2013年12月真题1套
2013年12月四级真题及答案（第1套）
2013年12月四级真题及答案（第1套）Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.The Gatais used to frown when they received power bills that routinely topped $200. Last September the couple moved into a 1,500-square-foot home in Premier Gardens, a subdivision of 95 "zero-energy homes"(ZEH)just outside town. Now they're actually eager to see their electricity bills. The grand total over the 10 months they've lived in the three-bedroom house: $ 75. For the past two months they haven't paid a cent.ZEH communities are the leading edge of technologies that might someday create houses that produce as much energy as they consume. Premier Gardens is one of a half-dozen subdivisions in California where every home cuts power consumption by 50% , mostly by using low-power appliances and solar panels.Aside from the panels on the roof, Premier Gardens looks like a community of conventional homes. But inside, special windows cut power bills by blocking solar heat in summer and retaining indoor warmth in winter.The rest of the energy savings comes from the solar units. They don't just feed the home they serve. If they generate more power than the home is using, the excess flows into the utility's power grid(电网). The residents are billed by "net metering" : they pay for the amount of power they tap off the grid, less the kilowatts(千瓦)they feed into it. If a home generates more powerthan it uses, the bill is zero.That sounds like a bad deal for the power company, but it's not. Solar homes produce the most power on the hot sunny afternoons when everyone rushes home to turn up the air conditioner. " It helps us lower usage at peak power times," says solar expert Mike Keesee. " That lets us avoid building costly plants or buying expensive power at peak usage time. "What's not to like? Mostly the costs. The special features can add $ 25,000 or more to the purchase price of a house. Tax breaks bring the cost down, especially in California, but in many states ZEHs can be prohibitively expensive. For the consumer, it's a matter of paying now for the hardware to save later on the utilities.58．Why are the Gatais eager to see their electricity bills now?A．They want to see how much they have saved.B．They want to cut down their utility expenses.C．They want to know if they are able to pay.D．They want to avoid being overcharged.59．What is special about the ZEH communities?A．They have created cutting-edge technologies.B．They aim to be self-sufficient in power supply.C．They are subdivided into half a dozen sections.D．They are built in harmony with the environment.60．How are the residents in the ZEH communities billed for electricity use?A．They are only charged for the amount of power they consume on rainy days.B．They needn't pay a single cent for their power consumption on sunny days.C．They only pay for the excess power that flows into theutility's power grid.D．They pay for the electricity from the grid less their home-generated power.61．What does the "net metering" practice mean to the power company?A．More pressure at peak time.B．Less profits in the short term.C．Increased electricity output.D．Reduced operational costs.62．The author believes that buying a house in a ZEH community______.A．is but a dream for average consumersB．gives the owner substantial tax benefitsC．is a worthy investment in the long runD．contributes to environmental protectionRomantic love has clear evolutionary roots but our views about what makes an ideal romantic relationship can be swayed by the society we live in. So says psychologist Maureen O'Sullivan from the University of San Francisco. She suggests that humans have always tried to strengthen the pair-bond to maximise(使最大化)reproductive success.Many societies throughout history and around the world today have cultivated strong pressures to stay married. In those where ties to family and community are strong, lifelong marriages can be promoted by practices such as the cultural prohibition of divorce and arranged marriages that are seen as a contract between two families, not just two individuals. In modern western societies, however, the focus on individuality and independence means that people are less concerned about conforming to(遵守)the dictates of family and culture. In theabsence of societal pressures to maintain pair-bonds, O'Sullivan suggests that romantic love has increasingly come to be seen as the factor that should determine who we stay with and for how long. " That's why historically we see an increase in romantic love as a basis for forming long-term relationships," she says.According to O'Sullivan culture also shapes the sorts of feelings we expect to have, and actually do experience, when in love. Although the negative emotions associated with romantic love—fear of loss, disappointment and jealousy—are fairly consistent across cultures, the positive feelings can vary. " If you ask Japanese students to list the positive attributes they expect in a romantic partner, they rate highly things like loyalty, commitment and devotion," says O'Sullivan. " If you ask American college women, they expect everything under the sun: in addition to being committed, partners have to be amusing, funny and a friend. "We judge a potential partner according to our specific cultural expectations about what romantic love should feel like. If you believe that you have found true romance, and your culture tells you that this is what a long-term relationship should be based on, there is less need to rely on social or family pressures to keep couples together, O'Sullivan argues.63．What does the author say about people's views of an ideal romantic relationship? A．They vary from culture to culture.B．They ensure the reproductive success.C．They reflect the evolutionary process.D．They are influenced by psychologists.64．We can infer from the passage that strong family and community ties______.A．largely rely on marriage contractsB．can contribute to stable marriagesC．often run counter to romantic loveD．make divorces virtually unacceptable65．Without social pressures to keep pair-bonds, romantic love______.A．will be a substitute for marriage in human relationships B．plays a key role in maintaining long-term relationships C．is likely to replace the dictates of family and societyD．is a way to develop individuality and independence66．O'Sullivan believes that when people from different cultures fall in love, ______.A．they expect different things from their partnerB．they tend to exaggerate each other's positive qualitiesC．they often fail to see each other's negative qualitiesD．they lay more emphasis on commitment and devotion 67．We can conclude from the passage that______.A．cultural differences often tear apart a family built on romantic loveB．marriages are hard to sustain without social or family pressuresC．romantic love is becoming increasingly important in family relationshipsD．romantic love tends to yield where family or social pressures are strongPassage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front ofus.Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption.A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people’s hunger levels were predicted not by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they’d seen in front of them—in other words, how much they remembered eating.This disparity (差异) suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.“Hunger isn’t controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal,”Brunstrom says. “This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought.”These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes tric k our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie (卡路里) milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones (荷尔蒙), depending on whether the shake’s label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought they’d consumed a higher-calorie shake.What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating.The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and helpus control our appetite, Brunstrom says.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
[全]2013年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案（汇总共三套）--第二套
![[全]2013年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案（汇总共三套）--第二套](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/26bad609fbd6195f312b3169a45177232f60e433.png)
2013年12月大学英语四级考试真题(二)Part 1 writin g (30 minute s)Direct ions:For this part, you are allowe d 30 minute s to write a shortessay b asedon the pictur e below. You should startyour essaywith a briefaccoun t of the increa singuse of the mobile phonein people’s life and then explai n the conse q u ence s of overus ing it.You should writeat leastIW wordsbut no more than 180 words .People are crossi ng the street lookin g at theircell phones and usingwalki n g sticks in orderto see.Part 2 Listen ing Compre hensi on (30 minute s)Section ADirect ions： In this sectio n, you will hear 8 shortconver satio ns and 2 long conver satio ns. At the end of each conver satio n, one or more questi ons will be asked a boutwhat was said. Both the conver satio n and the questi ons will be spoken only once. Aftereach questi on therewill be a pause. During the pause,you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide whichthe best answer is. Then mark the corres pondi ng letter o" Answer Sheet 1 with a single line throug h the centr e.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2013.12 英语六级考试真题试卷及部分答案(第一套)
2013.12 英语六级考试真题试卷及部分答案（第一套）【作文1】Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay about the impact of information explosion by referring to the saying "a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention". You can cite examples to illustrate your point and then explain what you can do to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information? You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.【范文1】2013年12月英语六级考试作文范文标准版点评，由沪江提供。
Ways to Get Over Information ExplosionAs a famous saying goes, “A wealth of information creates a poverty of attention”. Nowadays we are in the Information Age. Some people keep complaining about distraction by the information explosion.Admittedly, the new information age has brought us so much convenience that we are allowed to get enough information just with a simple click sitting in front of the computers. Nevertheless, we are also confused, annoyed, distracted and upset by an incredibly large quantity of information. For example, when searching for something online, people are easily carried away by irrelevant information and forget their original plan. Besides, some information often turns out to be useless and actually advertisement. Therefore, it can be time-consuming and troublesome to search information online.Then what we can do to avoid being distracted by irrelevant information? Here I have some useful tips: Firstly, make a list of what you really want before your searching. This will help you to refuse some appealing, yet irrelevant information. Secondly, find some trustful and professional sources or websites and then save and categorize them. In this case, you can easily leave some ads and useless information behind.【点评】本次作文主题围绕“信息爆炸给大众带来的困扰”，难度较小。
2013年12月英语四级考试真题及答案(第一套)
2013年12月英语四级考试真题及答案(第一套)PartⅠWriting(30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief account of the impact of the Internet on learning and then explain why education doesn’t simply mean learning to obtain information. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
PartⅡListening Comprehension(30 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause.During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decidewhich is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
2013年12月大学英语六级考试真题第一套答案详解
2013年12月大学英语六级考试真题(一)答案详解Part 4 Translation参考译文与难点注释The Chinese garden has become a landscape of unique style after an evolution for more than 3 000 years. It includes not only the large gardens built as entertainment venues for the royal family, but also the private gardens built as secluded retreats for scholars, merchants and retired government officials. These gardens have constituted a miniature designed to express the harmonious relationship between man and nature. A typical Chinese garden is surrounded by walls, and in the garden there are ponds, rockwork, trees, flowers and all kinds of buildings linked by winding trails and corridors. Wandering in the gardens, people may feel that a series of well-designed scenery spreads out before us like a landscape scroll.1. 第一句中，"三千多年演变"可以译成an evolution for more than 3 000 years,不能译成more than 3 000 years of evolution;"独具一格的"可以用单个形容词unique来表达，也可以用短语of unique style来表达。
2013届12月联考英语试题参考答案
Living a low-carbon style of life is playing a more and more important role in energy saving and environmental protection. To fulfill it, we should bear the following in mind. First, it's important to turn off taps and lights and recycle everything recyclable in our daily life. What's more, while sticking to the habit of setting the temperature of your air conditioner at above 26℃ in summer and eating fruits and vegetables in seasons, we should also climb stairs under the fifth floor instead of taking lifts. Let's all take action now and contribute to the prosperity of our mother－the earth.
Thank you!
