relatively comprehensive and covering both rural and urban areas.-Accelerate the growth of rural and urban income. Improve the first and second distribution, appropriately adjust the distribution relationships between country, enterprises and people, and significantly increase the incomes of low-income group, continuously expanding the middle income group, reserve the enlarging trend of the gaps and strive to realize the synchronization of income and economic growth, remuneration and productivity.-Strengthen and innovate social management. Increase the ability of social management, innovate the system, accelerate the construction of service government, focus to solve the original, basic and foundational problems which impacts the social harmony and stability, maintain the stable, orderly and vitality of society.Part II: Strengthen and benefit the farmers, accelerating the construction of socialist new countrysideChapter 5: accelerating the development of modern agricultureChapter 6: Expanding the channels for farmer's incomeChapter 7: Improve the rural production and living standardsChapter 8: Improve the institution for rural developmentPart III: Transformation and upgrading, enhancing the competitiveness of industrial core Adhere to the new path of industrialization with Chinese characteristics, adapt to changes of market needs, give play to the comparative advantage of our country’s industries in the global economy in light of the new trend of scientific and technological progress, and develop a modern industry system featuring optimized structure, advanced technology, cleanliness and safety, high added value and large employment capacity.Chapter 9: Improve and promote manufactureOptimize structure, improve varieties and quality, enhance industry supporting capability, eliminate backward production capacity, develop the advanced equipment manufacturing industry, adjust the optimize raw material industries, transform and improve the consumer goods industry, and promoting the enlargement and enhancement of manufacturing industries.Section 1 Promoting the restructuring of key industriesThe equipment manufacturing industry should improve the level of R&D and system integration of basic techniques, basic materials and basic components, strengthen the R&D and industrialization of critical technological equipment, and promote the intellectualization of equipment products. The shipbuilding industry should establish a modern shipbuilding pattern, and develop shipbuilding and supporting equipment with high technical added value in adaptation to new international shipbuilding standards. The automobile industry should strengthen the R&D capability of complete vehicles, realize the technical autonomy of key parts, and improve the level of energy conservation, environmental protection and security technology. The smelting and building material industries should control overallvolume expansion strictly, optimize variety structure, and make new progress in product R&D, integrated resources utilization, energy conservation and emission reduction based on domestic demand. The petrochemical industry should explore new paths of diversified development of raw materials, focus on the development of high-end petrochemical products, accelerate the adjustment of fertilizer raw materials, and promote oil quality improvement. The light textile industry should strengthen environmental protection and quality safety, strengthen corporate brand building and improve technological equipment level. The packaging industry should accelerate the development of advanced packaging equipment, new packaging materials and high-end packaging products. The electronic information industry should improve R&D level, enhance the capability to develop basic electronics independently, and be guided toward the higher end of the industry chain. The building industry should extend green buildings and green construction, and focus on the optimization of the structure and service pattern with advanced building techniques, materials and information technology. Strengthen the elimination of backward production capacity, and suppress and channel off excess capacity.Section 2 Optimizing industry layoutOptimize the productivity layout of key industries in light of regional functional positioning, and in consideration of such factors as energy resources, environmental capacity and market space. Major domestic products of energy and mineral resources are to be located in places rich in resources in central and western China with priority, and major projects that utilize imported resources mainly are to be located in coastal and frontier areas with priority. The relocation of urban enterprises of iron and steel, non-ferrous metals and chemicals should be carried out orderly. The layout of crude oil processing capacity should be optimized to promote the integrated development of upstream and downstream industries. Guide the clustering of production factors, and create a number of advanced manufacturing bases with international competitiveness based on key state projects. Develop a number of modern industry clusters with distinctive characteristics, a prominent brand image and a sound service platform using industry chains as a tie and industrial parks as a medium.Section 3 Strengthening the technical improvement of enterprises Formulate policies that support the technical improvement of enterprises, and accelerate the application of new technologies, new materials, new techniques and new equipment to improve traditional industries and market competitiveness. Support enterprises to improve equipment level, optimize production processes, accelerate the elimination of backward technologies and equipment, and improve the overall level of integrated utilization of energy resources. Encourage enterprises to enhance new product development capacity, increase the technology level and added value of products, and accelerate the upgrading of products. Promote the IT-based improvement and upgrading of such aspects as R&D and design, production circulation, and business administration, carry out advanced quality management, and promote the management innovation of enterprises. Build a number of industry technical innovation service platforms.Section 4 Guiding the merger and reorganization of enterprises Stick to market-based operations, give play to the role of enterprises as market players, improve related policies and eliminate institutional barriers. Drive advantaged enterprises to carry out alliance, cross-regional merger and reorganization, and increase industry concentration with focus on automobile, iron and steel, cement, machine building, electrolytic aluminum, rare earth, electronic information and pharmaceutical industries, etc.Promote independent brand building, improve brand value and effects, and accelerate the development of large enterprises with world-famous brands and core competencies. Section 5 Promoting the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) Develop SMEs energetically, and improve the system of policies and regulations for SMEs. Cause SMEs to accelerate the transformation of development patterns, strengthen quality and integrity building, and improve product quality and competitiveness. Promote the restructuring of SMEs, and improve the level of specialized division of labor. Guide SMEs to develop in clusters, and improve innovation capability and management level. Create a favorable environment to activate the development of SMEs. Establish a sound financial service and credit guarantee system for SMEs, increase the size and percentage of lending to SMEs, and broaden channels of direct financing. Implement and improve preferential policies on taxation, etc. to relieve the social burden on SMEs.Chapter 10: Foster and develop strategic emerging sectorsPromote the deep fusion of rising technologies and industries based on major technological breakthroughs and development needs, and develop new strategic industries into leading and pillar industries while continuing to strengthen and enlarge high-tech industries.Section 1 Promoting the leapfrog development of key fieldsDevelop new strategic industries energetically, such as energy-saving and environment-friendly new-generation IT, biology, high-end equipment manufacturing, new energy sources, new materials and new energy automobile. In the energy conservation and environmental protection industry, focus on the development of key technological equipment for efficient energy conservation, advanced environmental protection and resource recycling, products and services. In the new-generation IT industry, focus on the development of new-generation mobile communication, new-generation Internet, three-network convergence, Internet of things, cloud computing, IC, new displays, high-end software, high-end serversand information services. In the biological industry, focus on the development of biopharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering products, bio-agriculture and bio-manufacturing. In the high-end equipment manufacturing industry, focus on the development of aviation equipment, satellites and application, rail traffic equipment and intelligent manufacturing equipment. In the new energy industry, focus on the development of new-generation nuclear energy and solar energy utilization, photovoltaic and photo-thermal power generation, and wind power technological equipment, intelligent power grids and biomass energy. In the new material industry, focus on the development of new functional materials, advanced structural materials, high-performance fibers and compound materials, and common basic materials. In the new energy automobile industry, focus on the development of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles and fuel cell automobile technologies. The proportion of the added value of new strategic industries to GDP should attain about 8%.Section 2 Implementing industry innovation and development projects Give play to the leading and supporting role of special major technology projects of the state, make unified planning of technological development, engineering, standard formulation and application demonstration based on advantaged enterprises, industry clustering zones and major products, support commercial pattern innovation and market development, implement some major industry innovation and development projects, and foster a number of backbone enterprises and demonstration bases of new strategic industries for the purpose of mastering core industry technologies and accelerating large-scale industry development.Section 3 Strengthening policy support and guidanceSet up special funds for the development of new strategic industries and industry investment, expand the size of governmental startup investment in rising industries, give play to the financing function of capital markets at different levels, and guide social capital to be invested in innovative startups. Make comprehensive use of financial preferential policies, such as risk