2009_BE_Study Brochure_zht
全国2009年7月自考综合英语(二)试题_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
全国2009年7月自考综合英语(二)试题(总分100, 做题时间150分钟)课程代码：00795请将答案填在答题纸相应的位置上I．语法、词汇。
从A、B,C、D四个选项中，选出一个正确答案，并将所选答案的字母填在答题纸相应的位置上。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
(本大题共15小题，每小题1分，共 15分)Complete each of the following sentences with the most likely answer.(15 points)1.Einstein’s special theory of ______ , far from being obscure and difficult, can be understood in its basics with no more than first-year algebra.SSS_SINGLE_SELA relativeB relativenessC relativityD relatively该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C2.They are still not fully able to distinguish right ______ wrong.SSS_SINGLE_SELA betweenB fromC forD against该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B3.The moment when she knew that her boyfriend was going to break up with her, her eyes ______ a hurt look.SSS_SINGLE_SELA took outB took overC took toD took on该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D4.At parties Jack doesn’t mind making a ______ of himself as long as it brings about joy and laughter.SSS_SINGLE_SELA foolB heroC cowardD man该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A5.She turned down the request because it was __ the limits of his power.SSS_SINGLE_SELA aboveB overC offD beyond该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D6.They ______ in going in spite of the awful weather.SSS_SINGLE_SELA insistedB existedC persistedD consisted该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C7.You will succeed in the end ______ you give up halfway.SSS_SINGLE_SELA even ifB as thoughC as long asD unless该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D8.It’s very ______ of you to water my garden while I was away.SSS_SINGLE_SELA consideredB considerateC consideringD considerable该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B9.Helen probably ______ her rapid recovery to her husband’s devoted care.SSS_SINGLE_SELA obligedB contributedC belongedD owned该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D10.______ the plan carefully, he decided to take it.SSS_SINGLE_SELA To have judgedB To judgeC Having judgedD Judging该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C11.I would like to attend the dancing class, but I was ______ the chances at school.SSS_SINGLE_SELA lostB deniedC missedD dismissed该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B12.Widespread corruption ______ serious problems to the government.SSS_SINGLE_SELA posesB hasC affectsD results该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A13.She seemed ______ all her passion after she failed the Entrance Exam for University.SSS_SINGLE_SELA to have lostB having lostC to loseD losing该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A14.I consider his suggestion the most ______ that has so far been offered.SSS_SINGLE_SELA sensibleB sensitiveC sentimentalD strenuous该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A15.The prize will go to ______ of them writes the best article.SSS_SINGLE_SELA whoeverB whomeverC whicheverD whatever该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:AII．完形填空。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题加答案
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。
09专八听力 Microsoft Word 文档
09Writing Experimental ReportsI.Content of an experimental report, e.g.--- study subject/ area--- study purpose--- ____1____II.Presentation of an experimental report--- providing details--- regarding readers as _____2_____III.Structure of an experimental report--- feature: highly structured and ____3____--- sections and their content:INTRODUCTION ____4____; why you did itMETHOD how you did itRESULT what you found out____5____ what you think it showsIV. Sense of readership--- ____6____: reader is the marker--- ____7____: reader is an idealized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study--- tasks to fulfill in an experimental report:ν introduction to relevant areanecessary background informationνν development of clear argumentsdefinition of technical termsνpreciseν description of data ____8____V. Demands and expectations in report writing--- early stage:ν understanding of study subject/area and its implicationsbasic grasp of theν report's format--- later stage:____9____ on researchν significance--- things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION:inadequateν material____10____ of research justification for the studyνSECTION B INTERVIEWNow listen to the interview.1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Toastmasters was originally set up to train speaking skills.B. Toastmasters only accepts prospective professional speakers.C. Toastmasters accepts members from the general public.D. Toastmasters is an exclusive club for professional speakers.2. The following are job benefits by joining Toastmasters EXCEPTA. becoming familiar with various means of communication.B. learning how to deliver messages in an organized way.C. becoming aware of audience expectations.D. learning how to get along with friends.3. Toastmasters' general approach to training can be summarized asA. practice plus overall training.B. practice plus lectures.C. practice plus voice training.D. practice plus speech writing.4. Toastmasters aims to train people to be all the following EXCEPTA. public speakers.B. grammar teachers.C. masters of ceremonies.D. evaluators.5. The interview mainly focuses onA. the background information.B. the description of training courses.C. the requirements of public speaking.D. the overall personal growth.6. Which of the following is the main cause of global warming?A. Fossil fuel.B. Greenhouse gases.C. Increased dryness.D. Violent storm patterns.7. The news item implies that ______ in the last report.A. there were fewer studies doneB. there were fewer policy proposalsC. there was less agreementD. there were fewer objectives8. The cause of the Indian train accident wasA. terrorist sabotage.B. yet to be determined.C. lack of communications.D. bad weather.9. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. The accident occurred on a bridge.B. The accident occurred in New Delhi.C. There were about 600 casualties.D. Victims were rescued immediately.10. What is the main message of the news item?A. Young people should seek careers advice.B. Careers service needs to be improved.C. Businesses are not getting talented people.D. Careers advice is not offered on the Internet.09年答案1. Study result/ findings 2. audience 3. disciplined 4. what you did 5. DISCUSSION 6. a common mistake 7. in reality 8. obtained / that y ou obtained 9. attention / focus / emphasis 10. lack Section B 1-5 CBABA Section C 6-10 BCBAB06年答案Section A Mini-lecture1.the author 2.other works 3.literary trends 4.grammar,diction or uses of image 5.cultural code 6.cultural 7.the reader 8.so cial 9.reader competency 10. social structure traditions of writing or political c ultural influences, etc. Section B Interview 1-5 CDDDA Section C News B roadcast6-10 DCBCA。
大学生英语竞赛04试题+答案
2004年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛试题2004 National English Contest for College Students(Preliminary)Part I Listening Comprehension (30 minutes, 30 points)Section A Dialogues (10 points)Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short dialogues. At the end of each dialogue, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the dialogue and the question will be read only once. After each question ,there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. A. In San Francisco. B. At an airport.C. At a travel agency.D. In a post office.2. A. The woman is going out to lunch.B. The woman wants to eat some chocolate.C. The woman will go to a convenience store.D. The woman will be back in 30 minutes.3. A. By car. B. By plane.C. By train.D. By ferry.4. A. She had lost her job.B. She didn’t know the mayor.C. She was mistaken.D. The man misunderstood her.5. A. He needs some tomato juice.B. His shirt is stained.C. He needs his shirt by tomorrow.D. His shirt is missing.6. A. To a meeting. B. To the office.C. To a restaurant.D. To a bowling class.7. A. Give the woman some medicine.B. Find out more about the woman’s injury.C. Test the strength of the woman’s shoulder.D. Go skiing with the woman.8. A. Excited.B. Thankful.C. Somewhat disappointed.D. Somewhat bothered.9. A. When her family celebration is over.B. After the man graduates from school.C. After they have some pictures taken together.D. When she has bought her cap and gown.10. A. By continuous assessment.B. By giving a per cent.C. By giving grade.D. By means of exams.Section B News Items (10 points)Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short pieces of news from BBC or VOA. After each news item and question,there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.11. A. Under the age of four.B. Under the age of five.C. Under the age of six.12. A. Beijing’s successful bid for the 2008 Olympic Games.B. The Organizing Committee of the 2008 Olympic Games.C. The large market of the Olymic brand.13. A. To keep the code for its Windows operating system a secret.B. To design some new computer software.C. To persuade more PC users to adopt the Windows operating system.14. A. One. B. Ten. C. Thirty.15. A. No. B. Yes. C. Not mentioned.16. A. More than 500 dollars.B. A little more than three dollars.C. Less than three dollars.17. A. Because the Iraqi economy has gradually risen after the war.B. Because Iraqi people trust the new dinar more.C. Both A and B.18. A. Five. B. Six. C. Seven.19. A. Low fruit and vegetable intake.B. Smoking and little exercise.C. Unhealthy diet.20. A. The euro has risen in value.B. The US dollar has risen in value.C. German economy has slided into recession.Section C Passages (10 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear 5 questions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage One21. A. Jazz. B. Indian. C. Country. D. Pop.22. A. Their hairstyles. B. Their humor.C. Their clothing.D. All of the above.23. A. America. B. England.C. Italy.D. Canada.24. A. The Beatles were formed in England.B. The Beatles had a successful movie career.C. The Beatles are regarded as one of the finest jazz groups.D. The Beatles first recorded music in 1962.25. A. Seventeen. B. Twenty-eight.C. Twenty-two.D. Twelve.Passage Two26. A. Because he regarded the bear as his friend.B. Because the bear was beautiful.C. Because he considered it poor sportsmanship to shoot a tied-up animal.D. Because bears are not dangerous animals.27. A. Because Teddy is the nickname for Theodore Roosevelt.B. Because it was then the usual practice to do so.C. Because it was the first time to name toy bears Teddy Bears.D. Because the toy bear was made to look a bit like the President.28. A. People collect Teddy Bears.B. Teddy Bears can be found in museums.C. The first Teddy Bear was made by Mr. Mitchtom’s wife.D. President Roosevelt shot the black bear in 1902.29. A. Seven. B. Six. C. Two. D. Five.30. A. He moved to Florida.B. He became President.C. He drew cartoons.D. He started a toy company.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (10 minutes, 20 points)Section A Multiple Choice (10 points)Directions:There are 7 incomplete sentences and 3 incomplete dialogues in this section. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentences and dialogues. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.31. Never________the power of your actions. With one small gesture you can change a person’s life.A. underestimateB. overvalueC. misuseD. dismiss32. Scientists have warned that penguins in the Antarctic could bevery________to changes in climate and could be threatened by any long-term temperature shifts.A. superstitiousB. acceptableC. suspiciousD. susceptible33. Since settling in Scotland I ________ golf as a hobby.A. have taken upB. took upC. have taken inD. took in34. She often thinks that her six years in Italy were wasted,________she________ that time learning more Italian.A. but that; might have takenB. for that; should have foundC. in that; could have spentD. with that; would have used35. He constantly________his proposal that________of the budget surplus be used to offer a voluntary prescription drug benefit to seniors.A. views; manyB. reiterates; a partC. complains; a great amountD. thinks; lots36. ________Alan’s amazement, the passport office was closed when he arrived.A. WithB. ForC. ToD. Of37. I was asked the other day whether high and low pressure systemswere________the central pressure.A. maintained toB. determined byC. generated withinD. preserved to38. Bob: What are you reading, Frank?Tom: It’s this week’s New Scientist, why?Bob: I was just wondering—________, but I’ve never actually read it myself. Is it aimed at real scientists or can ordinary people like me understand it?A. it’s for anyone reallyB. where I can buy itC. it seems very expensiveD. it looks interesting39. Girl: Hi Paul—looking forward to your holiday?Boy: Oh, yeah—it’s going to be great. Though I’m a bit worried that I’ve packed the wrong clothes. I don’t think the weather’s going to be as good as I hoped.Girl:________Boy: That’s right—my first flight.A. Everything will be OK, isn’t it?B. You’re flying on Saturday, aren’t you?C. It’s far from here, as everybody knows.D. That’s a good idea, anyway.40. John: What plastic products do you have in mind that are easy to recycle?Tom: Shampoo bottles, detergent bottles, medicine bottles, food containers, etc. They are all easily collectable and reusable.John: ________, but actually I think you are missing the point of recycling. It doesn’t just mean using old bottles again and again for the same pur pose. What it means these days is melting the plastics down and building them up again into some completely new product.A. Not too badB. Something is wrongC. You’re right thereD. It’s a new ideaSection B Cloze-Test (10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Ask most people for thei r list of Top Ten fears, and you’ll be sure to find being burgled fairly high on the list. An informal survey I carried out among friends at a party last week (41)________that eight of them had their homes broken into more than twice, and two had been burgled five times.To put the record (42)________, none of my friends owns valuable paintings or a sideboard full of family silverware. Three of them are students, in fact. The most (43)________burglary, it seems, involves the theft of easily transportable items—the television, the video, even food from the freezer. This may have something to do with the fact that the average burglaris(44)________his (or her) late teens, and probably wouldn’t know what to do with a Picasso, (45)________selling a Walkman or a vacuum cleaner is a much easier matter. They are perhaps not so much (46)________criminals as hard-up young people who need a few pounds and some excitement. (47)________that this makes having your house turned upside down and your favourite things stolen any easier to accept. In most cases, the police have no luck (48)________any of the stolen goods. Unless there is any (49)________evidence, they are probably unable to do anything at all. And alarms or special locks don’t seem to help either. The only advic e my friends could (50)________up with was “Never live on the ground floor” and “Keep two or three very fierce dogs”.41. A. released B. revealed C. reclaimed D. redeemed42. A. straight B. clear C. apparent D. correct43. A. typical B. abnormal C. hazardous D. vicious44. A. near B. in C. beyond D. out of45. A. whereas B. whenever C. however D. once46. A. serious B. professional C. efficient D. perfect47. A. Given B. Even C. Not D. Despite48. A. seizing B. withdrawing C. seeking D. recovering49. A. distinguishable B. obscure C. outstanding D. definite50. A. come B. catch C. keep D. putPart III Word Guessing and IQ Test (5 minutes, 10 points)Section A Word Guessing (5 points)51. Social capital has become a mantra for politicians and policy makers: they see it as a bulwark against society’s ills and a means of multiplyi ng the effects of financial investment in social projects.A. measurementB. defenseC. treatmentD. complaint52. Her desire for anonymity soon became apparent when she refused to answer questions about her identity.A. recognitionB. concealmentC. vanityD. success53. “Gentlemen,” replied Candide, with a most engaging modesty, “you do me much honor, but upon my word I have no money.”A. you help me a lotB. you are greatC. it’s very generous of you to say soD. that’s a great honor for me54. When it comes to listening to the opinions of members of your school community, do you think you are already “all ears?”A. in full strengthB. bearing ideas in mindC. ready to listen attentivelyD. having enough preparation55. That extremely indolent student will clean out his desk when pigs fly or I am much mistaken as to his character.A. soonB. neverC. sometimeD. oftenSection B IQ Test (5 points)56. Sally had a third again as many as David, who had a third as many again as Francis. Altogether they had 111. How many did David have?A. 27B. 32C. 36D. 4857. What letter should replace the question mark?A. TB. SC. ID. N58. BONA FIDE is to genuine as DE FACTO is to________.A. togetherB. actualC. reasonD. assumed59. How many revolutions must the largest cog make in order to bring the cogs back to their original positions?A. 56B. 48C. 36D. 1260. The diagram shows a small village church. There is a door in the west end, seen in the diagram. There is a tower at the east end of the church with a window set in its east wall. This wall is hidden in the diagram.There is also a door in the tower. Which of these is most likely to be the view of the eastern end of the church?Part IV Reading Comprehension (25 minutes,30 points)Directions:In this part there are 5 passages with 30 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully. Then answer the questions in the fewest possible words(not exceeding 10 words). Remember to rewrite the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 61 to 66 are based on the following passage:Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind.Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor, Greece, Spain and other Mediterranean countries, and also in California, South Africa and Australia. The methods used vary, but in general, the fruit is spread out on trays in drying yards in the hot sun. In order to prevent darkening, pears, peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes of burning sulphur before drying. Plums, for making prunes, and certain varieties of grapes for making raisins and currants, are dipped in an alkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightly and remove their wax coating, so increasing the rate ofdrying.Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically. The conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110℃ at entry to about 43℃ at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish.Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated horizontal steel cylinder or by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes. In the first case, the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though still relatively coarse flakes. In the second process it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder. Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables are required, as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed.Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cansor frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions. For these reasons they are invaluable to climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space. They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them. Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried-out moisture with boiling water.Questions:61. Fruit is sun-dried generally on________.62. Why are sulphurfumes used before dryingsome fruits?63. Where arevegetables commonlydried nowadays?64. If soup requiresrecognizable pieces ofmeat, they are________.65. Dried foods areoften used by________,________and________.66. Why dohousewives like driedfoods?Questions 67 to 72 are based on the following passage:Hollywood writers honor Coppo la, “Splendor”Sunday, February 22, 2004 Posted: 9:56 AM EST (14:56 GMT)LOS ANGELES, California (Reuters) —Hollywood’s screenwriters Saturday snubbed the final installment of the highly acclaimed Lord of the Rings trilogy and instead awarded a key prize to a low-budget film based on a comic book writer.American Splendor, which revolves around the travails of comics connoisseur Harvey Pekar, won the Writers Guild of America Award for best adapted screenplay, while writer / director Sofia Coppola’s Lost in Translation, about a pair of mismatched Americans languishing in Tokyo, nabbed the trophy for originalscreenplay.The American Splendor screenplay was written by the film’s directors, Robert Springer and Shari Springer Berman, who were not present at the awards. The Writers Guild of America Awards were handed out simultaneously in Los Angeles and New York.Coppola said she was excited to be honored by the union.“I find it difficult to write, so it’s very encouraging and exciting to get an award,” C oppola told Reuters after the event.Coppola’s competition was Gurinder Chadha, Paul Mayeda Berges and Guljit Bindra for Bend It Like Beckham, Steven Knight for Dirty Pretty Things, Irish director Jim Sheridan and his daughters Naomi and Kirsten for In America, andfirst-time writer / director Tom McCarthy for The Station Agent.The other adapted screenplay nominees were director Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens for The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Anthony Minghella for Cold Mountain, Brian Helgeland for Mystic River, and writer / director Gary Ross for Seabiscuit.Coppola, Knight and the Sheridans will vie for the Academy Award next week, along with the writers of The Barbarian Invasions and Finding Nemo.Apart from Cold Mountain, all the Writers Guild of America adapted screenplay contenders will compete for the Oscar, along with the Brazilian drama City of God.In the last 12 years, eight of the Writers Guild of America adapted screenplay winners and seven of its original screenplay winners have gone on to Oscar glory.Lost in Translation has already picked up three Golden Globes—an Oscarbell-wether—including best screenplay. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, which has 11 Oscar nominations, has collected four Golden Globes and prizes from Hollywood’s producers and directors guilds.Questions:67. What does American Splendor mainly write about?68. Sofia Coppola’s Lost in Translation won the Writers Guild of America Award for________.69. The Writers Guild of America Awards were offered at the same timein________and________.70. How did Coppola feel about hergetting the award?71. List at least 3 movies that competedwith Lost in Translation.72. How many Writers Guild ofAmerica screenplay winners have gone on toOscar glory in the last 12 years?Questions 73 to 78 are based on thefollowing passage:The need for a surgical operation,especially an emergency operation, almostalways comes as a severe shock to the patientand his family. Despite modern advances,most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and anaesthetics.In the early years of last century there was little specialization in surgery. A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life.The scope of surgery has increased remarkably in 20th century. Its safety has increased too. Deaths from most operations are about 20% of what they were in 1910 and surgery has been extended in many directions,for example to certain types of birth defects in newborn babies, and, at the other end of the scale, to life-saving operations for the octogenarian.The hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a week for most major operations.Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. They include the replacement of damaged blood vessels with simulated ones made of plastic; the replacement of heart valves with plastic substitutes; the transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye.One of the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ transplants. Until a few years ago, no person, except an indentical twin, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reacting against them and eventually causing death. Recently, however, it has been discovered that with the use of x-rays and special drugs, it is possible to graft tissues from one person to anotherwhich will survive for periods of a year or more. Kidneys have been successfully transplanted between non-identical twins. Heart and lung transplants have been reasonably successful in animals, though rejection problems in humans have yet to be solved.“Spare parts” surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new ones, is still a dream of the distant future. As yet, surgery is not ready for such miracles. In the meantime, you can be happy if your doctor says to you,“Yes, I think it is possible to operate on you for this condition.”Questions:73. Most people are afraid of being operated on in spite of________.74.A patient can still live a comfortable and satisfactory life even after the removal of________.75. Today deaths from most operations are about ________of what they were in 1910.76. What’s the main difficulty in organ transplanting?77. Is “spare parts” surgery possible now?78. You can be happy if your surgeon can operate because it means________.Questions 79 to 84 are based on the following passage:Sales of anti-ageing skin treatments have reached a new high as British women try to stay younger longer (writes Joanna Bale). But according to a recent survey of those aged between 35 and 55 there are significant regional variations in annual spendon these cosmetics.While the average woman thinks costs of ￡200 a year acceptable—almost treble the ￡75 of three years ago—some fork out ￡500, according to the survey of over 2,000 women nationwide by the beauty company Olay.Brows will wrinkle at the differences in yearly spend on anti-ageing treatments across major cities: the ladies of Edinburgh spent least, just ￡50 a year, while those in Leeds spend most, at a staggering ￡500. London women most commonly spend ￡200 annually, and those in Manchester give themselves a modest yearly budget of ￡100.Equally surprising are the results among 40-somethings. Single women spend the least on indulging their desire for facial rejuvenation, with only 25 per cent forking out on skincare products or treatments. This figure rises to just over 31 per cent of married women and a similar figure for those who are unmarried with partners.By far the biggest spenders are the 50 per cent of divorcees who feel the pressure to invest heavily in their facial futures.The survey highlighted two groups who spend significant sums on enhancing their appearances—“Sindies” (single income now divorced), and women in their 40s who use their looks to get ahead.The survey also found that although women wanted to “de-age” they had a holistic view of beauty and embraced a realistic and natural approach to looking good.Questions:79. Compared with that of three years ago, the average British woman’s annual spend on cosmetics has almost________.80. Women in________spend most on cosmetics according to the survey.81. The ladies of Birmingham as well as those in ________spend ￡100 a year on antiageing treatments.82. ________and________spend more on indulging their desire for facial rejuvenation than single women.83. Enhancing appearances plays an important role in the lifeof________and________.84. After reading the passage, what do you learn about the sales of anti-ageing skin treatments now in Britain?Questions 85 to 90 are based on the following passage:It is hard to get any agreement on the precise meaning of the term “social class”. In everyday life, people tend to have a different approach to those they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale. The criteria we use to “place” a new acquaintance, however, are a complex mixture of factors. Dress, way of speaking, area of residence in a given city or province, education and manners all play a part.In ancient civilizations, the Sumerian, for example,social differences were based on birth,status or rank,rather than on wealth. Four main classes were recognized. These were the rulers, the priestly administrators, the freemen (such as craftsmen,merchants or farmers) and the slaves.In Greece, after the sixth-century B.C., there was a growing conflict between the peasants and the landed aristocrats, and a gradual decrease in the power of the aristocracy when a kind of “middle class” of traders and skilled workers grew up. The population of Athens,for example, was divided into three main classes which were politically and legally distinct. About one-third of the total were slaves, who did not count politically at all, a fact often forgotten by those who praise Athens as the nursery of democracy. The next main group consisted of resident foreigners, the “metics”, who were freemen, though they too were allowed no share in po litical life. The third group was the powerful body of “citizens”, who were themselves divided into subclasses.In ancient Rome, too, a similar struggle between the plebs, or working people, and the landed families was a recurrent feature of social life.The medieval feudal system, which flourished in Europe from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries, gave rise to a comparatively simple system based on birth.Under the king there were two main classes—lords and “vassals”, the latter with many subdivisions. The vassal owed the lord fidelity, obedience and aid, especially in the form of military service. The lord in return owed his vassal protection and an assured livelihood.In the later Middle Ages, however, the development of a money economy and the growt h of cities and trade led to the rise of another class, the “burghers” or city merchants and mayors. These were the predecessors of the modern middle classes. Gradually high office and occupation assumed importance in determining social position, as it became more and more possible for a person born to one station in life to move to another. This change affected the towns more than the country areas, where remnants of feudalism lasted much longer.Questions:85. List at least three common criteria for tel ling a person’s social position.86. What were the four main classes in the Sumerian civilization?87. Slaves in Greece in the sixth century B.C. were not________significant.88. The struggle between the plebs and the landed families wasa________feature of social life.89. The metics,one of the three classes of Greece, consisted mainly of________.90. What did the development of a money economyand the growth of cities and trade lead to?Part V Error Correction (5 minutes,10 points)Directions:The following passage contains 9 errors. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage on the Answer Sheet and correct it in the following way:EXAMPLEOne night,quite late,I was still awake in the room I am shared with 1. ammy husband. I was lying on my right side and can hear a child crying. 2. could Getting up,I went ∧ see if our son was all right. 3. toHe was sleeping soundly,breathing deeply and gently. 4. √If the air in New York seems a little less grimy this spring, thank Rudolph Giuliani. On January 10th, after months of burning debate, the city’s non-smoke mayor91.________signed the Smoke-Free Air Act. From April 10th smoking will be stubbed out(碾灭) in restaurants catering for more than 35 people, a move that will hit about half the city’s 11,000 eating places. Nicotine addicts will also smoked out at work, except92.________in ventilated smoking rooms or offices occupied by no more than three consenting adults. More radically, outdoor seating areas will also become smoke zones.93.________Come the new baseball season, fans at Yankee Stadium will be breaking the law if they light up.New York joins well over 100 American cities—and four states—that have passed laws banned smoking94.________in public places. More than a third of American companies now forbid smoking in the workplace, up to95.________a mere 20% in 1986. And the tobacco industry, which in America alone has annual sales of close to ＄50 billion, is watching its profits go down in smoke.96.________The industry may never recover. Polls suggest that nine out of ten Americans are irritated by cigarette smoke. With good reason. In 1993 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified97.________“second-hand” smoke as a health hazard—one that,according to the EPA, causes 3,000 non-smokers to die from lung cancer each year.98.________New Yorkers must now wait and see if the pro-smoking lobby’s alarming predictions of citywide economical collapse come true. Tobacco99.________company Philip Morris may show the way. Last year it threatened to move its 2,000 head-office employee out100.________ of the city if the smoking ban became law.Part VI Translation (10 minutes, 20 points)Section A English-Chinese Translation (10 points)。
2009年奥巴马在上海对话中国大学生
The same can be said of the relationship between our two countries.
Shanghai, of course, is a city that has great meaning in the history of the
relationship between the United States and China. It was here, 37 years
ago, that the Shanghai Communique opened the door to a new chapter of
engagement between our governments and among our people. However,
Museum of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
1:18 P.M. CST
PRESIDENT OBAMA: Good afternoon. It is a great honor for me
to be here in Shanghai, and to have this opportunity to speak with all of
opens the door to partnership on the key global issues of our time --
economic recovery and the development of clean energy; stopping the
spread of nuclear weapons and the scourge of climate change; the
8 - Biomechanics Report WC Berlin 2009 Throws
S c i e n t i f i c R e se a r c h P r o j e c t B i o me c h a n i c a l A n a l y se sa t t h eFinal ReportThrowing EventsBiomechanical analyses of selected events at the12th IAAF World Championships in Athletics,Berlin 15–23 August 2009A Project by the German Athletics Federation(© Deutscher Leichtathletik-Verband, Alsfelder Strasse 27, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany)in co-operation withIAT LeipzigOSP BerlinOSP HessenOSP RheinlandMartin Luther-Unviersität Wittenberg-HalleReport-layout:Helmar H OMMEL (DLV)Biomechanics-Team:Helmar H OMMEL (DLV, Project Co-ordinator • helmar.hommel@leichtathletik.de)Marko B ADURA (IAT Leipzig)Jörg BÖTTCHER (OSP Berlin) Dr. Ralf B UCKWITZ (OSP Berlin) Dr. Olaf E RNST (IAT Leipzig) Dr. Dieter G OHLITZ (IAT Leipzig) Rolf G RAUBNER (Uni Halle) Regine I SELE (OSP Hessen) Mirko L ANDMANN (Uni Halle) Dr. Frank L EHMANN (IAT Leipzig) Dr. Luis M ENDOZA (OSP Hessen) Ralf MÜLLER (OSP Rheinland) Eberhard N IXDORF (OSP Hessen) Dr. Bettina P ERLT (IAT Leipzig) Wilko S CHAA (IAT Leipzig)Falk S CHADE (OSP Rheinland) Axel S CHLEICHARDT (IAT Leipzig) Anja S TARKE (Uni Halle)Shot PutPresented by Wilko SchaaMenThe menʼs shot put event took place on Saturday, 15th August 2009, at 8:15 pm under warm and dry weather conditions.The average age of the top eight putters was 30.4 ± 2.5 years, which was over one year older then the finalist at the last World Championships 2007 in Osaka (29.1 ± 2.3). From the current worldʼs top twelve shot putters two did not compete in Berlin and three athletes did not make the final. But among the top eight finalists seven athletes were ranking among the worldʼs top twelve.In recent years athletes who practice the rotational shot put technique dominated the world ranking and the major events. This trend was confirmed in the 2009 World Championship shot put final. Five of the eight finalists used the rotational style. Just three athletes performed the glide technique, but two oft these three of the traditional style on a medal in Berlin (table 1).Table 1:Official competition result of the menʼs shot put final in relation to seasonʼs best (SB) before the World Championships (WCh) and used technique styleRank Athlete result WCh [m] SB before WCh [m] style1. Cantwell, C. (USA) 22.03 21.82 +0.95 % rotational2. Majewski, T. (POL) 21.91 21.95 -0.18 % glide3. Bartels, R. (GER) 21.37 21.11 +1.23 % glide4. Hoffa, R. (USA) 21.28 21.89 -2.79 % rotational5. Nelson, A. (USA) 21.11 21.07 +0.19 % rotational6. Lyzhin, P. (BLR) 20.98 20.83 +0,7 % rotational7. Mikhnevich, A. (BLR) 20.74 21.02 -1,33 % glide8. Vodovnik, M. (SLO) 20.50 20.18 +1,59 % rotational The mean putting distance was 21.24 ± 0.53 m and on a higher level compared to the World Championships in Osaka two years ago (21.04 ± 0.6 m). Five athletes in the final improved their personal best or seasonal best performance. C. Cantwell (USA) won with a seasonal best of 22.03 m (+0.95 %) and set a new world lead. The silver medal performance of the Polish Olympic Champion T. Majewski (21.91 m) was very close to his seasonal best (-0.18 %). The current European Champion R. Bartels (GER) even set a new personal best with 21.37 m for winning the bronze medal (+1.23 %).Greater negative differences to their season best were only noticed for the Belorussian A. Mikhnevich (-1.33 %) and the World Champion from Osaka R. Hoffa (USA/-2.79 %) who just achieved a disappointing fourth place.Table 2: Selected kinematic data of the men ʼs shot put finalathletea n a l y s e d a t t e m p tr e s u l t [m ]r e l e a s e v e l o c i t y [m /s ]r e l e a s e a n g e l [°]r e l e a s e h e i g h t [m ]f i n a l a c c e l e r a t i o n d i s t a n c e [m ]*a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y s h o u l d e r [°/s ]**a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y