This passage is about a little hero. Being an orphan, he lived a hard life in early years. He helped the captain and his soldiers but lost his er listening to “A Little Hero”, I was moved and encouraged .The little hero was homeless. He had neither parents nor brothers nor sisters. He lived a poor and hard life by working for another family in his early years. He didn’t study at school, but he loved his country. Compared with the little hero, I had a happy childhood. I have a happy family with many good books,
2013年 全套真题及答案 英一
2013年全国研究生入学考试英语一试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, they turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. [A] grants [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2. [A] minor [B] external [C] crucial [D] objective3. [A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4. [A] Above all [B] On average [C] In principle [D] For example5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] for [C] to [D] on7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] test [B] emphasize [C] share [D] promote9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] found [B] studied [C] chosen [D] identified11. [A] otherwise [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] exceptional12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] took [D] gave15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] below [B] after [C] above [D] before18. [A] jump [B] float [C] fluctuate [D] drop19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] necessary [B] possible [C] promising [D] helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweate r descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fa shion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet isnon-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billi on garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her______.[A]lack of imagination[B] poor bargaining skill[C] obsession with high fashion[D] insensitivity to fashion22.According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to______.[A] combat unnecessary waste[B] shop for their garments more frequently[C] resist the influence of advertisements[D] shut out the feverish fashion world23.The word “indictment” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to______.[A] accusation [B] enthusiasm [C] indifference [D] tolerance24.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.[D] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.25.What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle [B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry [D] Exposure of a mass-market secretText 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, cl ick on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track”(DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT;Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February, the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not g et fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on thatcount before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26.It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to[A] lower their operational costs.[B] ease competition among themselves.[C] avoid complaints from consumers.[D] provide better online services.27.“The in dustry” (Para. 3) refers to[A] online advertisers.[B] e-commerce conductors.[C] digital information analysis.[D] internet browser developers.28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] goes against human nature.[B] fails to affect the ad industry.[C] will not benefit consumers..[D] may cut the number of junk ads.29.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph6?[A] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.[B] DNT may not serve its intended purpose.[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads.30.The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of[A]appreciation. [B] understanding.[C] appreciation indulgence. [D] skepticism.Text 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN),and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment.[B] our faith in science and technology.[C] our awareness of potential risks.[D] our belief in equal opportunity.32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human being are[A] a misplaced race.[B] a sustained species.[C] the world’s dominant power.[D] a threat to the environment.33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[B] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[C] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] draw on our experience from the past.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C] explore our planet’s abundant resources.[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately "occupied the field, "and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[B] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] stood in favor of the states.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] undermined the states’ interests39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is established by federal statutes.[C] is depe ndent on the states’ support.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B]. The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resour ce is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41)______ Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influencein the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004.(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) ____This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100, 000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change, food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring o f one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia —a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20points)参考答案Section I Use of English (10 points)1. A2. B3.C4.D5. B6. D7. A8. A9.D 10. C11. A 12. C 13.B 14.C 15. B16. C 17. D 18.D 19.B 20. ASection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. D 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. C26. A 27. D 28. C 29. B 30. D31. B 32. B 33. D 34. A 35. C36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DPart B (10 points)41. E 42. F 43.B 44.G 45. CPart C (10 points)46. 然而，只要看看无家可归者创造的花园的照片，你就会意识到尽管样式各异，但是这些花园除了表达（人类）装饰盒创造的欲望之外，更体现了人类其他根本的强烈愿望。
2013年12月英语六级真题(含答案共3套)
2013年12月大学英语六级考试真题（第1套）Section CDirections:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Youshould decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with asingle line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Among the government’s most interesting reports is one that estimates what parents spend ontheir children. Not surprisingly, the costs are steep. For a middle-class, husband-and-wife family(average pretax income in 2009: $76,250), spending per child is about $12,000 a year. With.inflation the family’s spending on a child will total $286,050 by age 17The dry statistics ought to inform the ongoing deficit debate, because a budget is not just acatalog of programs and taxes. It reflects a society’s priorities and values. Our society does not despite rhetoric(说辞) to the contrary—put much value on raising children. Present budgetpolicies tax parents heavily to support the elderly. Meanwhile, tax breaks for children are modest.If deficit reduction aggravates these biases, more Americans may choose not to have children or tohave fewer children. Down that path lies economic decline.Societies that cannot replace their populations discourage investment and innovation. Theyhave stagnant (萧条的) or shrinking markets for goods and services. With older populations,theyresist change. To stabilize its population—discounting immigration—women must have an2.0.Many countries with struggling economiesaverage of two children. That’s a fertility rate ofare well below that.shaped by culture, religion, Though having a child is a deeply personal decision, it’sa good answer” asto why fertility varies amongeconomics, and government policy. “No one hascountries, says sociologist Andrew Cherlin of The Johns Hopkins University. Eroding religiousbelief in Europe may partly explain lowered birthrates. In Japan young women may be rebellingisolated lives of child rearing. General optimism and pessimism count.against their mothers’ Hopefulness fueled Ameri ca’s baby boom. After the Soviet Union’s collapse, says Cherlin,Russiaand Eastern Europe.“anxiety for the future” depressed birthrates inIn poor societies, people have children to improve their economic well-being by increasingthe number of family workers and providing supports for parents in their old age. In wealthysocieties, the logic often reverses. Government now supports the elderly, diminishing the need forchildren. By some studies, the safety nets for retirees have reduced fertility rates by 0.5 children inthe United States and almost 1.0 in Western Europe, reports economist Robert Stein in the journalNational Affairs. Similarly, some couples don’t have children because they don’t want to sacrificetheir own lifestyles to the lime and expense of a family.Young Americans already face a bleak labor market that cannot instill (注入) confidenceabout having children. Piling on higher t axes won’t help, “If higher taxes make it more expensiveto raise children,” says Nicholas Eberstadt of the American Enterprise Institute, “peopletwice about having another child.” That seems like common sense, despite the multiple influences on becoming parents.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
2013年12月大学英语四级真题答案解析第一套
一、作文【作文(一)】The Impact of the Mobile Phone in People’s LifeThe thought-provoking drawing mirrors a common phenomenon in contemporary society that there is the negative influence of mobile phone. As is subtly shown in the picture，so many people are too much addicted to cell phones that they use walking sticks to see the road. What a meaningful cartoon!It is to me that indulging in mobile phones produces native influences on body and mind. First and foremost, overusing mobile phones is detrimental to physical health for watching mobiles for a long stretch definitely impairs one’s eyesight. Suppose that a man is addicted in cell phones in whatever situation, it will be very disadvantageous for him to concentrate on his work, learning, or daily life and is very likely to hurt him. Furthermore, overusing cell phones adversely affects state of mind. An addict may stay inside his bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors, which eventually prevents the growth of think skills.It is high time that we took effective measures to curb this trend. I cherish a belief that cell phones themselves are not good or bad and we can benefit a lot from it as long as we take a good control over them.【作文(二)】The Impact of the Internet on the Way People Communicate网络对人们沟通产生的影响Internet does exert such a profound effect on our life that it revolutionizes the way of people’s living and thinking. As is subtly revealed in the portrayal，there are two parents sitting in the front of computer，who are chatting with their child on the internet. What a meaningful picture!From my perspective, the electronic contact cannot replace face to face communication owing to the following factors. To begin with, over-reliance on electronic contact will damage the interpersonal relationship, for the cold machine never replaces a warm-hearted greeting face to face. For example, the aged parents would like their only son who works far away home to come back home more often rather than to talk with him on th e internet occasionally. What’s more, face to face communication is preferable because it is beneficial to build a harmonious society, for it attaches more importance on human affection and feelings instead of convenience and speed.Hence, it is necessary for us to use Internet in a reasonable way. After all, Internet is invented to connect you and me, and to bring conveniences to our life rather than set a barrier to keep people beyond reach. If we want to keep our interpersonal relationship more effectively, weshould spend more time with them face to face in real life. Only in this way can we not only make full use of the communication tool on the net but also make our relationship tighter.二、听力测试（原文）2013年12月大学英语四级听力真题原文：听力短对话Question 1M: After high school, I’d like to go to college and major in business administration.W: But I’d rather spend my college days finding out how children learn.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?Question 2W: Is everything ready for the conference?M: The only thing left to do is set up the microphones and speakers. They'll be here in a few minutes.Q: What preparations have yet to be made?Question 3W: Is it almost time to go home now? I'm so tired. I can hardly see straight.M: Just a few more minutes, then we can go.Q: What is the woman’s problem?Question 4W: I'm not sure what I’m in a mood for. Ice-cream or sandwiches? They are both really good here.M: The movie starts in an hour. And we still have to get there and park. So just make a decision.Q: What does the man mean?Question 5W: Tom said he would come to repair our solar heater when he has time.M: He often says he is willing to help, but he never seems to have time.Q: What does the man imply about Tom?Question 6W: So you know that Sam turns down the job offered by the travel agency.M: Yes. The hours were convenient. But if he had accepted it, he wouldn’t be able to make ends meet.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?Question 7M: Could you tell me a bit about the business your company is doing?W: We mainly deal with large volume buyers from western countries and our products have been well received.Q: What business is the woman’s company doing?Question 8W: Yesterday I made reservations for my trip to Miami next month.M: You must really be looking forward to it. You haven’t had any time off for at least two years.Q: What is the woman going to do?