Ch 12

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CH12-滑动轴承资料

CH12-滑动轴承资料

可得:
(详细说明)
12-7 液体动力润滑径向滑动轴承的计算
四、最小油膜厚度 hmin
动力润滑轴承的设计应保证:hmin≥[h]
其中: [h]=S(Rz1+Rz2)
S—— 安全系数,考虑表面几何形状误差和轴颈挠曲变形等,常取S≥2。
对于一般轴承可取为3.2μm和6.3μm,1.6 μm和3.2μm。
1.工作转速很高,如汽轮发电机。
2.要求对轴的支承位置特别精确,如精密磨床。
3.承受巨大的冲击与振动载荷,如轧钢机。
4.特重型的载荷,如水轮发电机。
5.根据装配要求必须制成剖分式的轴承,如曲轴轴承。
6.在特殊条件下工作的轴承,如军舰推进器的轴承。
7.径向尺寸受限制时,如多辊轧钢机。
12-1滑动轴承概述
只适用于薄壁轴瓦,具有很高的生产率。
单材料、整体式 厚壁铸造轴瓦
多材料、整体式、薄壁轧制轴瓦
多材料、对开式厚壁铸造轴瓦
多材料、对开式薄壁轧制轴瓦
12-4 滑动轴承的轴瓦结构
二、轴瓦的定位
◆ 目的:防止轴瓦相对于轴承座产生轴向和周向的相对移动。
◆ 方法:对于轴向定位有:
对于周向定位有:
凸缘
◆ 形式:按油槽走向分——沿轴向、绕周向、斜向、螺旋线等。
按油槽数量分——单油槽、多油槽等。
单轴向油槽开在非承载区 (在最大油膜厚度处)
双轴向油槽开在非承载区 (在轴承剖分面上)
双斜向油槽 (用于不完全液体润滑轴承)
12-4 滑动轴承的轴瓦结构
12-5 滑动轴承润滑剂的选择
一、润滑脂及其选择
◆ 特 点:无流动性,可在滑动表面形成一层薄膜。
◆ 抗咬粘性:材料的耐热性与抗粘附性。

CH12输入设备的工作原理与接口技术

CH12输入设备的工作原理与接口技术
本章重点
1.键盘的基本工作原理 2.键的识别:行扫描法和行反转法识别原理 3.计算机的键盘子系统 4.扩展键盘扫描电路的工作原理 5.主机键盘接口的功能和构成 6.09H键盘中断处理程序对各类键的处理 7.16H键盘中断处理程序的功能
第12章 输入设备的工作原理与 接口技术
12.1 键盘的基本工作原理 12.2 键的识别 12.3 计算机的键盘子系统 12.4 键盘中断处理程序
D6 Caps Lock键 按奇数次为1,否则为0
D7 Ins键
按奇数次为1,否则为0
(2)对第一类ASCII码键
第一类键:ASCII码0-127 处理方法:
将系统扫描码转换为ASCII码 低位字节为ASCII码,高位字节为系统扫描码
(3)对第二类ASCII码键
第二类键:对应ASCII码128-255 处理方法:
;键号加1
;如未找到键为低电平的列线,则继续 ;键命令处理程序
;后续处理程序
2. 行反转法的原理
(1) 行线、列线分别接并行口,行线输出,列线输入; (2)列线输出读到的值,读行线输入的值; (3)根据读得的行值和列值确定闭合的按键位置。
例. 标号为5的键闭合: (1)在行线上输出0000B,读列线的值为1011B (2)在列线上输出1011B,读行线的值为1101B (3)行线和列线的值合起来为1101 1011B,即DBH是唯一 的,对应键5。

判 断 哪 一 个 键 被 按 下 的 流 程
PROG: MOV MOV OUT
FROW: MOV OUT ROL MOV IN CMP JNZ ADD DEC JNZ JMP
FCOL: RCR JNC INC JMP
PROCE: … DONE: …

ch12 肿瘤遗传学

ch12 肿瘤遗传学

①突变
②基因扩增
③染色体重排 ④病毒诱导与启动子插入
突变
(point mutation )
体细胞内的原癌基因可以因点突变而成为癌基因, 产生异常的基因产物;也可以由于点突变使基因摆 脱正常的调控而过度表达。
膀胱癌细胞株由于癌基因ras的12位密码子GGC
有转化细胞的特征。
变为GTC,使甘氨酸变为缬氨酸,结果导致细胞具
肿瘤抑制基因-P53
P53在人类50%的肿瘤都存在突变,如结肠癌、乳腺癌、肝 癌、肺癌等。 P53基因定位于17p13.1,长20kb,含有11个外显子,编 码393个氨基酸,其分子量为53KD。 野生型的P53蛋白是核内一种磷酸化蛋白,作为转录因子 可与特异的DNA序列结合。 P53是基因组保卫者: 一定的外界刺激如DNA损伤、应急等可引起细胞内p53蛋 白水平升高,激活一系列下游靶基因的转录,诱导细胞周 期G1期阻断、诱导细胞调亡、诱导细胞分化、保护基因组 的完整性以及抑制肿瘤细胞的生长等。
视网膜母细胞瘤 (RB)


遗传性 AD遗传 家族史 双侧 早发 20~25%
非遗传性(散发型) 散发 无 单侧(约90%) 晚发 75~80%
二次突变学说的主要论点(两次打击学说)
遗传性肿瘤病例中,第一次突变发生于生殖细 胞,并且传递给胚胎发育的每一个体细胞,第二 次突变随机发生在体细胞中。在这种情况下, 双侧视网膜的细胞都有可能发生第二次突变并形 成肿瘤。(生殖细胞突变+体细胞突变 遗传性肿瘤) 非遗传性肿瘤是同一个体细胞发生两次独立 的突变,而在双侧视网膜同一细胞都发生二次突 变的可能性较小。(正常体细胞两次突变 散发性肿瘤)
第十二章 肿瘤遗传学
(cancer genetics)

ch12顾客反馈和服务补救

ch12顾客反馈和服务补救



另一位专家建议公司应该将有问题的顾客列在一个VIP 单子上以提醒员工和管理层小心并优先处理接下来的 交易。还有一位专家认为星巴克应该退还机器并给顾 客2000美金。这位专家认为有这种要求的顾客占很小 的一部分,所以为避免像这样的潜在恐怖主义者行动 ,无论付出什么样的必要代价都是值得的。 还有一位专家认为当报纸广告出现后,公司应该马上 派人同这位顾客面对面的谈话,道歉,倾听顾客并找 出顾客想要得到什么。这些专家中有很多位承认对于 一个特定事件来讲对损害的控制是唯一的选择,而且 这种情况下的逐步升级也常常是可以避免的。
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四、提供充分的解释