p e l v i s [°/s ]**Cantwell, C. (USA) 5 22.03 14.0 37.8 2.29 1.62 1007 492 Majewski, T. (POL) 5 21.91 13.8 39.3 2.43 2.08 708 516 Bartels, R. (GER) 3 21.37 14.0 33.6 2.12 1.79 734 309 Hoffa, R. (USA) 6 21.28 14.0 34.4 2.06 1.53 891 425 Nelson, A. (USA) 1 21.11 14.1 32.9 2.05 1.54 1025 562 Lyzhin, P. (BLR)2 20.98 13.6 39.2 2.22 1.75 859 632 Mikhnevich, A. (BLR) 4 20.74 13.4 37.7 2.43 1.93 724 446 Vodovnik, M. (SLO) 320.50 13.7 33.1 2.25 1.88 927 638 Mean21.24 13.8 36.0 2.23 1.77 859.4 502.5* distance of shot between power position (touch down brace leg) and delivery position (release shot) ** average between power position (touch down brace leg) and delivery position (release shot)Some selected kinematic data of the men ʼs shot put final are shown in table 2. It is conspicuous that there are no big differences between the values of release velocity of the finalists overall and particularly between the top five shot putters. Furthermore we found no significant correlation between throwing distance and release velocity in this final.Therefore the fluctuations in performance in this event can be related to the other release parameters such as angle and height of release (according to the throwing equation). It seems that these factors become more importance on top level shot putting as the release velocity in areas of high amounts comes up to a plateau.This impression is supported for example by the kinematic data for the winning performance of C. Cantwell (USA). He achieved the same release velocity as bronze medallist R. Bartels (GER) and 4th placed R. Hoffa (USA), but his release velocity was lower than of A. Nelson (USA) ranking 5th . But his result in the competition was clearly better. This can be explained by the steeper angle and the superior height of release he achieved, which is unusual for athletes using the rotational technique (table 2).The rotational style shot putters achieved a higher angular velocities of shoulder based on higher separation of the hip axis from shoulder line at the beginning of the final acceleration. We assume that this is one requirement to compensate the shorter distance of the final shot ʼs acceleration in the rotational shot put technique to achieve the same or even better performance respectively acceleration in the release phase compared to the athletes applying the glide technique.WomenThe womenʼs shot put event took place on Sunday, 16th August 2009, at 8:15 pm under very warm and dry weather conditions.The average age of the top eight putters (26.4 ± 4.4) was over two years older than at the last World Championships two years ago in Osaka (24.1 ± 3.9). From the current top twelve shot putters in the world just one lacked and two did not make the final. But among the top eight finalists we noticed seven athletes from the worldʼs top twelve.The dominating technique style in the Womenʼs shot put is still the glide. Only 5th placed A. Avdeeva (RUS) used the “leg reverse - technique”.The mean putting distance was 19,54 ± 0,65 m and in general on a higher level compared to the 2007 World Championships in Osaka (19.42 ± 0.80 m). However, the result of the gold and silver medallist could not compare with the 2007 results (20.32 m vs. 20.51 m).Although V. Viliʼs 20.44 m was clearly below her current seasonal best (-1.21 %), she managed her third win in a row at a major event. The silver medallist from Germany N. Kleinert achieved with 20.20 m a new personal best just like Chinese bronze medallist L. Gong (19.89 m). For the athletes ranking 4th-8th we found great negative differences to their seasonal best (table 3).Table 3: Official competition result of the womenʼs shot put final in relation to season best before the World Championship and used technique stylerank Athlete result WCh [m] SB before WCh [m] style1. Vili, V. (NZL) 20.44 20.69 -1.21 % glide2. Kleinert, N. (GER) 20.20 19.80 +1.98 % glide3. Gong, L. (CHN) 19.89 19.82 +0.35 % glide4. Mikhnevich, N. (BLR) 19.66 20.03 -1.88 % glide5. Avdeeva, A. (RUS) 19.66 20.07 -2.09 % changing6. Carter, M (USA) 18.96 19.13 -0.90 % glide7. Meiju, L. (CHN) 18.76 18.93 -0.91 % glide8. Gonzalez, M. (CUB) 18.74 19.13 -2.04 % glideThe analysis of kinematic data (table 4) showed a correlation between putting distance and velocity of release (r = 0.9; p > .01). That is in contradiction to the menʼs shot put final were we did not find any relationship between these parameters. It illustrates the importance of the velocity of release in womenʼs shot put were the general level of performance is relatively low.Therefore the medallists are characterized by greater amounts of velocity of release and angle of release as well.Table 4: Selected kinematic data of the women ʼs shot put finalathletea n a l y s e d a t t e m p tr e s u l t [m ]r e l e a s e v e l o c i t y [m /s ]r e l e a s e a n g e l [°]r e l e a s e h e i g h t [m ] a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y s h o u l d e r [°/s ]**a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y p e l v i s [°/s ]** Vili, V. (NZL)5 20.44 13.6 37.5 2,16 769 520 Kleinert, N. (GER) 3 20.20 13.5 39.6 1,93 742 644 Gong, L. (CHN)2 19.89 13.4 35.7 1,99 838 354 Mikhnevich, N. (BLR) 1 19.66 13.2 37.3 2,08 688 482 Avdeeva, A. (RUS)4 19.66 13.3 36.0 2,03 791 445 Carter, M (USA) 3 18.96 13.0 37.2 2,07 842 429 Meiju, L. (CHN)1 18.76 13.0 36.8 1,91 751 409 Gonzalez, M. (CUB) 518.74 13.2 34.2 1,84 711 518 Mean19,54 13.3 36.92.10* distance of shot between power (touch down brace leg) and delivery position (release shot) ** average between power position (touch down brace leg) and delivery position (release shot) *** in the load phaseDiscus ThrowPresented by Marko BaduraMenThe event started on Wednesday 8:10 pm under optimal weather conditions. The average age of the eight best athletes (finalists) was 29.5 ± 3.6 years. This is about one year older than the average age (28.8 ± 3.9 years) last year in Beijing.From the best twelve athletes of the current top list eight male throwers competed. The qualification result of four throwers was better than their ranking in the top list so they made the final. But, at the end, the best from the top list could improve their performance in the final, although not in the current sequence.The results of this throwing event were on a high level comparable to the Olympic Games last year which was the highest since 2001. The average throwing distance of the finalists was 66.59 ± 1.59 m in Beijing and 66.41 ± 1.97 m in Berlin. The average of the top 3 is the absolute best since 2001. Nevertheless we did not find a progression in the performance development of the finalists and the top 30 in the annual top lists too during the last decade.There are similar differences in the performed results in comparison to the current seasonal best between first (place 1-4: -2.2 %) and second group (place 5-8: -2.4 %) on average. Only the two best competitors could improve their seasonal best as ist is shown in table 1.Table 1: Competition results in relation to the seasonʼs best 2009 (before the World Championships)athlete SB 2009 [m] WCh Berlin 2009 [m] difference [%] Harting, R. (GER) 68.10 69.43 2.0 Malachowski, P. (POL) 68.75 69.15 0.6Kanter, G. (EST) 71.64 66.88 -6.6Alekna, V. (LIT) 69.59 66.36 -4.6Malone, C. (USA) 68.49 66.06 -3.5Kövago, Z. (HUN) 67.64 65.17 -3.7 Pishchalnikov, B. (RUS) 65.58 65.02 -0.9Mayer, G. (AUT) 64.16 63.17 -1.5When analysing the kinematic data (table 2) we expected a significant correlation between throwing distance and release velocity, but our analyses did not confirm this expectation. The mean value of the release velocity amounted to 24.48 m/s and the value of the angle of release to 36.4 degrees. This is about 0.5 m/s (2 %) and 1.3 degree (3.5 %) more than the values at last years World Athletic Final. In this context both standard deviations were less and indicate a higher level in this year. The average of the aerodynamic impact on throwing distance was 9.3 % (WAF 2008: 11 %).Table 2: Kinematic data analyzed at the discus throw of the menathlete result[m]releasevelocity[m/s]angleofrelease[°]averagevelocityofthecentreofmass[m/s]aerodynamicqualitityofthethrow[%]Harting, R. (GER) 69.43 24.9 37.3 1.79 9.5 Malachowski, P. (POL) 69.15 24.9 35.4 2.01 10.7 Kanter, G. (EST) 66.88 24.4 37.5 1.79 9.0 Alekna, V. (LIT) 66.36 24.2 32.4 1.82 15.2 Malone, C. (USA) 66.06 23.9 36.5 1.95 12.6Kövago, Z. (HUN) 65.17 24.6 38.9 1.69 4.4 Pishchalnikov, B. (RUS) 65.02 24.4 38.3 2.05 7.0 Mayer, G. (AUT) 63.17 24.5 34.5 1.95 5.8 WomenThe event started on Friday 9:33 pm under pleasant dry weather conditions. The average age of the eight best (finalists) was 29.1 ± 5.7 years. This is about three years younger than the average age (32.0 ± 6.7 years) last year in Beijing and the spread is smaller.As mentioned in the foreword, some recordings of the womenʼs discus throwing final where unfortunately impossible to analyse (covert view). In that case we use another (next best) attempt for our analysis.Eight female throwers of the best twelve athletes of the current top list competed in the final. Four throwers performed better in qualification than their ranking in the top list so they made the final. Surprisingly this is the same relation as for the menʼs discus throwing final. In contrast, the top thrower in the seasonal best ranking, Olympic champion S. Brown-Trafton (USA) ranked 12th(last) in this final and D. Samuels (AUS), who became quite an unexpected world champion, had the worst seasonal ranking. She advanced 15 ranks (average advancement without D. Samuels is about one rank).As already mentioned the best in this yearʼs ranking list, S. Brown-Trafton (USA), could not come up to the great expectations. D. Samuels (AUS), who ranked 9th in the 2008 Olympic Games, could unexpectedly win the championships. On the following ranks the same women are to be found as in the years before and as supposed in accordance with the 2009 ranking.The average throwing distance of the finalists (last 8) was 62.14 ± 1.39 m in Beijing and 63.22 ± 1.69 m in Berlin. The average difference between the performed results and the current seasonal best was -1.1 percent. That would mean that all finalists could improve their performance in this championship. But, in detail, there is a great difference between the top ranking throwers (rank 1-4: +1.1 %) and second half(rank 5-8: -3.2 %). The medal winners did improve their seasonʼs best as you can see in table 3.Table 3: Competition results in relation to seasonʼs best 2009 (before the world championships) athlete SB 2009 [m] WCh Berlin 2009 [m] difference [%] Samuels, D. (AUS) 62.89 65.44 4.1 Barrios, Y. (CUB) 64.67 65.31 1.0 Grasu, N. (ROU) 64.40 65.20 1.2 Glanc, Z. (POL) 63.96 62.66 -2.0 Song, A. (CHN) 64.83 62.42 -3.7Müller, N. (GER) 63.46 62.04 -2.2 Sadova, N. (RUS) 65.40 61.78 -5.5 Robert-Michon, M. (FRA) 61.69 60.92 -1.2The analysis of the kinematic data (Table 4) showed no significant correlation between the throwing distance and the release velocity. However, there is an unexpected correlation between the throwing distance and the release angle (p < .05).The mean value of the release velocities is 23.60±0.36 m/s. This is almost 1 m/s (3.8 %) more than in the World Athletic Final last year although the average throwing distance is 3.7 m (5.8 %) longer than in 2008 WAF. This emphasizes the importance of the release angle. The mean value of this angle was 34.7 ± 2.6 degree. Aerodynamics had a greater impact on the throwing distance in the womenʼs throws (mean 12.1 %) than in the menʼs (mean 9.3 %) at the WCh in Berlin.Table 4: Kinematic data analyzed at the discus throw of the womenathlete result[m]analyzedattempt[m]releasevelocity[m/s]angleofrelease[°]averagevelocityofthecentreofmass[m/s]aerodynamicqualityofthethrow[%]Samuels, D. (AUS) 65.44 65.44 24.2 36.6 1.77 10.0 Barrios, Y. (CUB) 65.31 65.31 23.9 38.6 1.94 10.2 Grasu, N. (ROU) 65.20 63.41 23.1 35.8 1.71 16.2 Glanc, Z. (POL) 62.66 57.71 23.5 31.6 1.83 8.4 Song, A. (CHN) 62.42 62.42 23.3 33.0 1.64 16.0 Müller, N. (GER) 62.04 61.63 23.2 34.2 1.76 14.4 Sadova, N. (RUS) 61.78 61.94 23.7 36.9 1.51 8.4 Robert-Michon, M. (FRA) 60.92 61.53 23.9 30.8 1.95 13.3Javelin ThrowPresented by Frank LehmannMenWhen comparing men ʼs javelin throw at the 2009 World Championships (WC) with the 2008 Olympic Games (OG) we found some similarities. At the WC 2009 only three out of 47 javelin throwers (starting in two groups) cleared the qualification standard (82.00 m at the OG 2008: four from 38). V. Vasilevskis achieved the best result in the qualification without winning a medal in the final two days later and A. Thorkildsen had some problems and was a bit lucky to advance to the final.All four Finnish throwers and and two of three throwers from Latvia reached the final. Five of the other six throwers who qualified for the final competed for countries with long traditions in javelin (except Japan).The final competition was characterized by the outstanding performance of A. Thorkildsen, meanwhile G. Martinez (seasonal best, only 76 cm below personal best) and Y. Murakami (in the final only 13 cm below his personal best from the qualification) confirmed their good results in the qualification.Table 1: Kinematic data analyzed at the javelin throw of the menathletes e a s o n a l b e s t (S B 2009) [m ]r e s u l t [m ]r e l e a s e v e l o c i t y [m /s ]a n g l e o f r e l e a s e [d e g r e e ]a n g l e o f a t t i t u d e [d e g r e e ] a n g l e o f y a w [d e g r e e ]l e n g t h o f i m p u l s e s t r i d e [m ]l e n g t h o f d e l i v e r y s t r i d e [m ]d i s t a n ce t of o u l l i n e [m ]d u r a t i o n o f i m p u l se s t r i d e [m s ]d u r a t i o n o f de l i v e r y s t r i d e [m s ]d u r a t i o n t o re l e a s e [m s ] Thorkildsen, A. (NOR) 88.97 88.95* 29.3 37.6 37.9 10.5 2.36 1.75 2.70 320 160 100 Thorkildsen, A. (NOR) 77.80 28.3 42.0 41.2 7.9 2.35 1.72 2.40 320 160 100 Martinez, G. (CUB) 82.76 86.41 29.7 36.5 40.6 7.4 2.26 2.02 3.30 340 220 100 Murakami, Y. (JPN) 80.54 82.97 28.9 31.9 34.1 11.6 2.45 1.75 2.90 300 200 80 Vasilevskis, V. (LAT) 90.71 82.37 29.9 31.3 35.9 8.6 2.37 2.09 1.20 320 160 100 Pitkämäki, T. (FIN) 87.71 81.90 28.9 34.3 42.7 13.3 2.24 1.93 3.50 260 200 100 Ruuskanen, A. (FIN) 85.03 81.87 29.0 32.6 32.3 4.9 2.15 2.16 2.70 260 200 100 Kovals, A. (LAT) 82.47 81.54 29.4 30.0 35.5 11.5 1.97 1.84 3.00 260 200 120 Frank, M. (GER)83.86 81.32 29.0 34.4 38.3 6.6 2.28 2.21 3.20 240 240 100 average medallists 86.11 29.3 35.3 37.5 9.8 2.36 1.84 2.97 320 19393average other finalists81.80 29.2 32.5 36.9 9.0 2.20 2.05 2.72 268 200 104* the best attempt (89.59 m) couldn ʼt analyzed.Even though we recognize these good results – the other throwers disappointed. On average the Finns were six metres below their seasonal best, A. Kovals could not increase his performance in a similar way as in Peking 2008 and M. Frank saw the possibility to win a medal – but he made to many technical mistakes even though he had the highest running up velocity. Therefore it was a good result for the winner but a result below 83 metres has never been enough to win a medal at World championships in menʼs javelin.Opposite to the womenʼs javelin (see below) there is almost no difference between the medallists and the other finalists in the release velocities (see table 1).The medallists, first of all the gold and silver medal winners had a higher angle of release than the others and the difference between angle of attitude and the angle of release is lower (on average 2.2 degree). Obviously the ability to change the release angle was one of the deciding facts for winning medals. In the first attempt A. Kovals performed an angle of release of 29.9 degrees, A. Ruuskanen of 28.3 degrees. Both were hardly able to increase this flat angle of release during the final competition. Even they reached their best results with their individual highest angles of release – but these angles were too flat (table 1).Figure 1:The angle of attitude and the angle of release at A. Thorkildsen at his first attempt in comparison to his second attempt at the world championships- final in Berlin 2009A. Thorkildsen competed with a high angle of release (42.0 degree) in his first attempt – the javelin dropped down before landing – which was very different to A. Kovals and A. Ruuskanen. In the second and third attempt he decreased theangle of release (figure 1). It is remarkable that he not only decreased the angle of release - he changed the angle of attitude in the same way: In the first three attempts there we found no difference between angle of attitude and angle of release for the Norwegian World Champion (4th throw: 4.2 degree difference).Furthermore we found some differences in the rhythm and the relation of the last strides between the medallists and the other finalists. The first one had a much longer length of the impulse stride in comparison to the delivery stride. For the other finalists the relations between both strides got closer to 1:1 – it means both stride lengths are the same. We can see this for A. Ruuskanen, A. Kovals and M. Frank (table 1).WomenM. Abakumova seemed to be unbeatable because of her performance in the first attempt in the qualification in the womenʼs javelin competition. The two German candidates for the medals did not reach the qualification standard (62.00 m) in this qualification competition.In the final S. Nerius performed 67.30 m in her first attempt (second best result in her long lasting career). The other throwers were obviously shocked and could not give the right answer. M. Abakumova showed her best result in the final in the last attempt – it was very close to S. Nerius if we take into consideration the distance to the foul line (table 2). It was similar to the third attempt, when B. Spotakova performed 66.42 m and had a distance to the foul line which was 1.10 m longer than S. Nerius. These data show – it was very close. But finally S. Nerius could win her first gold medal at WCh or OG in a long career and in her last major competition ever after winning several silver and bronze medals.Meanwhile the world record holder B. Spotakova took the second place, the bronze medallist of the 2008 Olympic Games C. Obergföll ranked 5th more than 4 m below her seasonal best.M. Stoian improved her personal best enormously to 64.51 m similar to S. Nerius in the first attempt and got the 4th place. L. Stahl performed very stable both in the qualification and in the final. After 2007 it was the second time that she was in the javelin final at the WCh.The best throwers of the last years were the best athletes in Berlin (excepted C. Obergföll). M. Abakumova (in comparison to the qualification) and B. Spotakova (in comparison to her world record one year ago) had some problems in the final concerning their javelin technique.As expected the best female throwers had the highest release