【四级听力长对话原文1】M: Excuse me, I need some information about some of the towns near here.W: What would you like to know?M: Well, first, I'd like directions to go to Norwalk. I believe there is an interesting museum there. It isn't far, is it?W: No, not at all. Norwalk is about eighteen miles east of here on Route 7. And you're right. It's a wonderful little museum.M: Oh good. Now what about Amitsville? I have some friends. I'd like to visit there and I also want to get to Newton. They are near each other, aren't they?W: Hmm... well, they are actually in opposite directions. Amitsville is northeast. It's about thirty five miles northeast of here.M: Huh-uh, thirty five miles northeast. And how about Newton?W: Well, Newton is in the other direction. It's southwest, so it isn't really very close to Amitsville at all and it's a long drive. It's about fifty five miles southwest from here and the road is not at all straight.M: Fifty five miles southwest! Well, maybe I won't go there this time.W: I'd recommend visiting Westfield or Great Town. They are both very close. Westfield is just seven miles west of here and Great Town is about five miles south. They are really pretty little towns with lots of old houses and beautiful tree-lined streets.M: I see. Seven miles west to Westfield and five miles south to Great Town. Good. Well, I think that's all the information I need for a while. Thank you. You've been very helpful.W: You're welcome, sir. I hope you enjoy your stay.Q9: What does the man know about Norwalk?Q10: What does the woman say about Amitsville and Newton?Q11: What do we learn about Westfield and Great Town?【四级听力长对话原文2】M: Err... Sandra, I've finished with Mr. Gordon now. Do you think you could pop through in bringing me up-to-date on their arrangements for the Italian trip?W: Certainly, Mr. Wilkinson. I'll bring everything with me.M: Right, take a seat. Now my first meeting is when?W: Your first meeting is on Monday the 21st at 9a.m. with Dr. Gucci of Bancos en Piedra in Milan.M: OK, so can I fly out early Monday morning?W: Well, there is a flight to Lenarty Airport which leaves at six thirty London time and gets in at eight thirty Italian time.M: Yeah, but that only leaves me thirty minutes to clear customs in getting to the city center and it means I have to check in by five thirty, which means leaving home at about four fifteen.W: I'm afraid so.M: Hmm... not so keen on that. What's the program for the rest of that day?W: It's quite full, I'm afraid. At eleven, you're seeing Jeana Rivard at Meg Star and then you'll have a lunch engagement with Gaven from the Chamber of Commerce at one.M: Where's that?W: You're meeting him at his office and then he's taking you somewhere.M: Good, that sounds fine. What about the afternoon?W: Well, at three thirty, you're seeing our sales representative there and then you're free till evening.M: I see. I seem to remember that I'm having a dinner with someone from Bergamo.W: That's right. And Mr. Betty from SAP Industries at eight.Q12: What would the man like the woman to do?Q13: At what time is Mr. Wilkinson going to leave home for the airport?Q14: Who is Mr. Wilkinson going to have a lunch with on Monday?Q15: What is most probably the woman's job?【听力短文】Listening Passage 1Donna Fredrick’s served with the Peace Corps for two years in Brazil. She joined the Peace Corps after she graduated from the college because she wanted to do something to help other people. She had been brought up on a farm, so the Peace Corps assigned her to a agricultural project. Before she went to Brazil, she studied Portuguese for three months. She also learnt a great deal about its history and culture. During her two years with the Peace Corps, Donna lived in a village in northeast Brazil. That part of Brazil is very dry and farming is often difficult there. Donna helped the people of the village to organise an arrigation project, and she also advised themon planting corps. They didn’t require much water. When Donna returned to the States, shecould n’t settle down. She tried several jobs, but they seemed very boring to her. She couldn’t get Brazil out of her mind. Finally, one day she got on an plane and went back to Brazil. She wasn’t sure what she’s going to do. She just wanted to be there. After a few weeks, Donna found a job as an English teacher, teaching five classes a day. Like most of the teachers, she doesn’t make much money. She shares a small apartment with another teacher. And she makes a little extra money by sending stories to newspapers in the States. Eventually she wants to quit teaching and work as a full-time journalist.Question 16Why did Donna join the Peace Corps after she graduated from college?Question 17What was Donna assigned to do in Brazil?Question 18Why did Donna go back to Brazil once again?Question 19How did Donna make extra money to support herself?Listening Passage 2Results of a recent Harry’s pool on free time showed that the average work week for many Americans is 50 hours. With the time spent eating, sleeping and taking care of the household duties, there’s little time left for leisure activities for many Americans. However, having free time to relax and pursue hobbies is important. People need time away from the pressures of study or work to relax and enjoy time with friends and family. In many countries free time is spent in different ways. The results of a Harry’s pool showed that reading was the most popular spare time activity in the US. This was followed by watching TV. In a UK survey on leisure time activities, watching TV and videos was the most popular. Listening to the radio came second. In a similar survey conducted in Japan, the most popular free time activity was eating out. The second most popular activity was driving. There were also differences in the most popular outdoor pursuits between the three countries. The most popular outdoor activity for Americans was gardening. In the UK, it was going to the pub. In Japan, going to bars ranked eighth in popularity and gardening ranked ninth. Although people around the world may enjoy doing similar things in their free time, there’s evidence to suggest that these interests are changing. In the US, for example, the popularity of computer activities is increasing. Many more people in the States are spending their free time surfing the web, emailing friends or playing games online.Question 20What is the recent Harry Pole about?Question 21What was the most popular leisure activity in the US?Question 22What was the most popular outdoor pursuit in the UK?Listening Passage 3On March 13th, while on duty Charles Mclaughlin, a very careless driver employed by the company Lummis was involved in another accident. The accident occurred in Riverside California. Not paying attention to his driving, Mclaughlin turned right on main street and 33rd street and hit Volkswagen rabbit. This caused minor damage to his truck and serious damage to the car. On the basis of the police report, the Lummis accident committee correctly determined that Mclaughlin had been quite careless. As a result of the committee’s conclusion, the branch manager Mr. David Rossi reported that he had talked with Mclaughlin about his extremely poor driving record. Further evidence of Mclaughlin's irresponsibility occurred on May 6th when he was returning from his shift. That day he ran into a roll-up door at the Lummis facility in Valero, causing significant damage to the door. Damage to the truck, however, was minor. Finally, on June 7th, Mclaughlin once again demonstrated his carelessness by knocking down several mail boxes near the edge of the company’s pa rking lot. There was damage to the mailboxes and minor damage to the truck. Mr. David Rossi stated that he had spoken with Mclaughlin on several occasions about his driving record. He added that he had warned Mclaughlin that three preventable accidents in one year could lead to his discharge, as indeed it should.23. What did the Lummis accident committee find out about the accident that occurred on March 13th?24. What did Mclaughlin do on June 7th near the edge of the company’s parking lot?25. What is most probably going to happen to Mclaughlin?【听力填空】：When Captain Cook asked the chiefs in Tahiti why they always ate apart and alone, they replied, “Because it is right.” If we ask Americans why they eat with knives and forks, or why their men wear pants instead of skirts or why they may be married to only one person at a time, we are likely to get similar and very uninformative answers because it’s right, because that’s the way it’s done, because it’s the custom or even I don’t know. The reason for these and countless other patterns of social behavior is that they are controlled by social norms shared rules or guide lines which prescribe the behavior that is appropriate in a given situation. Norms define how people ought to behave under particular circumstances in a particular society. We conform to norms so readily that we are hardly aware they exist. In fact we are much more likely to notice departures from norms than conformity to them. You will not be surprised if a stranger tried to shake handswhen you were introduced, but you might be a little startled if they bowed, started to stroke you or kissed you on both cheeks. Yet each of these other forms of greeting is appropriate in other partsof the world. When we visit another society whose norms are different, we quickly become aware that things we do this way, they do that way.【四级长对话】9. B) It has an interesting museum.10. A) They are in opposite directions.11. C) They have lots of old houses.点评：显然长对话第一篇属于比较常见的“问路”话题。
2013年12月四级真题及答案(第1套)-推荐下载
Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice.The Gatais used to frown when they received power bills that routinely topped $200. Last September the couple moved into a 1,500-square-foot home in Premier Gardens, a subdivision of 95 "zero-energy homes"(ZEH)just outside town. Now they're actually eager to see their electricity bills. The grand total over the 10 months they've lived in the three-bedroom house: $ 75. For the past two months they haven't paid a cent.ZEH communities are the leading edge of technologies that might someday create houses that produce as much energy as they consume. Premier Gardens is one of a half-dozen subdivisions in California where every home cuts power consumption by 50% , mostly by using low-power appliances and solar panels.Aside from the panels on the roof, Premier Gardens looks like a community of conventional homes. But inside, special windows cut power bills by blocking solar heat in summer and retaining indoor warmth in winter.The rest of the energy savings comes from the solar units. They don't just feed the home they serve. If they generate more power than the home is using, the excess flows into the utility's power grid(电网). The residents are billed by "net metering" : they pay for the amount of power they tap off the grid, less the kilowatts(千瓦)they feed into it. If a home generates more power than it uses, the bill is zero.That sounds like a bad deal for the power company, but it's not. Solar homes produce the most power on the hot sunny afternoons when everyone rushes home to turn up the air conditioner. " It helps us lower usage at peak power times," says solar expert Mike Keesee. " That lets us avoid building costly plants or buying expensive power at peak usage time. "What's not to like? Mostly the costs. The special features can add $ 25,000 or more to the purchase price of a house. Tax breaks bring the cost down, especially in California, but in many states ZEHs can be prohibitively expensive. For the consumer, it's a matter of paying now for the hardware to save later on the utilities.58．Why are the Gatais eager to see their electricity bills now?A．They want to see how much they have saved.B．They want to cut down their utility expenses.C．They want to know if they are able to pay.D．They want to avoid being overcharged.59．What is special about the ZEH communities?A．They have created cutting-edge technologies.B．They aim to be self-sufficient in power supply.C．They are subdivided into half a dozen sections.D．They are built in harmony with the environment.60．How are the residents in the ZEH communities billed for electricity use?A．They are only charged for the amount of power they consume on rainy days.B．They needn't pay a single cent for their power consumption on sunny days.C．They only pay for the excess power that flows into the utility's power grid.D．They pay for the electricity from the grid less their home-generated power.61．What does the "net metering" practice mean to the power company?A．More pressure at peak time.B．Less profits in the short term.C．Increased electricity output.D．Reduced operational costs.62．The author believes that buying a house in a ZEH community______.A．is but a dream for average consumersB．gives the owner substantial tax benefitsC．is a worthy investment in the long runD．contributes to environmental protectionRomantic love has clear evolutionary roots but our views about what makes an idealromantic relationship can be swayed by the society we live in. So says psychologist Maureen O'Sullivan from the University of San Francisco. She suggests that humans have always tried to strengthen the pair-bond to maximise(使最大化)reproductive success.Many societies throughout history and around the world today have cultivated strong pressures to stay married. In those where ties to family and community are strong, lifelong marriages can be promoted by practices such as the cultural prohibition of divorce and arranged marriages that are seen as a contract between two families, not just two individuals. In modern western societies, however, the focus on individuality and independence means that people are less concerned about conforming to(遵守)the dictates of family and culture. In the absence of societal pressures to maintain pair-bonds, O'Sullivan suggests that romantic love has increasingly come to be seen as the factor that should determine who we stay with and for how long. " That's why historically we see an increase in romantic love as a basis for forming long-term relationships," she says.According to O'Sullivan culture also shapes the sorts of feelings we expect to have, and actually do experience, when in love. Although the negative emotions associated with romantic love—fear of loss, disappointment and jealousy—are fairly consistent across cultures, the positive feelings can vary. " If you ask Japanese students to list the positive attributes they expect in a romantic partner, they rate highly things like loyalty, commitment and devotion," says O'Sullivan. " If you ask American college women, they expect everything under the sun: in addition to being committed, partners have to be amusing, funny and a friend. "We judge a potential partner according to our specific cultural expectations about what romantic love should feel like. If you believe that you have found true romance, and your culture tells you that this is what a long-term relationship should be based on, there is less need to rely on social or family pressures to keep couples together, O'Sullivan argues.63．