compensation, and encourage financial institutions to strengthen credit support. Improve and encourage innovation, and guide tax support policies for investment and consumption. Accelerate the establishment of industrial standards in favor of the development of new strategic industries and important technical standards for products. Support the construction of infrastructure that supports new products and applications, and create a favorable environment for the fostering and development of market demand. Chapter 11: Accelerate the reform of energy production and utilization modeStick to the guidelines of conservation first, diversified development based on domestic resources and environmental protection. Strengthen reciprocal international cooperation, adjust and optimize energy structure, and build a safe, stable, economical and clean modern energy industry system.Section 1 Promoting the development of diversified and clean energy sources Develop safe and efficient coal mines, and large coal enterprise groups, and promote the integration of coal resources, and the merger and reorganization of coal mine enterprises. Carry out R&D demonstration of coal-based natural gas, coal-based liquid fuels and coal-based co-production orderly, and promote industrialization steadily. Strengthen the exploration and development of petroleum and natural gas resources, stabilize domestic petroleum output, and promote the rapid growth of natural gas output, and the development and utilization of unconventional oil and gas resources, such as coal-bed gas and shale gas. Develop clean and efficient large-capacity coal-fired generating sets, giving priority to heat and power cogeneration units in large/medium cities and industrial parks, large coal-fired power stations near coal mines, and integrated coal gangue power stations. Develop hydropower actively on the precondition of proper ecological conservation and resettlement, focus on the construction of large-sized hydropower stations in southwestern China, develop medium and small river waterpower resources based on local conditions, andplan and construct pumped storage power stations scientifically. Develop nuclear power on a safe and efficient basis. Strengthen the construction of grid-connection works, and develop wind power effectively. Develop solar energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy and other new energy sources actively. Promote the extended application of distributed energy systems.Section 2 Optimizing the layout of energy developmentPlan national energy development and construction priorities in a unified manner, construct five national integrated energy bases in Shanxi, the Ordos Basin, eastern Inner Mongolia, southwestern China and Xinjiang, and develop nuclear power in the eastern costal region and some areas in central China mainly. improve the level of local energy processing and transformation to reduce the pressure of large-scale and long-distance energy transmission. Plan and construct energy storage facilities rationally, improve the petroleum reserve system, and strengthen the capacity of natural gas and coal reserve and peak molulation.Section 3 Strengthening the construction of energy transmission channels Accelerate the construction of the strategic transmission channels for northwestern, northeastern, southwestern China and sea-imported oil and gas, and improve the domestic trunk oil and gas pipe network. Make unified planning of natural gas import pipelines, LNG receiving stations, and cross-regional trunk gas transmission and distribution networks, and create a gas supply layout in which natural gas, coal-bed gas and coal-based gas are balanced. Accelerate the building of a modern power grid system, further expand the size of west-to-east power transmission, improve regional trunk power grids, and develop advanced large-capacity, high-efficiency and long-distance power transmission technologies to meet requirements for large-scale cross-regional power transmission and the grid connection of new energy generated power. Promote the construction of intelligent power grids, strengthen urban and rural power grid construction and improvement, and improve the electric performance and supply reliability of power grids using advanced information, control and energy storage technologies.。
2006_China_5yearplan
• DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF MARKET ECONOMY WILL DIFFER IN THEIR ABILITY TO “DELIVER” THESE BROADER GOALS
– IN JUDGING RELATIVE PERFORMANCE, IMPORTANT NOT TO BE “TRAPPED” INTO JUST FOCUSING ON GDP
– China’s share in global emissions is 3 times larger than its share in global GDP – China consumes 28% of world’s rolled steel, 50% of cement – Sustainability of China’s growth—and the well-being of the world—depends on China addressing these environmental issues
DIFFERENT MODELS DIFFER IN ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
• TODAY, THERE IS A CONSENSUS THAT SUCCESS REQUIRES A BALANCE BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AND MARKETS
• The debate is largely about where to strike that balance • Different versions of market economy strike that balance in different ways • Differences related to differences in circumstances and values
利用外资十一五规划(英文版)
The 11th Five-Year Plan on Foreign Capital Utilization (I) The National Development and Reform CommissionNovember 10, 2006PreambleThe 11th Five-Year Plan on Foreign Capital Utilization, which is an important part of the 11th Five-Year Plan of China's national economic and social development, based on making a summary of the overall situation of the 10th Five-Year Plan on Foreign Capital Utilization and analyzing the domestic and foreign environments that the 11th Five-Year Plan faces, puts forward the guiding ideology, strategic objective, key tasks and corresponding policy measures for foreign capital utilization in China for the 11th Five-Year Plan, and is an important guideline of the foreign capital utilization work of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan.During the 11th Five-Year Plan, we shall, for the sake of the work of the foreign capital utilization, comprehensively implement the scientific view of development, further propel the fundamental transformation of the foreign capital utilization from "being quantity-oriented" to "being quality-oriented," practically transfer the emphasis of foreign capital utilization from making up the shortage of funds and foreign exchanges to introducing advanced technologies, management experiences and high-quality talents, focus more on ecological construction, environmental protection as well as conservation and comprehensive utilization of resources and energies, and effectively combine the foreign capital utilization with the upgrading of domestic industrial structure and technological level.In accordance with the plan consented to by the State Council on formulating special planning, and based on widely soliciting opinions from 40 related ministries, commissions and directly subordinate institutions under the State Council including the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Commerce, the People's Bank of China, 11 industrial associations, the local departments of development and reform as well as some research institutions, enterprises, experts and scholars, this Plan is formulated by the National Development and Reform Commission.The 11th Five-Year Plan is a significant period serving as a link between the past and future in terms of the economic and social development of China. With the domestic and foreign environmental changes that China faces as well as the wider opening up to the outside world, the main purposes of the foreign capital utilization will be changed, and the ideas, means, key industries, regional structure, etc. of the foreign capital utilization will also change greatly. To actively and effectively utilize foreign capital and to practically transfer the emphasis to the introduction of advanced foreign technologies, management experiences and high-quality talents are the key points for improving the quality offoreign capital utilization during the 11th Five-Year Plan.I. Basic Information on Foreign Capital Utilization of ChinaDuring the 10th Five-Year PlanDuring the 10th Five-Year Plan, marked by the entry into WTO, the opening up to the outside world of China has entered a completely new stage of fully taking part in international economic cooperation and competition, and the foreign capital utilization has also walked onto a new step. During the 10th Five-Year Plan, a total of approximately $383 billion foreign capital was actually utilized in China, of which approximately $286 billion was foreign direct investment, approximately $38 billion was raised by issuing stocks overseas, and approximately $46 billion was from foreign loans. The amount has far exceeded the actually completed amount during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. The main features are as follows:(1) The scale of foreign investments has been extended, and the investment methods have been more diversified. In terms of foreign direct investment, during the 10th Five-Year Plan, the utilization of foreign direct investment has increased by 34 percent over that during the Ninth Five-Year Plan. China has become one of the major destination countries of international capital and transnational companies' investment. In respect of other foreign investments mainly through overseas stocks financing, great progress has been made. By the end of 2005, 122 companies from the mainland have been listed in Hong Kong and other overseas stock exchanges, and a total of $55.544 billion of funds have been raised (excluding red chip enterprises). A total of 34 overseas institutions are admitted as qualified foreign institutional investors (QFII).(2) We have made prominent achievements in receiving a new round of international manufacturing industry transfer. During the 10th Five-Year Plan, China successfully grasped the opportunities of structural adjustment and transfer of global manufacturing industry, brought in large amount of foreign direct investment in the manufacturing industry, and thus has preliminarily become one of the important bases of production in the world. The foreign investments that were absorbed in fund-intensive and technology-intensive industries obviously increased, and many large foreign-invested projects that had been prepared for years were carried out during the 10th Five-Year Plan. Foreign-invested enterprises played good demonstration roles in respect of technology, management, philosophy of business operation, etc., propelled the marketization and internalization of China's economy and enterprises and promoted formulation of a group of industries with international competitiveness including electronic information, integrated circuit, light industry, textiles, household electrical appliances, common mechanical and electrical products and so on..(3) With the entirely implementation of China's WTO commitments, apparent progress。