velocities. Besides the medallists C. Obergföll (silver medal at the 2007 WCH and bronze medal at the 2008 OG) and O. Menendez (former world record holder and world champion 2005) belonged to this group. Except B. Spotakova and A. Abakumova all throwers had almost the same angle of release (33.2 to 33.9 degree, table 2).Table 2: Kinematic data analyzed at the javelin throw of the womenathletes e a s o n a l b e s t (S B 2009 b e f o r eW C h ) [m ]r e s u l t [m ]r e l e a s e v e l o c i t y [m /s ]a n g l e o f r e l e a s e [d e g r e e ]a n g l e o f a t t i t u d e [d e g r e e ] a n g l e o f y a w [d e g r e e ]l e n g t h o f i m p u l s e s t r i d e [m ]l e n g t h o f d e l i v e r y s t r i d e [m ] d i s t a n c e t o f o u l l i n e [m ] d u r a t i o n o f i m p u l s e s t r i d e [m s ]d u r a t i o n o f de l i v e r y s t r i d e [m s ] d u r a t i o n t o r e l e a s e [m s ] Nerius, S. (GER) 66,82 67,30 25,6 33,6 40,5 12,2 1,81 1,49 1,90 260 180 100 Spotakova, B. (CZE) 68,23 66,42 25,0 38,8 44,7 13,4 1,73 1,89 3,00 220 220 100 Abakumova, M. (RUS) 66,89 66,06 26,1 36,3 43,9 10,8 2,11 1,74 2,90 260 180 120 Abakumova, M. (RUS) Qual.: 68,92 25,4 38,7 42,6 7,4 2,14 1,71 2,70 260 180 120 Stoian, M. (ROU) 61,88 64,51 24,9 33,5 37,4 10,8 1,52 1,78 1,50 200 220 120 Obergföll, C. (GER) 68,59 63,02 25,8 33,7 35,2 8,0 1,92 1,93 2,30 220 180 120 Stahl, L. (GER)62,67 63,23 24,6 33,9 40,2 10,0 2,09 1,65 1,68 260 200 120 Menendez, O. (CUB) 62,74 63,11 25,7 33,9 41,1 8,4 1,86 1,98 1,40 260 240 120 Lika, S. (GRE)60,97 60,29 24,3 33,2 35,4 10,9 1,99 1,48 1,40 280 200 100 average medallists 66,59 25,6 36,2 43,0 12,1 1,88 1,71 2,60 247 193 107 average other finalists 62,83 25,1 33,6 37,9 9,61,88 1,76 1,94244208 116* the largest attempt of C. Obergföll (64.31 m) couldn ʼt analyzed;Qual. at A. Abakumova means it was her throw from the qualificationIn the WCh final B. Spotakova obviously had some problems to find the optimal release angle. In her third attempt it was 38.8 degree (in comparison to 34.5 degree at her world record throw last year). In the final she continuously increased the release angle from 35.6 degree in the first attempt via 38.8 degree in the best third attempt to 43.6 degree in the last attempt (59.74 m). In contrast to her world record last year (72.28 m no difference) she had a greater difference between the angle of attitude and the release angle (nearly 6 degree, table 2 and figure 2).M. Abakumova was not able to throw in the same relaxed way as she did in the qualification competition (68.92 m) obviously because of the psychological pressure after the first attempt of S. Nerius. Although the release velocity was higher in the final (6th attempt 66.06 m) she had a lower release angle, a greater difference between the angle of attitude and the release angle (almost twice as much) and a greater angle of yaw.There is no difference between the medallists and the other finalists regarding the length and the duration of the impulse stride on average. According to the shorter length of the delivery stride its duration is shorter for the medallists in comparison to the other finalists. Concerning the relation between impulse and delivery stride length there are some individual differences. This relation seems to be normal for S. Nerius, A. Abakumova, L. Stahl and S. Lika, while the delivery stride length is longer than the impulse stride length at B. Spotakova, C. Obergföll, M. Stoian and O. Menendez.。
对外经济贸易大学2009考博英语真题及其经典解析-育明考博
对外经济贸易大学2009考博英语真题及其经典解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered black and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points) The Internet affords anonymity to its users,a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has1across the Web.Can privacy be preserved2bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3?Last month,Howard Schmidt,the nation’s cyber-czar,offered the federal government a4to make the Web a safer place-a“voluntary trusted identity”system that would be the high-tech5of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photo ID card,all rolled6one. The system might use a smart identity card,or a digital credential 7to a specific computer.and would authenticate users at a range of online services.Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.The idea is to8a federation of private online identity systems. User could9which system to join,and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license10by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these “single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to11 just once but use many different services.12.the approach would create a“walled garden”n cyberspace, with safe“neighborhoods”and bright“streetlights”to establish a sense of a13community.Mr.Schmidt described it as a“voluntary ecosystem”in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with14,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure15which the transaction runs”.Still,the administration’s plan has16privacy rights activists.Some applaud the approach;others are concerned.It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would17 be a compulsory Internet“drive’s license”mentality.The plan has also been greeted with18by some computer security experts,who worry that the“voluntary ecosystem”envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet19.They argue that all Internet users should be20to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads. 1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2． A.for B.within C.while D.though3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal5． rmationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving peting 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16． A.divided B.disappointedC.protected D.united 17． A.frequestly B.incidentallyC.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40points)Text1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outsidedirector in January2000:a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism.But by the end of2009Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee;how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked?By February the next year Ms.Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time,she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful,yet less biased,advisers on a firm’s board.Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals.If the sky,and the share price is falling,outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than10,000firms and more than64,000different directors between1989and2004.Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next.The most likely reason for departing a board was age,so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise”disappearances by directors under the age of70.They fount that after a surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly20%.The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,and the stock is likely to perform worse.The effect tended to be larger for larger firms.Although a correlationbetween them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive,it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship.Often they“trade up.”Leaving riskier,smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms.Simmons,once again very popular on campus.21.According to Paragraph1,Ms.Simmons was criticizedfor.[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22.We learn from Paragraph2that outside directors are supposed to be.[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23.According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outsidedirector’s surprise departure,the firm is likely to.[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors.[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25.The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is.[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper?A year ago the end seemed near.The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet.Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom.America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers.Should they become charitable corporations?Should thestate subsidize them?It will hold another meeting soon.But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession.Even American newspapers,which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry,have not only survived but often returned to profit.Not the20%profit margins that were routine a few years ago,but profit all the same.It has not been much fun.Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard.The American Society of News Editors reckons that13,500newsroom jobs have gone since2007.Readers are paying more for slimmer products.Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs.Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and,sadly for many journalists,they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses,with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers.American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads.Fully 87%of their revenues came from advertising in2008,according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation&Development(OECD).In Japan the proportion is35%.Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper areleast distinctive.Car and film reviewers have gone.So have science and general business reporters.Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off.Newspapers are less complete as a result.But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26.By saying“Newspapers like…their own doom”(Lines3-4,Para.1),the author indicates that newspaper.[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because.[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer productspared with their American counterparts,Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they.[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30.The most appropriate title for this text would be.[A]American Newspapers:Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers:Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers:A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers:A Hopeless StoryText3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth,with soldiers returning home by the millions,going off to college on the G.I.Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses,it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more.During the Depression and the war,Americans had learned to live with less,and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future,made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living.The phrase“less is more”was actually first popularized by a German,the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,who like other people associated with the Bauhaus,a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools.These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture,but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration,properly organized,has more impact that a lot.Elegance,he believed,did not derive from abundance.Like other modern architects,he employed metal,glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the1940s symbolized the future.Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient,rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive,for example,were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast.But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’details and proportions,the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward“less”was not entirely foreign.In the1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around1,200square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the1890s and the early20th century.The“Case Study Houses”commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts&Architecture magazine between1945 and1962were yet another homegrown influence on the“less is more”trend.Aesthetic effect came from the landscape,new materials and forthright detailing.In his Case Study House,Ralph everyday life -few American families acquired helicopters,though most eventually got clothes dryers-but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31.The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph3about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design.[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34.What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the“Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text4Will the European Union make it?The question would have sounded strange not long ago.Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a“Bermuda triangle”of debt,population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems,the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core,the16countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies,weaker or stronger,will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency,which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck.It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers,France and Germany,agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone,but disagree about what toharmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness,barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey.These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all27members of the EU club,among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour;in the inner core alone,Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A“southern”camp headed by French wants something different:”European economic government”within an inner core of euro-zone members.Translated,that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers.Finally,figures close to the France government have murmured,curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g.,curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU.It remains the world’s largest trading block.At its best,the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of27rich and poor countries,its internal borders are far more open to goods,capital and labour than any comparable trading area.It is an ambitious attempt to blunt thesharpest edges of globalization,and make capitalism benign.36.The EU is faced with so many problems that.[A]it has more or less lost faith in markets[B]even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C]some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D]it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37.The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers.[A]are competing for the leading position[B]are busy handling their own crises[C]fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D]disagree on the steps towards disintegration38.To solve the euro problem,Germany proposed that.[A]EU funds for poor regions be increased[B]stricter regulations be imposed[C]only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D]voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39.The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that____.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries ［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40.Regarding the future of the EU,the author seems to feel____.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) 46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English.Translate it into Chinese,write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15points) Who would have thought that,globally,the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough2percent of all CO2emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment.A Google search can leak between0.2and7.0grams of CO2depending on how many attempts are needed to get the“right”answer.To deliver results to its users quickly,then,Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world,packed with powerful computers.While producing large quantities of CO2,these computers emit a great deal of heat,so the centres need to be well air-conditioned,which uses even more energy.However,Google and other big tech providers monitor theirefficiency closely and make improvements.Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction,but there is much to be done,and not just by big companies.参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。
2009年自学考试自考英语二复习资料（一）
Key words and phrases 1. efficiency : n 效率，其他同根词：efficient: a ⾼效率的;inefficient: a 效率低的;inefficiency : n; effective: a 有效果的 1). He has done much to increase the ____ of English teaching. 2). She is very _____ in reducing waste. 3). His ____ study method caused his failure. 4). The city government took some _____ measures to reduce unemployment. Answers: efficiency, efficient; inefficient, effective 2. increasingly: ad不断增加地，由此可以联想到： increase：v 增加; increasing: a 不断增加的; decrease: v减少; 1). Drinking and smoking among young people _____ to an alarming extent. 2). The truth is becoming ______ apparent. 3). The ____ friendly relations between the two countries strengthen the cultural exchanges between them. 3. prevalent: a 流⾏的，普通的 = popular 4. calculator : n 计算者，计算器，calculate: v 计算;calculation : n 计算; calculating: a 诡计多端的 5. expose: v 使暴露，揭露，揭发，exposure: n; expose sb to sth让某⼈接触。
2009年4月 英语(二)
2009年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试(课程代码0015)试卷满分l00分，考试时间l50分钟。
Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure (10 points, 1 point for each item) 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。
1. We _____ go out to restaurants，but mostly we eat at home．A. occasionally B．relativelyC. continually D．absolutely2. This is the first time that a woman has been _____to the post．A．granted B．praised C. pointed D．appointed3. If payment is not received，legal action will be our only _____.A. aggression B．advantage C．alternative D．ambition4. Don’t trust everything _____ you have read in．the newspapers．A. whichB. that C．as D．what5. The conclusion from the study is not definite；it is just _____ .A．tentative B. valid C．technical D. thorough6. she _____ everything else and concentrated on the task before her．A. setB. set back C．set aside D. set up7. When you _____ know Bob better, you will like him．A．go to B. got to C. went to D. get to8. I’ve got the order from the boss that the work_____ finished before 5 p.m. today.A．would be B. be C. will have been D. could be9. _____ Tom has done really amazed everyone in his class.A．What B．which C．That D．Who10．It is not decided _____ the conference will be held．A．what B．which C．when D．thatII．Cloze Test (10 points, 1 point for each item)下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。
21世纪大学实用英语综合教程2 Unit 4课件
1 period Speaking
The teacher A. fully understands what the exeto do;
Time
Contents Speaking
Plan
B. in Ex. 1 asks class if there are some statements they are unfamiliar with for clarification, and then assign the match task to students before they speak each pair out as required (Be flexible with the match.);
