初一英语上学期m8知识点

Module 8
1.always, usually, often, never
这四个词都是表示频率的副词。

如果用百分数来表示的话，应是：
always “总是；一直”,100% ;
usually “通常”, 90% ;
often “经常”,60% ;
never “从不”, 0% 。

它们的位置一般放在be动词、助动词或情态动词之后，行为动词之前。

Eg. I usually go to school on foot.我通常步行上学。

She never wears jeans or trainers.她从不穿牛仔裤或软运动鞋。

never是个否定词，用于行为动词之前，构成否定句，否定句中的并列一般用or 不用and。

She often goes to concerts and she usually buys CDs by her favourite
singers. 她经常去听音乐会，并且常常买她最喜爱的歌手的唱片。

介词by表示“被，由”。

Eg This is a book by Dickens.这是一本狄更斯写的书。

2. 一般现在时(习惯性动作和状态或客观规律)
（1）当主语为he/she/it/单数名词时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。

其否定句在谓语动词前加doesn’t (does not)，并把行为动词变为动词原形。

eg: She likes noodles. 她喜欢面条。

She doesn’t like noodles. 她不喜欢面条。

(2) 当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词的形式需做以下变化。

①一般在词尾加-s。

help-helps
②以s, x, ch, sh 结尾, 加-es。

wash-washes
③以辅音加o结尾,加-es。

go-goes
④以辅音加y结尾，变y为i，加-es。

study-studies
(3) 一般现在时常可使用的词：
always (总是)usually(通常)often(经常) sometimes (有时候)never(从不) seldom(很少，不常) every (every day/week/month/year/morning/Sunday)每个on Sundays
频度副词在句中的位置是放在行为动词之前, 如：
I often get up at five past six.
They never play computer games.
We always play football in the afternoon.
(4) 通常用于一般现在的客观规律
Birds fly. 鸟飞
The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳东升西落
Two and two is four. (is=makes=is equal to=gets)2+2=4
How time flies! 时光如逝
(5)按时间表或者时刻表发生的动作
The films starts at 7 this morning.
The train leaves at 5p.m.
3接双宾语的动词及所对应的介词用法
加to的动词
send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb.意为“把某物寄（送）给某人”
eg. Let’s send him a birthday card.让我们送他一张生日贺卡吧。

give sb. sth.=give sth. to sb. “给某人某物”
eg. Give a book to him.
teach sb sth=teach sth to sb
eg. Teach swimming to her.
tell sb sth=tell sth to sb
eg. Tell the answer to us.
sell sb sth=sell sth to sb
eg. Sell apples to them.
show sb sth=show sth to sb
eg. Show a photo to me.
加for的动词
buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb. “给某人买某物”
eg. The woman bought a car for her son.
choose sb sth=choose sth for sb （choose chose过去时chosen过去分词）eg. choose a present for him.
draw sb sth=draw sth for sb
eg. draw a picture for her.
find sb sth=find sth for sb
eg. I’ll find another chance for you.我会再为你找机会的。

make sb sth=make sth for sb
eg. make a family tree for his family.
4动词后to do 和doing含义上有区别的词
一．remember，forget，regret(遗憾,后悔) 跟动词的-ing形式时表示动作已经发生；
跟不定式表示动作尚未发生。

forget to do sth. 忘记要去做某事；forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事；
remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事；remember doing sth. 记得做过某事；
Eg Don’t forget to tell Jim about it.别忘了告诉Jim这件事。

（未告诉）
I forget telling Jim about it.我忘了曾经告诉Jim这件事了。

（已经告诉他了）
二stop ding sth. 停止正在干的事; stop to do sth. 停下来去做另外一件事go on doing sth继续同一件事. go on to do sth.，继续做不同的事情。

Eg ：You have must stop smoking. 你必须戒烟。

He stopped to get it and of course fell behind.他停下来去拿它，当然就落在后面了。

三try to do sth. 尽力做某事；try doing sth.试着做某事
eg：Let’s try to find some information about it, ok?
让我们努力去找一些关于它的信息，好吗？
“Why not try doing exercise to lose weight?” said the doctor.
医生说：“为什么不试着做运动减肥？”
四mean to do sth. 打算，想要做；mean doing sth 意味着做
eg：I’m sorry for what I have said .But I didn’t mean to hurt you.
我为我所说的话道歉，但我并不是有意要伤害你。

He broke his leg , which means staying in bed for several weeks.
他摔断了腿，那就意味着要卧床好几周。

五can’t help doing 忍不住，禁不住；can’t help (to) do 不能帮忙干….
eg：They couldn’t help jumping when hearing the good news.
听到这个好消息，他们情不自禁地跳了起来。