11th five-year plan
11th FIVE YEAR PLANStrategies/Action Plan for the 11th Five Year Plan 2007-2012(Physical and Financial)(A)PHYSICAL TARGETSI. Prioritise Studies/ Review studies:a.Prioritised studies: In keeping with the objectives of the Approach Paper to the 11th Five Year Plan which emphasizes monitoring and evaluation of final outcomes rather than on outlays and expenditure, the Evaluation Directorate proposes to prioritise and focus its studies on the outcome/physical progress of schemes and plans to strengthen its evaluation capacity. During the period 25 major independent studies are proposed to be undertaken.b. Review Studies: Absence of follow-up action on the findings of the studies/report defeats the whole purposes of conducting the evaluation studies. Therefore as stated in the Approach Paper to aid decision making by providing insight into the programme, about the design and about success/failure in the implementation of schemes, the Directorate proposes to undertake take quick review studies especially the major schemes, to examine whether the findings, impact and suggestions made earlier still hold true and whether any follow-up action has been taken by the Departments concerned or not . This would be submitted to the Steering Committee and the District Planning and development Boards for review and action. An amount of Rs.5.00 lakhs is proposed for such review studies.II. Fixation of benchmark -Utilising service of consultancy firms /research institutes : In line with the Approach Paper, with the approval of the Screening Committee, the services of research institutes/consultancy firms would be utilized for undertaking rigorous evaluation study for the major projects/programmes of the State Government. For fixing of the mutually agreed benchmark between the agency/department being evaluated and the agency/department conducting the evaluation study on the basis of which subsequent performance would be evaluated, the service of technically personnel/technical firms will be outsourced in the initial years till the induction of technically qualified persons in the Department. Further to strengthen its evaluation capacity the Directorate proposes to involve research institutes and civil society organizations which have the capability of undertaking rigorous evidence based evaluation.For payment of service charges/consultancy fees an amount of Rs. 3.00 lakhs is proposed.III.Strengthening of Districts:To ensure uniform coverage of all districts of the State in the evaluation studies, District Evaluation Offices are proposed to be established in all the four newly created districts of Dimapur, Kiphere, Longleng and Peren in a phased manner. The proposal for creation of new District Evaluation Office at Dimapur which is the commercial hub of the State has already been cleared by the Post Creation Committee and is under submission to the Cabinet Cell. For creation of posts, for salary and basic infrastructure / logistic an expenditure of Rs. 60.00 lakhs is projected.IV Strengthening of Directorate: In order to keep pace with the growing demands and to enable the Directorate to take up and complete more evaluation studies and ensure better monitoring, it will be necessary to create one post of Additional Director in the Directorate during the 11th Five Year Plan .As in the 10th Five year Plan, if the 62 different categories of temporary posts continue in the same status for employees in these posts have to be charged under Plan during the 11th Five Year Plan. An amount of Rs. 465.00 lakhs is the estimated expenditure.V.Construction(a) Construction of District Evaluation office: Presently all the District Evaluation Offices except Kohima are functioning in rented private buildings resulting in huge burden on the exchequer in the form of rent. Further with the trend of increasing rent rates, the total expenditure under this head is expected to increase. Uncertainity of the tenancy/lessee period of these offices also adversely affects efficient functioning. Therefore construction of own office buildings in the remaining districts in a phased manner during the 11th Five Year Plan is proposed. This would result not only in savings in the long run and but would also create fixed asset for the Government.(b) Construction of retaining wall/ boundary demarcation to prevent land encroachment:To check the rampant encroachment of government land, retaining wall and concrete boundary walls for the government quarters under the Directorate are proposed to be constructed.An amount of Rs.80.00 lakhs is therefore proposed under construction for (a) and (b) above.VI. Computerisation :(a) To enable data tabulation, data processing, report writing and maintenance of data and record in a systematic manner, computerization of the Directorate office and the district evaluation offices with workable IT facility such as PC and Inter-Net connectivity is proposed.(b) A data base of the evaluation studies undertaken and reports published till date is proposed to be built and computerized and made available on the website. This will enable easy access to the reports to any one interested. This is in line with the RTI Act. The service records/ status of receipt of ACRs of the officers and staff are also proposed to be computerized and made available on the website. This would facilitate easy access to information to the staff. The website of the Evaluation Directorate is therefore proposed to be designed and posted on the internet. For this an expenditure of Rs. 20.00 lakhs is projected.VII Transportation/ conveyance facility:Evaluation studies is dependent on the field ck of conveyance becomes a major constraint for undertaking evaluation studies specially the remote areas which are not well connected and where public transportation is non functional. So far ony three district evaluation offices are attached with duty vehicles. To undertake unbiased evaluation studies covering all parts of the State, it is imperative that a duty vehicle is attached to each district evaluation office to enable access to the remote and non-connected areas. To encourage punctuality in theoffice attendance and a staff bus is proposed to be provided to the staff. An amount of Rs.85.00 lakhs is proposed under the head transportation.VIII Capacity Building :- With the continuous up gradation and advancement in the techniques/methodology in conducting evaluation studies/surveys, report writing and fast changing developments in the IT sector, the Department proposes to (a)organize in-house training for all the officers/technical staff by bringing resource persons/experts in this field (b) depute officers and staff of the Directorate for various training/courses/capacity building programme at IIM, ISI, NIFM ,NIRD, CSO,NCAER and ATI etc. Rs. 15.00 lakhs is the projected requirement.IXOrientation/workshops: Lack of records, refusal of respondents to disclose information, non- co-operation of the Agencies/Departments whose programmes are under evaluation/proposed to be evaluated are major draw backs for an evaluation study. Therefore (a) publicity/orientation programmes to sensitise the Department/ agencies on the importance of the evaluation studies in policy formulation and (b) orientation for the staff/ field workers before undertaking any major study are proposed. Rs. 2.00 lakhs is proposed for the purpose.X Publication:(a)Publication and circulation of reports is a pre-requisite for follow-up action on the recommendations/findings of the evaluation studies.(b) Upgradation of the library and purchase/subscription of subject relevant publications. An amount of Rs 15.00 lakhs for this purpose.Proposed outlay for Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007-2012(Rs.inLakhs)Major heads Minor heads of Development 3451-Sectt-Eco-Services TenthPlan2002-07ProjectedOutlay(at 2001-02 Prices Tenth Plan2002-07Actual ExpenditureEleventhPlan2007-12ProposedOutlay.1 245092(1) (1)DirectionSalaries 2245.2290 Wages 0.252.095 Travel Expenses 1 10.9 20Office Expenses 20.85 3.94 20Computerization _ 15Motor Vehicle 16 16.35 60Publication 36.4815 Training/ Workshop 3 4.51 15Building data base _ _Review Studies _ 5Total 092(1) 66.1 89.49 245092(1)(1) subordinateSalaries 85270.11 330Wages _4.1810 Travel Expenses 6.2 6.52 19Office Expenses 6.2 14.57 30Motor Vehicle 30 3.31 25Rent,Rates & Taxes _ 5.12 6Computerization _ 5Total 092 (1) (2) 127.4 303.81 425Major Head 4216 Capital Outlay on Housing 015 Construction of officebuildings/others. 6.52.6680Total on Construction 6.5 9.31 80Grand Total 200 402.61 750。
关于五一计划的英语作文
关于五一计划的英语作文英文回答：The Five-Year Plans (FYPs) were a series of economic development plans implemented by the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The first FYP was launched in 1953, and the most recent, the fourteenth, was launched in 2021. The FYPs have been central to China's rapid economic growth and industrialization.The main objectives of the FYPs have been to:Increase agricultural and industrial output.Modernize infrastructure.Improve living standards.Reduce poverty.Strengthen national defense.The FYPs have been implemented through a combination of state planning, investment, and regulation. The government has set targets for economic growth, industrial production, and social development. It has also invested heavily in infrastructure, education, and health care.The FYPs have been successful in achieving many oftheir objectives. China's economy has grown rapidly, andits industrial output has increased significantly. The country has also made significant progress in modernizing its infrastructure and improving living standards. However, the FYPs have also been criticized for their emphasis on heavy industry and their neglect of environmental concerns.中文回答：什么是五年计划？五年计划是中国政府实施的一系列经济发展计划。
篇五一计划的英文的作文
