博士研究生考试试题

博士研究生考试试题
一、名词解释
1、professional paper（第一页）
2、subjective description（77页）
3、technical report（166页）
二、简答题
1、写出确定题目中的5个基本原则（第5页）
2、P21第一题；
3、P40页第二题；
4、P55第二题；
5、P69第一题；
6、P88第三题；
7、P125第二题；
三、论述题
1、P49，根据这个例子，分析5A步骤。

（首先写5A指的是什么，然后再写上P49这
一段）。

2、P155如何看待剽窃问题。

（可加上自己的观点）
名词解释
1.Professional paper:A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professional present their views and research finding on any deliberately chosen topic. It is variously known as “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”.
2.Subjective description:subjective description shows the author’s impressions of or responses to what they see. The author does not only want of describe the object itself but also express directly or indirectly his impressions or opinions of what he is describing.
3. Technical report: technical report refers to the papers whose contents involve certain unpublicized key technologies, technical know-how, or traditional Chinese technological processes, special raw materials, new technologies or methods that may bring about greater economic benefit, as well as technical renovation and transformation of relevant devices, instrument, prototypes, etc.
简答题
1.Finding topics: (1) It should be a topic within the reach of the author and capable of being finished within the assigned or suggested time limited. (2) It should be a topic of practical value for the specialty or the development of economy or science in general. (3) It should be a topic for which sufficient materials and documents can be made available either through readings or through investigations. Research work is by nature discovery and creation. (4) It should bear being tested theoretically and experimentally if his research is experimentation and investigation in nature as science demands thoroughness, accuracy and objectivity. (5) It should be a topic free from the author’s personal bias or preference even if it may be a topic of humanistic nature.
2. What are the general functions of a title in a professional paper?
(1) Generalizing the text; By glancing at the title, the reader will immediately know, incorporating with the abstract, what is mainly dealt with in the paper.
(2) Attracting the reader; Ideally, the title should be such that, by reading it, any professional reader can see whether the paper is worth reading at all.
(3) Facilitating the retrieval. A good title can help the reader
in his search for information.
3. What are the writing requirements for an abstract?
(1) Integrity; An abstract should include what the writer has done and what he has achieved within the scope of the topic, such as the research theories, research methods, investigations and experimental results and conclusions. To differentiate his paper work from others, the writer needs to stress his own contribution.
(2) Concise; The writer’s abstract is a miniature version of the body of his paper, self-contained and unambiguous.
(3) Consistency; As a mini-paper, an abstract should be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper.
(4) Concentration; An evaluation of a new technique or a discussion of the validity of the new results should properly appear in the conclusive section.
4. What are the “5 step” in abstract writing?
(1) Underlining key words and sentences; Underline the key words and sentences which are often signaled by transitional devices.
(2) Listing essential point of the paper; Try to put the same emphasis onto the points of your paper as you did with the original paper.
(3) Boiling down each section to a sentence or two; This is especially important for a descriptive (or indicative) abstract.
(4) Drafting the abstract; Use your own words wherever possible.
(5) Checking the final draft. Firstly, it should be shorten further to a minimum length. Secondly recheck the abstract until you are satisfied with it. Finally, the abstract should be read critically by your colleagues for objectivity.
5. What is your understanding of the structural features of the introduction?
(1)Introducing the subject; Since the topic in this section is what the paper is going to deal with, the readers, then, can get a preliminary but overall impression before going on with the full text of the paper.
(2) Limiting the research scope; Only when an introduction clearly defines the limits of the research scope can readers retrieve the information efficiently provided that the subject is introduced correctly.
(3) Stating the general purpose; The function of stating the general purpose is aimed at telling the reader of the general purpose of the why to where to start or where to guide.
(4) Showing the writing arrangement. The logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary.
6. What are the main methods of logical development?
(1) Developing by chronological sequence; (2) Developing by investigation procedures;
(3) Developing the research “from abstract to concrete”; (4) Developing the research “from concrete to abstract”; (5) Developing by using other logical sequencing.
7. Give your understanding of the writing requirements for results with your own example?
(1) Any data shown in this section must be meaningful. (2) The presentation of results should be short without verbiage and be of crystal clarity.
论述题
1. P49，根据这个例子，分析5A步骤。

（首先写5A指的是什么，然后再写上P49这一段）。

A1：background; one sentence. A2：main topic; one topic sentence, one or two supporting sentences that set forth the research topic if necessary. A3：specific investigations; two or three sentences to give specific information about the research. A4：result & suggestion; one sentence. A5：conclusion & contribution; one sentence.
The above example illustrates what we can the 5A strategy. All the points disclosed can help the author of the abstract to formulate an integrated overview of the whole paper. By quoting a well-known remark, the author prepares a setting in which his subject is oriented. Then, the author starts his work by pointing out the effective factors of “strategic management”, which serves as a topic sentence ushering in the main points naturally. The essential factors for strategic management are specifically presented. Upon depicting the importance of the organization climate and the quality of managers, the author turns to the scope of alternatives. As the result of the investigation, the author suggests that the assessment of effects for management should include the use of consultants and the role of a formal procedure. Finally, the last sentence summarizes the author’s conclusion and the significance of the present study.
2.P155如何看待剽窃问题。