S orry, I can’t help (to) do your homework.抱歉我不能帮你做作业。

六like to do 偶尔发生的一件事like doing 一直都喜欢的一件事
Eg. He likes to clean his room.
He likes playing football.
5. lots of, a lot of
lots of相当于a lot of “许多，大量”,加可数名词或者不可数名词。

后面接不可数名词，相当于much。

后面接可数名词复数形式时，相当于many。

a lot of 与lots of 多用于肯定句，在否定句和疑问句中多用many或much。

eg: There is lots of/a lot of/much food in the fridge. 冰箱里有许多食物。

She loves books. She reads many/ a lot of /lots of (大量)books.
6．go之后加to跟宾语,可构成一些动词短语。

go to school 去上学
go to the film 去看电影
go to the doctor 去看病
go to bed 去睡觉
go to a football match 看一场足球比赛
7．What about? =How abou?
+人称代词宾格What about them? 他们呢
+名词What about a card? 卡片怎么样？
+动词ing What about playing basketball?去打篮球怎么样？
What about having a birthday party?
开一个生日晚会，好么？
8. different（adj）
1) be different from
Eg. American English is different from British English.
2)difference (n)
Eg .There are no differences between the two countries.
3) make a difference to sth
Eg. Change schools made a big difference to my life.转学对我一生有着重要影响4) differently(adv副词)
Eg. Boys and girls may behave differently. 男女生表现可能不同
9. habit
Break the habit改掉习惯
He is trying to break the smoking habit;
试图戒掉烟瘾；
a habit of ……的习惯
He has a habit of closing his eyes when he tells a story.
他在讲故事的时候习惯于把眼晴闭上。

habitat 栖息地
The panda’s natural habitat is the bamboo forest. 大熊猫的天然栖息地是竹林10. present
1 礼物=gift
Give a present to his daughter.
2 现存的当前的
In the present case 在当前的情况下
Past and present 过去的和现在的
at the present time
在目前; 现在
the present price
现价
the present tense
【语】现在时
the present case
本案
the past, the present, the future过去, 现在, 和将来
at present 现在, 目前=now
3 出席的在场的
Everbody was present. 大家都来了。

11.ticket
the ticket to the film
the answer to the question
the invitation to the party
the key to the door
the way to the post office
12.pair
a pair of shoes
a pair of trousers
in pairs 成对的
The pair of shoes is mine.
Two pairs of shoes are mine.
13.trainer
trainer训练者, 驯服者, 驯马师, 软运动鞋
trainee 受训者，实习生，新兵
11jeans牛仔裤
Jeans 琼斯（姓氏）
trousers 长裤
pants 短裤
12concert
音乐会，演奏会；合奏（曲）；【音】协奏曲
a concert hall音乐厅
一致，和谐
proceed in concert with
和...采取一致步骤
16.silk
Silk Road丝绸之路
Make of silk 丝制的
17.magazine, news, novel, newspaper
magazine 杂志（可数）a magazine
newspaper 报纸（可数）a newspaper
novel 小说（可数）a novel
新颖的（adj）a novel idea
news 新闻，消息（不可数）That’s bad news
No news is good news.没有消息就是好消息
19clothes
衣服clothes 谓语动词用复数
布cloth 不可数名词谓语动词用单数
20.singer
动词加er, or, ar 变成人
work-worker, teach-teacher,
visit-visitor,
beg-beggar
21 .think of/think about/think over
think of意为“考虑到、想到”，后常接代词、名词或动词-ing形式；意为“认为”时
What do you think of the play？你觉得这部戏剧怎么样？
（＝How do you like the play？）
think about可接名词、动词-ing形式或由疑问词引导的不定式或宾语从句，表示“考虑……”。

He's thinking about a problem．He has thought about it for a long time．
他正在考虑一个问题，他已经考虑了很长时间了。