首先,解释的内容必须是正当的;相关的事 实和信息对于顾客了解发生的事是十分必要 的。其次,传递解释的风格也可以减少顾客 的不满。

五、公平对待顾客
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六、培养与顾客的关系

研究发现,顾客和企业和谐的关系提供了很多服务 补救益处,包括提升的失误后的满意、提升的忠诚 ,以及消极的口碑传递影响的降低。又有研究发现 ,想要继续保持和公司关系的顾客有更低的服务补 救期待并且对即时补偿的要求更少。 通过追踪服务补救的努力和过程,能够获知一些在 服务交付系统中需要进行改进的系统问题。
一项研究确定了七个顾客在经历了严重问题时会去寻求的“补 救方法”,其中三个是修理产品或服务弥补、全部退款或退还 部分,其他四个,包括公司的道歉、公司对发生了什么的解释、 保证问题会被解决和一个顾客向公司发泄他的愤怒的机会,并 不花费公司多少成本。
星巴克咖啡的恐怖分子

一位顾客从星巴克买了一台有故障的卡布提诺咖啡机 ,这位顾客回到星巴克并要求换一台机器。当退还了 机器后,这位顾客又为他的一位朋友买了一台作为礼 物,然而,他没有得到承诺中提到的0.5磅免费咖啡的 赠品。这位顾客要求得到这份赠品,员工却非常粗鲁 。不幸的是,那台买来作为礼物的机器同样是有毛病 的,所以顾客要求退换为卡布提诺最好的咖啡机,这 要比他买的那台礼物高出大约2000美元,顾客威胁道 如果他的要求得不到满足,他就要在《华尔街日报》 发表一整页的指责公司的广告,公司拒绝了他。

通信原理CH12卷积码

通信原理CH12卷积码

(2,1,3)卷积码的树状图表示
12.2 卷积码的图解表示
树状图(续)——树状图分析:
第1个输入比特m1=0时,输出比特x1,1x2,1=00;
m1=1时x1,1x2,1=11。即从a点出发有2条支路(树
叉)可选:m1=0取上支路,下一节点mj-2mj-1=00 00
(为a);m1=1取下支路,下一节点mj-2mj-1=01
半无限矩阵表示
当第1、2信息比特输入时存在过渡过程
[m1 0 0]T1=[x1,1 x2,1]
[m1 m2 0]T2=[x1,2 x2,2]
其中, 1 1 T1 0 0 0 0
1 0 T2 1 1
0 0
12.3 卷积码的解析表示
半无限矩阵表示
把上述编码过程综合起来,可得矩阵表示如下
X= MG 其中,G为生成矩阵(半无限,矩阵的空白区元素均为0)
12.2 卷积码的图解表示
网格图(续)
支路上标注的码 状态
元为输出比特, 自上而下4行节 a 00 点分别表示a、b、
00 11
00 11
00 11
00
00
11
11
c、d四种状态。 通常有2N-1种状 b 01 态,从第N节开
11 00
11 00
11 00
始,图形开始重
10
10
复而完全相同 c 10
12.2 卷积码的图解表示
网格图
按照码树中的重复性,可得一种更为紧凑的图形表示
把码树中具有相同状态的节点合并在一起
状态
a 00
00
00
00
00
00
11
11
11
11
11

ch12 凯恩斯交叉模型

ch12 凯恩斯交叉模型
CHAPTER TWELVE
Keynesian Cross
macroeconomics
College of Management, HUST
本章要点
凯恩斯交叉图与数量调整机制 计划总支出曲线及其构成 消费函数与投资函数 边际消费倾向 引起计划总支出曲线移动的因素
CHAPTER 12
Aggregate Demand I
其中: • a 为一个经济的自然消费,必大于0, 且为常数.
• b×YD 为收入的引致消费.
CHAPTER 12
Aggregate Demand I
slide 9
线性消费函数图示
C
C=a+bYD MPC
凯恩斯主 义假设消 费函数是 线性的. MPC是消 费函数的 斜率.
1
Y
CHAPTER 12
Aggregate Demand I
–0.5
0
(a)
4 5 6 实 GP 际D
Aggregate Demand I
Return
CHAPTER 12
slide 19
政府购买支出与税收
政府购买支出是由政府预算确定的,可 视为外生变量,不受收入的影响. 政府支出曲线在交叉图上是一条水平线. 税收不是直接的支出项目,但它影响可 支配收入,从而影响消费和净出口支出. 税收也是由政府预算确定的外生变量.
slide 10
储蓄函数
储蓄是指家庭中没有消费的那部分收入, 不论是否存入银行. 储蓄主要是可支配收入的函数:
S=S(YD)=YD-C
储蓄函数随消费函数而定. 线性储蓄函数:S=-a+(1-b)YD
Return
CHAPTER 12
Aggregate Demand I