C. asks a further question: Do you know what happened to the younger brother Nick?
Time
Contents
Text A & Textrelated Exercises
Plan
D. gives the students 10 minutes to read Text A and find out the answer from the text;
Contents Text B & Textrelated Exercises
Practical Reading
Plan
The teacher A. asks the students to go over the text and do
the multiple choice questions about it; B. lets the students do the vocabulary and
Marine Natural Products 2009
Marine natural productsJohn W.Blunt,*a Brent R.Copp,b Wan-Ping Hu,a Murray H.G.Munro,a Peter T.Northcote c and Mich e le R.Prinsep dReceived23rd October2008First published as an Advance Article on the web6th January2009DOI:10.1039/b805113pCovering:2007.Previous review:Nat.Prod.Rep.,2008,25,35This review covers the literature published in2007for marine natural products,with948citations(627for the period January to December2007)referring to compounds isolated from marinemicroorganisms and phytoplankton,green algae,brown algae,red algae,sponges,cnidarians,bryozoans,molluscs,tunicates,echinoderms and true mangrove plants.The emphasis is on newcompounds(961for2007),together with the relevant biological activities,source organisms andcountry of origin.Biosynthetic studies,first syntheses,and syntheses that lead to the revision ofstructures or stereochemistries,have been included.1Introduction2Reviews3Marine microorganisms and phytoplankton4Green algae5Brown algae6Red algae7Sponges8Cnidarians9Bryozoans10Molluscs11Tunicates(ascidians)12Echinoderms13Miscellaneous14Conclusion15References1IntroductionThis review is of the literature for2007and describes961new compounds from350articles,an increase of24%from the number of compounds reported for2006.As in previous reviews, the structures are shown only for new compounds,or for previously reported compounds where there has been a structural revision or a newly established stereochemistry.Previously reported compounds for whichfirst syntheses or new bioactiv-ities are described are referenced,but separate structures are generally not shown.Where the absolute stereochemistry has been determined for a compound the identifying diagram number is distinguished by addition of a†symbol.Stereochemistries shown for compounds not labelled with†should be assumed to be relative.2ReviewsTwo general annual reviews of marine natural products were published,one covering selected papers from2006,1the other a comprehensive coverage of the2005literature.2The preclinical pharmacology of compounds reported in2003–4was reviewed,3 issues relating to drug discovery from marine environments were discussed,4–6the role of marine natural products as biomedical research tools was reviewed,7and a general commentary on the value of natural products to pharmaceutical discovery was given.8A Dictionary of Marine Natural Products was released in a book and CD-ROM format as a subset of the Chapman& Hall/CRC Dictionary of Natural Products.9The role of natural products(including marine)for the treatment of cancer,10 tuberculosis,11and peroxy compounds as anticancer agents12was described.Marine-derived drugs in neurology,13marine compounds in antitumour clinical trials,14microtubule-stabilis-ing compounds,15enzyme inhibitors from marine invertebrates,16 and antitumour compounds from marine microorganisms17were reviewed.A discussion on the ecological role of selected marine natural products was presented.18Compounds from specific types of organisms were reviewed,including fungi,19,20cyano-bacteria,21–24actinobacteria,25Gram-negative bacteria,26 echinoderms,27algae,28,29bryozoans,30sponge microorganisms,31 Pseudoalteromonas spp.,32Amphidinium spp.,33ascidian nitrog-enous metabolites,34nudibranchs,35and sea anemone neuro-toxins.36Reviews were published on various classes of compounds,including long-chain polyols and polyethers from symbiotic marine algae,37b-carboline alkaloids,38steroid dimers,39manzamines,40simple indole alkaloids,41peptides,42the macrolide haterumalides and biselides,43diterpenoids,44sesqui-terpenoids,45sesterterpenoids,46spongiane diterpenoids,47 furanosesterterpenoids48and polycyclic diamine alkaloids49 from sponges,mycosporines,50allenic and cumulenic lipids,51 triterpene glycosides from sea cucumbers,52neuritogenica Department of Chemistry,University of Canterbury,Christchurch,NewZealand.E-mail:john.blunt@b Department of Chemistry,University of Auckland,Auckland,NewZealandc School of Chemical and Physical Sciences,Victoria University ofWellington,Wellington,New Zealandd Department of Chemistry,University of Waikato,Hamilton,NewZealandREVIEW /npr|Natural Product ReportsJohn Blunt John Blunt obtained his BSc (Hons)and PhD degrees from the University of Canterbury, followed by postdoctoral appointments in Biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin–Madison,and with Sir Ewart Jones at Oxford University.He took up a lectureship at the University of Canterbury in1970, where he is now a Professor.His research interests are with natural products,and the appli-cation of NMR techniques to structuralproblems.Brent CoppBrent Copp received his BSc(Hons)and PhD degrees fromthe University of Canterbury,where he studied the isolation,structure elucidation and struc-ture–activity relationships ofbiologically active marinenatural products under theguidance of Professors Bluntand Munro.He undertookpostdoctoral research with JonClardy at Cornell and ChrisIreland at the University ofUtah.1992–93was spentworking in industry as an isola-tion chemist with Xenova Plc,before returning to New Zealand totake a lectureship at the University of Auckland,where he iscurrently an AssociateProfessor.Wan-Ping HuWan-Ping Hu received her BSc(Hons)and PhD degrees fromthe University of Canterbury,where she studied molecularbeams with Professor PeterHarland.She carried out post-doctoral research with ProfessorStephen Price at UniversityCollege London before returningto New Zealand where she iscurrently the Principal Scientist(Medical Applications)at SyftTechnologies Ltd,in addition toworking on the maintenance ofthe MarinLitdatabase.Murray MunroMurray Munro(University ofCanterbury,Christchurch,NewZealand)has worked on naturalproducts,mainly of New Zea-land origin,right through hiscareer.This started with diter-penoids(PhD),followed byalkaloids during a postdoctoralspell with Alan Battersby atLiverpool.Following a sabbat-ical with Ken Rinehart at theUniversity of Illinois in1973,aninterest in marine natural prod-ucts developed with a particularfocus on bioactive compounds.In recent years his research interests have widened to includeterrestrial and marine fungi and actinomycetes as well as marineinvertebrates.Peter NorthcotePeter Northcote received hisBSc and PhD degrees from theUniversity of British Columbia,Canada,where he was a memberof R.J.Andersen’s marinenatural products research group.He carried out postdoctoralresearch with Professors Bluntand Munro at the University ofCanterbury before takinga position as a senior researchscientist at Lederle Laborato-ries,American Cyanamid Co.He joined the faculty of theVictoria University ofWellington in1994where he is currently an Associate Professor inorganicchemistry.Mich e le PrinsepMich e le Prinsep received herBSc(Hons)and PhD degreesfrom the University of Canter-bury,where she studied theisolation and structural elucida-tion of biologically activesecondary metabolites fromsponges and bryozoans under thesupervision of Professors Bluntand Munro.She undertookpostdoctoral research on cyano-bacteria with Richard Moore atthe University of Hawaii beforereturning to New Zealand totake up a lectureship at theUniversity of Waikato,where she is currently a Senior Lecturer.gangliosides from echinoderms,53,54polysulfur dopamine-derived alkaloids from ascidians,55the chemistry of oxylipin pathways in marine diatoms,56and conotoxins.57–59The metal-binding prop-erties of azole-based cyclic peptides from ascidians were reviewed.60A book featuring phycotoxins was published.61Specific compounds that were selectively reviewed were palau’amine,62trabectedin Ô(ecteinascidin 743),63,64aplidine,65and ziconotide Ô,the first conotoxin commercialised for the treatment of neuropathic pain.66,67Two papers have appeared describing some generally useful techniques,one on FTICR-MS applications 68and the other for the determination of relative configuration.69The third in a companion series providing a broad review of synthetic aspects of marine natural products,covering publications in 2005,has appeared.70More specific reviews that appeared in 2007relating to the synthesis of marine natural products will be referenced in the fifth of this broad review series.The MarinLit database 71has been updated and was used as the literature source for the preparation of this present review.3Marine microorganisms and phytoplanktonMicroorganisms are an increasingly productive and successful focus for marine natural products research.In 2007there was a significant increase (38%)in the number of new compounds reported from 2006.A culture of Pseudoalteromonas maricaloris ,isolated as an epibiont of the sponge Fascaplysinopsis reticulata (Great Barrier Reef,Australia),was the source of two bromi-nated chromopeptides,bromoalterochromide A 1and bro-moalterochromide A 02which were obtained as an inseparable 3:1mixture that was moderately cytotoxic to eggs of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius .72Lipoxazolidinones A–C 3–5,isolated from culture of a Marinispora species (sediment,Cocos Lagoon,Guam),had broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive bacteria,while compound 3was also moderately active against Haemophilus influenza .73Seven salinosporamides,D 6,F–J 7–11and bromosalinosporamide 12were isolated from a large-scale fermentation of Salinispora tropica (sediment,Cross Harbor,Bahamas).74Salinosporamide H 9and bromosalinosporamide 12were produced as a result of replacing synthetic sea salt with sodium bromide in the fermentation media,while salinosporamide E,previously reported as a semi-synthetic derivative,75was isolated from a natural source for the first time.74Saliniketals A 13and B 14are bicyclic polyketides isolated from culture of strains of Salinispora arenicola (sediment,Guam)and inhibited ornithine decarboxylase induction,an important target in cancer chemo-prevention.Surprisingly,derivatisation of saliniketal A 13with Mosher’s acid chloride converted the unsaturated primary amideto the corresponding nitrile.76The 26-membered-ring macro-lides,arenicolides A–C 15–17,originated from S.arenicola (sediment,Guam).a tetrose-derived chlorinated molecule,suggestive of a conver-gent biosynthesis to these two metabolites.80LucentamycinsA–D18–21are peptides isolated from Nocardiopsis lucentensis(saline pond sediment,Little San Salvador,Bahamas).Cyto-toxicity against HCT-116cells was reported for lucentamycins A18and B19.81Tauramamide22,a lipopeptide isolated froma culture of Brevibacillus laterosporus(from an unidentified tubeworm,Loloata Island,Papua New Guinea)wasfirst obtained asa methyl ester but this was shown to be an artifact.Marmycin A28was potently cytotoxic against a panel of humantumour cell lines.Treatment of marmycin A28with dilutehydrochloric acid produced trace quantities of marmycin B29,suggesting the possibility that marmycin B29arose by acid-catalysed chloride substitution of marmycin A28.90PiericidinsC730and C831were isolated from a culture of a marineStreptomyces sp.(unidentified ascidians,Iwayama Bay,Palau)and were selectively cytotoxic to transformed rat glia cells and toNeuro-2a mouse neuroblastoma cells.91,92The cyclic hexadep-sipeptides piperazimycins A–C32–34,isolated from thefermentation broth of a Streptomyces sp.(sediment,Guam),contained rare amino acids and were all significantly cytotoxic(HCT-116).Piperazimycin A32was also potent in the60-cell-line panel of the National Cancer Institute,especially againstsolid tumour cell lines.93Cultivation of a rare Verrucosisporastrain(sediment,Sea of Japan)gave three polyketides,atrop-abyssomicin C35,abyssomicin G36and abyssomicin H37.94Atrop -abyssomicin C 35has previously been reported as a synthetic compound,95but ready conversion to abyssomicin D 96suggests that it was probably naturally produced.97Atrop -abyssomicin C was an inhibitor of S.aureus N315(MRSA)94and 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase.98The tenacibactins A–D 38–41,hydroxamate siderophores isolated from culture of the filamentous bacterium Tenacibaculum sp.(Chondrus ocellatus ,Awajishima Island,Japan),all possessed iron-chelating activity,with tenacibactins C 40and D 41being considerably more effective than tenacibactins A 38and B 39.99A culture of a new marine a -proteobacterium of the Thalassospira genus (source not given)produced two cyclic octapeptides,thalassospiramides A 42and B 43that contained some unusual amino acids andexhibited immunosuppressive activity in an interleukin-5production inhibition assay.100Two acylated homoserine lactones 44and 45were isolated from a culture of Mesorhizobium sp.as quorum-sensing ctone 44was active against Bacillus brevis and cytotoxic to Jurkat and HeLa S3cell lines.101A series of aromatic nitro compounds was isolated from a culture of Salegentibacter sp.(sea ice,Arctic Ocean).102Of these,46–49were new,while another six [4-hydroxy-3-nitro-benzoic acid,103(4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl)acetic acid methyl ester,104(4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl)acetic acid,105(4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl)propionic acid,1062-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dini-trophenyl)ethanol 107and 3-nitro-1H -indole 108],known as synthetic compounds,were isolated as natural products for the first time.A further four compounds,[(4-hydroxy-3-nitro-phenyl)acetic acid methyl ester,109(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)-acetic acid,110(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)propionic acid 111and 2-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)ethanol 109]were known natural products but isolated from a marine source for the first time.All compounds were tested for antimicrobial and nematocidal activity,phytotoxicity and cytotoxicity,but only 2-nitro-4-(20-nitroethenyl)phenol,111previously isolated from a mangrove,showed good activity against a range of bacteria,fungi and several tumour cell lines.A mixture of 4,6-dinitroguiacol 112and 4,5-dinitro-3-methoxyphenol 112was nematocidal,and most of the isolated compounds were phytotoxic to some extent.102Cultured mycelia of Mechercharimyces asporrophorigenens (marine lake sediment,Urukthapel Island,Palau)was the source of urukthapelstatin A 50,113a cyclic thiopeptide that displayed potent activity against a panel of human tumour cell lines,notably lung and ovarian cancer cell lines.114Fermentation of two strains of Cytophaga bacteria (glass plate biofilms,North Sea)led to the isolation of a number of cyclic polysulfides 51–57.Also detected in trace amounts,and from a natural source for the first time,was 2-methylpropane-1,2-dithiol.115The structures of 51–57were confirmed by synthesis.116Marinobactin F 58,a further member of the amphiphilic marinobactin family,117was isolated from a culture of Marinobacter sp.(eastern equatorial Atlantic)117and is considerably more hydrophobic than other marinobactins.118Fermentation of Rubritalea squalenifaciens (Halichondria okadai ,location not given)yielded an acyl glyco-carotenoic acid 59with potent antioxidative activity in a lipid model.119Two cyclopentenones,bromomyrothenone B 60and botrytinone 61,were isolated from a cultured Botrytis sp.(Enteromorpha compressa ,Baegunpo,Korea).120Trisorbicilli-none A 62,a sorbicillin trimer isolated from a culture of the fungus Phialocephala sp.(deep sea sample,source not given),hadmoderate cytotoxicity(P388and HL-60).121Ascospiroketals A 63and B64were isolated from a culture of Ascochyta salicorniae (Ulva sp.,North Sea,To¨nning,Germany).122Biosynthetic feeding experiments established that the unusual carbon skeleton arose from an ester linkage between a methylated diketide and a modified octaketide.123Two of the quinazoline alkaloids aur-antiomides A–C65–67isolated from a culture of Penicillium aurantiogriseum(Mycale plumosa,Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao, China)were moderately cytotoxic to tumour cell lines.124Seven polyketides,the prugosenes A1–A368–70,B171,B272,C173 and C274,came from cultivation of Penicillium rugulosum (Chondrosia reniformis,Scoglio della Triglia,Elba,Italy). Biosynthetic feeding experiments confirmed that prugosene A1 68was of polyketide origin and the precursor of prugosenes B1 71and C173.125A Penicillium sp.(Kandelia candel leaves)was the source of cephalosporolides H75and I76,inhibitors of both xanthin oxidase and3a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.126 Shearinines D–K77–84are indole triterpenes isolatedfroma Penicillium sp.(Aegiceras corniculatum ,Xiamen City,Fujian Province,China).127Shearinines D 77,E 78and to a lesser extent G 80,displayed significant blocking activity on large-conduc-tance calcium-activated potassium channels.127Somewhat confusingly three compounds that were also named shearinines D–F had been obtained from Penicillium janthinellum culture (sediment,Amursky Bay,near Vladivostok);128however,a correction to this report 129stated that subsequent to acceptance of the article,the structures of shearinines D and F were found to be identical to those of shearinines D and K 127respectively,so only shearinine E 85is new.Shearinines D 77and E 85,along with the known terrestrial fungal metabolite shearinine A,130induced apoptosis in HL-60cells,while shearinine E 85also inhibited EGF-induced malignant transformation of murine epidermal JB6P +Cl 41cells.128Another Penicillium sp.fromKandelia candel (Hainan Is.,China)gave the penisporolides A 86and B 87that possess a rare spirolactone skeleton,131while a culture of P.bilaii (Huon estuary,Tasmania)produced (À)-2,3-dihydrocitromycetin 88,an aromatic polyketide,and three dike-topiperazines,bilains A–C 89–91.132The isocoumarin derivative,stoloniferol A 92came from a culture of Penicillium stoloniferum (unidentified ascidian,Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,China).A rela-tedcompound,stoloniferol B,known previously as a degradation product of citrinin 133and also from P.citrinum ,134when it was named decarboxydihydrocitrinone,has been isolated from a marine source for the first time.A known sterol,(3b ,5a ,8a ,22E )-5,8-epidioxy-23-methyl-ergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol,135,136was also isolated and was cytotoxic (P388).137Aspergiolide A 93is a novelanthraquinone derivative isolated from a culture of Aspergillus glaucus(mangrove root sediment,Fujian,China)and was cyto-toxic to several mammalian cell lines.138A Korean Aspergillus sp.