高中英语阅读技巧理解文章的基本结构——代词指代题、写作手法题

高中英语阅读技巧理解文章的基本结构——代词指代题、写作手法题
理解文章的基本结构——
代词指代题、写作手法题
一、解题技巧
★代词指代题
代词指代题要求考生根据一定的语境推测代词（如it, they, them, one, that等）所指代的内容。

解这类题时，可根据语境在代词所在句或上文中寻找代词所指代的名词、名词性短语或句子，然后将其替换至代词所在的句子中，看句意是否符合上下文逻辑、语法是否正确。

★写作手法题
这类题主要考查整篇文章或某个段落的写作手法。

常见的写作手法及提示语如下：
1. 举例。

常见提示语有for example, for instance等。

2. 对比。

常见提示语有like, unlike, but, however, while 等。

3. 提供数据或研究结果。

常见提示语有statistics, research, study等。

4. 按照时间顺序。

除了明确表示时间的单词和短语外，常见提示语还有later, then, afterwards等。

5. 按照空间顺序。

常见提示语有in the distance, from the top, on the left / right等。

6. 按照逻辑顺序。

常见提示语有because, therefore, as a result, besides, in addition, in a word, in short等。

二、真题分析
以下内容均选编自高考真题，我们将结合上面提到的解题技巧对各题进行分析解答。

[A]
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn't want me for the film — it wanted somebody as well known as Paul — he stood up for me. I don't know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.
The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft (技艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had
the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other — but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core (核心) of our relationship off the screen.
We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back — he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
I last saw him a few months ago. He'd been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn't talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn't need a lot of words.
1. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Their belief.
B. Their care for children.
C. Their success.
D. Their support for each other.
（选自2017年全国卷II阅读理解B篇）【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。

文章主要讲述了作者和一位名演员Paul Newman之间的友谊。

根据第三段第一句We shared the belief that ...以及下面对belief的具体解释可知，此处是说共同拥有这种“信念”使“我们”两个人更近了，故选A项。

[B]
I read somewhere that we spend a full third of our lives waiting. But where are we doing all of this waiting, and what does it mean to an impatient society like ours? To understand the issue, let's take a look at three types of “waits”.
The very purest form of waiting is the Watched-Pot Wait. It is without doubt the most annoying of all. Take filling up the kitchen sink (洗碗池) as an example. There is absolutely nothing you can do while this is going on but keep both eyes fixed on the sink until it's full. During these waits, the brain slips away from the body and wanders about until the water runs over the edge of the counter and onto your socks. This kind of wait makes the waiter helpless and mindless.
A cousin to the Watched-Pot Wait is the Forced Wait. This one requires a bit of discipline. Properly preparing packaged noodle soup required a Forced Wait. Directions
are ver y specific. “Bring three cups of water to boil, add mix, simmer three minutes, remove from heat, let stand five minutes.” I have my doubts that anyone has actually followed the procedures strictly. After all, Forced Waiting requires patience.
Perhaps the most powerful type of waiting is the Lucky-Break Wait. This type of wait is unusual in that it is for the most part voluntary. Unlike the Forced Wait, which is also voluntary, waiting for your lucky break does not necessarily mean that it will happen.
Turning one's life into a waiting game requires faith and hope, and is strictly for the optimists among us. On the surface it seems as ridiculous as following the directions on soup mixes, but the Lucky-Break Wait well serves those who are willing to do it. As long as one doesn't come to rely on it, wishing for a few good things to happen never hurts anybody.
We certainly do spend a good deal of our time waiting. The next time you're standing at the sink waiting for it to fill while cooking noodle soup that you'll have to eat until a large bag of cash falls out of the sky, don't be desperate. You're probably just as busy as the next guy.
2. The author supports his view by _____.
A. exploring various causes of “waits”
B. describing detailed processes of “waits”
C. analyzing different categories of “waits”
D. revealing frustrating consequences of “waits”
（选自2017年天津卷阅读理解D篇）【分析】本文是一篇议论文。

文章通过介绍三种类型的“等待”来论证“在生活中，人们有三分之一的时间用来等待”这个观点。

根据第一段中的To understand the issue, let's take a look at three types of “waits”可知，作者是通过分析这三种类型的“等待”来帮助理解这个问题，故选C项。

****** 精彩回顾******
①理解主旨和要义——段落大意和全文大意
②理解主旨和要义——标题归纳题
③理解文中具体信息——直接信息题
④理解文中具体信息——间接信息题
⑤理解文中具体信息——排序题、数据题
⑥作出简单判断和推理——言外之意题
⑦作出简单判断和推理——文章出处题
⑧作出简单判断和推理——文章观点或结论题
⑨根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义——单词词义猜测题⑩根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义——短语意思猜测题。