翻译理论概论英文
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the separation of the science of translation from theories of literature
thinking about translation has shifted from literature to the science of linguistics
Linguist: interested in a wide variety of text types (e.g., technical and scientific texts, advertisements, users’ manuals, as well as literary texts)
11
Cont. lit./ling. approach:
(4) Lit.: concentrates on the product of translation
Ling.: also explore the process of translation (what goes on in the mind of the translator)
activity = creative activity
The translator faces a number of choices and decisions.
decisions are partly subjective, partly objective (some of the translator’s subjective choices are based on objective factors)
10Βιβλιοθήκη Differences between the (traditional)
literary and the (new) linguistic
approach:
(1) Literary approach: studies the translation of works of art (i.e. works of outstanding writers, poets)
7
(2) Translation as a subject in
training
Second half of the 20th century: many translator and interpreter training institutions established theoretical training became necessary (practice was not enough) required certain generalizations on the basis of experience gathered by translators the formulation of some objective rules terminology and conceptual apparatus was needed need for theoretical research aimed at providing a principled basis for the teaching of translation.
9
The main reason for the 3 changes:
= radical shift in the ratio of literary to nonliterary translation ( = rapid increase in the amount of non-literary translation: political speeches, international contracts, court records, business letters, recipes, price lists, etc.)
(5) Lit.: normative (prescriptive) by nature what translation should be like, what translators should do
(2) Lit.: examines the work of outstanding translators
Ling.: (also) interested in the everyday work of great masses of translators and interpreters.
(3) Lit.: focuses on individual, sometimes even unusual, original and surprising solutions
3
The object of the translator’s activity = the text
Theories are related to the object of the translator’s activity, i.e. the text, because every text (e.g., a piece of literature, a scientific research article, an advertisement or an editorial), allows for several possible interpretations the translator often has to defend his own interpretation of the text against the potentially differing interpretations of critics, readers, and the public at large.
Earlier: translation was mostly done for pleasure by writers, poets, statesmen, priests, and scholars to satisfy their individual literary, political, and scientific ambitions. Second half of the 20th century: translating became a mass activity (source of earning a living) has become a profession in its own right
4
Is there continuity in the theory
of translation?
Practicing translators will often make spontaneous contrastive linguistic observations (”Hungarian prefers verbs as opposed to Indo-European languages which prefer nouns.”) spontaneous text-linguistic observations (”The sentences of Indo-European languages start with a longer introductory part than the corresponding Hungarian sentences and have to be shortened in the Hungarian translation” or ”English, German, and Russian texts are more impersonal than Hungarian texts.”) spontaneous stylistic observations (”English scientific texts are like small talk compared to German scientific text”), or spontaneous sociolinguistic observations (”Russians like diminutive suffixes better than Hungarians.”)
Translation Studies
1. Introduction to the theory of translation
2. Krisztina Károly, Spring, 2006 3. Sources: Klaudy, 2003; Baker, 1998
1
The nature of the translator’s
“their ambition to explain translation phenomena and create theories is closely related to the very nature of this activity, regulated, on the one hand, by certain objective rules, and permitting, on the other, a number of subjective choices” (Klaudy, 2003, p.23)
8
(3) Translation as an object of research
Earlier: theorizing = privilege of nonprofessional translators (writers, poets, statesmen, priests, scientists, etc.) Second half of the 20th century: translation scholars (e.g., linguists) separated from practicing translators Today’s scholars: also interested in the process of translation (modeling the activity + describing regularities) applied and basic research
Ling.: considers “mass” solutions worthy of inquiry too, trying to describe and explain all of the operations (transformations) carried out by the translator.
were not pooled for centuries!