工程热力学ch12 制冷循环

工程热力学ch12 制冷循环
更多利用定温排热); 4、工质的三相点要高于循环的下限温度; 5、蒸气的比体积小,工质的传热性好。
• 常见制冷剂:
氨(NH3) 氟里昂(氯氟烃,含氢氯氟烃) CFC12(R12)、CFC11(R11)
HCFC22(R22) 含氢氟代烃物质(HCFC134a)
12-6 热泵循环
循环过程与制冷循环类似,差别在于热泵工
作时,环境作为低温热源(T0)
热泵循环供暖系数 :
' qH qL wnet
wnet
wnet
' 1
第十二章 制冷循环
12-1 概况
本章主要以制冷循环为研究对象,分析循环的特 点,各参数的变化关系及计算热量、功量和效率。
制冷循环类型:
压缩气体制冷 吸附式制冷循环 蒸气喷射制冷循环 半导体制冷
经济性指标最高的逆向循环是同温限 间的卡诺循环。通常制冷循环以环境为高
温热源(T1=T0),因此在以T0为高温热
空气的定压比热小 活塞式压缩机和膨胀机工质流率小
二、回热式空气制冷循环 • 回热式空气制冷循环的原理
• 回热循环优点:
1、同样制冷系数下,增压比下降,这为采 用大流量的叶轮式压气机和膨胀机提供 可能;
2、增压比减小,使压缩过程和膨胀过程的 不可逆损失的影响减小。
12-3压缩蒸气制冷循环
• 压缩蒸气制冷循环原理
源、Tc为低温热源间的逆向卡诺循环的制 冷系数:
c
qc wnet
qc q0 qc
Tc T0 Tc
工作性能参数: cop qc q0 qc
12-2 压缩空气制冷循环
一、压缩空气制冷循环
➢ 压缩空气制冷循环分析
qc h1 h4 q1 h2 h3

ch12非金属材料加

ch12非金属材料加

第十二章非金屬材料加工金屬材料具有良好的機械和物理性質,故被廣泛地應用於製造各式各樣產品的零組件,其主要的加工方法已敘述於本書前面的章節。

然而,科技的進步促使人類對提升生活品質的目標和達成理想或想像世界的實現,不斷地提出具體化的要求。

為滿足這些要求所發展出之新產品中有些特殊的功能或性質是金屬材料所不易或根本無法達成的,例如高溫強度、高硬度、高耐磨耗、高耐腐蝕性、輕量化、高重量對強度比、低導電性、低電阻抗、兼具高強度及韌性等。

因此有許多非金屬材料和針對特定需求而研發出來的新材料被廣泛應用,並取代部份金屬材料的地位。

常見的工程用非金屬材料有陶瓷與玻璃、塑膠和複合材料(請參閱本書第二章之介紹)。

這些材料如同金屬材料一樣需經過加工程序被製成有一定形狀、尺寸及表面狀態的零件方具有工程的用途和商業的價值。

非金屬材料的組成和金屬材料有很大的不同,例如陶瓷是由金屬和非金屬元素以結晶構造所組成,原子間鍵結方式包含共價鍵和離子鍵。

玻璃的組成元素和陶瓷類似,但不具結晶組織。

塑膠是由許多單體聚集所形成之聚合體,結合的力量包含共價鍵和凡得瓦力(次鍵結)。

複合材料則是結合兩種或兩種以上不能相互固溶的物質所形成之非均質體材料。

由此可知,對非金屬材料加工的機制將與應用於金屬材料者,會有鉅大的差異。

12.1 陶瓷材料陶瓷(Ceramic)可分為傳統陶磁和工程陶瓷。

傳統陶瓷的應用歷史很悠久,典型的產品有陶器、瓷器、磚頭、地磚、下水道水管、砂輪等。

工程陶瓷則常被用於製造汽車、航太、渦輪機、熱交換器、半導體、密封環、噴嘴、切削刀具等。

陶瓷和金屬就其性質方面比較時,陶瓷比金屬的高溫強度和高溫硬度高、彈性係數大、脆性高、靭性低、密度低、熱膨脹係數低、熱傳導性低和導電性低等。

而且陶瓷材料的組成成分及晶粒大小的變化範圍極為廣泛,故其性質的變化範圍也相當鉅大,例如陶瓷的導電性可從近乎絕緣到非常優良,故可利用此特性製成半導體。

玻璃(Glass)被歸類為一種過冷液體,並不具結晶組織,無明確的熔點或凝固點的材料。

Ch12 风险、资本成本与资本预算

Ch12 风险、资本成本与资本预算


24
12.6.4 公司能做什么
公司有动机通过减低交易成本而降低资本成本。



引进更多非知情者的投资者—股票券分析师建立更有效的合作。
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如果你用股票的贝塔值 和证券市场线来估 价项目的贴现率,前提假设是什么?
1.该项目风险和企业相同 2.企业的资金全部从权益融资获得。
$15.38 $0 -$15.38
5
运用 SML 估计风险项目经风险调整后的折现率
项目 IRR
可行项目 A
SML
30%
5%
B
C 2.5 不可行项目
企业风险 (beta)
一个无负债企业应接受IRR大于权益资本成本的项目, 淘汰IRR小于权益资本成本的项目
6
12.2 贝塔的估计

方法一:根据企业自身历史数据来估算 对历史收益率做回归,计算公式: Cov( Ri , RM ) σ i2 β= = 2 Var ( RM ) σM 方法二:按照所在行业的平均贝塔系数估计项目 的折现率
32
经营杠杆推导

08年EBIT=PX-A-BX 09年EBIT=PX1-A-BX1 08年和09年相减 EBIT2=(P-B)*X2 09年DOL=EBIT2/EBIT/X2/X=(P-B) X2/EBIT*(X/X2)=(P-B)X/EBIT
33
财务杠杆系数推导

=普通股每股利润变动率/息税前利润变动率 =(ΔEPS/EPS1)/(ΔEBIT/EBIT1) 因为,EPS1=(EBIT1-I)×(1-T)/n EPS2=(EBIT2-I)×(1-T)/n 所以,ΔEPS=EPS2-EPS1=(EBIT2-EBIT1) ×(1-T)/n=ΔEBIT×(1-T)/n ΔEPS/EPS1=ΔEBIT/(EBIT1-I) (ΔEPS/EPS1)/(ΔEBIT/EBIT1)=EBIT1/ (EBIT1-I) 即,财务杠杆系数DFL=EBIT1/(EBIT1-I) =EBIT/(EBIT-I)

5-ch12装配图-序号、代号及明细表

5-ch12装配图-序号、代号及明细表

工程制图与计算机绘图Ch12 装 配 图12.1 装配图的作用与内容12.2 装配图的视图选择12.3 规定画法与特殊表达方法12.4 装配图的尺寸标注12.5 装配图的序号、代号及明细表12.6 装配结构简介12.7 绘制装配图的步骤12.8 读装配图12.5 装配图中序号、代号及其明细表为了方便图样管理和生产制造,装配图中需要编写各零部件的序号和代号。