（可加上自己的观点）What do you think of plagiarism?
Plagiarism --- the use o f another person’s ideas or words without giving him/her the proper credit---results from the failure to document fully and accurately. Ideas and expressions are considered to belong to the individual who first puts them forward. Therefore, when you incorporate ideas or phrasing from any other authors in your paper, whether directly or indirectly, you need to be honest and complete about indicating the source
to avoid plagiarism.
A writer should be aware that whether he is intentional or unintentional, plagiarism can bring serious consequences, both academic in the form of failure or expulsion, and legal, in the form of lawsuits. Plagiarism is a violation of the ethics of the academic community. Therefore, quotations in a research paper, thesis, or dissertation, they are indirect, should be documented.
In order to avoid plagiarism, a writer should choose indirect quotation for the presentation of information whenever he cannot justify direct quotation by one of the criteria discussed in the section on direct quotation below.
英语国际会议交流
内容在第三和第四单元（preparing conference papers）P37-73
名词解释
1. Affiliation: it usually refers the author’s institution. It should give full postal address, including the postal code and the name of the country. It has three functions: (1) Bearing author’s responsibility. (2) Facilitating retrieval and correspondence. (3) Heightening celebrity.
2. Abstract: abstract is a potent and influential piece of “microliterature”. It has three functions: (1) Miniaturizing the text. (2) Deciding yes or no. (3) Expanding the circulation.
3. Keyword: keywords are the key and most important words and phrases used in a paper. It has two functions: (1) Easy to be retrieval. (2) Easy to be highlighted.
4. Introduction: every professional paper should have at least one or two introductory paragraphs, whether this introduction should be a separately labeled section depends upon the length of the
paper. It has four functions: (1) Introducing the subject. (2) Limiting the research scope. (3) Stating the general purpose. (4) Explaining the writing arrangement.
5. Acknowledgements: acknowledgement is the last section of the body of a paper. It has such functions as expressing the author’s appreciation and acknowledging others’work. In writing acknowledgements, attention should be paid to the following: (1) Bear specific; (2) Avoid understatement or overstatement; (3) Obtain permission.
6. Reference: reference is a list of reference works at the end of a professional paper. It is usually the last section of the paper. Reference has two functions: (1) Showing respect to the previous works; (2) Presenting the scientific bases for the research.
简答题
1. General requirements of preparing conference papers?
There are many requirements for a good conference paper. The general requirements should include three aspects: (1) special content; (2) professional style; (3) standard format.
2. What are functions of the title?
It has three functions: (1) generalizing the text; (2) attracting the reader; (3) facilitating the retrieval.
3. Textual development of professional papers?
It has three aspects: (1) papers of theoretical nature; (2) papers of experimental nature; (3) papers of combined natures.
4. What is conclusion included?
As the end-result of a whole paper, the conclusion is a summary of the author’s viewpoints based on investigations, experiments, inferences, discussions and so on. Typical contents for the concluding section of a research paper usually include: (1) summing up; (2) statement of conclusions; (3) statement of
recommendations; (4) graceful termination.
英语文献阅读与翻译
名词解释
1. Literature:a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations. Literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race.
2.Patent:a patent is an official record of specific right awarded to an individual or group to prevent others from copying a design for goods or manner of procedure or a creative idea invented by that individual or group for a specified time.
3.Contract: contract is an agreement between two or more parties that is enforceable by law. A contract consists of voluntary promises to do or not do certain things. Promises in a contract are legal obligation. In general, a contract is a legally binding and legally enforceable promise, or set of promises, between two or more competent parties.
简答题
1. State briefly the linguistic feature of scientific literature.
Stylistically, literature is a kind of formal writing. Syntactically, scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary. Morphologically, scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word. Non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formals, charts, tables, photos, etc. for the sake of accuracy, brevity, and clarity.
2. State the similarities and difference between technical, descriptive and suggestive trademarks. (1) Technical trademarks:
a technical mark is one that indicates the source or origin of the product, and it has two categories: coined terms, which comprise “nonsense” syllables that do not exist as words in the Engli sh language, and English-language words that are completely arbitrary. A technical mark is regarded as a “strong” mark that can be protected easily against infringement. (2) Descriptive trademarks: descriptive marks are terms that describe a characteristic or feature of the goods and are generally difficult to protect as others may use similar terms to describe competitive products. (3) Suggestive trademarks: suggestive marks are an intermediate category: not as “strong” as coined or arbitrary terms.
3. What are the main elements of a proposal?
The elements that are essential to every proposal are: (1) statement of need; (2) project objectives;
(3) statement of procedures; (4) statement of strengths, and (5) a method for evaluating the effectiveness of the program.
英译汉：（以科技文本为主）。