5
The idea of an uninterrupted and organic development of TS must be rejected for 3 main reasons:
6
(1) Translation as a profession
2
The medium of the translator’s activity = two languages
communicating in two Ls at the same time can never be as instinctive and unconscious as communicating only in one in translation, even the most instinctive translator develops ideas about the relationship between the two Ls, their similarities and differences, their relationship with reality, the similarities and differences in the way the two Ls segment reality linguistically, etc.
thinking about translation has shifted from literature to the science of linguistics
Linguist: interested in a wide variety of text types (e.g., technical and scientific texts, advertisements, users’ manuals, as well as literary texts)
11
Cont. lit./ling. approach:
(4) Lit.: concentrates on the product of translation
Ling.: also explore the process of translation (what goes on in the mind of the translator)
activity = creative activity
The translator faces a number of choices and decisions.
decisions are partly subjective, partly objective (some of the translator’s subjective choices are based on objective factors)
10Βιβλιοθήκη Differences between the (traditional)
literary and the (new) linguistic
approach:
(1) Literary approach: studies the translation of works of art (i.e. works of outstanding writers, poets)
7
(2) Translation as a subject in
training
Second half of the 20th century: many translator and interpreter training institutions established theoretical training became necessary (practice was not enough) required certain generalizations on the basis of experience gathered by translators the formulation of some objective rules terminology and conceptual apparatus was needed need for theoretical research aimed at providing a principled basis for the teaching of translation.
9
The main reason for the 3 changes:
= radical shift in the ratio of literary to nonliterary translation ( = rapid increase in the amount of non-literary translation: political speeches, international contracts, court records, business letters, recipes, price lists, etc.)
(5) Lit.: normative (prescriptive) by nature what translation should be like, what translators should do
(2) Lit.: examines the work of outstanding translators
Ling.: (also) interested in the everyday work of great masses of translators and interpreters.
(3) Lit.: focuses on individual, sometimes even unusual, original and surprising solutions
3
The object of the translator’s activity = the text
Theories are related to the object of the translator’s activity, i.e. the text, because every text (e.g., a piece of literature, a scientific research article, an advertisement or an editorial), allows for several possible interpretations the translator often has to defend his own interpretation of the text against the potentially differing interpretations of critics, readers, and the public at large.
Earlier: translation was mostly done for pleasure by writers, poets, statesmen, priests, and scholars to satisfy their individual literary, political, and scientific ambitions. Second half of the 20th century: translating became a mass activity (source of earning a living) has become a profession in its own right
4
Is there continuity in the theory
of translation?
Practicing translators will often make spontaneous contrastive linguistic observations (”Hungarian prefers verbs as opposed to Indo-European languages which prefer nouns.”) spontaneous text-linguistic observations (”The sentences of Indo-European languages start with a longer introductory part than the corresponding Hungarian sentences and have to be shortened in the Hungarian translation” or ”English, German, and Russian texts are more impersonal than Hungarian texts.”) spontaneous stylistic observations (”English scientific texts are like small talk compared to German scientific text”), or spontaneous sociolinguistic observations (”Russians like diminutive suffixes better than Hungarians.”)
Translation Studies
1. Introduction to the theory of translation
2. Krisztina Károly, Spring, 2006 3. Sources: Klaudy, 2003; Baker, 1998
1
The nature of the translator’s
“their ambition to explain translation phenomena and create theories is closely related to the very nature of this activity, regulated, on the one hand, by certain objective rules, and permitting, on the other, a number of subjective choices” (Klaudy, 2003, p.23)
8
(3) Translation as an object of research
Earlier: theorizing = privilege of nonprofessional translators (writers, poets, statesmen, priests, scientists, etc.) Second half of the 20th century: translation scholars (e.g., linguists) separated from practicing translators Today’s scholars: also interested in the process of translation (modeling the activity + describing regularities) applied and basic research
Ling.: considers “mass” solutions worthy of inquiry too, trying to describe and explain all of the operations (transformations) carried out by the translator.
were not pooled for centuries!
5
The idea of an uninterrupted and organic development of TS must be rejected for 3 main reasons:
6
(1) Translation as a profession
2
The medium of the translator’s activity = two languages
communicating in two Ls at the same time can never be as instinctive and unconscious as communicating only in one in translation, even the most instinctive translator develops ideas about the relationship between the two Ls, their similarities and differences, their relationship with reality, the similarities and differences in the way the two Ls segment reality linguistically, etc.