What does the author say about people's views of an ideal romantic relationship?A．They vary from culture to culture.B．They ensure the reproductive success.C．They reflect the evolutionary process.D．They are influenced by psychologists.64．We can infer from the passage that strong family and community ties______.A．largely rely on marriage contractsB．can contribute to stable marriagesC．often run counter to romantic loveD．make divorces virtually unacceptable65．Without social pressures to keep pair-bonds, romantic love______.A．will be a substitute for marriage in human relationshipsB．plays a key role in maintaining long-term relationshipsC．is likely to replace the dictates of family and societyD．is a way to develop individuality and independence66．O'Sullivan believes that when people from different cultures fall in love, ______. A．they expect different things from their partnerB．they tend to exaggerate each other's positive qualitiesC．they often fail to see each other's negative qualitiesD．they lay more emphasis on commitment and devotion67．We can conclude from the passage that______.A．cultural differences often tear apart a family built on romantic loveB．marriages are hard to sustain without social or family pressuresC．romantic love is becoming increasingly important in family relationshipsD．romantic love tends to yield where family or social pressures are strongPassage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.In recent years, a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake are influenced by a large number of factors besides our biological need for energy, including our eating environment and our perception of the food in front of us.Studies have shown, for instance, that eating in front of the TV (or a similar distraction) can increase both hunger and the amount of food consumed. Even simple visual cues, like plate size and lighting, have been shown to affect portion size and consumption.A new study suggested that our short-term memory also may play a role in appetite. Several hours after a meal, people’s hunger levels were predictednot by how much they’d eaten but rather by how much food they’d seen in front of them—in other words, how much they remembered eating.This disparity (差异) suggests the memory of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our appetite than the actual size of the meal, says Jeffrey M. Brunstrom, a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.“Hunger isn’t controlled solely by the physical characteristics of a recent meal. We have identified an independent role for memory for that meal,” Brunstrom says. “This shows that the relationship between hunger and food intake is more complex than we thought.”These findings echo earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes trick our body’s response to the food itself. In a 2011 study, for instance, people who drank the same 380-calorie (卡路里) milkshake on two separate occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones (荷尔蒙), depending on whether the shake’s label said it contained 620 or 140 calories. Moreover, the participants reported feeling more full when they thought they’d consumed a higher-calorie shake.What does this mean for our eating habits? Although it hardly seems practical to trick ourselves into eating less, the new findings do highlight the benefits of focusing on our food and avoiding TV and multitasking while eating.The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight distractions and help us control our appetite, Brunstrom says.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
2013年12月大学英语六级真题试卷(一)(题后含答案及解析)
2013年12月大学英语六级真题试卷（一）(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. 4. Reading Comprehension 5. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on happiness by referring to the saying “Happiness is not the absence of problems, but the ability to deal with them. “ You can cite examples to illustrate your point and then explain how you can develop your ability to deal with problems and be happy. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.正确答案：The Way to Happiness When it comes to the topic of happiness, everybody has his own interpretation. But an inspiring idea goes that happiness is not the absence of problems, but the ability to deal with them, which reveals the nature of happiness. Happiness will be achieved only when we show great courage to confront problems and develop the capacity to solve them. There is no denying that we will encounter many problems in our life, but that doesn’t mean we are deprived of happiness. Many people have set great examples for us to follow: Nelson Mandela was sentenced to 27 years in prison, but he was optimistic and finally became successful in fighting against racial segregation. Steve Jobs was abandoned by his biological parents and dropped out of university but still managed to change the world. In our lives, no one is definitely immune to problems, but we may achieve happiness through striving. Therefore, it is of great necessity to equip ourselves with the ability to cope with problems. To be more specific, we need to be cooperative, persistent and decisive, and have a positive attitude toward problems. Only when we are proficient in dealing with problems can we fully enjoy happiness and live a merry life.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A听力原文：W: What a wonderful performance! Your rock band has never sounded better. M: Many thanks. I guess all those hours of practice in the past month are finally paying off. Q: What does the man mean?2．A．The rock band needs more hours of practice.B．The rock band is going to play here for a month.C．Their hard work has resulted in a big success.D．He appreciates the woman’s help with the band.正确答案：C解析：语义理解题。
2013年 全套真题及答案 英一
2013年全国研究生入学考试英语一试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, they turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. [A] grants [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2. [A] minor [B] external [C] crucial [D] objective3. [A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4. [A] Above all [B] On average [C] In principle [D] For example5. [A] fond [B] fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] for [C] to [D] on7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] test [B] emphasize [C] share [D] promote9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] found [B] studied [C] chosen [D] identified11. [A] otherwise [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] exceptional12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] took [D] gave15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] below [B] after [C] above [D] before18. [A] jump [B] float [C] fluctuate [D] drop19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] necessary [B] possible [C] promising [D] helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweate r descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fa shion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet isnon-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billi on garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her______.[A]lack of imagination[B] poor bargaining skill[C] obsession with high fashion[D] insensitivity to fashion22.According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to______.[A] combat unnecessary waste[B] shop for their garments more frequently[C] resist the influence of advertisements[D] shut out the feverish fashion world23.The word “indictment” (Para. 2) is closest in meaning to______.[A] accusation [B] enthusiasm [C] indifference [D] tolerance24.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.[D] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.25.What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle [B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry [D] Exposure of a mass-market secretText 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, cl ick on and say online, companies can aim “behavioral” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioral ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track”(DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT;Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February, the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with windows 8, would have DNT as a default.Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not g et fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on thatcount before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.” Could it really be that simple?26.It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioral” ads help advertisers to[A] lower their operational costs.[B] ease competition among themselves.[C] avoid complaints from consumers.[D] provide better online services.27.“The in dustry” (Para. 3) refers to[A] online advertisers.[B] e-commerce conductors.[C] digital information analysis.[D] internet browser developers.28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] goes against human nature.[B] fails to affect the ad industry.[C] will not benefit consumers..[D] may cut the number of junk ads.29.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph6?[A] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.[B] DNT may not serve its intended purpose.[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioral ads.30.The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of[A]appreciation. [B] understanding.[C] appreciation indulgence. [D] skepticism.Text 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List” of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN),and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment.[B] our faith in science and technology.[C] our awareness of potential risks.[D] our belief in equal opportunity.32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggests that human being are[A] a misplaced race.[B] a sustained species.[C] the world’s dominant power.[D] a threat to the environment.33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[B] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[C] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] draw on our experience from the past.[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.[C] explore our planet’s abundant resources.[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigrations law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately "occupied the field, "and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[B] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] stood in favor of the states.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] undermined the states’ interests39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is established by federal statutes.[C] is depe ndent on the states’ support.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B]. The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resour ce is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41)______ Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influencein the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004.(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) ____This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.[B] However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the100, 000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.[C] The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change, food security; marine research and the bio-economy; clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring o f one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia —a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) interpret its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20points)参考答案Section I Use of English (10 points)1. A2. B3.C4.D5. B6. D7. A8. A9.D 10. C11. A 12. C 13.B 14.C 15. B16. C 17. D 18.D 19.B 20. ASection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. D 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. C26. A 27. D 28. C 29. B 30. D31. B 32. B 33. D 34. A 35. C36. A 37. C 38. B 39. A 40. DPart B (10 points)41. E 42. F 43.B 44.G 45. CPart C (10 points)46. 然而，只要看看无家可归者创造的花园的照片，你就会意识到尽管样式各异，但是这些花园除了表达（人类）装饰盒创造的欲望之外，更体现了人类其他根本的强烈愿望。
13英语一真题及答案解析
13英语一真题及答案解析近年来，全球范围内的英语考试越来越普及，许多人选择参加英语考试以提升自己的语言能力。
其中，中国的高考英语考试一直备受关注。
而13年的高考英语一真题则成为了备考的重要参考资料。
本文将对13年英语一的真题进行一些简单的解析，帮助考生更好地理解题目，提高答题能力。
首先，让我们来看看2013年高考英语一的阅读理解部分。
其中，第一篇阅读理解是关于“海豚的沟通能力”的文章。
文章主要介绍了海豚作为高智商动物，其丰富的沟通能力让人类感到惊讶。
对于这篇文章，考生需要注意阅读理解，理解文章的主旨和细节。
同时，还需要注意一些词汇的理解和推理，如“manipulate”、“syntax”等。
接下来，我们继续分析2013年英语一的听力部分。
第一篇听力对话主要是关于旅行和预订房间的对话。
这篇对话涉及了一些实用的日常用语和词汇，考生需要理解对话的意思，并能准确回答问题。
同时，需要注意听清楚对话中的数字、日期和时间等关键信息。
第二篇听力则是关于电影节目的讨论。
对于这篇听力，考生需要注意进行听力预测，提前了解一些关于电影节目的词汇和常见的讨论话题。
这样，考生在听力过程中能够更好地理解对话内容，并准确回答问题。
在阅读和听力部分的基础上，我们继续分析2013年英语一的完形填空部分。
这篇文章主要是关于一位年轻女孩童年时的美好回忆。
文章中穿插了一些童话故事和童年生活的描写，考生需要注意理解文章的情感表达，并根据上下文推测空缺部分的词语。
此外，考生还需要注意掌握一些常见的词汇和短语，以便更好地理解文章。
最后，我们来看看2013年英语一的翻译部分。
翻译部分主要涉及从中文翻译成英文，考察考生的翻译能力和词汇运用能力。
在进行翻译时，考生需要注意准确理解中文句子的意思，并用合适的词汇和语法结构进行翻译。
同时，还需要注意一些习惯用语和表达方式，以提高翻译的流畅度和准确性。
综上所述，2013年的高考英语一真题涵盖了阅读、听力、完形填空和翻译等多个方面。
2013年12月四级考试原文及答案参考
2013年12月份英语四级考试全部参考答案终极版【新增阅读另外两套题，大家可以根据自己试卷情况看答案（学航·学府考研）】试卷一：中餐【真题原文】许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。
精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。
但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。
由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既味美又健康。
【翻译答案】Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skill but also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking. Although cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Since food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between cereal, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy.试卷二：信息技术【真题原文】信息技术(Information Technology)，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。
2013年全国考研英语(一)真题及答案.doc