think over意为“仔细考虑”，后接名词或代词作宾语。

当后接代词时，应把代词放在over
之前。

如：
Please think over what I have said．请仔细考虑我说的话
22 .感叹句
1. 由what引出的感叹句
其基本结构是“what+a [an]+形容词+名词+主语+谓语”：
What a clever boy he is! 他是多么聪明的孩子呀！
What a good heart you have! 你的心肠真好!
What an interesting book it is！这是多么有趣的书呀！
What a good time the children are having! 孩子们玩得真高兴呀！
若其中的名词为复数或不可数名词，则不用不定冠词：
What clever boys they are! 他们是多么聪明的孩子呀！
What beautiful floweres they are! 这些花多么漂亮呀！
What bad news it is! 这是多糟糕的消息呀！
在一定的语境中，若语义明确，名词前可以不用形容词：
Oh, what a wind! 啊，风真大！
What a fool he is! 他真是个笨蛋！
另外，感叹句中的主语和谓语有时可以省略：
Oh, what a fine day! 啊，多好的天气!
What great fun! 多有趣啊！
(2) 该结构中的形容词不能是表数量的many, much, little, few，遇此情况要用how，即使它们后面跟有名词：
How many books he has! 他的书真多！
How much money he gave her! 他给了她好多钱呀！
How little money I have! 我的钱多么少呀！
How few friends he has! 他的朋友真少！
比较：What a little box it is! 多小巧的盒子呀！（该little不表示数量
2. 由how引出的感叹句
基本结构是“how+形容词或副词+主语+谓语”：
How tall the man is! 这个人真高！
How beautiful the girl is! 这个女孩真美！
How slow he drives! 他开得真慢!
How tired he looks! 看上去他是很累了！
How well you look! 你气色真好!
How beautifully you dance! 你舞跳得真好！在一定的语境中，若语义明确，how后可以不出现形容词或副词；有时不出现形容词或副词可视为how修饰句中的动词：
How we laughed! 我们笑得多欢!
How I missed you! 我多么想你呀！
How he hated these men! 他是多么恨这些人呀！
有时句中的主语和谓语可以省略：
How fast! 多快呀！
How nice! 多好呀！
How beautiful! 多美呀！
How nice of you to come! 你来了真好!
23 .动词后面的形式
一、下列结构含有ing:
1. keep doing
2. keep /carry on doing
3. keep sb. Doing
4. enjoy doing
5. finish doing
6. be afraid of doing
7. be worth doing
8. be busy doing
9. how about doing//what about doing
10. spend some time (in)doing
11. spend some money (in) buying
12. feel like doing
13. stop/keep/prevent … from doing
14. thank you for doing
15. thanks for doing
16. do some cooking/cleaning/reading/shopping/washing
17. go swimming/fishing/shopping/skating/boating
18. mind/practise doing
19. pr efer doing … to doing…
20. can’t help doing
21. there is/are +n.+ doing …
二、下列结构用不带to的动词不定式：
1. had better (not) do sth.
2. would you please (not) do sth.
3. why not do sth.
4. why don’t you do sth.
5. Shall we do sth.?
6. let do sth.
7. make sb. do sth.
三、下列结构用带to的动词不定式：
1. It’s time to do sth.
2. It takes sb. some time to do sth.
3. tell/ask/want/encourage sb. to do sth.
4. Would you like to do sth.?
5. It’s good/bad to do sth.
6. It’s good/bad for sb.to do sth.
7. be+adj.+enough to do sth.
8. sb. is ready to do sth.
9. It’s+adj.+ for sb. to do sth.
10. It’s+adj.+ of sb. to do sth.
11. would like/love /decide/want/wish/to do sth.
12. would like/love sb. to do sth.
13. Prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.
I prefer to stay at home rather than go out.
14. what/how/ when/where/whether to do sth
15. can’t wait to do
16. too … to do …
17. be afraid /ready/able/sure to do
四、下列结构用带to的动词不定式和ing形式含义不同：
1.stop to do/ doing
2.forget to do/ doing
3.remember to do/doing
4.go on to do/doing
5.like to do/doing
6.love to do/doing
7.prefer to do/doing
8.hate to do/doing
五、下列结构用带to的动词不定式和ing形式含义相同：
1.begin to do/doing
2.start to do/doing
3. learn to do/doing
六、下列结构用不带to的动词不定式和现在分词的含义不同：
用不带to的动词不定式强调动作的完成过程；用现在分词强调动作的进行状态。

1．hear sb do sth./doing
2.listen sb do sth./doing
3.look at sb do sth./doing
4.see sb do sth./doing
5.watch sb do sth./doing
6.notice sb do sth./doing
24. How often/ long/ far/ soon
1. How long表示“时间多久或物体多长”.表示时间侧重指“一段时间”.针对“How long”的回答一般是时间段,如“for three days”,“three years”“at least three weeks”常与现在完成时或一般将来时连用
e.g. “How long were you away last year?”
“About two weeks”
2. How often表示“多少时间一次或每隔多久”.是就做某事的频率提问。

针对How often的回答一般是“Twice a year”.“Three times a week”.“once a day”, ”sometimes /often/always/ usually/ never/ seldom,等表示频率副词的词”e.g. “How often do you watch TV?”
“Tree times a week.”
3. How soon表示“多久之后”.侧重某人某事能多快时间完成. How soon的回答一般为: “ in + 时间段” e.g. “ in two days”“in five years”句子一般用将来时
e.g. “How soon will you be ready?”
“I’ll be ready in five minutes”
4．how far 有两个用法，其一是用于对距离的提问；其二是询问到什么程度或范围。

How far表示“多远” “表示程度”
How far is it? It is two kilometers. / about ten minutes’walk/ about 50 metres away from here.
Students are always interested in finding out____they can go with a new teacher.
A.how far
B.how soon
C.how often
D.how long
答案：A本题是说学生们想知道他们与新来的教师会相处得如何，how far表程度,修饰go with a new teacher 正好符合题意。