同时,将各零部件的序号、代号、名称、数量、材料等内容填写于明细栏中。

1.序号2.代号3.明细表1. 序号序号是按零件或部件在装配图上的顺序而编排的号码。

1) 序号编排的基本要求:l 装配图中所有的零件或部件都必须编写序号;l 装配图中每一个零件或部件只编写一个序号;l 装配图中零件或部件的序号应与明细表中的序号一致。

图中的序号明细表中的序号2)序号的编排方法l 序号由三部分组成:点、指引线和序号(序号数字比尺寸数字大一号或两号)。

l 若不方面画小圆点采用箭头。

l 指引线互不相交,不与剖面线平行,必要时可折一次。

55指引线可弯折一次小圆点:绘制在要指的零件或部件上指引线:细实线序号:三种均可,同一装配图中序号的形式应一致2)序号的编排方法l一组紧固件或装配关系清楚的零件组,可以采用公共指引线。

2)序号的编排方法l序号按照顺时针或逆时针方向连续排列。

在整个图上无法连续时,可只在每个水平或垂直方向顺序排列。

l 按水平或者垂直方向排列应整齐。

有缘学习更多+谓ygd3076或关注桃报:奉献教育(店铺)12.5 装配图中序号、代号及其明细表1. 序号2. 代号3. 明细表代号是表明零部件对产品的从属关系的编号。

在明细表中“代号”一栏中:l 非标准件:填写零件或部件的代号。

l 标准件:填写其标准编号。

零部件代号(自行编制)标准件代号产品代号 2. 代号12.5 装配图中序号、代号及其明细表1. 序号2. 代号3. 明细表明细表位于标题栏上方, 用来填写零件的序号、代号、名称、数量、材料、附注等。

Ch12功能指令

Ch12功能指令
1.点位控制的脉冲输出单元F2-30GM
脉冲输出单元F2-30GM与步进电机或伺服电机驱 动器相接,可驱动步进电机或伺服电机实现位置控制。
Date: 2019/8/22
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CH12 PLC用于模拟量和位置控制
F2-30GM应用系统方框图
Date: 2019/8/22
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CH12 PLC用于模拟量和位置控制
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CH12 PLC用于模拟量和位置控制
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CH12 PLC用于模拟量和位置控制
◇ 运动控制模块
1.角位控制开关F2-32-RM-SET 2.A系列的运动控制模块
(1)位置控制功能模块AD71和AD72 (2)实现运动控制和顺控一体化的A73CPU
模块
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CH12 PLC用于模拟量和位置控制
1.角位控制开关F2-32-RM-SET
F2-32RM-SET可编程轮开关集CPU、电源、输入、输 出编程器于一体,可通过简单的键操作,替代32个凸轮 开关,进行32个输出动作,实现角位置控制。
Date: 2019/8/22
CH12 PLC用于模拟量和位置控制
◇ 脉冲输出单元
1.点位控制的脉冲输出单元F2-30GM 2.脉冲输出模块FX-1PG(FX2、FX2C用) 3.脉冲输出单元FX-1GM(FX2、FX2C用) 4.2轴定位单元FX-20GM
Date: 2019/8/22
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CH12 PLC用于模拟量和位置控制
数模转换(D/A)模块:将计算机内部的数 字信号转化为现场仪表可以接收的标准信号4-20mA 等。 如:12位数字量(0-4095)→ 4-20mA 2047 对应的转换结果: 12mA

CH12-不完全竞争的传统模型

CH12-不完全竞争的传统模型

CH12 不完全竞争的传统模型不完全竞争(寡头)是指一个产业中,有少量企业能对价格产生影响。

这种情形介于完全竞争和垄断之间。

在考察不完全竞争时,我们以完全竞争为参照,主要从两个方面对不完全竞争下的资源配置效率进行考察:(1)价格是否等于边际成本?(2)长期来看,是否在平均成本最低点上进行生产?假设信息完全、无交易成本 ⇒ 单一价格一、同质寡头下的产品定价假设有数量固定的n 家企业,2n ≥且相对较小。

1.模型的基本结构企业i 的产量用i q 表示(1,,i n =),其成本为()i i C q 。

市场需求函数为12()()n P f Q f q q q ==+++企业i 的目标是最大化自己的利润()i i i i Pq C q π=-12()()n i i i f q q q q C q =+++- (1)该问题的核心是企业i 猜想对于自己的产量选择,其他企业将做出怎样的反应。

我们在此考察四种情形:准竞争模型:所有企业皆价格接受者(P 固定)。

Cartel 模型:所有企业进行合谋,来决定行业产量(并由此决定价格P )。

Cournot 模型:企业i 认为企业j 不会对自己的产量决策做出反应(将企业j 的产量视为给定,即0j i q q ∂∂=)。

设想变化(Conjectural variation )模型:企业i 认为企业将会对自己的产量决策做出反应(0j i q q ∂∂≠)。

2.准竞争模型 一阶条件:()0i i i i iC q P q q π∂∂=-=∂∂ (2)或者()i i P MC q = (1,,i n =) (3)这n 个供给函数,加上市场出清条件12()()n P f Q f q q q ==+++,将保证市场达到短期竞争均衡。