(Sargassum horneri,Gadeok Is., Busan,)gave a polyoxygenated decalin derivative,dehydroxy-chlorofusarielin B94,and the previously described fusarielins AStaphylococcus aureus,methicillin-resistant S.aureus andmultidrug-resistant S.aureus.140Fusarielin E95,which inhibitedthe growth of the fungus Pyricularia oryzae,141came from themarine-derived fungus Fusarium sp.(source not given).Threepentaketides,aspinotriols A96and B97and aspinonediol98,were isolated from a culture of Aspergillus ostianus (unidentified marine sponge,Pohnpei).The known compound dihydroaspyr-one 99was also isolated and the absolute configuration unam-biguously determined as identical with that previously presumed.142,143The nigerasperones A–C 100–102are naphtho-g -pyrones iso-lated from a culture of Aspergillus niger (Colpomenia sinuosa ,Qingdao,China).Nigerasperone C 102was weakly active against Candida albicans and had moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity.144The same strain of A.niger was also the source of two sphingolipids,asperamides A 103and B 104,ergosterimide 105,a natural Diels–Alder adduct of ergosteroid and maleimide,145and a new naphthoquinoneimine 106.Asperamide A 103and thenaphthoquinoneimine 106displayed moderate activity against Candida albicans .146,147A culture of Aspergillus fumigatus (deep water sediment,Vanuatu)yielded 11-O -methylpseurotin A 107,a compound of mixed polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS)origin that selectively inhibited a Hof1deletion strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae .148Notoa-mides A–D 108–111are doubly prenylated indole alkaloids iso-lated from a culture of Aspergillus sp.(Mytilus edulis ,Noto Peninsula,Sea of Japan)and were moderately cytotoxic (HeLa and L1210).149Physical data for a compound isolated from a fermentation of A.niger (mangrove wood,Hong Kong)matched that of pyranonigrin A,150but on analysis ledtoa structure correction to112.151Prenylterphenyllin113,400-deoxyprenylterphenyllin114and400-deoxyisoterprenin115were isolated from a culture of Aspergillus candidus(sediment, Gokasyo Gulf,Japan).The known400-deoxyterprenin152was also isolated and all four compounds were cytotoxic to human epidermoid carcinoma KB(KB3-1)cells.153Cephalimysin A 116was isolated from a culture of A.fumigatus(Mugil ceph-alus,source not given)and exhibited significant cytotoxicity (P388and HL-60),154while the carbonarones A117and B118, obtained from a culture of A.carbonarius(sediment,Weizhou Is.,China)were moderately cytotoxic(K562).155The fungus Emericella sp.(Halimeda sp.Madang Bay,Papua New Guinea)was co-cultured with the actinomycete Salinispora arenicola(sediment,Bahamas).This co-culture induced production of two cyclic depsipeptides(emericellamides A119and B120)by the fungus,which were modestly active against methicillin-resistant S.aureus and had weak cytotoxicity (HCT-116).156Fermentation of Spicellum roseum(Ectyplasia perox,Dominica),gave two cyclohexadepsipeptides,spice-llamides A121and B122,that were both cytotoxic to neuroblastoma cells.157Two linear pentadecapeptides,efra-peptins E a123and H124,and two N-methylated octapep-tides,RHM3125and RHM4126,were isolated from an atypical Acremonium sp.(Teichaxinella sp.,Milne Bay,Papua New Guinea),158along with the known efrapeptins F159and G.160The efrapeptins E a,F and G were cytotoxic(H125).A culture of Metarrhizium sp.(Pseudoceratina purpurea,Fiji) gave known destruxins(cyclic depsipeptides),and it was noted that destruxin E2chlorohydrin161was active against HCT-116 cells.162Monodictyquinone A127,isolated from a culture of Monodictys sp.(Anthocidaris crassispina,Toyama Bay,Sea of Japan)was active against B.subtilis,E.coli and C.albicans.163 A culture of a mangrove fungus(S.China Sea coast)led to a new nonadride derivative,(À)-1-hydroxybyssochlamic acid 128,that had weak activity against Hep-2and HepG2cells. Also isolated was a known metabolite,(À)-byssochlamic acid,164which was moderately cytotoxic to these cell lines.165 The isoprenyl phenyl ether129,isolated from fermentation of a mangrove fungus(S.China Sea coast),was inhibitory to S.aureus, E.coli,the fungus Fusarium oxysporum and the HepG2cell line.166Pericosines A–E130–134have been isolated from a culture of a strain of Periconia byssoides(Aplysia kur-odai,Osaka,Sea of Japan)with C132and E134isolated as enantiomeric mixtures.Pericosines A130,B131and D133 were significant growth inhibitors of P388cells and pericosines A130and E134were moderately inhibitory to a panel of humantumour cell lines.Pericosine A130displayed significant in vivo inhibitory activity against P388in mice and inhibited protein kinase EGFR and topoisomerase II.167The structure and stereochemistry of pericosine B131was confirmed from a total synthesis168following the preliminary structural report,169but the originally published structure of pericosine A was shown to be incorrect.170After several investigations and thwarted stereoselective syntheses171,172thefirst total synthesis of(À)-pericosine from(À)-shikimic acid was accomplished,and led to revision of the relative configuration and the determina-tion of the absolute configuration of the natural product as shown here for130.173The same strain of Periconia byssoides also produced peribysin J135and macrosphelide M136,aninhibitor of the adhesion of HL-60cells to human-umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).174When Gymnacella dankaliensis (Halichondria japonica ,Osaka Bay,Japan)was fermented using a modified medium the steroid dankasterone B 137was formed,while gymnasterones C 138and D 139were isolated using the original medium.All the gymnasterones were significant growth inhibitors of P388.175Two vermistatin derivatives,methoxy-vermistatin 140and hydroxyvermistatin 141,were isolated from a culture of the fungus Guignardia sp.(Kandelia candel bark,Mai Po marshes,Hong Kong).Methoxyvermistatin 140was modestly cytotoxic (KB and KBv200).176Three diketopiper-azines,gliocladride 142,143and the 6E isomer of 143,were obtained from a culture of Gliocladium sp.(sea mud,Rushan,China).Gliocladride 142was cytotoxic to the human A375-S2melanoma cell line.177,178From a culture of an Arthrinium sp.(deep water sediment,St.Thomas Is.,Virgin Islands)tyrosol carbamate 144was isolated.179Trichodermanones A–D 145–148are sorbicillinoid polyketides with an unprecedented tricyclic ring system isolated from a culture of Trichoderma sp.(Agelas dispar ,Dominica).180A marine strain of Trichoderma long-ibrachiatum (Mytilus edulis ,Loire River Estuary,France)produced twenty-one new 11-residue trichobrachin peptaibols as microheterogeneous mixtures based on the model Ac-Aib-xxx-xxx-xxx-Aib-Pro-xxx-xxx-Aib-Pro-xxol.181Cultivation of Cryp-tosphaeria eunomia (unidentified sponge,Pohnpei)afforded the new diterpene 11-deoxydiaporthein A 149together with the known diaporthein A 150,182diaporthein B 151,182and scopar-arane A,183which were isolated from a marine source for the first time.184The absolute configurations of diaporthein A and dia-porthein B were determined.Four monomeric xanthones,monodictysin A–C 152–154,monodictyxanthone 155and a benzophenone monodictyphenone 156,were isolated from a culture of Monodictys putredinis (green alga,Tenerife,Spain).Monodictysin B 153inhibited cytochrome P4501A activity and with monodictysin C 154were moderately active as inducers of NAD(P)H quinone reductase (QR)in cultured mouse Hepa 1c1c7cells.Monodictysin C 154was also a weak aromatase inhibitor.185Three new polyketides,chaetocyclinones A–C 157–159,were produced by cultures of Chaetomium sp.(marine alga,source not given)with chaetocyclinones A 157and B 158iso-lated as racemates.Chaetocyclinone A 157was activeagainstthe fungus Phytophthora infestans.Biosynthetic studies of chaetocyclinones A157and C159corroborated the polyketide pathway and suggested an unusual condensation of two highly reactive heptaketide intermediates for chaetocyclinone C159.186 A culture of Botrytis sp.(Hyalosiphonia caespitosa,Dadaepo, Busan,Korea)gave a new a-pyrone derivative160along with the known6-((E)-pent-1-enyl)-a-pyrone187Both pyrones were weak tyrosinase inhibitors.188Microsporins A161and B162, cyclic tetrapeptides isolated from cultures of Microsporum cf. gypseum(Bugula sp.,Virgin Islands),are potent inhibitors of histone deacetylase(HDAC),cytotoxic to HCT-116cells and active in the NCI60cancer cell line panel.The total solid-phase peptide synthesis of microsporin A161was completed.189A culture of the endophytic fungus Halorosellinia sp.(Kandelia wood,Mai Po,Hong Kong)gave two anthraquinones,163and 164.190A ramulosin derivative,(3R,4a R,5S,6R)-6-hydroxy-5-methylramulosin165,moderately cytotoxic to HeLa cells,was isolated from a culture of an unidentified fungus(Codium fragile, Toyama Bay,Japan Sea).191Spiromassaritone166and massar-iphenone167were isolated from culture broth extracts of Massarina sp.(sediment,Palau).192Two depsipeptides,desig-nated1962A168and1962B169,were isolated from a culture of a mangrove endophytic fungus(Kandelia candel leaf).193An isocoumarin170,obtained from a culture of an unidentified mangrove fungus(S.China Sea coast),displayed weak cyto-toxicity against Hep-2and HepG2cells.194Lyngbya confervoides (Fort Lauderdale and Pompano Beach,Florida)was the source of lyngbyastatin4171,a depsipeptide that selectively inhibited elastase and chymotrypsin in vitro.195From collections of Lyngbya majuscula(Isla Bastimentos and Bocas del Toro, Panama),two new linear alkynoic lipopeptides,dragomabin172 and dragonamide B173,and two known lipopeptides,carmabin A196and dragonamide A,were isolated.197,198Carmabin A, dragomabin172and dragonamide A showed good antimalarial activity against the W2chloroquine-resistant malaria strain. Jamaicamide B199was also tested in the assay and displayed weak activity.200Three analogues of dolastatin13,lyngbyasta-tins5–7174–176,were isolated from two different collections of Lyngbya spp.(Fort Lauderdale,Florida).The related cyclo-depsipeptide somamide B,previously reported from a Fijian cyanobacterium,201was also isolated and the absolute configu-ration unambiguously assigned as177.All four compounds selectively inhibited elastase over several other serine prote-ases.202A mixed assemblage of cyanobacteria dominated by Lyngbya majuscula yielded the cyclic peptides laxaphycins B2 178and B3179,in addition to the known laxaphycins A and B, previously isolated from the freshwater cyanobacterium Ana-baena laxa203,204and from L.majuscula.205The laxaphycin-producing species in the assemblage was identified as Anabaena xaphycin B inhibited the proliferation of sensitive and resistant human cancer cell lines,and this activity was strongly increased in the presence of laxaphycin A in an apparently synergistic manner.206The linear peptide mitsoamide 180,isolated from the cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp.(Mitso-Ankaraha Is.,Madagascar),had strong activity against NCI-H460human lung tumour cells.207Venturamides A181 and B182are modified cyclic hexapeptides isolated from Oscillatoria sp.(Buenaventura Bay,Panama)with selective antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum but modest activity only against Trypanosoma cruzi,Leishmania donovani and MCF-7cancer cells.208A culture of a benthic Amphidinium sp.(sea sand,Iriomote Is.,Japan)produced the cytotoxic 20-membered macrolides,iriomoteolides-1a183,-1b184and-1c 185.209Iriomoteolides-1a183and-1c185displayed potent cytotoxicity to human B lymphocyte DG-75cells and Epstein–Barr virus infected human B lymphocyte Raji cells.209,210Two 26-membered macrolides,amphidinolides B6186and B7187, were isolated from a culture of a symbiotic dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp.of theflatworm Amphiscolops sp.(Sunabe, Okinawa)and were cytotoxic to human B lymphocyte DG-75 cells.211A13-membered macrolide,amphidinolactone A188,212 and a26-membered macrolide,amphidinolactone B189,have been isolated from cultures of Amphidinium sp.Amphidino-lactone B189was modestly cytotoxic to L1210murineleukemia。
自考英语二2009年10月作文
自考英语二2009年10月作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Self-study English II October 2009 CompositionTopic: The Impact of Technology on EducationWith the rapid advancement of technology in recent years, its impact on education has been significant. Technology has transformed the way students learn, teachers teach, and the overall educational experience. In this essay, I will discuss the positive and negative effects of technology on education.On the positive side, technology has made learning more engaging and interactive. With the use of computers, tablets, and the internet, students have access to a wealth of information and resources at their fingertips. They can easily research and explore topics, collaborate with classmates on projects, and engage in interactive learning activities. This has made learning more dynamic and personalized, catering to different learning styles and preferences.Technology has also made education more accessible to students. Online courses and distance learning programs havemade it possible for people to pursue education from anywhere in the world. This is especially beneficial for those who live in remote areas or have other commitments that prevent them from attending traditional classes. Additionally, technology has enabled students with disabilities to access education in ways that were not possible before, such as through specialized software and tools.Furthermore, technology has revolutionized the way teachers teach and assess students. With the use of digital tools and platforms, teachers can create engaging and interactive lessons, track student progress, and provide personalized feedback. This has made teaching more efficient and effective, allowing teachers to better cater to the diverse needs of their students.However, technology also has its drawbacks when it comes to education. One of the main concerns is the impact of technology on students' attention spans and ability to focus. With the constant use of devices and the internet, students may become easily distracted and find it difficult to concentrate on their studies. This can lead to poor academic performance and a lack of critical thinking skills.Another issue is the digital divide, where students from low-income families or rural areas may not have access to the same technology and resources as their wealthier counterparts. This can create inequality in education, as those with limited access to technology may fall behind in their studies and struggle to keep up with their peers.In addition, there are concerns about the quality of online education and the effectiveness of virtual classrooms. Some argue that online courses lack the same level of interaction and engagement as traditional classrooms, and may not provide students with the necessary social and communication skills. Furthermore, there are concerns about the credibility and reliability of online resources, as not all information available on the internet is accurate or trustworthy.In conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on education, both positive and negative. While it has made learning more engaging, accessible, and efficient, there are also concerns about its effects on students' attention spans, inequality in access to technology, and the quality of online education. It is important for educators and policymakers to consider these issues and find ways to harness the benefits oftechnology while addressing its challenges in order to provide a quality education for all students.篇2Self-study Exam English II October 2009 EssayTopic: The Impact of Technology on CommunicationIn today's modern world, technology plays a significant role in how we communicate with one another. From social media platforms to messaging apps, technology has allowed people to stay connected in ways that were once unimaginable. However, the impact of technology on communication is a controversial topic, with both positive and negative implications. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which technology has influenced communication and discuss its effects on society.One of the most obvious impacts of technology on communication is the rise of social media platforms. Websites like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have revolutionized how we interact with one another, allowing us to share our thoughts, feelings, and experiences with a global audience. These platforms have made it easier than ever to stay connected with friends and family members, regardless of where they are in the world. Additionally, social media has created new opportunitiesfor businesses to reach customers and for individuals to build personal brands.On the other hand, the widespread use of social media has also raised concerns about privacy and security. With so much personal information being shared online, there is a risk of identity theft and cyberbullying. Furthermore, the rise of fake news and misinformation on social media has made it difficult to distinguish fact from fiction, leading to increased polarization and distrust in society.Another significant impact of technology on communication is the prevalence of messaging apps. Apps like WhatsApp, WeChat, and Messenger have made it easier for people to communicate in real-time, regardless of their location. These apps have facilitated greater collaboration and coordination among friends, colleagues, and even strangers. However, the constant connectivity afforded by messaging apps has also led to a blurring of boundaries between work and personal life, with many people feeling pressured to respond to messages immediately, even outside of working hours.In addition to social media and messaging apps, technology has also revolutionized how we communicate through video and voice calls. Platforms like Skype, Zoom, and FaceTime have madeit possible to have face-to-face conversations with people on the other side of the world. These tools have enabled remote work and virtual meetings, helping to bridge the gap between individuals who are physically separated. However, the reliance on technology for communication has also led to a loss of personal connection, with many people feeling isolated and disconnected from others.In conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on communication in today's society. While it has made it easier than ever to stay connected with others and share information, it has also raised concerns about privacy, security, and personal relationships. As we continue to rely on technology for communication, it is important to be mindful of its limitations and to seek a healthy balance between online and offline interactions. Ultimately, the impact of technology on communication will depend on how we choose to use it and the values we uphold as a society.