2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by _2_ factors. But Dr Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. _4_, he theorised that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft _6_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7_he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ____9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10____ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was____11____.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews _12_ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale _14_ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were _15_ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardised exam which is _16_out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one _17__ that, then the score for the next applicant would_18_ by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to_19_the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been _20__.1. A grants B submits C transmits D dilivers2. A minor B external C crucial D objective3. A issue B vision C picture D moment4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless6. A in B for C to D on7. A if B until C though D unless8. A. test B.emphasize C.share D.promote9. A.decision B.quality C.status D.success10. A.found B.studied C.chosen D.identified11. A.otherwise B.defensible C.replaceable D.exceptional12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced17. A below B after C above D before18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following fourtexts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year –about 64 items per person –and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes –and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment –including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural”ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, whichit says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying toupset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some ofits other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural”ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its socialconsequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List”suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Aministration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.An arizona.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enfour federal immigrations law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Anturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun .On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field " and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama tures on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued tha Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.It could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Thereare two extra choices, w hich do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization anddistribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about alack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficientenergy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it isfor these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsicthat we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blameon some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though ina “liberated”sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt which is a distinctly animal need.48. The gardens of the homeless which are in efffect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such49 . Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated”sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college,inviting him/her tobe a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing .In your essay,you should1) describe the drawing briefly.2) interpret its intended meaning ,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2013年全国研究生入学考试英语一答案1.A(grants)2. B(external)3. C（picture）4. D(for example)5. B(fearful)6. D(on)7. A(if)8. A(test)9. D(success)10.C(chosen)11.A(otherwise)12.C(conducted)13.B(rated)14.C(took)15.B(then)16.C(marked)17.D(before)18.D(drop)19.B(undo)20.A(necessary)Text 121. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[B] insensitivity to fashion.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing25. What is the subject of the text[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.Text 226. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural”ads help advertisers to:[B] lower their operational costs27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[C] will not benefit consumers29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[D] skepticismText331·[B] our faith in science and technology32·[A] a sustained species33·[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive34·[C] draw onour experience from the past35·[C] TheEver-bright Prospects of MankindText 436. [C]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law37. [C]States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.38. [D]stood in favor of the states39. [A] outweighs that held by the states40. [B]Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.41.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior .all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.42.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development .43.[B] However, the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.44.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it isabout 15%.45.[C] the idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories,。
2013考研英语一真题（完整版）
整理了【2013考研英语⼀真题（完整版）】，供⼤家参考！ 2013年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语⼀试题（完整版） Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day. To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 . He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her. Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 . 1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers 2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external 3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment 4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all 5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless 6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for 7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless 8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test 9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success 10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified 11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise 12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured 13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged 14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took 15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather 16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced 17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below 18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate 19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard 20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpful Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Directions Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment. This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal—— meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that——and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace. The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals. Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year——about 64 items per person——and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste. Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes——and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off. Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment——including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line——Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it. 21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her [A] poor bargaining skill. [B] insensitivity to fashion. [C] obsession with high fashion. [D]lack of imagination. 22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to [A] combat unnecessary waste. [B] shut out the feverish fashion world. [C] resist the influence of advertisements. [D] shop for their garments more frequently. 23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to [A] accusation. [B] enthusiasm. [C] indifference. [D] tolerance. 24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph? [A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists. [B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability. [C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments. [D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing. 25. What is the subject of the text? [A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle. [B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth. [C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry. [D] Exposure of a mass-market secret. Text 2 An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy. In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission? In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests. On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default. It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway. Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple? 26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to: [A] ease competition among themselves [B] lower their operational costs [C] avoid complaints from consumers [D]provide better online services 27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to: [A] online advertisers [B] e-commerce conductors [C] digital information analysis [D]internet browser developers 28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default [A] many cut the number of junk ads [B] fails to affect the ad industry 0 [ C ] w i l l n o t b e n e f i t c o n s u m e r s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 8 " > 0 0 [ D ] g o e s a g a i n s t h u m a n n a t u r e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 9 " > 0 0 2 9 . w h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g i s t u r e a c c o r d i n g t o P a r a g r a p h . 6 ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 0 " > 0 0 [ A ] D N T m a y n o t s e r v e i t s i n t e n d e d p u r p o s e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 1 " > 0 0 [ B ] A d v e r t i s e r s a r e w i l l i n g t o i m p l e m e n t D N T / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 2 " > 0 0 [ C ] D N T i s l o s i n g i t s p o p u l a r i t y a m o n g c o n s u m e r s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 3 " > 0 0 [ D ] A d v e r t i s e r s a r e o b l i g e d t o o f f e r b e h a v i o u r a l a d s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 4 " > 0 0 3 0 . T h e a u t h o r ' s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s w h a t B r e n d o n L y n c h s a i d i n h i s b l o g i s o n e o f : / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 5 " > 0 0 [ A ] i n d u l g e n c e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 6 " > 0 0 [ B ] u n d e r s t a n d i n g / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 7 " > 0 0 [ C ] a p p r e c i a c t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 8 " > 0 0 [ D ] s k e p t i c i s m / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 9 " > 0 0 T e x t 3 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > 0 0 U p u n t i l a f e w d e c a d e s a g o , o u r v i s i o n s o f t h e f u t u r e w e r e l a r g e l y - t h o u g h b y n o m e a n s u n i f o r m l y - g l o w i n g l y p o s i t i v e . S c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y w o u l d c u r e a l l t h e i l l s o f h u m a n i t y , l e a d i n g t o l i v e s o f f u l f i l l m e n t a n d o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a l l . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > 0 0 N o w u t o p i a h a s g r o w n u n f a s h i o n a b l e , a s w e h a v e g a i n e d a d e e p e r a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e r a n g e o f t h r e a t s f a c i n g u s , f r o m a s t e r o i d s t r i k e t o e p i d e m i c f l u a n d t o c l i m a t e c h a n g e . Y o u m i g h t e v e n b e t e m p t e d t o a s s u m e t h a t h u m a n i t y h a s l i t t l e f u t u r e t o l o o k f o r w a r d t o . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 2 " > 0 0 B u t s u c h g l o o m i n e s s i s m i s p l a c e d . T h e f o s s i l r e c o r d s h o w s t h a t m a n y s p e c i e s h a v e e n d u r e d f o r m i l l i o n s o f y e a r s - s o w h y s h o u l d n ' t w e ? T a k e a b r o a d e r l o o k a t o u r s p e c i e s ' p l a c e i n t h e u n i v e r s e , a n d i t b e c o m e s c l e a r t h a t w e h a v e a n e x c e l l e n t c h a n c e o f s u r v i v i n g f o r t e n s , i f n o t h u n d r e d s , o f t h o u s a n d s o f y e a r s . L o o k u p H o m o s a p i e n s i n t h e " R e d L i s t " o f t h r e a t e n e d s p e c i e s o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i o n f o r t h e C o n v e r s a t i o n o f N a t u r e ( I U C N ) , a n d y o u w i l l r e a d : " L i s t e d a s L e a s t C o n c e r n a s t h e s p e c i e s i s v e r y w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d , a d a p t a b l e , c u r r e n t l y i n c r e a s i n g , a n d t h e r e a r e n o m a j o r t h r e a t s r e s u l t i n g i n a n o v e r a l l p o p u l a t i o n d e c l i n e . " / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 3 " > 0 0 S o w h a t d o e s o u r d e e p f u t u r e h o l d ?A g r o w i n g n u m b e r o f r e s e a r c h e r s a n d o r g a n i s a t i o n s a r e n o w t h i n k i n g s e r i o u s l y a b o u t t h a t q u e s t i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e L o n g N o w F o u n d a t i o n h a s i t s f l a g s h i p p r o j e c t a m e d i c a l c l o c k t h a t i s d e s i g n e d t o s t i l l b e m a r k i n g t i m e t h o u s a n d s o f y e a r s h e n c e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 4 " > 0 0 P e r h a p s w i l l f u l l y , i t m a y b e e a s i e r t o t h i n k a b o u t s u c h l e n g t h y t i m e s c a l e s t h a n a b o u t t h e m o r e i m m e d i a t e f u t u r e . T h e p o t e n t i a l e v o l u t i o n o f t o d a y ' s t e c h n o l o g y , a n d i t s s o c i a l c o n s e q u e n c e s , i s d a z z l i n g l y c o m p l i c a t e d , a n d i t ' s p e r h a p s b e s t l e f t t o s c i e n c e f i c t i o n w r i t e r s a n d f u t u r o l o g i s t s t o e x p l o r e t h e m a n y p o s s i b i l i t i e s w e c a n e n v i s a g e . T h a t ' s o n e r e a s o n w h y w e h a v e l a u n c h e d A r c , a n e w p u b l i c a t i o n d e d i c a t e d t o t h e n e a r f u t u r e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > 0 0B u t t a k e a l o n g e r v i e w a n d t h e r e i s a s u r p r i s i n g a m o u n t t h a t w e c a n s a y w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e a s s u r a n c e . A s s o o f t e n , t h e p a s t h o l d s t h e k e y t o t h e f u t u r e : w e h a v e n o w i d e n t i f i e d e n o u g h o f t h e l o n g - t e r m p a t t e r n s s h a p i n g t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e p l a n e t , a n d o u r s p e c i e s , t o m a k e e v i d e n c e - b a s e d f o r e c a s t s a b o u t t h e s i t u a t i o n s i n w h i c h o u r d e s c e n d a n t s w i l l f i n d t h e m s e l v e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > 0 0 T h i s l o n g p e r s p e c t i v e m a k e s t h e p e s s i m i s t i c v i e w o f o u r p r o s p e c t s s e e m m o r e l i k e l y t o b e a p a s s i n g f a d . T o b e s u r e , t h e f u t u r e i s n o t a l l r o s y . B u t w e a r e n o w k n o w l e d g e a b l e e n o u g h t o r e d u c e m a n y o f t h e r i s k s t h a t t h r e a t e n e d t h e e x i s t e n c e o f e a r l i e r h u m a n s , a n d t o i m p r o v e t h e l o t o f t h o s e t o c o m e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 7 " > 0 0 3 1 . O u r v i s i o n o f t h e f u t u r e u s e d t o b e i n s p i r e d b y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 8 " > 0 0 [ A ] o u r d e s i r e f o r l i v e s o f f u l f i l l m e n t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 9 " > 0 0 [ B ] o u r f a i t h i n s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 0 " > 0 0 [C ] o u r a w a r e n e s s o f p o t e n t i a l r i s k s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > 0 0 [D ] o u r b e l i e f i n e q u a l o p p o r t u n i t y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 2 " > 0 0 3 2 . T h e I U C N s R e d L i s t s u g g e s t t h a t h u m a n b e i n g a r e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 3 " > 0 0 [ A ]a s u s t a i n e d s p e c i e s / p > pb d s f i d = " 1 7 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] a t h r e a t e n t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t / p > p b d s f i d = "1 7 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] t h e w o r l d s d o m i n a n t p o w e r / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] a m i s p l a c e d r a c e / p > p bd s f i d = " 1 7 7 " > 0 0 3 3 . W h i c h o f t hef o l l o w i ng i s t r u e a c c o r d i n g t o P a r a g r a ph 5 ? / p > p b d s fi d = "1 7 8 " > 0 0 [ A ] A r c h e l p s l i m i t t h e s c o p e o f f u t u r o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 9 " > 0 0 [ B ] Te c h n o l o g y of f e r s s o l u t i o n s t o s o c i a l p r o b l e m . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 0 " > 0 0 [ C ] T h e i n t e r e s t i n s c i e n c e f i c t i o n i s o n t h e r i s e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 1 " > 0 0 [ D ] O u r I m m e d i a t e f u t u r e i s h a r d t o c o n c e i v e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 2 " > 0 0 3 4 . T o e n s u r e t h e f u t u r e o f m a n k i n d , i t i s c r u c i a l t o / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 3 " > 0 0 [ A ] e x p l o r e o u r p l a n e t s a b u n d a n t r e s o u r c e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 4 " > 0 0 [ B ] a d o p t a n o p t i m i s t i c v i e w o f t h e w o r l d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 5 " > 0 0 [ C ] d r a w o n o u r e x p e r i e n c e f r o m t h e p a s t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 6 " > 0 0 [ D ] c u r b o u r a m b i t i o n t o r e s h a p e h i s t o r y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 7 " > 0 0 3 5 . W h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i ng w o u l d b e th e b e s t ti t l e f o r t h e t e x t ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 8 " > 0 0 [ A ] U n c e r t a i n t y a b o u t O u r F u t u r e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 9 " > 0 0 [ B ] E v o l u t i o n o f t h e H u m a n S p e c i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 0 " > 0 0 [ C ] T h e E v e r - b r i g h t P r o s p e c t s o f M a n k i n d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 1 " > 0 0 [ D ] S c i e n c e , T e c h n o l o g y a n d H u m a n i t y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 2 " > 0 0 T e x t 4 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 3 " > 0 0 O n a f i v e t o t h r e e v o t e , t h e S u p r e m e C o u r t k n o c k e d o u t m u c h o f A r i z o n a s i m m i g r a t i o n l a w M o n d a y - a m o d e s t p o l i c y v i c t o r y f o r t h e O b a m a A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . B u t o n t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t m a t t e r o f t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n , t h e d e c i s i o n w a s a n 8 - 0 d e f e a t f o r t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n s e f f o r t t o u p s e t t h e b a l a n c e o f p o w e r b e t w e e n t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e s t a t e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 4 " > 0 0 I n Ar i z o n a v . U n i t e d S t a t e s , t h e m a j o r i t y o v e r t u r n e d t h r e e o f t h e f o u r c o n t e s t e d p r o v i s i o n s o f A r i z o n a s c o n t r o v e r s i a l p l a n t o h a v e s t a t e a n d l o c a l p o l i c e e n f o r c e f e d e r a l i m m i g r a t i o n l a w . T h e C o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r i n c i p l e s t h a t W a s h i n g t o n a l o n e h a s t h e p o w e r t o e s t a b l i s h a u n i f o r m R u l e o f N a t u r a l i z a t i o n a n d t h a t f e d e r a l l a w s p r e c e d e s t a t e l a w s a r e n o n c o n t r o v e r s i a l . A r i z o n a h a d a t t e m p t e d t o f a s h i o n s t a t e p o l i c i e s t h a t r a n p a r a l l e l t o t h e e x i s t i n g f e d e r a l o n e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 5 " > 0 0 J u s t i c e A n t h o n y K e n n e d y , j o i n e d b y C h i e f J u s t i c e J o h n R o b e r t s a n d t h e C o u r t s l i b e r a l s , r u l e d t h a t t h e s t a t e f l e w t o o c l o s e t o t h e f e d e r a l s u n . O n t h e o v e r t u r n e d p r o v i s i o n s t h e m a j o r i t y h e l d t h e c o n g r e s s h a d d e l i b e r a t e l y o c c u p i e d t h e f i e l d a n d A r i z o n a h a d t h u s i n t r u d e d o n t h e f e d e r a l s p r i v i l e g e d p o w e r s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 6 " > 0 0 H o w e v e r , t h e J u s t i c e s s a i d t h a t A r i z o n a p o l i c e w o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o v e r i f y t h e l e g a l s t a t u s o f p e o p l e w h o c o m e i n c o n t a c t w i t h l a w e n f o r c e m e n t . T h a t s b e c a u s e C o n g r e s s h a s a l w a y s e n v i s i o n e d j o i n t f e d e r a l - s t a t e i m m i g r a t i o n e n f o r c e m e n t a n d e x p l i c i t l y e n c o u r a g e s s t a t e o f f i c e r s t o s h a r e i n f o r m a t i o n a n d c o o p e r a t e w i t h f e d e r a l c o l l e a g u e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 7 " > 0 0 T w o o f t h e t h r e e o b j e c t i n g J u s t i c e - S a m u e l A l i t o a n d C l a r e n c e T h o m a s - a g r e e d w i t h t h i s C o n s t i t u t i o n a l l o g i c b u t d i s a g r e e d a b o u t w h i c h A r i z o n a r u l e s c o n f l i c t e d w i t h t h e f e d e r a l s t a t u t e . T h e o n l y m a j o r o b j e c t i o n c a m e f r o m J u s t i c e A n t o n i n S c a l i a , w h o o f f e r e d a n e v e n m o r e r o b u s t d e f e n s e o f s t a t e p r i v i l e g e s g o i n g b a c k t o t h e a l i e n a n d S e d i t i o n A c t s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 8 " > 0 0 T h e 8 - 0 o b j e c t i o n t o P r e s i d e n t O b a m a t u r n s o n w h a t J u s t i c e S a m u e l A l i t o d e s c r i b e s i n h i s o b j e c t i o n a s a s h o c k i n g a s s e r t i o n a s s e r t i o n o f f e d e r a l e x e c u t i v e p o w e r . T h e W h i t e H o u s e a r g u e d t h a t A r i z o n a s l a w s c o n f l i c t e d w i t h i t s e n f o r c e m e n t p r i o r i t i e s , e v e n i f s t a t e l a w s c o m p l i e d w i t h f e d e r a l s t a t u t e s t o t h e l e t t e r . I n e f f e c t , t h e W h i t e H o u s e c l a i m e d t h a t i t c o u ld i n v a l i d a te a n y o t h e r w i s e l e g i t i m a t e s t a t e l a w t h a t i t d i s a g r e e s w i t h . / p > p b d sf i d = " 1 9 9 " >0 0 S o m e p o w e r s d o b e l o n g e x c l u s i v e l y t o t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t , a n d c o n t r o l o f c i t i z e n s hi p a n d t h e b o r d e r s i s a m o n g t h e m . B u t i f C o n g r e s s w a n t e d t o p r e v e n t s t a t e s f r o m u s i n g t h e i r o w n r e s o u r c e s t o c h e c k i m m i g r a t i o n s t a t u s , i t c o u l d . I t n e v e r d i d s o . T h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w a s i n e s s e n c e a s s e r t i n g t h a t b e c a u s e i t d i d n t w a n t t o c a r r y o u t C o n g r e s s s i m m i g r a t i o n w i s h e s , n o s t a t e s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o d o s o e i t h e r . E v e r y J u s t i c e r i g h t l y r e j e c t e d t h i s r e m a r k a b l e c l a i m . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 0 " > 0 0 3 6 . T h r e e p r o v i s i o n s o f A r i z o n a s p l a n w e r e o v e r t u r n e d b e c a u s e t h e y / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 1 " > 0 0 [ A ] d e p r i v e d t h e f e d e r a l p o l i c e o f C o n s t i t u t i o n a l p o w e r s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 2 " > 0 0 [ B ] d i s t u r b e d t h e p o w e r b a l a n c e b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s . / p > p bd s f i d = " 2 0 3 " > 0 0 [ C ] o ve r s t e p p e d t h e a u t h o r i t y of f e d e r a l i m m ig r a t i o n l a w . / p > p b d s f i d = " 20 4 " > 0 0 [ D ] c o n t r a d i c t e d b o t h t h e f e d e r a l a n d s t a t e p o l i c i e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 5 " > 0 0 3 7 . O n w h i c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g d i d t h e J u s t i c e s a g r e e , a c c o r d i n g t o P a r a g r a p h 4 ? / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 6 " > 0 0 [ A ] F e d e r a l o f f i c e r s d u t y t o w i t h h o l d i m m i g r a n t s i n f o r m a t i o n . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 7 " > 0 0 [ B ] S t a t e s i n d e p e n d e n c e f r o m f e d e r a l i m m i g r a t i o n l a w . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 8 " > 0 0 [ C ] S t a t e s l e g i t i m a t e r o l e i n i m m i g r a t i o n e n f o r c e m e n t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 9 " > 0 0 [ D ] C o n g r e s s s i n t e r v e n t i o n i n i m m i g r a t i o n e n f o r c e m e n t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 0 " > 0 0 3 8 . I t c a n b e i n f e r r e d f r o m P a r a g r a p h 5 t h a t t h e A l i e n a n d S e d i t i o n A c t s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 1 " > 0 0 [ A ] v i o l a t e d t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 2 " > 0 0 [ B ] u n d e r m i n e d t h e s t a t e s i n t e r e s t s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 3 " > 0 0 [ C ] s u p p o r t e d t h e f e d e r a l s t a t u t e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 4 " > 0 0 [ D ] s t o o d i n f a v o r o f t h e s t a t e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 5 " > 0 0 3 9 . T h e W h i t e H o u s e c l a i m s t h a t i t s p o w e r o f e n f o r c e m e n t / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 6 " > 0 0 [ A ] o u t w e i g h s t h a t h e l d b y t h e s t a t e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 7 " > 0 0 [ B ] i s d e p e n d e n t o n t h e s ta t e s s u p p o r t . / p > pb d s f i d = " 2 1 8 " > 0 0 [ C ] i s e s t a b l i s h e d b y f e d e r a l s t a t u t e s . / p > p b d s f i d = "2 1 9 " > 0 0 [ D ] r a r e l y g o e s a g a i n s t s t a t e l a w s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 0 " > 0 0 4 0 . W h a t c a n b e l e a r n e df r o m t h e l a s t p a r ag r a ph ? / p > p b d s fi d = " 2 2 1 " > 0 0 [ A ] I m m i g r a t i o n i s s u e s a r e u s u a l l y d e c i d e d b y C o n g r e s s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 2 " > 0 0 [ B ] J u s t i c e s i n t e n d e d t o c h e c k t h e p o w e r o f t h e A d m i n i s t r s t i o n . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 3 " > 0 0 [ C ] J u s t i c e s w a n t e d t o s t r e n g t h e n i t s c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h C o n g r e s s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 4 " > 0 0 [ D ] T h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s d o m i n a n t o v e r i m m i g r a t i o n i s s u e s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 5 " > 0 0 P a r t B / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 6 " > 0 0 D i r e c t i o n s : / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 7 " > 0 0 I n t h e f o l l o w i n g a r t i c l e , s o m e s e n t e n c e s h a v e b e e n r e m o v e d . F o r Q u e s t i o n s 4 1 - 4 5 , c h o o s e t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e o n e f r o m t h e l i s t A - G t o f i t i n t o e a c h o f t h e n u m b e r e d b l a n k . T h e r e a r e t w o e x t r a c h o i c e s , w h i c h d o n o t f i t i n a n y o f t h e g a p s . M a r k y o u r a n s w e r s o n A N S W E R S H E E T 1 . ( 1 0 p o i n t s ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 8 " > 0 0 T h e s o c i a l s c i e n c e s a r e f l o u r i s h i n g . A s o f 2 0 0 5 , t h e r e w e r e a l m o s t h a l f a m i l l i o n p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s f r o m a l l f i e l d s i n t h e w o r l d , w o r k i n g b o t h i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e a c a d e m i a . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e W o r l d S o c i a l S c i e n c e R e p o r t 2 0 1 0 , t h e n u m b e r o f s o c i a l - s c i e n c e s t u d e n t s w o r l d w i d e h a s s w o l l e n b y a b o u t 1 1 % e v e r y y e a r s i n c e 2 0 0 0 . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 2 9 " > 0 0 Y e t t h i s e n o r m o u s r e s o u r c e i n n o t c o n t r i b u t i n g e n o u g h t o t o d a y s g l o b a l c h a l l e n g e s i n c l u d i n g c l i m a t e c h a n g e , s e c u r i t y , s u s t a i n a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d h e a l t h . ( 4 1 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ H u m a n i t y h a s t h e n e c e s s a r y a g r o - t e c h n o l o g i c a l t o o l s t o e r a d i c a t e h u n g e r , f r o m g e n e t i c a l l y e n g i n e e r e d c r o p s t o a r i f i c i a l f e r t i l i z e r s . H e r e , t o o , t h e p r o b l e m s a r e s o c i a l : t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o o d , w e a l t h a n d p r o s p e r i t y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 3 0 " > 0 0 ( 4 2 ) _ _ _ _ T h i s i s a s h a m e t h e c o m m u n i t y s h o u l d b e g r a s p i n g t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2013年12月大学英语六级考试真题(第1套)Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on happiness by referring to the saying "Happiness is not the absence of problems, but the ability to deal with them. "You can cite examples to illustrate your point and then explain how you can developyour ability to deal with problems and be happy. You should write at least 150 wordsbut no more than 200 words. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end ofeach conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what ,was said. Both theconversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After ecwh qnestion there will be apause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A ), B．, C． and D), anddecide which is the best answer. Then mark the corrresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1with a single line through the centare.1. A．The rock band needs more hours of practice.B．The rock band is going to play here for a month.C．Their hard work has resulted in a big success.D．He appreciates the woman's help with the band.2. A．Go on a diving tour in Europe.C．Travel overseas on his own.B．Add 300 dollars to his budget.D．Join a package tour to Mexico.3. A．In case some problem should occur.B．Something unexpected has happened.C．To avoid more work later on.D．To make better preparations.4. A．The woman asked for a free pass to try out the facilities.B．The man is going to renew his membership in a fitness center.C．The woman can give the man a discount if he joins the club now.D．The man can try out the facilities before he becomes a member.5. A．He is not afraid of challenge.B．He is not fit to study science.C．He is worried about the test.D．He is going to drop the physics course.6. A．Pay for part of the picnic food.B．Invite Gary's family to dinner.C．Buy something special for Gary.D．Take some food to the picnic.7. A．Bus drivers' working conditions.B．A labor dispute at a bus company.C．Public transportation.D．A corporate takeover.8. A． The bank statement.B．Their sales overseas.C．The payment for an order.D．The check just deposited.Conversation OneQuestions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.9. A．A hotel receptionist.B．A private secretary.C．A shop assistant.D．A sales manager.10. A． Voice.B．Intelligence. C．Appearance.D．Manners,11. A． Arrange one more interview.B．Offer the job to David Wallace.C．Report the matter to their boss.D．Hire Barbara Jones on a trial basis.Conversation TwoQuestions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12. A． He invented the refrigerator.B． He patented his first invention.C． He got a degree in Mathematics.D．He was admitted to university.13. A． He distinguished himself in low temperatu, re physics.B． He fell in love with Natasha Willoughby.C． He became a professor of Mathematics.D．He started to work on refrigeration.14. A． Finding the true nature of subatoraic particles.B． Their work on very high frequency radio waves.C． Laying the foundations of modern mathematics.D．Their discovery of the laws of cause and effect.15. A． To teach at a university.B． To patent his inventions.C． To spend his remaining years.D．To have a three-week holiday.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hearsome questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you heara question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A．, B．, C． andD). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through thecentre. Passage OneQuestions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16. A． They have fallen prey to wolves,B． They have become a tourist attraction.C． They have caused lots of damage to crops.D．They have become a headache to the community.17. A． To celebrate their victory.B． To cheer up the hunters.C． To scare the wolves.D．To alert the deer18. A． They would help to spre, ada fatal disease.B． They would pose a threat to the children.C． They would endanger domestic animals.D．They would eventually kill off the deer.Passage Two Questions 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.19. A． She is an interpreter.B． She is a tourist guide.C． She is a domestic servant.D．She is from the royal family.20. A． It was used by the family to hold dinner parties.B． It is situated at the foot of a beautiful mountain.C． It was frequently visited by heads of state.D．It is furnished like one in a royal palace.21. A． It is elaborately decorated.B． It has survived some 2,000 years.C． It is very big, with only six slim legs.D．It is shaped like an ancient Spanish boat.22. A． They are uncomfortable to sit in for long.B． They do not match the oval table at all.C． They have lost some of their legs.D．They are interesting to look at.Passage ThreeQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23. A． It is an uncommon infectious disease.B． It destroys the patient's ability to think,C． It is a disease very difficult to diagnose.D．It is the biggest crippler of young adults.24. A． Search for the best cure.B． Hurry up and live life.C． Write a book about her life.D．Exercise more and work harder.25. A． Aggressive.B． Adventurous.C． Sophisticated.D．Self-centered.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read forthe firsttime, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for thesecond time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have justheard.Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you havewritten.It's difficult to estimate the number of youngsters involved in home schooling, where childrenare notsent to school and receive their formal education from one or both parents.26__________andcourt decisionshave made it legally possible in most states for parents to educate their childrenat home, and each yearmore people take advantage of that opportunity. Some states require parentsor a home tutor to meetteacher certification standards, and many require parents to complete legalforms to verify that their children are receiving 27__________in state-approved curricula. Supporters of home education claim that it's less expensive and far more 28__________ thanmass publiceducation. Moreover, they cite several advantages: alleviation of school overcrowding, strengthenedfaintly relationships, lower 29_________ rates, the fact that students are allowedto learn at their own rate,increased 30 _________, higher standardized test scores, and reduced31_________ problems.Critics of the home schooling movement 32_________ that it creates as many problem as itsolves. Theyacknowledge tha|, in a few cases, home schooling offers educational opportunitiessuperior to those foundin most public schools, but few parents can provide such educational advantages. Some parents whowithdraw their children from the schools 33_________ home schoolinghave an inadequate educationalbackground and insufficient formal training to provide a satisfactory education for their children.Typically, parents have fewer technological resources34_________than do schools. However, the relativelyinexpensive computer techoology that isreadily available today is causing some to challenge the notionthat home schooling is in any way35_________ more highly structured classroom education.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In his section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select oneword foreach blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read thepassage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identifiedbya letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with asingle linethrough the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more thanonce.Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.Some performance evaluations require supervisors to take action. Employees who receive a veryfavorable evaluation may deserve some type of recognition or even a promotion. If supervisorsdo notacknowledge such outstanding performance, employees may either lose their 36_________and reduce their effort or search for a new job at a firm that will 37_________ them for high performance. Supervisors shouldacknowledge high performance so that the employee will continueto perform well in the future.Employees who receive unfavorable evaluations must also be given attention. Supervisorsmust38_________ the reasons for poor performance. Some reasons, such as a family illness, mayhave a temporary adverse 39_________ on performance and can be corrected. Other reasons, suchas a bad attitude, may not be temporary. When supervisors give employees an unfavorable evaluation,they must decide whether to take any 40 _________actions. If the employees were unaware of their own deficiencies, the unfavorable evaluation can pinpoint (指出) the deficiencies that employees must correct. In this case, the supervisor may simply need to monitor the employees 41_________and ensure that the deficiencies are corrected.If the employees were already aware of their deficiencies before the evaluation period, however, they may be unable or unwilling to correct them. This situation is more serious, and the supervisor may need to take action. The action should be 42_________with the firm's guidelines and may include reassigning the employees to new jobs,43_________them temporarily, or firing them. A supervisor's action toward a poorly performing worker can 44_________ the attitudes of other employees. If no 45_________is imposed on an employee for poor performance, other employees may react by reducing their productivity as well.A． additional I．identifyB． affect J．impactC． aptly K．penaltyD．assimilate L． rewardE． circulation M． simplifyingF． closely N． suspendingG． consistent O．Vulnerable H) enthusiasmSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Eachparagraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the correspondingletter on Answer Sheet 2.The College Essay: Why Those,500 Words Drive Us Crazy[ A ] Meg is a lawyer-mom in suburban Washington, D. C., where lawyer-morns are thick on the ground.Her son Doug is one of several hundred thousand high-school seniors who had a painful fall. Thedeadline for applying to his favorite college was Nov.1, and by early October he had yet to fill outthe application. More to the point, he had yet to settle on a subject for the personal essayaccompanying the application. According to college folklore, a well-turned essay has the power toseduce (诱惑) an admissions committee. "He wanted to do one thing at a time," Meg says,explaining her son's delay. "But really, my son is a huge procrastinator (拖延者). The essay is thehardest thing to do, so he's put it off the longest. " Friends and other veterans of the process havewarned Meg that the back and forth between editing parent and writing student can be traumatic ( 痛苦的).[ B ] Back in the good old days--say, two years ago, when the last of my children suffered the ordea/( 折磨)--a high-school student applying to college could procrastinate all the way to New Year's Day oftheir senior year, assuming they could withstand the parental pestering (烦扰). But things changefast in the nail-biting world of college admissions. The recent trend toward early decision and earlyaction among selective colleges and universities has pushed the traditional deadline of January up toNov.1 or early December for many students.[ C ] If the time for heel-dragging has been shortened, the true source of the anxiety and panic remainswhat it has always been. And it's not the application itself. A college application is a relativelystraightforward questionnaire asking for the basics: name, address, family history,employmenthistory. It would all be innocent enough--20 minutes of busy work--except it comes attached to apersonal essay.[ D ] "There are good reasons it causes such anxiety," says Lisa Sohmer, director of college counseling atthe Garden School in Jackson Heights, N.Y. "It's not just the actual writing. By now everything elseis already set. Your course load is set, your grades are set, your test scores are set. But the essay issomething you can still control, and it's open-ended. So the temptation is to write and rewrite andrewrite. " Or stall and stall and stall. [ E ] The application essay, along with its mythical importance, is a recent invention. In the 1930s, whenonly one in 10 Americans had a degree from a four-year college, an admissions committee wascontent to ask for a sample of applicants' school papers to assess their writing ability. By the 1950s,most schools required a brief personal statement of why the student had chosen to apply to oneschool over another.