篇五一计划的英文的作文英文回答：The First Five-Year Plan (FFYP), launched in 1953, was a comprehensive economic development plan that marked a significant turning point in the history of the People's Republic of China (PRC). It was the first of a series of five-year plans that guided China's economic development throughout the Mao Zedong era.The FFYP was designed to transform China from an agrarian economy into an industrialized socialist state. It focused on heavy industry, prioritizing the development of iron and steel, coal, and machinery. The plan also emphasized the development of agriculture andtransportation infrastructure.The FFYP was implemented with a centralized and authoritarian approach. The government controlled the allocation of resources, set production targets, andenforced labor discipline. The plan relied heavily on mass mobilization and the use of propaganda to motivate the population.The FFYP achieved significant successes. It led to a rapid increase in industrial output and the establishmentof a basic industrial infrastructure. The production of steel, coal, and machinery increased dramatically, and new factories and mines were built. The plan also improved agricultural productivity and transportation infrastructure.However, the FFYP also had its drawbacks. The emphasis on heavy industry led to imbalances in the economy and shortages of consumer goods. The centralized planningsystem proved to be inflexible and bureaucratic, and it stifled innovation. The focus on rapid industrialization resulted in environmental degradation and social problems.The FFYP was followed by a series of other five-year plans that continued to guide China's economic development. The Great Leap Forward (1958-1962) and the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) were particularly disastrous, butChina's economy began to recover in the late 1970s under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping.Deng's reforms introduced market mechanisms and opened up the Chinese economy to foreign investment. These reforms led to a period of rapid economic growth and liftedmillions of people out of poverty. However, they also created new challenges, such as income inequality and environmental degradation.China's economic development has continued to be guided by five-year plans. The current plan, the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025), focuses on innovation, sustainability, and high-quality growth. China's economy is now the second largest in the world, and it is playing an increasingly important role in the global economy.中文回答：五一计划。
五一计划的英语作文,六上
五一计划的英语作文,六上The Five-One Plan is a comprehensive strategy developed by the government to promote sustainable economic growth and social development. This ambitious plan aims to address a wide range of challenges facing the country, from environmental protection to technological innovation. As we embark on this transformative journey, it is crucial to understand the key components of the Five-One Plan and how they will shape the future of our nation.At the heart of the Five-One Plan is the commitment to achieving a balanced and inclusive economic model. The plan outlines a set of targeted initiatives to diversify the country's industrial base, foster entrepreneurship, and reduce reliance on traditional sectors. By investing in emerging industries such as renewable energy, biotechnology, and advanced manufacturing, the government aims to create new job opportunities and drive economic modernization.One of the most significant aspects of the Five-One Plan is its emphasis on environmental sustainability. The plan sets ambitious targets for reducing carbon emissions, improving air and waterquality, and preserving natural habitats. This includes the implementation of stricter regulations on industrial pollution, the promotion of clean energy sources, and the development of sustainable urban planning strategies. By addressing the pressing environmental challenges, the plan seeks to ensure that economic growth is not achieved at the expense of the planet's well-being.Another key focus of the Five-One Plan is the enhancement of social welfare and equity. The plan aims to improve access to quality education, healthcare, and social services, particularly in underserved communities. This includes initiatives to expand affordable housing, strengthen social safety nets, and invest in skills training programs. By addressing the root causes of inequality and promoting inclusive development, the plan aims to create a more just and prosperous society.The Five-One Plan also places a strong emphasis on technological innovation and digital transformation. The government has committed to investing heavily in research and development, supporting the growth of the technology sector, and leveraging digital technologies to improve public services and enhance the efficiency of various industries. This includes initiatives to develop cutting-edge infrastructure, such as 5G networks and smart city technologies, as well as efforts to foster a thriving startup ecosystem and promote the adoption of emerging technologies.One of the most exciting aspects of the Five-One Plan is its focus on international cooperation and global integration. The plan outlines strategies to strengthen the country's diplomatic ties, promote cross-border trade and investment, and position the nation as a leader in global governance. This includes initiatives to participate in multilateral organizations, contribute to the development of international standards and regulations, and collaborate with other countries on shared challenges such as climate change and global health.As the Five-One Plan is implemented, it is expected to have a profound impact on the country's economic, social, and environmental landscape. The plan's ambitious targets and comprehensive approach have the potential to transform the nation, positioning it as a global leader in sustainable development and innovation.However, the successful implementation of the Five-One Plan will require the concerted efforts of all stakeholders, including the government, businesses, civil society, and individual citizens. It will also require a long-term commitment to the plan's objectives, as many of the initiatives will take time to bear fruit.Despite the challenges, the Five-One Plan represents a bold andvisionary blueprint for the future of our nation. By embracing the plan's core principles of sustainability, inclusivity, and technological advancement, we can work together to build a better tomorrow for all. As we embark on this journey, let us remain steadfast in our commitment to the Five-One Plan and its transformative potential.。
关于五一计划的英语短文
关于五一计划的英语短文Title: The Significance and Impact of the First Five-Year Plan.The First Five-Year Plan, often referred to as theFive-Year Plan, was a momentous initiative launched by the Communist Party of China in 1953, marking a significant shift in the country's economic and social development. This ambitious plan, spanning from 1953 to 1957, aimed to transform China from a predominantly agricultural society into an industrialized nation, laying the foundation for the country's future economic growth and prosperity.At the time of its inception, China faced immense challenges. The aftermath of the Civil War, combined with decades of colonial exploitation and internal turmoil, had left the country in a state of ruin. The economy was devastated, and infrastructure was severely lacking. Agriculture was the mainstay of the economy, but production was inefficient, and living conditions for the vastmajority of the population were abysmal. The Five-Year Plan represented a bold attempt to address these issues and lay the groundwork for a more prosperous future.The core objectives of the Five-Year Plan were to prioritize heavy industry development, increaseagricultural production, and improve infrastructure. To achieve these goals, the plan allocated significant resources to the construction of steel mills, machine-tool factories, and other heavy industries. Simultaneously, agricultural reforms were introduced to improve farming techniques and increase crop yields. Additionally, investments were made in transportation, energy, and other infrastructure projects to facilitate economic development.The implementation of the Five-Year Plan brought about remarkable changes in China. The most significant accomplishment was the establishment of a substantial industrial base, particularly in the heavy industry sector.。
为了五年计划英语短文
为了五年计划英语短文English:For the five-year plan, it is essential to set clear and achievable goals for economic growth, infrastructure development, and social welfare. This includes identifying key sectors for investment and innovation, as well as addressing any existing disparities or inefficiencies in the current system. Additionally, environmental sustainability and renewable energy initiatives should be prioritized to ensure long-term prosperity. It is also crucial to allocate resources effectively and efficiently, while fostering partnerships with international organizations and neighboring countries to promote global cooperation and trade. Furthermore, investing in education and healthcare to improve human capital and overall well-being should be a top priority in the plan. Overall, the five-year plan should aim to create a balanced and sustainable development strategy that benefits all sectors of society.中文翻译:对于五年计划来说，设定明确可实现的经济增长、基础设施发展和社会福利目标是至关重要的。
五一计划英语作文80
五一计划英语作文80英文回答：The Five-Year Plan refers to a development strategy implemented by the Chinese government to guide its economic and social development over a five-year period. It wasfirst introduced in the 1950s and has since played a significant role in shaping China's economic trajectory.The Five-Year Plan outlines specific goals and targets for key sectors, such as agriculture, industry, infrastructure, science, and technology. It also includes measures to address social issues, such as poverty alleviation, education, and healthcare.The plan is formulated through a rigorous process involving extensive research, consultation with experts and stakeholders, and approval by the National People's Congress. The implementation of the plan is overseen by the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), whichcoordinates with relevant ministries and agencies.The Five-Year Plan has evolved over time to reflect changing economic conditions and development priorities. In recent years, the emphasis has shifted from rapid economic growth to sustainable development, with greater attention paid to environmental protection, social equality, and innovation.The current Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) placesparticular importance on:Innovation and technological advancement.High-quality economic growth.Rural revitalization.Green development.Social welfare and well-being.The Five-Year Plan has been instrumental in China's remarkable economic transformation. It has provided a roadmap for development, facilitated the mobilization of resources, and ensured that the country's economic policies are aligned with long-term goals.While the Five-Year Plan has been successful in many respects, it has also faced challenges. Some critics argue that the plan is too rigid and does not allow forsufficient flexibility to respond to unforeseen circumstances. Others have raised concerns about the potential for corruption and abuse of power in the implementation process.Despite these challenges, the Five-Year Plan remains a key element of China's economic governance. It continues to provide a framework for coordinated and sustainable development, helping to steer the country towards its ambitious goals.中文回答：五年计划。
五日计划英语