篇3Self-Taught English Exam in October 2009The self-taught English exam in October 2009 was once again a challenging test for students all over the country. With afocus on reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills, the exam aimed to assess the candidates' proficiency in English language.The reading section of the exam included passages on a wide range of topics, from literature and history to science and technology. Candidates were required to read and comprehend the passages, and answer questions based on the content. This tested their reading comprehension skills, as well as their ability to analyze and interpret different types of texts.In the writing section, candidates were asked to write an essay on a given topic. They had to demonstrate their ability to organize their thoughts and ideas coherently, as well as their proficiency in grammar and vocabulary. The topics ranged from current events and social issues to personal experiences and opinions, challenging the candidates to express their thoughts in a clear and concise manner.The listening section of the exam involved listening to recordings of conversations, lectures, and interviews, and answering questions based on the content. This tested the candidates' ability to understand spoken English in different contexts, as well as their skills in identifying key information and main ideas.The speaking section of the exam required candidates to engage in a conversation with the examiner on a given topic. They had to demonstrate their ability to communicate effectively in English, as well as their fluency, pronunciation, and intonation. This section challenged the candidates to think on their feet and respond to questions and prompts in a natural and confident manner.Overall, the self-taught English exam in October 2009 was a comprehensive test of the candidates' English language skills. It required them to demonstrate proficiency in reading, writing, listening, and speaking, as well as their ability to think critically and express themselves effectively. The exam was designed to assess the candidates' level of proficiency in English and their readiness to communicate in a globalized world.As the exam results were announced, many students celebrated their success, while others reflected on their performance and prepared for the next opportunity to improve their skills. The self-taught English exam in October 2009 was a testament to the hard work and dedication of students all over the country, as they continue to strive for excellence in the English language.。
自考英语二2009年4月作文
自考英语二2009年4月作文Title: The Impact of Globalization on Language Learning: An Analysis of English for Self-Paced Exams in 2009In the realm of higher education, the 2009 April Self-Paced Examination in English for the Second Level (ESP2009) stands as a testament to the ever-evolving nature of language learning in the era of globalization. This essay delves into the challenges and opportunities that this examination presents, examining the role of globalization in shaping English language proficiency for self-study.The backdrop of the 2009 ESP2009 was a world that was deeply interconnected, with English serving as the lingua franca of international communication. The rise of the internet, globalization, and the increasing demand for multilingual professionals had significantly influenced the format and content of the test. The primary focus was on functional English, reflecting the need for students to communicate effectively in various professional contexts.Globalization, as a force, brought about a diverse pool of learners, each with varying linguistic backgrounds and learning styles. This diversity necessitated a test that catered to individual needs,allowing self-study to be a flexible and personalized experience. The ESP2009, therefore, incorporated a mix of reading comprehension, writing, and speaking tasks, designed to assess not only grammatical accuracy but also the ability to adapt to different situations.One significant aspect of the test was the emphasis on reading materials from a range of sources, including newspapers, academic articles, and business correspondence. This was a reflection of the growing importance of reading comprehension in a globalized world, where understanding diverse texts is crucial for professional success. Students were expected to analyze and interpret information, demonstrating their ability to navigate the sea of information available online.The writing component, too, was not limited to standard academic essays. It included tasks that required students to write emails, reports, and even letters in different formats. This practical approach aimed to prepare them for real-world communication, where clear and concise writing is often the key to success. The test also tested their ability to structure arguments and present ideas in a logical manner, a skill that is crucial in a globalized professional landscape.The oral component, if any, was likely to be in the form of a simulated conversation or a presentation. It tested not only pronunciation but also the ability to express oneself confidently andpersuasively, a skill that transcends borders and cultural barriers. This component, too, was designed to reflect the growing importance of effective communication in a globalized world.However, the 2009 ESP2009 also highlighted the challenges that globalization posed. The test, being self-paced, required students to manage their time effectively and self-study independently. This could be a daunting task for those who lacked the discipline or resources to maintain a consistent learning routine. The test also exposed the digital divide, as not all students had equal access to the internet and digital tools for self-assessment.In conclusion, the 2009 Self-Paced Examination in English for the Second Level, or ESP2009, was a microcosm of the impact of globalization on language learning. It emphasized the need for adaptability, critical thinking, and practical communication skills in a globalized world. For students, it was a call to action, encouraging them to embrace the challenges and opportunities that the internet and international communication presented. As we look back, the test remains a reminder of the dynamic nature of language learning, a process that continues to evolve in the ever-connected world.。
2009年英语考研小作文
2009年英语考研小作文In 2009, the English exam for postgraduate entrance was a challenging but rewarding experience. It tested our language proficiency and ability to communicate effectively in English.The writing section, specifically the small essay, required a casual yet coherent approach. We were encouraged to express our thoughts freely, without being bound bystrict grammatical rules or formal language. This freedom allowed us to show our personality and creativity through our writing.One key aspect of the essay was the requirement towrite in a diverse and engaging manner. Each paragraph had to stand alone, without relying on transition words or phrases to connect them. This meant that each paragraph had to be a complete thought, with its own unique languagestyle and perspective.This challenge was exciting as it allowed us to experiment with different writing styles and voice. Some paragraphs might have been more descriptive and narrative, focusing on vivid details and emotional anecdotes. Others might have been more analytical and argumentative, presenting logical reasons and evidence to support a point.Overall, the 2009 English exam for postgraduate entrance was a valuable opportunity to showcase our English proficiency and writing skills. It was a chance to express ourselves freely and creatively, while also demonstrating our ability to communicate effectively。
年暑期英语中
上海外国语大学英语学院2009年暑期英语中、高级口译证书等培训项目招生简章上海外国语大学英语学院是全国英语重点学科学院，历史悠久，师资力量雄厚，教学经验丰富。
目前在英语学院就读的本科生、研究生约1800余人。
本科项目中的国际公务员班、口译班等吸引着大批优秀高中生。
学院目前开设针对社会培训的课程有《上海市英语中、高级口译资格证书》考前辅导班和《剑桥商务英语中、高级证书》考前辅导班等。
本院教师在这些培训项目方面积累了丰富的经英汉＼汉英翻译（笔译）、英语听力、英汉＼汉英口译、英语口语、英语阅读共五门。
英语学院部分任课教师名单李欣英语学院副教授施心远英语学院副教授吴刚英语学院资深教师副教授（博士）王磊英语学院副教授杨维嘉英语学院讲师留英硕士方飞英语学院副教授留英硕士友情提示：一、英语学院培训上课地点：（一）、上海市虹口区大连西路550号一号楼三楼、时间：即日起，额满为止。
二、报名地点：一、体育会路340号上外教育培训中心报名大厅内(上外东大门旁)时间：周一至周六上午9：00 —下午4：30 电话：65311900 转2690周边公交情况：79、70、875、853、222、937、115及轨道交通3号线8号线。
二、上外松江校区五教楼四楼411室英语学院行政办公室电话：67701601五、报名费：报名时需交报名费20元。
友情提示：*学员在报名前应仔细阅读招生简章，根据本人的学习目的、目前的实际英语水平选择适合自己的课程，并填写详细的学员登记表。
*英语学院所有培训科目包括考前系列辅导讲座原则上均不允许试听。
请学员报名时务必根据自己的实际英语水平选择适合自己的课程并自行安排好有关事宜。
*因人数不满我们将及时退款。
*上海外国语大学英语学院一贯坚持“服务社会、回报社会”的精神，对于凡参加过本次培训班的学员，如需再次复读同样课程将享受一定的优惠。
享受此项优惠的学员需在再次报名时出具原先凭证。
* 中、高级口译教程（第三版）可以在上外教育书店大连西路门店购买联系电话 65316517*上海外国语大学英语学院咨询电话：65311900转2433、2326 、2690分机E-mail: lgongsheng@热烈欢迎来自社会各界的英语爱好者。
2009MBA英语真题完整版
一、词汇 Part I V ocabulary and Structure (10%)Direction: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.1. The poor lady was too and distressed to talk about the tragedy.A. engagedB. exhaustedC. ignorantD. energetic2. At fist , the famous painting doesn't impress the audience at all.A. glanceB. gazeC. stareD. view3. Delegates agree to the plan in , but there were some details they didn't approve.A. disciplineB. theoryC. principleD. nature4. I took the medicine 10minutes ago, but the bitterness is still in my mouth.A. scatteringB. fellingC. maintainingD. lingering5. Since the of human history, human beings have been asking questions like "What is the essence of life."A. duskB. dustC. twinkle C. Dawn6. The eldest son all the family members to discuss how to celebrate the 50th weddinganniversary of their parents.A. ClusteredB. resembledC. assembledD. rendered7. I must leave now, ,if you want that book I'LL bring it you tomorrow .A. AccidentallyB. IncidentallyC. OccasionallyD. Subsequently8. My mother is a light sleeper, to any sound even as low as the humming of mosquito.A. alertB. acuteC. keenD. immune9. The newly built factory is in urgent need of a number of skilled and workers.A. consistentB. consciousC. confidentialD. conscientious10. As an outstanding scholar, he has become to the research team.A. seniorB. juniorC. indispensible C. independent11. Sixteen days after the earthquake, 40people, in their village, were rescued.A. trappedB. confinedC. enclosedD. captured12. Working far away from home, Jerry had to from downtown to his office everyday.A. wanderB. commuteC. rambleD. motion13. The finance minister has not been so since he raised taxes to an unbearable level.A. famousB. favorableC. popularD. preferable14. It is unimaginable for someone in such a high in the govemment to behave so badly in public.A. situationB. positionC. professionD. appointment15. Information given to employees must be , clear and in easy-to-follow language.A．convenient B．continuousC．constant D．concise16. John was very upset because he was by the police with breaking the law.A. sentencedB. arrestedC. accusedD. charged17. David likes country life and has decided farming.A. go in forB. go back onC. go along withD. go through with18. Jennifer has never really her son's death. It's very hard to accept the face that she'llnever have a child.A. come to terms withB. come up againstC. come out withD. come down to19. A national debate is now about whether we should replace golden weeks with paid Vacations.A. in the wayB. by the wayC. under wayD. out of the way20. When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, he selects peopleand asks them questions.A. at easeB. at randomB. in essence D. in sum二、综合填空In1999, the price of oil hovered around $16 a barrel. By 2008, it had 21 the $100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge 22 from the dramatic growth of the economies of china and India to widespread 23 in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria's delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have 24 the economic and political map of the world, 25 some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, 26 major importers—including china and India, home to a third of the world's population-- 27 rising economic and social costs. Managing this new order is fast becoming a central 28 of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to 29 scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, 30 how unpleasant, to do it .In many poor nations with oil , the profits are being ,lost to corruption, 31 these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 32 some in the west see as a new threat.Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil 33, a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, 34 costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. 35 it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia 36 128 percent from 2001 to 2006.In the United States, as already high gas prices rose 37 higher in the spring of 2008,the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama 38 for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to 39 ,as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems 40 the country reported a sharp increase in riders.21. A. come B. gone C. crossed D. arrived22. A. covered B. discovered C. arranged D. ranged23. A. intensity B. infinity C. insecurity D. instability24. A. drawn B. redrawn C. retained D. reviewed25. A. fighting B. struggling C. challenging D. threatening26. A. and B. while C. thus D. though27. A. confine B. conflict C. conform D. confront28. A. problem B. question C. matter D. event29. A. look for B. lock up C. send out D. keep off30. A. no matter B. what if C. only if D. in spite of31. A. abolishing B. depriving C. destroying D. eliminating32. A. what B. that C. which D. whom33. A. interests B. taxes C. incomes D. revenues34. A. as many as B. as good as C. as far as D. as well as35. A. Although B. Because C. Since D. As36. A. advanced B. grew C. reduces D. multiplied37. A. even B. still C. rather D. fairly38. A. asking B. requesting C. calling D. demanding39. A. change B. turn C. shift D. transform40. A. for B. from C. across D. over三、阅读理解：Part III Reading Comprehension (40%)Direction: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.PASSAGE1.Henric Ibsen ,author of the play"A Doll's House", in which a pretty, helpless housewife abandons Her husband and children to seek a more serious life, would surely have approved.. From January Ist ,2008, all public companies in Norway are obliged to ensure that at least 40% of their board directors are women. Most firms have obeyed the law, which was passed in 2003.But about 75 out of the 480 or so companies it affects are still too male for the government's liking. They will shortly receive a letterinforming them that they have until the end of February to act , or face the legal consequences---which could include being dissolved.Before the law was proposed, about 7% of board members in Norway were female , according to the Centre for Corporate Diversity .The number has since jumped to 36%. That is far higher than the average of 9% for big companies across Europe or America's 15% for the Fortune 500.Norway's stock exchange and its main business lobby oppose the law, as do many businessmen." I am against quotas for women or men as a matter of principle," says Sverre Munck , head of international operations at a media firm. "Board members of public companies should be chosen solely on the basis of merit and experience,"be says. Several firms have even given up their public status in order to escape the new law.Companies have had to recruit about 1,000 women in four years. Many complain that it has been Difficult to find experienced candidates. Because of this, some of the best women have collected as many as 25-35 directorships each, and are known in Norwegian business circles as the "golden skirts". One reason for the scarcity is that there are fairly few women in management in Norwegian companies---they occupy around 15% of senior positions. It has been particularly hard for firms in the oil, technology and financial industries to find women with a enough experience. Some people worry that their relative lack of experience may keep women quiet on boards, and thatIn turn could mean that boards might become less able to hold managers to account. Recenthistory in Norway, however, suggests that the right women can make strong directors. "Women feel more compelled than men to do their homework," says Ms Reksten Skaugen , who was voted Norway's chairman of the year for 2007, "and we can afford to ask the hard questions, because women are not always expected to know the answers."41. The author mentions Ibsen's play in the first paragraph in order to .A. depict women's dilemma at workB. explain the newly passed lawC. support Norwegian governmentD. introduce the topic under discussion42. A public company that fails to obey the new law could be forced to .A. pay a heavy fineB. close down its businessC. change to a private businessD. sign a document promising to act43. To which of the following is Sverre Munck most likely to agree?A. A set ratio of women in a board is unreasonable.B. A reasonable quota for women at work needs to be set.C. A common principle should be followed by all companies.D. An inexperienced businessman is not subject to the new law.44.The author attributes the phenomenon of "golden skirts" to .A. the small number of qualified females in managementB. the over-recruitment of female managers in public companiesC. the advantage women