[ F] Today nearly 70 percent of graduating seniors go off to college, including two-year and four-yeariustitutions. Even ap .art from the increased competition, the kids enter a process that has been utterlytransformed from the one baby boomers knew. Nearly all application materials are submitted online,and the Common Application provides a one-size-fits form accepted by more than 400 schools,including the nation's most selective.[ G ] Those schools usually require essays of their own, but the longest essay,500 words maximum, isgenerally attached to the Common Application. Students choose one of six questions. Applicants areasked to describe an ethical dilemma they've faced and its impact on them, or discuss a public issueof special concern to them, or tell of a fictional character or creative work that has profoundlyinfluenced them. Another question invites them to write about the importance (to them, again) ofdiversity -- a word that has assumed magic power in American higher education. The most popularoption: write on a topic of your choice.[ H ] “Boys in particular look at the other questions and say, ' Oh, that's too much work, ’ ” says JohnBoshoven, a counselor in the Ann Arbor, Mich., public schools. "They think if they do a topic oftheir choice, ' I'll just go get that history paper I did last year on the Roman Empire and turn it into afirst-person application essay! ' And they end up producing something utterly ridiculous. "[ I ] Talking to admissions professionals like Boshoven, you realize that the list of "don'ts" in essaywriting is much longer than the "dos. ”“No book reports, no hi story papers, no character studies,"says Sohmer.[ J ] "It drives you crazy, how easily kids slip into cliches ( 老生常谈) ," says Boshoven. "They don'trealize how typical their experiences are. 'I scored the winning goal in soccer against our arch-rival. ’‘ My grandfather served in World War H, and I hope to be just like him someday. ' That maymean a lot to that particular kid. But in the world of the application essay, it's nothing. You'll losethe reader in the first paragraph. "[ K] "The greatest strength you bring to this essay," says the College Board's how-to book, "is 17 years or so of familiarity with the topic: YOU. The form and style are very familiar, and best of all, you arethe world-class expert on the subject of YOU... It has been the subject of your close scrutiny everymorning since you were tall enough to see into the bathroom mirror. " The key word in the CommonApplication prompts is "you. "[ L ] The college admission essay contains the grandest American themes--status anxiety, parental piety(孝顺), intellectual standards--and so it is only a matter of time before it becomes infectedby thecountry's culture of excessive concern with self-esteem. Even if the question is ostensibly ( 表面上)about something outside the self ( describe a fictional character or solve a problemof geopolitics),the essay invariably returns to the favorite topic: what is its impact on YOU? [M] "For all the anxiety the essay causes," says Bill McClintick of Mercersburg Academy inPennsylvania, "it's a very small piece of the puzzle. I was in college admissions for 10 years.I sawldds and parents beat themselves up over this. And at the vast majority of places, it is simply not abig variable in the college's decision-making process. "[ N] Many admissions officers say they spend less than a couple of minutes on each application, includingthe essay. According to a recent survey of admissions officers, only one in four private colleges saythe essay is of "considerable importance" in judging an application. Among public colleges anduniversities, the number drops to roughly one in 10. By contrast,86 percent place "considerableimportance" on an applicant's grades,70 percent on "strength of curriculum. "[ O ] Still, at the most selective schools, where thousands of candidates may submit identically high gradesand test scores, a marginal item like the essay may serve as a tie-breaker betweentwo equallyqualified candidates. The thought is certainly enough to keep the pot boiling under parents like Meg,the lawyer-mom, as she tries to help her son choose an essay topic. For a momentthe other day, shethought she might have hit on a good one. "His father's from France," she says."I said maybe youcould write about that, as something that makes you different. You know；half French, halfAmerican. I said, ' You could write about your identity issues. ' He said, ' I don't have any identityissues!' And he's right. He's a well-adjnsted， normal kid. But that doesn't make for a good essay,does it?"46. Today many universities require their applicants to write an essay of up to five hundred words.47. One recent change in college admissions is that selective colleges and universities have movedthe traditional deadline to earlier dates.48. Applicants and their parents are said to believe that the personal essay can sway the admissions committee.49. Applicants are usually better off if they can write an essay that distinguishes them fromthe rest.50. Not only is the competition getting more intense, the application process today is also totally different from what baby boomers knew.51. In writing about their own experiences many applicants slip into cliches, thus falling to engage the reader.52. According to a recent survey, most public colleges and universities consider an applicant's grades highly important.53. Although the application essay causes lots of anxiety, it does not play so important a rolein the college's decision-making process.54. The question you are supposed to write about may seem outside the self, but the theme of the essay should center around its impact on you.55. In the old days, applicants only had to submit a sample of their school papers to show their writing ability.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A．, B．, C． andD ). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 2 with asingle line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.Among the government's most interesting reports is one that estimates what parents spend on theirchildren. Not surprisingly, the costs are steep. For a middle-class, hnsband-and-wife family (averagepretax income in 2009: $76,250), spending per child is about $12,000 a year. With inflation the family's spending on a child will total $ 286,050 by age 17.The dry statistics ought to inform the ongoing deficit debate, because a budget is not just a catalog ofprograms and taxes. It reflects a society's priorities and values. Our society does not-- despite rhetoric(说辞) to the contrary--put much value on raising children. Present bridget policies tax parents heavily tosupport the elderly. Meanwhile, tax breaks for children are modest. If deficit reduction aggravates thesebiases, more Americans may choose not to have children or to have fewer children. Down that path lieseconomic decline.Societies that cannot replace their populations discourage investment and innovation. They havestagnant (萧条的) or shrinking markets for goods and services. With older populations, they resistchange. To stabilize its population--discounting immigration--women must have an average of twochildren. That's a fertility rate of 2.0. Many countries with struggling economies are well below that.Though having a child is a deeply personal decision, it's shaped by culture, religion, economics, andgovernment policy. "No one has a good answer" as to why fertility varies among countries, sayssociologist Andrew Cherlin of The Johns Hopkins University. Eroding religious belief in Europe may partlyexplain lowered birthrates. In Japan young women may be rebelling against their mothers' isolated lives ofchild rearing. General optimism and pessimism count. Hopefulness fueled America's baby boom. After theSoviet Union's collapse, says Cherlin, "anxiety for the future" depressed birthrates in Russia and EasternEurope.In poor societies, people have children to improve their economic well-being by increasing thenumber of family workers and providing support for parents in their old age. In wealthy societies, the logicoften reverses. Govenunent now supports the elderly, diminishing the need for children. By some studies,the safety nets for retirees have reduced fertility rates by 0.5 children in the United States and almost 1.0in Western Europe, reports economist Robert Stein in the journal National Affairs. Similarly, somecouples don't have children because they don't want to sacrifice their own lifestyles to the time andexpense of a family.Young Americans already face a bleak labor market that cannot instill (注入) confidence abouthaving children. Piling on higher taxes won't help, "If higher taxes make it more expensive to raisechildren," says Nicholas Eberstadt of the American Enterprise Institute, "people will think twice abouthaving another child. " That seems like common sense, despite the multiple influences on becomingparents.56. What do we learn from the government report?A． Inflation increases families' expenses.B． Raising children is getting expensive.C． Budget reduction is around the corner.D．Average family expenditure is increasing.57. What is said to be the consequence of a shrinking population?A． Weakened national strength.B． Increased immigration.C． Economic downturn.D．Social instability.58. What accounted for America's baby boom?A． Optimism for the future.B． Improved living conditions.C． Religious beliefs.D．Economic prosperity.59. Why do people in wealthy countries prefer to have fewer children?A． They want to further improve their economic well-being.B． They cannot afford the time and expenses of rearing children.C． They are concerned about the future of the coming generation.D．They don't rely on their children to support them in old age.60. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?A． To instill confidence in the young about raising children.B． To advise couples to think twice before having children.C． To encourage the young to take care of the elderly.D．To appeal for tax reduction for raising children.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Space exploration has always been the province of dreamers: The human imagination readily soarswhere human ingenuity (创造力) struggles to follow. A Voyage to the Moon, often cited as the firstscience fiction story, was written by Cyrano de Bergerac in 1649. Cyrano was dead and buried for a goodthree centuries before the first manned rockets started to fly.In 1961, when President Kennedy declared that America would send a man to the moon by thedecade's end, those words, too, had a dreamlike quality. They resonated (共鸣) with optimism and ambition in much the same way as the most famous dream speech of all, delivered by Martin Luther KingJr. two years later. By the end of the decade, both visions had yielded concrete results and transformedAmerican society. And yet in many ways the two dreams ended up at odds with each other.The fight forracial and economic equality is intensely pragmatic (讲求实用的) and immediate in its impact. The urgeto explore space is just the opposite, It is figuratively and literally otherworldly in its aims.When the dust settled, the space dreamers lost out. There was no grand follow-up to the Apollomissions. The technologically compromised space shuttle program has just come to an end, with nosuccessor. The perpetual argument is that funds are tight, that we have more pressing problems here onEarth. Amid the current concerns about the federal deficit, reaching toward the stars seems a dispensableluxury--as if saving one-thousandth of a single year's budget would solve our problems.But human ingenuity struggles on. NASA is developing a series of robotic probes that will get the mostbang from a buck. They will serve as modern Magellans, mapping out the solar system for whateverexplorers follow, whether man or machine. On the flip side, companies like Virgin Galactic are plotting abottom-up assault on the space dream by making it a reality to the public. Private spaceflight could liewithin reach of rich civilians in a few years. Another decade or two and it could go mainstream.The space dreamers end up benefiting all of us--not just because of the way they expand human knowledge, or because of the spin-off technologies they produce, but because the two types of dreamsfeed off each other. Both Martin Luther King and John Kennedy appealed to the idea that humans cantranscend what were once considered inherent limitations. Today we face seeming challenges in energy,the environment, health care. Tomorrow we will transcend these as well, and the dreamers will deserve alot of the credit. The more evidence we collect that our species is capable of greatness, the more we willactually achieve it.61. The author mentions Cyrano de Bergerac in order to show that__________A． imagination is the mother of inventionB． ingenuity is essential for science fiction writersC． it takes patience for humans to realize their dreamsD．dreamers have always been interested in science fiction62. How did the general public view Kennedy's space exploration plan? A． It symbolized the American spirit.B． It was as urgent as racial equality.C． It sounded very much like a dream.D．It made an ancient dream come true.63. What does the author say about America's aim to explore space?A． It may not bring about immediate economic gains.B． It cannot be realized without technological innovation.C． It will not help the realization of racial and economic equality.D．It cannot be achieved without a good knowledge of the other worlds.64. What is the author's attitude toward space programs?A． Critical.B． Reserved.C． Unbiased.D．Supportive.65. What does the author think of the problems facing human beings?A． They pose a serious challenge to future human existence.B． They can be solved sooner or later with human ingenuity.C． Their solutions need joint efforts of the public and private sectors.D．They can only be solved by people with optimism and ambition.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions : For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.中国园林(the Chinese garden)是经过三千多年演变丽成的独具一格的园林景观(1andscape)。