五日计划英语English:The Five-Year Plan, a concept originally introduced by the Soviet Union under Stalin's leadership, has been adapted and utilized by various countries as a tool for economic planning and development. Typically spanning a period of five years, the plan sets targets for key economic indicators such as GDP growth, industrial output, and employment rates, aiming to achieve specific socio-economic objectives within the designated timeframe. The Five-Year Plan involves meticulous analysis, forecasting, and allocation of resources to prioritize sectors deemed crucial for national development. It often entails extensive government intervention in the economy, including subsidies, investment incentives, and state-owned enterprises. Critics argue that the rigidity of such plans may hinder flexibility and innovation, leading to inefficiencies and misallocation of resources. However, proponents emphasize the importance of long-term strategic planning in guiding economic growth and ensuring stability amidst global uncertainties. Despite its mixed track record and evolving relevance in today's dynamic global economy, the Five-Year Plan remains a significant tool for governments seekingto steer their countries' economic trajectories towards desired outcomes.中文翻译:五年计划，最初由苏联在斯大林领导下引入的概念，已被各国采用为经济规划和发展的工具。
用英语写五一计划三句话
用英语写五一计划三句话The Five-Year Plans were a series of centralized national economic plans in the Soviet Union. The plans were developed by the State Planning Commission (Gosplan) and approved by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). The first Five-Year Plan was implemented in 1928 and covered the period from 1928 to 1932. The plan aimed to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union and to transform it from a predominantly agrarian society to a modernindustrial society. The plan was largely successful in achieving its objectives, and the Soviet Union experienced a period of rapid industrial growth during the 1930s.The second Five-Year Plan was implemented in 1933 and covered the period from 1933 to 1937. The plan aimed to continue the industrialization of the Soviet Union and to further develop the country's heavy industry. The plan was also largely successful in achieving its objectives, and the Soviet Union experienced a further period of rapid industrial growth during the 1930s.The third Five-Year Plan was implemented in 1938 and covered the period from 1938 to 1942. The plan aimed to complete the industrialization of the Soviet Union and to prepare the country for war. The plan was disrupted by the outbreak of World War II in 1941, and the Soviet Union was forced to switch its economy to a wartime footing.The fourth Five-Year Plan was implemented in 1946 and covered the period from 1946 to 1950. The plan aimed to rebuild the Soviet economy after the war and to restore the country to its pre-war level of economic development. The plan was largely successful in achieving its objectives, and the Soviet economy experienced a period of rapid growth during the late 1940s and early 1950s.The fifth Five-Year Plan was implemented in 1951 and covered the period from 1951 to 1955. The plan aimed to continue the growth of the Soviet economy and to further develop the country's heavy industry. The plan was also largely successful in achieving its objectives, and the Soviet economy experienced a further period of rapid growthduring the 1950s.The Five-Year Plans were a major factor in the development of the Soviet Union. The plans helped to rapidly industrialize the country and to transform it from a predominantly agrarian society to a modern industrial society. The plans also played a major role in the Soviet Union's victory in World War II and in the country's subsequent economic recovery.However, the Five-Year Plans also had some negative consequences. The plans were often unrealistic and led to shortages of consumer goods and other problems. The plans also led to a high level of centralization in the Soviet economy, which stifled innovation and creativity.The Five-Year Plans were abandoned in the late 1950s and replaced by a more decentralized system of economic planning. The new system was more flexible and allowed for a greater degree of market forces in the economy. The new system was also more successful in providing for the needs of consumers and in promoting innovation.。
英语口译基础教程
英语⼝译基础教程英语⼝译基础教程Unit oneParagraph oneChina will earn 42.6 billion dollars in foreign exchange revenue with the annual average growth of nearly 8% and it is expected to be ranked third worldwide. 1.69 billion tourists will travel in china, representing an average 8% increase annually; the revenue from the domestic tourism will reach 881 billion yuan with an increase of 11% on the average every year; the tourism earnings will total 1.226 trillion yuan ,up 10%, representing 7% of GDP ; tourism will create 9.8 million direct and 49 million indirect job opportunities.中国旅游创汇将达426亿元，年均增长8%左右，有望居世界第三位;国内旅游⼈数16.9亿⼈次，年均增长8%;国内旅游收⼊8810亿元，年均增长11%左右，旅游业总收⼊12260亿元，年均增长10%左右，相当于全国国内⽣产总值的7%;旅游带动直接就业980万⼈，间接就业4900万⼈。
Paragraph twoThe eleventh five-year plan is a crucial strategic period for upgrading china?s tourism which willbe faced with new opportunities and challenges. The tourism industry is continuously raising its status in the national economy. Currently ,24 provincial-cities have promoted tourism as their pillar ,pioneering or crucial industry with the further optimization of the macro-environment of tourism. Accompanied by the progress of the development of the well-of society , the per capita GDP in china will jump from 1000 dollars to 3000 dollars ,thus leading to a dramatically increased demand for tourism consumption. This constitutes the paramount driving force behind the sustainable bloom in china?s tourism.“⼗⼀五”是中国旅游业发展的重要战略提升期，⾯临着⼼得发展机遇和挑战。
The_14th_Five-Year_Plan_Starts_A_New_Journey_to_A_
The 14th Five-Y ear Plan Starts A New Jour-ney to A Modernized Socialist Country2021 is a year of special im-portance in China’s modern-ization process, since it is the first year of the 14th Five-Year Plan and the start of a new journey to build a modern socialist country.In a period of f ive years, the Five-Year Plan specifies future direc-tion for economic and social develop-ment in China, and is an important way for China to carry out develop-ment strategies and build consensus on development. In March 2021, the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 (draft) was adopted on National People’s Con-gress and Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (NPC and CPPCC).According to the 14th Five-Year Plan, to promote high-quality development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, China has to carry out a new development concept for a new pattern in a new stage, insist on deepening supply-side structural reform, establish an effective system to encourage domestic demand and build a strong domestic market, un-swervingly promote reform and open-ing-up, strengthen the leading role of domestic grand circulation and the role of international circulation in im-proving the efficiency and level of do-mestic circulation, to secure healthy and mutual stimulating domestic and international dual circulation.The new Five-Year Plan highlights high-quality developmentThe 14th Five-Year Plan had 20major indicators of five categories to assess economic and social develop-ment results, and compared with last Five-Year Plan some indicators were new, some were newly described and some were deleted.As in previous Five-Year Plans, indicators of economic development category came first. H owever, the plan had no specific expected average annual GDP growth rate for next five years, but proposed to keep the econ-omy within a reasonable range and put forward specific goals according to each year’s situation.Expected indicators are antic-ipated goals by the central govern-ment, which will be achieved mainly through independent behavior of market players. In addition to GDP growth rate, there were two otherexpected indicators for “economic de-By Audrey Guo10velopment”: annual labor productivity growth (higher than GDP), and the urbanization rate of permanent urban residents (as high as 65% by 2025), reflecting the potential of future de-velopment.In terms of innovation-driven development, the indicators will be upgraded comprehensively in 2025: the value added from core industries in the digital economy will be in-creased to 10% of GDP, the annual average growth of total R&D spend-ing will be more than 7%, accounting for a higher percentage of GDP thanduring the 13th Five-Year Plan pe-riod, and the number of high-value invention patents per 10,000 people will come to 12.The drive of digital economy for economic and social development is becoming increasingly important, so it needs forward-looking minds to develop relevant indicators, reflecting that China is aiming at leading the industrial development, promoting high-quality economic development and building a new development pat-tern during the 14th Five-Year Plan period.The indicators related to inven-tion patents had a new modifier of “high value”, meaning more attention will be paid to the quality rather than the quantity of innovation. Compared with last Five-Year Plan, “contribution of scientific and technological advanc-es to economic growth” and “Internet access” were no longer listed as major indicators, reflecting the indicators were kept pace with the times.Of the 20 main indicators, 7 were directly related to the well-be-ing of people, making the plan truly considerate to people’s livelihood, including three new, namely surveyed urban unemployment rate (lower than 5.5%), number of practicing physi-cians (physician assistants) per 1,000 people (3.2), and nursery capacity for children under 3 years per 1,000 peo-ple (4.5).Compared with the 13th Five-Year Plan, two indicators of rural population lifted out of poverty and rebuilt housing in rundown urban ar-eas were moved out, since China has won the battle against poverty.The “resources and environ-ment” category in the 13th Five-Year Plan was replaced by “ecologicalconservation”, and all such indicatorsare obligatory targets. Although thenumber was cut to 5 from 10, eachof these indicators has great effects.Obligatory targets are commitmentsto the people, and indicators thatfurther strengthen the government’sresponsibility on the basis of antici-pation. 