以边际成本不变的情形为例,下图显示,虽然n 是一个较小的数,价格接受行为也将得到竞争情形下的结果(C 点)。

图12.13.Cartel 模型在此情形下,cartel 就像一个有多个工厂的垄断企业一样,选择12,,,n q q q 来最大化整个产业的利润1122[()()()]n n PQ C q C q C q π=-+++12121()[]()nn n i i i f q q q q q q C q ==++++++-∑一阶条件:12()()0n i i iiPP q q q MC q q q π∂∂=++++-=∂∂ (4)即()()0i i MR Q MC q -=由于所有企业的成本函数相同(同质),所以cartel 下的行业产量就等于垄断下的产量(图12.1中的M 点)。

ch12外部性与公共产品

ch12外部性与公共产品
第五页,共58页。
二、外部性与资源配置(zī yuán pèi zhì)的效率
外部性的实质: 外部性的产生(chǎnshēng)是由于私人成本
(或收益)与社会成本(或收益)之间出 现了差距,而这种差距就是外部成本或外 部收益。 社会成本=私人成本+外部成本 社会收益=私人收益+外部收益 也就是说,生产或消费过程中没有支付其经 济活动的全部成本或获得活动的全部收益, 即成本或收益产生(chǎnshēng)了溢出。
三 外部性的解决(jiějué)方法
外部性是经济主体对其他人造成的影响,但是它 们没有反映在私人收益和成本内,因而他们决 策时就没有考虑这些因素。
所以,解决外部性问题的思路之一是外部性内在 化,使得(shǐ de)经济主体在决策的时候主动 地考虑到自身行为对他人造成的影响。
第二十三页,共58页。
解决(jiějué)方法一: 合并和内在化
负外部性的主体不必承担其行为造成的对其 他主体的损失,具有负外部性的物品会供 给过量。
所以,外部性的存在导致(dǎozhì)社会经济 资源低效率配置。
第十四页,共58页。
负外部性的例子(lìzi)
假定河上游有一钢铁厂,下游有一家渔业公司(ɡōnɡ sī)从河 中捕鱼;
上游的钢铁厂雇用劳动力生产钢铁,还产生相应的废物并排 入河中,其生产函数为:
率。 式子左边为劳动的边际收益产品,右边为劳动的边际成本即
工资率。 假设满足上述一阶条件的劳动力数量为lS*,对应的钢铁产量
为S*.
第十六页,共58页。
负外部性的例子(lìzi)
渔业公司生产鱼的数量C一方面取决于劳动的投入量 lC,另外还取决于河上游钢铁厂排放的废料的多少。 渔业公司的生产函数(hánshù)为:

Ch12矩形波导TE10波

Ch12矩形波导TE10波
模式即TE10波,m=1,n=0,若传播常数无耗γ=jβ。
Hz
H0
cos
a
x e jz
Ey
j
k
2 c
a
H0
sin
a
x e jz
Hx
j
k
2 c
a
H
0
sin
a
x e jz
Hz
H0
cos
a
x
cos(t
z)
Ey
k2
a
H
0
sin
a
x
sin(t
z)
Hx
k c2
a
H0
sin
a
x
sin(t
z)
三、TE10波
场结构的画法上要注意: •场存在方向和大小两个不同概念,场的大小是以 力线密度表示的 •同一点不能有两根以上力线 •磁力线永远闭合,电力线与导体边界垂直 •电力线和磁力线相互正交
(1) TE10波的截止特性 要传播TE10波必须满足
λ<2a
(12-22)
x
三、TE10波
yy
x
b
xa
00 Ey
z
0
z
Ey Hx
0
g
1
1
2a
2
(12-29)
注记:在TE10波各参数中唯独波型阻抗要特别讨论。
三、TE10波
我们已经讲过在空间影响波传输和反射的是
波阻抗,在同轴线中影响反射的是特性阻抗Z0。
而TE、TM波的传输线,由于Z0缺乏唯一性所
以增加其复杂性,矩形波导的特性阻抗
Z0
b a
1
2a
还令每项都是常数(Constant),可得
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aFile: ch12; Chapter 12, Capturing SurplusMultiple Choice1. Price discriminationa) has been illegal in the United States since 1963.b) is the practice of charging consumers different prices for the same good or service.c) is customarily observed when the sales representative in a store charges each customer what he/she thinks is the highest price the customer will bear.d) is most common in perfectly competitive industries.Ans: BDifficulty: EasyHeading: Capturing SurplusLO1 Explain how a firm with market power can capture more surplus by engaging in price discrimination.2. Which of the following statements regarding price discrimination is true?a) In order to capture more surplus, the firm must have some market power.b) Third-degree price discrimination is illegal.c) Second-degree price discrimination refers to pricing differently for different market segments.d) First-degree price discrimination is relatively easy to implement.Ans: ADifficulty: EasyHeading: Capturing SurplusLO1 Explain how a firm with market power can capture more surplus by engaging in price discrimination.3. What is the difference between uniform pricing and price discrimination?a) Uniform pricing and price discrimination are the same.b) With uniform pricing firms charge different prices for the same good or service and with price discrimination firms charge the same price for the same good or service.c) With uniform pricing firms charge the same price for the same good or service and with price discrimination the firms charge different prices for the same good or service. d) The uniform price is always higher than the discriminated price.Ans: CDifficulty: EasyHeading: Capturing SurplusLO1 Explain how a firm with market power can capture more surplus by engaging in price discrimination.4. When a firm engages in __________, every unit of output is sold at the same price; when a firm engages in ___________, different consumers are charged different prices for the same good.a) arbitrage; uniform pricingb) price discrimination; uniform pricingc) uniform pricing; price discriminationd) surplus capturing; price discriminationAns: CDifficulty: EasyHeading: Capturing SurplusLO1 Explain how a firm with market power can capture more surplus by engaging in price discrimination.5. Which of the following is not necessary for a firm to be able to engage in price discrimination?a) A firm must have some market power.b) A firm must have some information about its consumers’ willingness to pay.c) A firm must be a price-taker.d) A firm must be able to prevent arbitrage.Ans: CDifficulty: EasyHeading: Capturing SurplusLO1 Explain how a firm with market power can capture more surplus by engaging in price discrimination.6. The conditions for capturing more surplus from price discrimination includea) an ability to determine which groups of people have the greatest wealth.b) an ability to differentiate different market segments meaning that some groups of people are willing to pay more for a product than others.c) an ability to prevent presales of products.d) A perfectly competitive industry structure.Ans: BDifficulty: EasyHeading: Capturing SurplusLO2 Demonstrate why a firm must have information about reservation prices or elasticities of demand and be able to prevent resale to succeed with price discrimination.7. Which of the following statements regarding price discrimination is false?a) In order to capture more surplus, the firm must have some market power.b) The firm must have some information about the different amounts people will pay for the product.c) The firm must be able to prevent resale.d) The firm must be able accurately forecast total sales.Ans: DDifficulty: EasyHeading: Capturing SurplusLO2 Demonstrate why a firm must have information about reservation prices or elasticities of demand and be able to prevent resale to succeed with price discrimination.8. An example of first-degree price discrimination would occura) if a sales agent illegally sold a commodity to a federal agent above the competitive market price.b) when you sell something illegally to an individual through the mail.c) if a car salesman could accurately guess the maximum amount each customer would be willing to pay for a vehicle and charge him/her that price.d) when you order 12 of something online and you pay less per unit than if you had bought only one.Ans: CDifficulty: MediumHeading: First-Degree Price Discrimination: Making the Most from Each ConsumerLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.9. An example of second-degree price discrimination isa) when you get an “early bird” discount by eating at a restaurant before 6:00 pm.b) when you sell something illegally to an individual through the mail.c) when you segment the market and charge individuals of different ages different prices for the same product or service.d) when you order 12 of something online and you pay less per unit than if you had bought only one.Ans: DDifficulty: MediumHeading: Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Quantity DiscountsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.10. When a movie theater charges a lower ticket price for senior citizens and/or students, the movie theater is engaging ina) price gouging.b) third-degree price discrimination.c) first-degree price discrimination.d) second-degree price discrimination.Ans: BDifficulty: MediumHeading: Third-Degree Price Discrimination: Different Prices for Different Market Segments LO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.11. Some of the theme parks in Orlando, Florida offer lower entry rates or annual passes for Florida residents. Although this is not illegal, it is an example ofa) price gouging.b) first-degree price discrimination.c) second-degree price discrimination.d) third-degree price discrimination.Ans: DDifficulty: EasyHeading: Third-Degree Price Discrimination: Different Prices for Different Market Segments LO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.12. Which of the following statements regarding a monopoly’s first-degree price discrimination is correct?a) With first-degree price discrimination, consumer surplus is small, yet still greater than zero.b) With first-degree price discrimination, producer surplus is lower than with uniform pricing.c) With first-degree price discrimination, deadweight loss is large.d) With first-degree price discrimination, total surplus is greater than when the monopoly charges a uniform price.Ans: DDifficulty: EasyHeading: First-Degree Price Discrimination: Making the Most from Each ConsumerLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.13. With second-degree price discriminationa) the firm tries to pri ce each unit at the consumer’s reservation price.b) the firm offers consumers a quantity discount.c) the firm charges different consumer groups or market segments a different price.d) a buyer can only purchase one product by agreeing to purchase some other product as well.Ans: BDifficulty: EasyHeading: Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Quantity DiscountsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.14. With ___________________, the firm tries to price each unit at the consumer’s reservation price while with _____________________, the firm charges different uniform prices to different consumer groups or market segments.a) first-degree price discrimination; third-degree price discrimination.b) first-degree price discrimination; second-degree price discrimination.c) third-degree price discrimination; first-degree price discrimination.d) second-degree price discrimination; first-degree price discrimination.Ans: ADifficulty: EasyHeading: First-Degree Price Discrimination: Making the Most from Each ConsumerLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.15. A monopolist faces inverse demand and has constant marginal cost . If this monopolist engages in first-degree price discrimination, total output will equala) 20 unitsb) 40 unitsc) 60 unitsd) 80 unitsAns: DDifficulty: MediumHeading: First-Degree Price Discrimination: Making the Most from Each ConsumerLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.16. A monopolist faces demand and has constant marginal cost . If this monopolist engages in first-degree price discrimination, consumer surplus will bea) 0b) 1,600c) 3,200d) 12,800Ans: ADifficulty: MediumHeading: First-Degree Price Discrimination: Making the Most from Each ConsumerLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.17. A