enjoy when competing for senior positionsD. the discrimination toward women in Norwegian business circles45. The main idea of the passage might be .A. female power and liberation in NorwayB. the significance of Henric Ibsen's playC. women's status in Norwegian firmsD. the constitution of board members in NorwayPASSAGE2.While there's never a good age to get cancer, people in their 20s and 30s can feel particularly isolated. The average age of a cancer patient at diagnosis is 67. Children with cancer often are treated at pediatric (小儿科的) cancer centers, but young adults have a tough time finding peers, often sitting side-by-side during treatments with people who could be their grandparents.In her new book Crazy Sexy Cancer Tips, writer Kris Carr looks at cancer from the perspective of a young adult who confronts death just as she's discovering life. Ms. Carr was 31 when she was diagnosed with a rare from of cancer that had generated tumors on her liver and lungs.Ms. Carr reacted with the normal feelings of shock and sadness. She called her parents and stocked up on organic food, determined to become a "full-time healing addict." Then she picked up the phone and called everyone in her address book, asking if they knew other young women with cancer. The result was her own personal "cancer posse": a rock concert tour manager, a model, a fashion magazine editor, a cartoonist and a MTV celebrity, to name a few. This club of "cancer babes" offered support, advice and fashion tips, among other things.Ms. Carr put her cancer experience in a recent Learning Channel documentary, and she has written a practical guide about how she coped. Cancer isn't funny, but Ms. Carr often is. She swears, she makes up names for the people who treat her ( Dr. Fabulous and Dr. Guru ), and she even makes second sound fun ("cancer road trips," she calls them).She leaves the medical advice to doctors, instead offering insightful and practical tips that reflect the world view of a young adult. "I refused to let cancer ruin my party," she writes. " Thereare just too many cool things to do and plan and live for."Ms. Carr still has cancer, but it has stopped progressing. Her cancer tips include using time-saving mass e-mails to keep friends informed, sewing or buying fashionable hospital gowns so you're not stuck with regulation blue or gray and playing Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" so loud you neighbors call the police. Ms. Carr also advises an eyebrow wax and a new outfit before you tell the important people in your illness. " people you tell are going to cautious and not so cautiously try to see the cancer, so dazzle them instead with your miracle," she writes.While her advice may sound superficial, it gets to the heart of what every cancer patient wants: the chance to live life just as she always did, and maybe better.46. Which of the following groups is more vulnerable to cancer?A. Children.B. People in their 20s and 30s.C. Young adults.D. Elderly people.47. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT _______.A. Kris Carr is a female writerB. Kris Carr is more than 31-year-old.C. Kris Carr works in a cancer center.D. Kris Carr is very optimistic.48. The phrase "cancer posse" (Line 4, para.3 ) probably refers to ________A. a cancer research organizationB. a group of people who suffer from cancerC. people who have recovered from cancerD. people who cope with cancer49. Kris Carr make up names for the people who treat her because ________A. she is depressed and likes swearingB. she is funny and likes playing jokes on doctorC. she wants to leave the medical advice to doctorD. she tries to leave a good impression on doctor50. From Kris Carr's cancer tips we may infer that ________A. she learned to use e-mails after she got cancerB. she wears fashionable dress even after suffering from cancerC. hospital gowns for cancer patients are usually not in bright colorsD. the neighbors are very friendly with cancer patientsPASSAGE3 Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:Should a leader strive to be loved or feared?This question,famously posed by Machiavelli,lies at the heart of Joseph Nye's new book.Mr.Nye,a former dean of the Kennedy School of Govemment at Harvard and one-time chairman of America's National Intelligence Council,is best known for promoting the idea of "soft power",based on persuasion and influence,as a counterpoint to "hard power",based on coercion(强迫) and force.Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books,Mr.Nye has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership,in both the political and business spheres.Machiavelli,he notes,concluded that "one ought to be both feared and loved,but as it is difficult for the two to go together,it is much safer to be feared than loved."In short,hard power is preferable to soft power.But modem leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.The context of leadership is changing,the observe,and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated.In modem companies and democracies,power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies(等级制) are being undermined,making soft power ever more important.But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion.Mr.Nye argues.Instead,he advocates a synthesis of these two views.The conclusion of The Powers to Lead ,his survey of the theory of leadership,is that a combination of hard and soft power,which he calls”smart power”,is the best approach.The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is ,apparently,the “transformational leadership pattern”.Anone allergic(反感) to management term will already be running for the exit,but Mr,Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarizing the various academic studies and theories of leadcriship into a single,slim volume.He examines different approaches to leadership,the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effcctiveness of a particular leader.There are plcnty of anccdotes and examples,both historical and contemporary,political and corporate.Alsa,leadership is a slippery subject,and as he depicts various theories,even Mr.Nye never quitenails the jelly to the wall.He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadershipin particular,the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie -and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions.A recuming theme is that as circumstances change,different sorts of leadcrs are required;a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another,and vice versa.Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadcrship offers no casy answers.51.From the first two paragraphs we may learn than Mr.Machiavelli's idea of hard power is ______.A.well accepted by Joseph NyeB.very influential till nowadaysC.based on sound theoriesD.contrary to that of modem leadership theorists52.Which of the following makes soft power more important today according to Mr.Nye?A.Coercion is widespread.B.Morality is devalued.C.Power is no longer concentrated.D.Traditional hierarchies are strengthened53.In his book the Powers to lead,Mr.Nye has exmined all the following aspects of leadership EXCEPT_____.A.authorityB.contextC.approachesD.morality54.Mr.Nye's book is particularly valuable in that it _____.A.makes little use of management termsB.summarizes various studies conciselyC.serves as an exit for leadership researchersD.sets a model for contemporary corporate leaders55.According to the author,the most interesting part of Mr.Nye's book lies in his _____.A.view of changeable leadershipB.definition of good leadershipC.summary of leadership historyD.discussion of moral leadershipPASSAGE4 Questions 56to 60are based on the following passage:Americans don't like to lose wars. Of course, a lot depends on how you define just what a war is. There are shooting wars-the kind that test patriotism and courage-and those are the kind at which the U.S excels. But other struggles test those qualities too. What else was the Great Depression or the space race or the construction of the railroads? If American indulge in a bit of flag—when thejob is done, they earned it.Now there is a similar challenge. Global warming. The steady deterioration(恶化)of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world's greenhouse gases each year and has stubbornly made it clear that it doesn't intend to do a whole lot about it. Although 174 nations approved the admittedly flawed Kyoto accords to reduce carbon levels, the U.S. walked away from them. There are vague promises of manufacturing fuel from herbs or powering cars with hydrogen. But for a country that tightly cites patriotism as one of its core values, the U.S. is taking a pass on what might be the most patriotic struggle of all. It's hard to imagine a bigger fight than one for the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and stability of its economy.The rub is, if the vast majority of people increasingly agree that climate change is a global emergency, there's far less agreement on how to fix it. Industry offers its pans, which too often would fix little. Environmentalists offer theirs, which too often amount to native wish lists that could weaken American's growth. But let's assume that those interested parties and others will always bent the table and will always demand that their voices be heard and that their needs be addressed. What would an aggressive, ambitious, effective plan look like-one that would leave the U.S. both environmentally safe and economically sound?Halting climate change will be far harder. One of the more conservative plans for addressing the problem calls for a reduction of 25 billion tons of carbon emissions over the next 52 year. And yet by devising a consistent strategy that mixes and blends pragmatism(实用主义)with ambition, the U.S. can, without major damage to the economy, help halt the worst effects of climate change and ensure the survival of its way of life for future generations. Money will do some of the work, but what's needed most is will. "I'm not saying the challenge isn't almost overwhelming," says Fred Krupp. "But this is America, and America has risen to these challenges before."56. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Human wars.B. Economic crisis.C. America's environmental policies.D. Global environment in general.57. From the last sentence of paragraph 2 we may learn that the survival of a country's coasts and farms, the health of its people and the stability of its economy is__________.A. of utmost importanceB. a fight no one can winC. beyond people's imaginationD. a less significant issue58. Judging from the context, the word "rub"(Line 1, Para.3)probably means_______.A. frictionB. contradictionC. conflictD. problem59. What is the author's attitude toward America's policies on global warming?A. CriticalB. IndifferentC. SupportiveD. Compromising60. The paragraphs immediately following this passage would most probably deal with___________.A. the new book written by Fred KruppB. how America can fight against global warmingC. the harmful effects of global warmingD. how America can tide over economic crisis四、英译汉With the nation’s financial system teetering on a cliff. The compensation arrangements for executives of the big banks and other financial firms are coming under close examination again.Bankers’ excessive risk- taking is a significant cause of this financial crisis and has continued, to others in the past, in this case, it was fueled by low interest rates and kept going by a false sense of security created by a debt-fueled bubble in the economy.Mortgage lenders gladly lent enormous sums to those who could not afford to pay them back dividing the laws and selling them off to the next financial institution along the chain, advantage of the same high-tech securitization to load on more risky mortgage-based assets.Financial regulation will have to catch up with the most irresponsible五、写作Part V Writing (20%)Direction: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words on Answer Sheet 2.At present, there is no doubt that short message plays an increasingly important role in our lives . We are all aware that, like everything else, short message have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally speaking, the advantages can be listed as follows. First of all, in festivals, we can send short messages to wish good luck to other people we know. It brings us a lot of convenience. In addition, short message connects its users with the outside world. For example, some people subscribe weather forecast or news short messages, with them, people’s life will be greatly enriched. But it is pity that every coin has two sides. The disadvantages of short message can’t be ignored. We spend too much time on spelling our words and sending short messages that we can’t focus on our studies. Also, you will always be annoyed by strangers’ short messages one after another. As is known to all, short message is neither good nor bad itself. In my opinion, we can use it. But we shouldn’t spend too much time on it and don’t let it disturb us from our lives.。
2009英语二考研真题
2009英语二考研真题In recent years, the number of students taking the English postgraduate entrance exam, also known as the English two exam, has been steadily increasing. This exam is a crucial step for students seeking to pursue further studies or enhance their English proficiency. Today, we will analyze and discuss the 2009 English two exam, exploring its content, structure, and the skills required to excel in the examination.1. Overview of the ExamThe 2009 English two exam consisted of two parts, Reading Comprehension and Translation/Composition. It aimed to assess the candidates' reading comprehension abilities, as well as their translation and writing skills.2. Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section contained four passages of varying lengths and difficulty levels. Each passage was followed by several questions to test the candidates' understanding of the main ideas, critical thinking skills, and ability to infer information from the text. The passages covered a wide range of topics, including literature, history, science, and sociology.To perform well in this section, candidates needed to develop efficient reading strategies, such as skimming and scanning, to quickly locate relevant information. Additionally, they needed to build a strong vocabulary and understanding of idiomatic expressions to handle the complex language usedin the passages. Practice and exposure to a variety of English texts could greatly contribute to success in this section.3. Translation/CompositionThe translation/composition section required candidates to demonstrate their mastery of both written and translation skills. It consisted of two parts: Chinese-to-English translation and English composition.The Chinese-to-English translation part tested candidates' ability to accurately translate Chinese sentences or paragraphs into grammatically correct English. It required not only a deep understanding of the content but also a proficiency in English sentence structures and vocabulary. To excel in this part, candidates needed to practice regularly, expand their vocabulary, and familiarize themselves with various sentence patterns commonly used in English writing.The English composition part assessed candidates' ability to write a coherent and cohesive essay. They were given a topic or prompt and were required to organize their thoughts logically, provide sufficient supporting details, and use appropriate linking words to enhance the overall flow of the essay. Developing strong writing skills involved consistent practice, reading extensively, and seeking feedback to improve grammar, vocabulary, and overall writing style.4. Preparation Tips for SuccessTo prepare for the 2009 English two exam or any similar examination, candidates can follow these strategies:a) Develop a study plan: Allocate specific time each day to focus on different sections of the exam.b) Read extensively: Engage in a wide range of reading materials, including articles, books, and newspapers, to improve reading comprehension and vocabulary.c) Practice past papers: Solve previous exam papers to become familiar with the exam format and gain confidence in tackling similar questions effectively.d) Seek guidance and feedback: Enroll in preparatory courses or work with a tutor to receive guidance, tips, and feedback on your performance.e) Time management: During the exam, manage your time wisely by allocating a specific amount for each section to avoid rushing or leaving questions unanswered.In conclusion, the 2009 English two exam was a comprehensive assessment of candidates' reading comprehension, translation, and composition skills. By focusing on developing efficient reading strategies, expanding vocabulary, practicing translation exercises, and honing writing skills, candidates could enhance their chances of success in this examination. The key lies in consistent practice, exposure to various English texts, and seeking guidance where necessary.。
2009年4月全国自考英语（二）真题及参考答案
2009年4⽉全国⾃考英语（⼆）真题及参考答案2009年4⽉全国⾃考英语（⼆）真题及参考答案⼀、Vocabulary and Structure（10 points,1 point for each item）从下列各句四个选项中选出⼀个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂⿊。
1.We ______ go out to restaurants, but mostly we eat at home.A.occasionallyB.relativelyC.continuallyD.absolutely答案：A2.This is the first time that a woman has been _____ to the post.A.grantedB.praisedC.pointedD.appointed答案：D3.If payment is not received, legal action will be our only_____ .A.aggressionB.advantageC.alternativeD.ambition答案：C4.Dont trust everything______ you have read in the newspapers.A.whichB.thatC.asD.what答案：B5.The conclusion from the study is not definite; it is just_____ .A.tentativeB.validC.technicalD.thorough答案：A6.She _____ everything else and concentrated on the task before her.A.set offB.set backC.set asideD.set up 答案：C7.When you _____ know Bob better, you will like him.A.go toB.got toC.went toD.get to答案：D8.Ive got the order from the boss that the work ______ finishedbefore 5p.m.today.A. would beB. beC. will have beenD. could be答案：B9.______Tom has done really amazed everyone in his class.A.WhatB.WhichC.ThatD.Who答案：A10.It is not decided _____ the conference will be held.A.whatB.whichC.whenD.that答案：C⼆、Cloze Test（10 points,1 point for each item）下列短⽂中有⼗个空⽩，每个空⽩有四个选项。