13.5% and 18% of reductionin energy consumption and carbondioxide emissions per unit of GDPrespectively, and 24.1% of forest cov-erage rate. These indicators will fullydemonstrate the “green” economicdevelopment in China.New stage and new goals ofdevelopment require the indicatorsystem to keep pace with the times.20 main indicators not only carry onthose of previous Five-Year Plans, butalso embody the innovations requiredby the new era, as they are more inline with the situation of economicand social development in China atpresent and in next five years.Ministries and commissionsare releasing developmentplans one after anotherState-owned Assets Supervisionand Administration Commission(SASAC): The digital economy, plat-form economy and sharing economywill be vigorously developed duringthe 14th Five-Year Plan periodOn April 16, 2021 at the pressconference, secretary general andnews spokesman of the SASAC,Peng Huagang said, during the 14thFive-Year Plan period, SASAC willguide enterprises to further grasp theopportunities in a new round of tech-nological revolution and industrialtransformation, focus on key sectorsof emerging industries with goodfoundation, features and advantages,and actively take part in the con-struction of new infrastructure, new-type urbanization and key projects oftransportation and water conservancy,etc., vigorously develop digital econ-omy, platform economy and sharingeconomy. While accelerate the cul-tivation of new drives for economicdevelopment.Ministry of Ecological Envi-ronment: China exceeded 2020 car-bon emission reduction goalOn June 4, 2021, according to theMinistry of Ecological Environment,the carbon emission intensity in 2020in China dropped by 18.8% comparedto 2015, exceeding the obligatorytarget of the 13th Five-Year Plan,while the share of non-fossil energyin China’s energy consumption cameto 15.9%, both exceeding the goalsfor 2020 set by China. In September2020, China made a solemn commit-ment to the world that China wouldstrive to achieve carbon emissionpeaking by 2030 and carbon neutralityby 2060. Therefore, in the outline of14th Five-Year Plan and Vision 2035,it was an important topic to developa green mind in production and lives,and to peak carbon emissions and sta-bilize and then decline.Ministry of Industry and Infor-mation Technology: Accelerate thedigital transformation of the manu-facturing industryThe 14th Five-Year Plan for theDevelopment of info-communica-tions Industry (the Plan) was officiallyissued in November 2021, which putforward the overall goal for the 14thFive-Year Plan period, namely, by2025 the overall scale of informationand communication industry willbe further expanded, the quality ofdevelopment will be signif icantlyimproved, the construction of a newdigital infrastructure is basicallycompleted which is high-speed andubiquitous, integrated and intercon-nected, intelligent and green, safe and Obligatory targetsare commitmentsto the people, andindicators thatfurther strengthenthe government’sresponsibility on thebasis of anticipation.11reliable, the innovation capacity will be greatly enhanced, new business models will flourish, and the ability to empower digital transformation and upgrading of the economy and society has been comprehensively strengthened. By the end of 2025, the information and communication in-dustry will reach a new level of green development, with a 15% reduction in comprehensive energy consumption per unit of total telecom services, and the PUE value of newly-built large and super-large data centers below 1.3.General Administration of Customs: Enhance the cooperation of the Belt and RoadOn July 27, 2021, the General Administration of Customs issued the 14th Five-Year Plan for Customs, specif y ing the development and implementation plans for the Belt and Road cooperation, construction of free trade zones, public health at ports, intellectual property protection, bio-safety at national gateway and anti-smuggling, etc. According to the plan, in the next five years, members of international customs cooperation mechanism along the Belt and Road will increase from 53 in 2020 to more than 90 in 2025, and the number of countries (regions) interconnected with China through overseas “sole window” will increase from 1 at pres-ent to 15, the number of countries (regions) who signed AEO (Autho-rized Economic Operator) mutual recognition arrangements with Chi-na will top 60 from 42. In next five years, 35 international sanitary ports will be constructed in China, to en-hance the ability of Chinese portsto respond quickly and effectively topublic health emergencies.Intellectual Property Office:Ensure the milestone goal of con-structing a strong intellectual prop-erty rights powerhouse as scheduledIn late October 2021, the StateCouncil issued National Plan forProtection and Application of Intel-lectual Property Rights During the14th Five-Year Plan Period, specify-ing “four new goals” for the IP-relat-ed work, which include scaling newheights in IP protection, achievingnew results in IP application, reachinga new stage in IP services, and mak-ing new breakthroughs in interna-tional IP cooperation. Meanwhile, itproposed to 8 anticipatory indicators,including in 2025 lifting the numberof high-value invention patents per10,000 people to 12, the number ofoverseas invention patents grantedto 90,000, the registered amount ofintellectual property pledge financingto RMB 320 billion, the total annualimport and export value of intellectu-al property royalties to RMB 350 bil-lion, the value added from patent-in-tensive industries to 13% of GDP, thevalue added from copyright industriesto 7.5% of GDP, the social satis-faction rate of intellectual propertyprotection to 82, and the convictionrate of first instance civil intellectualproperty cases to 85%, in order to en-sure the milestone goal of construct-ing a strong IPR powerhouse will becompleted as scheduled.Ministry of Commerce: Boostand deepen innovations in scienceand technology, institution, indus-try and business modelsRecently, the Ministry of Com-merce issued the Plan for High-qual-ity Development of Foreign Tradeduring the 14th Five-year Plan Peri-od, which highlighted the deepeninginnovations in science and technol-ogy, institution, industry and busi-ness models, outlined 10 major tasksincluding green trade, trade digita-lization, integration of domestic andforeign trade and other new trendsin international trade, to provideguidance for the innovative develop-ment of foreign trade. In 2021, newindustrial forms brought new growth:more than 2,000 overseas warehouseswere built, and in the first ten monthsfrom January to October of 2021,cross-border e-commerce import andexport grew by 19.5%. According tothe plan, during the 14th Five-YearPlan period, China will further expandthe opening-up of domestic market,encourage the import of high-qualityconsumer goods, increase the importof advanced technology, importantequipment, key components, energyresources products and agriculturalproducts in short in domestic mar-ket, optimize the list of cross-bordere-commerce retail imports, furtherpromote local processing of importsin border trade, and stimulate importsfrom neighboring countries, in order tovigorously develop trade of high-qual-ity, high-tech, high value-added greenand low-carbon products. 12。
五一计划的英语书信
五一计划的英语书信Title: The Five-Year Plan: A Pivotal Milestone inChina's Development.Dear Friend,。
I hope this letter finds you well. Today, I want to delve into a fascinating topic that holds significant historical and contemporary relevance the Five-Year Plan of China. This ambitious economic and social development strategy has played a pivotal role in shaping the country's trajectory over the decades.The concept of the Five-Year Plan originated in the Soviet Union but found a new lease of life in China afterthe establishment of the People's Republic in 1949. Thefirst Five-Year Plan was launched in 1955, marking a newera of planned economic development in China. Since then, successive Five-Year Plans have guided the country through various economic, social, and technological transformations.The core objective of the Five-Year Plan is to set clear, achievable targets for economic growth, industrialization, infrastructure development, technological advancement, and social welfare. Each plan is carefully crafted to address the specific challenges and opportunities facing the country at that particular juncture. The plans not only outline the strategies and policies to be implemented but also monitor and evaluate their progress, ensuring accountability and transparency.One of the most remarkable aspects of the Five-Year Plan is its adaptability. Over the years, the plans have evolved to incorporate new challenges and opportunities, such as the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented one, the integration of technology and innovation, and the pursuit of sustainable development. This flexibility has enabled China to maintain a strong growth trajectory, even in the face of global economic downturns and other external challenges.The impact of the Five-Year Plan is felt across allsectors of the Chinese economy. From infrastructure development to industrialization, from technological advancement to social welfare, the plans have left an indelible mark on China's landscape. The construction of highways, railways, airports, and other infrastructure projects has transformed the country's connectivity and accessibility. The industrialization of key sectors like steel, automobiles, electronics, and others has made Chinaa global manufacturing hub. The development of cutting-edge technologies in areas like artificial intelligence, space exploration, and renewable energy has positioned China as a leader in technological innovation.Moreover, the Five-Year Plan has not neglected thesocial sector. The plans have emphasized the importance of education, healthcare, poverty alleviation, and othersocial causes, ensuring that the benefits of economicgrowth are distributed evenly across the population. This commitment to inclusive growth has helped China reduce poverty, improve social welfare, and promote social harmony.Looking ahead, the Five-Year Plan continues to play acrucial role in China's development. The 14th Five-Year Plan, which covers the period from 2021 to 2025, focuses on achieving high-quality development, promoting innovation-driven growth, and building a modern economic system. This plan emphasizes the need for greater domestic consumption, technological innovation, green development, and opening-up to the outside world.In conclusion, the Five-Year Plan has been a transformative force in China's development. It has guided the country through various economic, social, and technological challenges, enabling it to achieve remarkable growth and progress. As China moves forward into the future, the Five-Year Plan remains a critical tool for planning and implementing sustainable development strategies that will shape the country's future for generations to come.I hope this letter has provided you with a deeper understanding of the Five-Year Plan and its significance in China's development. Thank you for taking the time to read my thoughts on this fascinating topic. I look forward to hearing your thoughts and insights.Best regards,。