monopolist faces inverse demand and has constant marginal cost . If this monopolist engages in first-degree price discrimination, producer surplus will bea) 0b) 1,600c) 3,200d) 12,800Ans: DDifficulty: MediumHeading: First-Degree Price Discrimination: Making the Most from Each ConsumerLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.18. A monopolist faces inverse demand and has constant marginal cost . If this monopolist changes from a policy of uniform pricing to a policy of first-degree price discrimination, deadweight loss will decrease by:a) 0b) 1,600c) 3,200d) 12,800Ans: CDifficulty: MediumHeading: First-Degree Price Discrimination: Making the Most from Each ConsumerLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.19. Suppose that a firm faces a demand curve for its product of . The corresponding marginal revenue curve is . The firm has a constant marginal cost of $4 per unit. If the firm engages in uniform pricing, what price will the firm charge?a) $7.b) $5.c) $4.d) $3.Ans: ADifficulty: MediumHeading: First-Degree Price Discrimination: Making the Most from Each ConsumerLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.20. Suppose that a firm faces a demand curve for its product of . The corresponding marginal revenue curve is . The firm has a constant marginal cost of $4 per unit. If the firm engages in first-degree price discrimination, how much producer surplus will it capture?a) $21.b) $18.c) $9.d) $4.50Ans: BDifficulty: MediumHeading: First-Degree Price Discrimination: Making the Most from Each ConsumerLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.21. Which of the following is a real-world example of first-degree price discrimination?a) A pizza parlor sells large and small pizzas. Although the large pizzas are twice as big as the small pizzas, they cost less than double the price of a small pizza.b) An electric company sells “blocks” of power at different prices. Specifically, any customer who buys more that Q1 units of electricity can purchase additional units at a lower block price.c) Different prices are charged to different customers at a flea market.d) A movie theater charges senior citizens a cheaper price for movie tickets than it charges non-senior citizens for the same movie ticket.Ans: CDifficulty: EasyHeading: Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Quantity DiscountsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.22. A block tariff is a form ofa) first-degree price discriminationb) second-degree price discriminationc) third-degree price discriminationd) tyingAns: BDifficulty: EasyHeading: Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Quantity DiscountsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.23. Which of the following is not a real-world example of second-degree price discrimination?a) A pizza parlor sells large and small pizzas. Although the large pizzas are twice as big as the small pizzas, they cost less than double the price of a small pizza.b) An electric company sells “blocks” of power at different prices. Specifically, any customer who buys more that Q1 units of electricity can purchase additional units at a lower block price.c) Sam’s Club® warehouses sell bulk quantities of macaroni and cheese for a cheaper per unit price than a grocery store, but the boxes are packaged together so that the customer must buy six boxes at a time.d) A movie theater charges senior citizens a cheaper price for movie tickets than it charges non-senior citizens for the same movie ticket.Ans: DDifficulty: EasyHeading: Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Quantity DiscountsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.24. With block pricing the monopolista) charges each consumer her reservation price.b) charges each consumer the same price.c) sells the first number of units at one price and additional units at a second price.d) requires the consumer to purchase minimum quantities.Ans: CDifficulty: EasyHeading: Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Quantity DiscountsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.25. Let the inverse demand curve for a monopolist’s product be P = 100 – 2Q and the marginal cost of production be constant at MC = 10. Suppose that the firm considers moving from a uniform pricing strategy to a two-block tariff where the first block provides 15 units at a price of P1 = $70 and the second block provides an additional 15 units at a price of P2 = $40. How much does the monopolist’s profit rise with this scheme?a) $225b) $337.50c) $450.50d) $512Ans: BDifficulty: MediumHeading: Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Quantity DiscountsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.26. Let the inverse demand curve for a monopolist’s product be P = 100 – 2Q and the marginal cost of production be constant at MC = 10. Which of the following is the optimal two-block tariff for the firm?a) P1 = $70; Q1 = 15; P2= $40; Q2 = 30b) P1 = $60; Q1 = 20; P2= $30; Q2 = 15c) P1 = $80; Q1 = 10; P2= $40; Q2 = 15d) P1 = $55; Q1 = 22.5; P2= $55; Q2 = 22.5Ans: ADifficulty: HardHeading: Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Quantity DiscountsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.27. An expenditure schedule in which the average outlay changes with the number of units purchased isa) Block tariffb) Nonlinear outlay schedulec) Average expenditured) Usage chargesAns: BDifficulty: EasyHeading: Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Quantity DiscountsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.28. Suppose you sign-up for a membership at a video rental store. When you sign-up you are charged a subscription fee, and in addition you will be charged for each video you rent. This is an example ofa) first-degree price discrimination.b) second-degree price discrimination.c) third-degree price discrimination.d) bundling.Ans: BDifficulty: EasyHeading: Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Quantity DiscountsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.29. All consumers are alike and each has an inverse demand curve for a monopolist’s product of P = 100 – 2Q. The marginal cost of production is constant at MC = $10. Let the monopolist charge a price of $10 per unit purchased and a subscription fee of $2025 that must be paid by each purchaser. What is the amount of consumer’s surplus generated by this scheme?a) 0b) $2025c) $2025 multiplied by the number of consumers in the market.d) $90 multiplied by the number of units purchased.Ans: ADifficulty: MediumHeading: Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Quantity DiscountsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.30. With third-degree price discriminationa) the firm tries to price each unit at the consumer’s reservation price.b) the firm offers consumers a quantity discount.c) the firm charges different consumer groups or market segments a different price.d) a buyer can only purchase one product by agreeing to purchase some other product as well.Ans: CDifficulty: EasyHeading: Third-Degree Price Discrimination: Different Prices for Different Market Segments LO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.31. During the winter months, the price of natural gas is high. During the summer months, the price of natural gas is low. This could be an example ofa) first-degree price discrimination.b) second-degree price discrimination.c) third-degree price discrimination.d) bundling.Ans: CDifficulty: EasyHeading: Third-Degree Price Discrimination: Different Prices for Different Market SegmentsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.32. Which of the following is not a real-world example of third-degree price discrimination?a) A railroad charges more to haul 100 tons of coal than it does to haul 100 tons of grain.b) An airline charges a lower price for a coach ticket purchased four weeks in advance than for the same type of ticket purchased three days in advance.c) A movie theater charges senior citizens a cheaper price for movie tickets than it charges non-senior citizens for the same movie ticket.d) Sam’s Club® warehouses sell bulk quantities of macaroni and cheese for a cheaper per unit price than a grocery store, but the boxes are packaged together so that the customer must buy six boxes at a time.Ans: DDifficulty: EasyHeading: Third-Degree Price Discrimination: Different Prices for Different Market Segments LO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.33. With ________ degree price discrimination, the firm identifies different consumer groups or segments in a market and charges each group a different price.a) firstb) secondc) thirdd) fourthAns: CDifficulty: EasyHeading: Third-Degree Price Discrimination: Different Prices for Different Market Segments LO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.34. A monopolist faces two consumer groups: old and young. The inverse demand of old clients for the output of the monopolist is P o = 100 – 2Q o. The inverse demand of young clients for the output of the monopolist is P y = 80 – Q y. The marginal cost of supplying any