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“11th Five-Year Plan ” for Development and Utilization ofCoalbed Methane and Coal Mine Methane1.Principles for development(1) Combined surface and underground gas recovery;(2) Combined independent development and foreign cooperation;(3) Combined local utilization of gas with transport of surplus gas to other cities (4) Combined household utilization with industrial utilization (5) Combined enterprise development with state support.2.TargetsIn 2010 the national output of CBM (CMM) will reach 10 billion m 3. Of which, quantity of CBM to be drained from surface will be 5 billion m 3 with a utilization rate of 100%, and CMM to be drained underground will reach 5 billion m 3 with a utilization rate of over 60%. The quantity of the newly increased proven CBM geological reserves will be 300 billion m 3. An industrial system for development and utilization of CBM/CMM will be gradually built up.3.Overall Arrangement and Major Tasks of the Plan3.1 CBM prospectingEfforts will concentrate on CBM exploration in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia provinces or prefectures, on the basis of CBM prospecting projects in Qinnan & Sanjiao in Shanxi, Hancheng in Shaanxi, Changji & Dajing in Xinjiang, and Erlian basin in Inner Mongolian. By 2010, the newly increased cumulative proven geological reserves will reach 300 billion m 3 (Table 1).Table 1 Plan for Newly Increased Proven CBM Reserves in the “11th Five-Year Plan”(Unit: Billion m 3)Province 2007 2008 2009 2010 (Prefecture) Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative ReservesReservesReservesReservesShanxi 85 85 40 125 25 150 60 210 Shaanxi 1010101020 30 Xinjiang 40 40 Inner 20 20 Mongolia Total959540135251601403003.2 Surface CBM ExploitationBy 2010 the productive capacity of CBM will reach 7 billion m3 and production will reach 5 billion m3 (Table 2).Table 2 CBM Surface Development Plan in the “11th Five Year Plan”Unit: million m3 Province 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 (Prefecture) Capacity Output CapacityOutput CapacityOutput Capacity Output CapacityOutput Shanxi 330 230 1 230 830 2 460 1 820 3 880 2 910 5 350 3 950 Liaoning 10 10 20 20 50 30 90 40 100 50 Heilongjiang 20 10 30 20 50 20 Anhui 20 10 70 30 100 30 Henan 20 10 70 20 100 30 Chongqing 10 10 20 20 30 30 50 50 Sichuan 10 10 20 20 Guizhou 30 20 50 30 100 50 Yunnan 10 10 30 20 50 20 Shaanxi 10 10 40 40 70 70 250 200 400 200 Xinjiang 100 50 300 200 500 400 Others 100 50 100 100 200 200 Total 350 250 1 300 900 2 900 2 100 4 910 3 610 7 020 5 020Efforts will focus on construction of two CBM commercial bases in Qinshui and the eastern fringe of Ordos Basins.(1) CBM commercial production base in Qinshui basinConditions of CBM resources in Qinshui basin are good due to moderate burial depth of coal seams (300-1,000m), great thickness and high methane content (19-26m3/t). Occurrence of strata is flat with a few faults. Joints in coal seams are well developed (530-580 joints per meter). Permeability of coal seam is high (0.5-1.0 md). The geological conditions are good for CBM development. It aims to build a base with a productive capacity of 3.95 billion m3, an output of 3.05 billion m3 and with newly increased proven geological reserves of 150 billion m3 in 2010. The major projects in the plan include those in Qinnan, Fanzhuang, Jincheng mine area, Shizhuang, Shouyang, Panzhuang, Daning and Duanshi.Qinnan State High-Tec Commercial Demonstration Project.Establishment of this project was approved by the State in 2004. Nine hundred wells were designed which would be completed in three stages. One hundred and fifty wells were completed in the first stage in 2006 with a productive capacity of 100 million m3. Four hundred wells with a capacity 400 million m3/year will be built in the second stage. Three hundred and fifty wells with a capacity of 700 million m3 per annum will be constructed inthe third stage. A CBM surface vertical well demonstration project will be completed in the“11th Five Year Period” in China.Duanshi CBM Strategic Block Demonstration Project.This project plans to construct five multi-lateral horizontal wells and seventeen3 single-lateral horizontal wells. The annual production capacity will be 100 million m when the project is finished. Currently, the first well is finished. A demonstration project of drilling CBM surface multi-lateral horizontal wells will be completed in the “11th Five Year Plan” period in China.Daning Demonstration Project of Gas Drainage Prior to Coal Mining.The project was the first multilateral horizontal well ever built successfully in China. Currently, it keeps a stable daily production of 20,000 m3. It will be a demonstration project for extraction of gas prior to coal mining by boring 2-5 multilateral horizontal wells in the “11th Five-Year Plan” period.(2) Commercial CBM Base in East Fringe of Ordus BasinCoal seams in east fringe of Ordus basin have moderate burial depth, varying from 500-1,500m. Permeability of virgin coal seams is high, generally, reaching 1 md. The coal seams are thick. (Thickness of a single coal seam is 3-8m, the cumulative thickness of seams, 8-13m.) Methane content is high, 12-23 m3/t. Ranks of coal are mainly fat and coking coal, with small amount of lean coal and meager coal. The geological conditions are excellent for CBM development. A base with a productive capacity of 1.6 billion m3 and with an annual output of 1.1 billion m3 will be built and the cumulative newly increased proven geological reserves will be 90 billion m3 in the 11th Five Year Plan period.3.3 Drainage and Utilization of CMMIn the period of the 11th”Five-Year Plan” stress will lay on gas extraction aiming at ensuring mine safety, establishment and improvement of a complete legislation and standard system for gas drainage, tackling key scientific and technological problems, construction of demonstration projects and gradual increase of gas drainage and utilization rates. In 2010, the national gas drainage quantity will reach over 5 billion m3, and the drainage rate, over 40%; the quantity of gas to be utilized will reach over 3 billion m3, the utilization rate, over 60%; and large scale gas drainage will be carried out in Shanxi, Liaoning, Anhui, Henan, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Ningxia provinces (or prefectures, or cities) according to the plan (Table 3).The following key demonstration projects will be built for control and utilization of CMM in the period of the “11th Five-Year Plan:Demonstration project for CMM control and utilization in mines where a group of coal seams are extracted under highly gaseous, high temperature and high ground pressure conditions.A mine area, which mines a group of coal seams with serious proneness of outburst, will be selected for demonstration of comprehensive gas control and utilization technology to ensure safety in high productivity mine. Comprehensive CMM extraction and utilizationtechnology will be developed. Gas drainage rate will reach over 60% and gas drainage quantity will reach over 500 million m3. The gas utilization quantity will be 450 million m3. The installed capacity of power generating sets will reach over 100,000 kW. The risks of gas will be basically controlled, and the face output will be over 3 million tons of raw coal.Table 3 Quantities of Gas To be Drained and Utilized in the 11th “Five Year Plan”Unit: Mt m3Province2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Drainage Use Drainage Use Drainage Use Drainage Use Drainage UseHebei 42.19 23.10 49.61 28.60 55.11 35.20 59.51 40.70 60.61 41.80 Shanxi 598.20 345.62 1048.80 717.48 1079.95 762.04 1278.40 801.12 1515.70 1201.11 InnerMongolia 28.27 12.00 31.35 12.00 33.00 15.00 34.10 15.00 34.10 15.00 Liaoning 244.97 135.10 325.17 248.78 311.33 261.71 318.46 263.84 377.70 273.39 Jilin 17.05 3.30 21.84 8.45 22.94 8.80 26.79 13.86 31.19 15.84 Helongjiang 63.56 26.42 80.56 38.30 93.46 44.49 106.76 51.32 109.86 52.67 Jiangsu 2.73 1.50 2.73 1.50 2.73 1.50 2.20 1.50 2.20 1.50 Anhui 294.80 103.98 358.60 153.64 413.60 191.20 455.40 251.86 495.00 266.82 Jiangxi 26.40 3.96 31.66 4.75 39.60 5.94 51.46 7.72 69.46 10.42 Henan 110.00 23.87 150.00 127.18 220.00 272.98 300.00 393.65 350.00 486.70 Hunan 30.00 10.00 35.00 20.00 45.00 30.00 60.00 45.00 80.00 60.00 Chongqing 206.32 35.36 224.92 40.97 245.51 46.45 268.56 55.60 296.01 67.04 Sichuan 59.26 37.92 75.86 56.56 150.55 104.01 212.37 158.22 227.74 170.54 Guizhou 686.18 145.20 784.08 167.86 872.72 202.68 932.38 199.18 1049.56 213.84 Shaanxi 90.31 13.00 113.18 29.47 116.48 72.60 267.54 81.62 326.92 112.64 Gansu 26.07 11.00 28.60 15.00 36.08 31.90 42.90 39.60 42.90 38.50 Ningxia 90.20 72.16 103.95 88.35 132.00 118.80 165.00 156.75 215.00 173.00 Total 2616.51 1003.49 3465.91 1758.89 3870.06 2205.30 4581.83 2576.54 5283.95 3200.81Gas control and utilization d emonstration project for mines which extract coal seams with serious proneness of outburst without mining a protective seam.A mine area with serious proneness of outburst will be chosen for demonstration, whereno protective seam is mined. Comprehensive prevention and control technology againstcoal and gas outburst and technologies for CMM drainage, household use and powergeneration will be developed. By 2010, the risk of coal and gas outburst will be effectivelycontrolled, and a complete technical and management system will be established forcomprehensive control and utilization of gas without mining a protective seam. Thedrainage quantity of the demonstration mine area will reach 150 million m3 and theutilization rate of power generation and domestic purpose will be over 80%.Gas drainage and utilization demonstration project for highly gaseous mine with serious proneness of spontaneous combustion.A highly gaseous mine area, which mines thick coal seam with serious proneness of spontaneous ignition, will be selected for demonstration. Technologies will be developed for drilling in-seam long borehole for gas drainage and effective control of spontaneous combustion in the mined-out area and for domestic use and power generation. Quantity of gas to be drained will be over 150 million m3, the drainage rate being over 60%. The gas utilization rate will be over 80%. The spontaneous combustion in the gob will be basically controlled.Demonstration project for combined surface and underground CMM drainage and utilization.A mine area which extracts medium-thick coal seams with high gas content will be selected to demonstrate the technology for capture of gas prior to mining, combined surface and underground gas drainage technology, and technology for utilization of midstream and upstream products, like CMM collection and transportation, chemicals, etc. The annual output of a work face will reach over 3 Mt of raw coal. The gas accidents will be effectively controlled. The annual CBM productive capacity will be 1 billion m3. The installed capacity of generating sets of the gas power plant will reach 120 MW.Demonstration project for R&D of gas extraction and utilization technology and for equipment manufacturing.First class domestic enterprises capable to undertake R&D of CMM drainage and utilization technology and equipment manufacture will be chosen for demonstration. Efforts will focus on key technology for drainage and control of gas in weak and soft coal seams with potential risk of outburst, key techniques of a system giving pre-warning of gas accident in high production faces, key and effective techniques & equipment for CMM drainage, which will reach the world advanced level.3.4 Comprehensive gas control in mine areas with proneness of coal and gas outburstsActive mines and mines under construction within the mine areas with serious proneness of coal and gas outburst need to establish and improve the gas drainage system, and the surface CBM extraction needs to combine with underground gas drainage. Measures for prevention of coal and gas outbursts should be strengthened in accordance with “Detailed Rules and Regulations for Prevention and Control of Coal and Gas Outburst”. Mines shall not be put into production until the gas pressure reduces to less than 0.74 Mpa and all the indices reach those of seams with no outburst risks. The “Guidance Catalogue for Restructuring of Industry” should be strictly implemented. It is strictly forbidden to build any new small mines in areas prone to coal and gas outburst. The existing small mines without necessary production conditions should be sorted and consolidated to increase their capability against mine hazards by integration of resources and combined transformation with large coal enterprises, which have experiences of gas control and technical and management foundation, or by entrusting the large enterprise to manage the small mines.3.5. Key technologies and equipment to be popularized and applied(1) Surface drainage.They are mainly multilateral horizontal well drilling technology, under balanced drilling technology, surface vertical well fracturing technology to increase permeability of coal seam and expanding the extent of highly permeable area; dewatering and gas recovery technology, technology for monitoring fractures produced by fracturing in CBM well. CBM logging technology, CBM wire-line coring technology, etc.(2) Underground drainage.They are mainly in-seam long borehole drilling in virgin coal seams, technology for controlled pre-splitting blasting with long boreholes to increase permeability of coal seams; pre-drainage of coal seam gas by using crosscut to intersect coal seam, all hydraulic drill rig and powerful movable pump, etc; technology for gas drainage from worked and pressure released areas; technology for regional control of gas by working a protective seam; technology for gas drainage from worked out areas (gob) and technology for drilling horizontal borehole in rock.(3) Gas utilization. They are mainly technologies and appliances for domestic gas burning; technologies and equipment for supply of gas and hot water at medium and low pressure, and application of steam gas boilers; technologies and equipment for power generation with gas generating sets, etc.3.6 Construction of long distance CBM transport pipe networkOverall plan for construction of CBM pipelines and natural gas pipe network will be made. Ten major CBM transport pipelines will be built, totaling 1,441 km long, in the “11th Five Year Plan”. The total designed transport capacity will be 6.5 billion m3 (Table 4).4. Measures to be taken(1) Strengthen supervision and management of CBM (CMM) extraction and utilizationThe supervision and management system for development and utilization of CBM (CMM) should be set up and improved. The duties of all the relevant departments of the government should be made clear. Legislation shall be improved and the relevant policies shall be formulated. The access standards for enterprises involved in exploration and development of CBM should be stringent in aspects of technology, capital, management and personnel. The macro control and management should be strengthened in project approval, price, quality, safety, environmental protection, information, standards and public interests, etc. Principles of unified planning and overall development by the state and steady progress in development and utilization of CBM should be insisted on. Efforts shall be made to avoid simultaneous establishment of too many projects and to prevent waste of resources and capital.(2) Promote development of CBM industry by classes and in stepsIt is necessary to strengthen exploration and development of CBM, and to undertake forecast and comprehensive evaluation of CBM resources. In regions, where resources conditions permit, surface recovery of CMB should be carried out prior to mining as soon as possible. Priority is given to surface capture of CBM in regions with proneness of coaland gas outburst, in mine safety production replacement regions, and in CBM enrichment regions with favorable conditions. Standards for controlling CBM gas content within the safety limits shall be worked out. The trade standards for prevention and control of CMM, mainly determination of mine output by quantity of gas drained, and determination of mine output by quantity of ventilation air, and the specific stipulations regarding integration of coal mining and gas recovery should be perfected. In setting up gas drainage systems, priority shall be given to 45 key enterprises where gas is monitored and controlled. Efforts will be concentrated on supporting renovations of gas drainage systems with drainage rate less than 40%. Adequate support will be given to newly built or reconstructed gas drainage systems to guarantee safety in mines and promote healthy development of CBM industry.(3) Improve supporting policies for better development of CBM (CMM) industryIn order to promote development of CBM industry and development & utilization of CMM, the relevant policies will be issued.The construction land necessary for CBM development and CMM recovery and utilization projects will be arranged in priority according to state’s relatedstipulations.Enterprises involved in reconnaissance and extraction of CBM (CMM) directly from the surface can apply for reduction and exemption of exploration right usefee and mining right use fee according to the related state’s stipulations before2020.The CBM (CMM) recovery and utilization technical transformation projects can enjoy import tariffs preferential policies when importing necessary equipment,instruments, spare parts and components as well as special tools.Depreciation of equipment for recovery of CBM (CMM) can be accelerated on the basis of baseline year and the depreciation capital can be included inenterprise cost.The VAT of products, using recovered CBM (CMM) as the main material, will be reimbursed as soon as it is levied up to 2020.The products, using recovered CMM as the main material, will be exempted from income tax for five years starting from the year getting profits. The enterprisesare allowed to deduct 150% of expenditures for technical development actuallyoccurred in that year from taxable income of that year.The electricity generated by coal enterprises from CMM can be used by the enterprises themselves. The surplus electricity, which needs to enter the grid, willbe arranged and given priority by the grid enterprise to sell it through grid. Theprice of electricity fed to the grid is fixed according to that approved by the State,or according to the mark post price of electricity generated by local generatingsets with desulfurization cleanup device in thermal power plant.(4) 4. Set up and improve Technical supporting systems for CBM industryA technical system suitable for exploration, development, drainage and utilization of CBM should be established and improved gradually in China, with the enterprisebeing the main part of the system, orientated to the market, and by combining the production unit with universities and research institutes. The enterprise technical center approved by the state should be strengthened. Technical innovation for development and utilization of CBM (CMM) shall be promoted in the enterprises by applying incentive policies and incentive mechanism for independent innovations in order to tackle key technical problems. The construction shall be expedited of State Engineering Research Center for Control of CMM, and the State Engineering Research Center for Development and Utilization of CBM, which will carry out plans for CMM control and utilization engineering laboratory, and form a new network system and an integrated system for independent innovations. The centers will insist on the principles of combining introduction of foreign advanced technology with independent development, and will enhance digestion, absorption and re-innovation of the introduced technology.(5) Intensify restructuring of system and mechanism for development and utilization of CBMThe state-ownership of resources should be stressed. The systems and mechanisms for CBM development should be reformed in order to attract all kinds of investors to take part in development and utilization of CBM, to make use to maximum the manpower, financial and material resources and to promote development of CBM industry. The mechanism for coordination of the profits obtained from CBM development and utilization should be established in order to mobilize the initiatives of local governments. Large enterprises are encouraged to participate in exploration, development and utilization of CBM. The competitive mechanism will be adequately introduced. The foreign investors are encouraged to take part in projects, like risk exploration of CBM resources, recovery and utilization of CMM, CBM technical cooperation and infrastructure construction. Measures for supervision and management of foreign cooperation shall be drawn. The withdrawal mechanism should be implemented strictly. Contracts with insufficient investment should be terminated in time.(6) Set up personnel training and technical exchange base for CBM development and utilizationIt is encouraged to combine R&D in the colleges and universities with R&D bases at State level on the basis of joint investment from the state and enterprises. It will be a base for cultivating high level researchers, for continued education and for technical exchange, which will provide talent personnel to promote development of CBM industry.(7) Plan the natural gas and CBM (CMM) pipe network construction as a wholeThe construction of CBM and natural gas pipe network should be planned as a whole according to distribution of resources and market demand. It should take into consideration pipeline transport requirements to two kinds of resources and the future requirements for exporting regional resources. The State will formulate CBM quality standards to encourage injection of CBM into the natural gas pipe network in order to expand the extent of CBM consumption. The government will support the localgovernments and the enterprises in speeding up construction of special CBM pipe networks in the principle of using CBM in the local market and exporting the surplus gas to other provinces.(8) Enhance coordinated development of CBM and coal resourcesIntegration of coal extraction with CBM recovery should be insisted on. The problems with crossing of coal mining right and CBM mining right should be sorted and resolved properly in accordance with laws. In setting up a new exploration right, the resources of coal and CBM should be explored and evaluated as a whole, and the reserves should be identified. For CBM resources with gas content higher than the figure specified by the national standard, and conditions suitable for surface exploitation, a unified scheme for development and utilization of coal and CBM should be worked out. Priority will be given to resources suitable for surface extraction of CBM to promote coordinated development of CBM and coal resources.。