type of client is MC = 10. If the monopolist can price discriminate between the two groups (i.e., charge a different uniform price to each group), what price will old and young clients be charged?a) P o = $45; P y = $55b) P o = $55; P y = $45c) P o = $50; P y = $50d) P o = $40; P y = $60Ans: BDifficulty: MediumHeading: Third-Degree Price Discrimination: Different Prices for Different Market Segments LO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.35. Let a monopolist face consumer group A with inverse demand P A = 100 – 2Q A and consumer group B with inverse demand P B = 80 – Q B. The monopolist can conduct third degree price discrimination, but faces a capacity constraint that Q A + Q B≤ 100.What will be the amount supplied to each of the customer groups?a) Q A = 50; Q B = 50.b) Q A = 60; Q B = 40.c) Q A = 33.67; Q B = 66.33d) Q A = 36.67; Q B = 63.33Ans: DDifficulty: HardHeading: Third-Degree Price Discrimination: Different Prices for Different Market Segments LO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.36. Which of the following statements is not correct regarding a “damaged goods strategy”?a) A damaged good strategy is an example of “versioning”.b) A damaged good strategy can be an example of third-degree price discrimination.c) A damaged good strategy can be an example of “building fences”.d) A damaged good strategy is generally less profitable than a uniform pricing strategy for a high quality product.Ans: DDifficulty: MediumHeading: Third-Degree Price Discrimination: Different Prices for Different Market Segments LO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.37. With ________ degree price discrimination, the firm tries to price each unit at the consumer’s reservation price.a) firstb) secondc) thirdd) fourthAns: ADifficulty: EasyHeading: 12.2 First-Degree Price Discrimination: Making the Most from Each ConsumerLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.38. With first-degree price discrimination, the marginal revenue curvea) is below the demand curve, with slope equal to twice the slope of demand.b) is above the demand curve.c) is the same as the demand curve.d) is below the demand curve, with slope equal to one-half the slope of demand. Ans: CDifficulty: EasyHeading: 12.2 First-Degree Price Discrimination: Making the Most from Each ConsumerLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.39. Identify the truthfulness of the following statements.I. If a seller engages in second-degree price discrimination, the seller captures more producer surplus than with uniform pricing.II. The seller captures the maximum producer surplus by engaging in block pricing.a) Both I and II are true.b) Both I and II are false.c) I is true; II is false.d) I is false; II is true.Ans: CDifficulty: MediumHeading: 12.3 Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Quantity DiscountsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.40. Let the inve rse demand curve for a monopolist’s product be P = 100 – 2Q and the marginal cost of production be constant at MC = 10. Suppose that the firm considers moving from a uniform pricing strategy to a two-block tariff where the first block provides 15 units at a price of P1 = $70 and the second block provides an additional 15 units at a price of P2 = $40. What is the average outlay schedule for the consumer?a)if Q≤15 and if Q>15b)if Q≤15 and if Q>15c)if Q≤15 and if Q>15d)if Q≤15 and if Q>15e)Ans: BDifficulty: HardHeading: 12.3 Second-Degree Price Discrimination: Quantity DiscountsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.41. Electricity prices may be an example of ___________ as it often varies by the time of day, generally being set higher when demand is at its peaka) Intemporal price discriminationb) Tie-in-salesc) First degree discriminationd) Second degree discriminationAns: ADifficulty: EasyHeading: 12.4Third-Degree Price Discrimination: Different Prices for Different Market SegmentsLO3 Analyze three types (degrees) of price discrimination.42. With tyinga) the firm tries to price each unit at the consumer’s reservation price.b) the firm offers consumers a quantity discount.c) the firm charges different consumer groups or market segments a different price.d) a buyer can only purchase one product by agreeing to purchase some other product as well.Ans: DDifficulty: EasyHeading: Tying (Tie-in Sales)LO5 Show how a firm can capture more surplus if it bundles two related products together and sells them as a package.43. Which of the following is a real-world example of tying?a) A movie theater charges senior citizens a cheaper price for movie tickets than it charges non-senior citizens for the same movie ticket.b) Sam’s Club® warehouses sell bulk quantities of macaroni and cheese for a cheaper per unit price than a grocery store, but the boxes are packaged together so that the customer must buy six boxes at a time.c) An airline charges more for a first-class ticket than for a coach ticket.d) The manufacturer of an instant-prints camera is the only manufacturer of the film that the camera uses.Ans: DDifficulty: EasyHeading: Tying (Tie-in Sales)LO5 Show how a firm can capture more surplus if it bundles two related products together and sells them as a package.44. Bundling can increase the seller’s profits when customers have different _______ for the two products and when the firm __________________.a) supply curves; captures surplus.b) supply curves; cannot price discriminate.c) tastes; cannot price discriminate.d) tastes; can price discriminate.Ans: CDifficulty: EasyHeading: Tying (Tie-in Sales)LO5 Show how a firm can capture more surplus if it bundles two related products together and sells them as a package.45. Bundling is a form ofa) first-degree price discrimination.b) second-degree price discrimination.c) third-degree price discrimination.d) tying.Ans: DDifficulty: EasyHeading: Tying (Tie-in Sales)LO5 Show how a firm can capture more surplus if it bundles two related products together and sells them as a package.46. *If the firm does not bundle the products, what single price should the firm charge for product A to maximize profit?a) 500b) 800c) 900d) 1,000Ans: BDifficulty: MediumLO5 Show how a firm can capture more surplus if it bundles two related products together and sells them as a package.47. *If the firm does not bundle the products, what single price should the firm charge for product B to maximize profit?a) 100b) 200c) 300d) 400Ans: DDifficulty: MediumHeading: Tying (Tie-in Sales)LO5 Show how a firm can capture more surplus if it bundles two related products together and sells them as a package.48. *If the firm bundles the products, what single price should the firm charge for the bundle to maximize profit?a) 600b) 800c) 1,000d) 1,200Ans: DDifficulty: MediumHeading: Tying (Tie-in Sales)LO5 Show how a firm can capture more surplus if it bundles two related products together and sells them as a package.49. A computer manufacturer sells computers and monitors separately. This manufacturer also allows consumers to choose any type of computer and any type of monitor and sells the two components as a package. This manufacturer is engaging in a____________ pricing strategy.a) tyingb) third-degreec) mixed bundlingd) first-degreeAns: CDifficulty: EasyLO5 Show how a firm can capture more surplus if it bundles two related products together and sells them as a package.50. Bundling, in economic terms, is demonstrated by which of the following statements?a) Homemakers in the upper Midwest typically buy all of their families’ winter clothing at the same time.b) When an economics professor assigns numerous readings to a class, he/she is practicing bundling.c) When you purchase a personal computer, it generally is already loaded with software and comes with a monitor, keyboard and mouse.d) Performing multiple tasks simultaneously in a work environment is an example of bundling.Ans: CDifficulty: EasyHeading: Tying (tie-in sales)LO5 Show how a firm can capture more surplus if it bundles two related products together and sells them as a package.51. Mixed bundling is sometimes the most profitable strategy for a firma) because the firm can more accurately assess the reservation price of each consumer.b) because consumers prefer to spend in binges and make multiple purchases at the same time.c) when the firm has high delivery or shipping costs.d) because this strategy discourages a customer from buying a component when his/her willingness to pay is less than the marginal cost of a component of the purchase.Ans: DDifficulty: HardHeading: Tying (tie-in sales)LO5 Show how a firm can capture more surplus if it bundles two related products together and sells them as a package.52. The firm’s use of advertising is motivateda) by its desire to capture more surplus through shifting the demand curve to the right for its products.b) by a desire to position itself in the marketplace as a monopolist.c) through media manipulation and really is not cost effective.d) only when the firm is in a perfectly competitive industry.。

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