专题2副词与形容词学案

专题2 形容词和副词
1.形容词和副词的定义
形容词是用来描写或修饰名词(或代词)的一类词。

表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。

副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词及全句的词。

说明时间、地点、程度、方式等。

2.形容词和副词的功能（作用）形容词在句子中的作用
①形容词在句中可用作定语、表语、补语、状语等。

These are valuable suggestions.这些是宝贵的建议。

(形容词作前置定语)
I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事情要告诉你。

(形容词作后置定语)
The film was very interesting.那部影片非常有趣。

(形容词作表语)
Who left the door open?谁没关门?(形容词作补语)
He returned home,safe and sound.他回到了家,安然无恙。

(形容词作状语)
②副词可用作状语、表语、宾语补语或介词宾语等。

He studies very hard.他学习非常努力。

(副词very修饰另一个副词hard; 副词hard修饰动词studies)
She is a very smart girl.她是一个非常聪明的女孩儿。

(副词very修饰形容词smart)
Fortunately, his stepmother was kind to him.幸运的是,他的继母对他很好。

(副词fortunately 修饰整个句子)
3.形容词和副词的常考点
①形容词和副词的功能识别及词性转换
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly (poor) studied.
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Running is cheap，easy and it's always energetic (energy)．
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ) First，I wanted to be a fireman，whose uniform looked so coolly.
coolly改为cool
易错点：以e结尾的形容词变副词
true - truly due- duly
simple-simply terrible-terribly gentle-gently whole--wholly
Polite-politely nice-nicely complete-completely fortunate-fortunately rude-rudely
②形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating (聚集) around human settlements，leading to the illusion (错觉) that populations are higher (high) than they actually are.
(2017课标全国卷Ⅰ)Even worse (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
(2017课标全国卷Ⅱ)They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.
earlier→early 知识点2 形容词副词比较级、最高级构词规则及用法
一、比较级和最高级的构成
1．规则变化
(1)有少数几个双音节以及ow, er, le结尾的词，既可以加er和est, 又可以加more和most 构成比较级和最高级。

常考的词：common，quiet, stupid, shallow, narrow, clever, tender, simple, gentle, noble等。

(2)表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent, extreme, perfect, favorite，wonderful等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。

有些词不与than连用也可用于比较，如be senior to等。

2．不规则变化
1．同级比较
(1)as＋adj./adv.(原形)＋as...和……一样；not as/so＋adj./adv.(原形)＋as...和……不一样
◆(2019·河南中原名校联考)Since people are fond of humor, it is as welcome in conversation as anywhere else.
因为人们喜欢幽默，所以在谈话中或其他任何地方它都是受欢迎的。

(2)当as...as结构中有名词时，可用以下结构：
①as＋形容词原级＋a(n)＋n.＋as...
②as＋many＋可数名词复数＋as...
③as＋much＋不可数名词＋as...
◆I’m not a little tired today after giving the room a thorough cleaning and I have never had as tiring a day as today.
今天对房间进行了大扫除之后我很累，我从来没有过比今天更累的一天了。

2．比较级
“形容词/副词比较级＋than”表示“两者中一方比另一方更……”。

“less＋形容词/副词原级＋than”结构，表示“一方不及另一方……”。

◆To them, life is a competition—they have to do better than their peers to be happy.
对他们来说，生活已经变成了一场竞赛——他们不得不比同龄人做得更好才能获得快乐。

修饰比较等级的副词：much, even, still, far, a little, a lot, rather 等。

more, very等副词不可修饰比较级，这是短文改错常出现的错误之一。

3．最高级
(1)表示三者或三者以上的比较，常见的结构：“the＋最高级＋表示比较范围的短语或从句”，表示“……是……中最……的”。

◆(四川卷)Andy is content with the toy. It is the best he has ever got.
安迪很满意这个玩具。

这是他所得到的最好的玩具。

(2)one of＋形容词最高级＋名词复数
◆Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.
＝Shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country.
上海是我国最大的城市之一。

(3)序数词＋形容词最高级＋名词
◆Africa is the second largest continent in the world.
非洲是世界上第二大洲。

(4)最高级的其他表达法：
①否定词＋比较级
②比较级＋than＋any other＋单数名词
③比较级＋than＋all the other＋复数名词
④比较级＋than＋any of the other＋复数名词
⑤比较级＋than anything/anyone else
◆Your story is perfect；I’ve never heard a better one before.你的故事太完美了，我以前从来没有听过比这更好听的故事。

◆The Yangtze River is longer than any other river/all the other rivers/any of the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的其他任何一条河都长。

4．含有比较等级的特殊句型
(1)the＋adj./adv.er, the＋adj./adv.er越……，越……
(2)adj./adv.er＋and＋adj./adv.er 越来越……
(3)the＋adj.er＋of the two＋名词某人或某物是两者中较……的那个
(4)no more than 仅仅not more than 至多；不超过
(5)more...than... 与其说……倒不如说……
(6)no＋比较级＋than 和……一样不……
(7)not＋比较级＋than 不比……更……
(8)倍数句型
①A is＋倍数＋比较级＋than＋B
②A is＋倍数＋as＋原级＋as＋B
③A is＋倍数＋the＋名词(size, length, height等)＋of＋B
◆(天津卷)The more interaction the robot has with humans, the more it learns.
机器人与人类互动得越多，它学会的就越多。

◆(江苏卷)The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.
总的来说，电子废弃物正以比传统垃圾快三倍的速度增加。

易错点：重读闭音节的双写hot-hotter-hottest wet-wetter-wettest
fat-fatter-fattest thin-thinner-thinnest red-redder-reddest sad-sadder-saddest
③易混淆的形容词和副词
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly back to the playground.
hardly__改为hard 知识点3 易混淆形容词副词对比
易错点：hard 既是形容词表困难的，坚硬的，结实的，也是副词努力地，猛烈地，hardly 只是副词表示“几乎不”，deadly做形容词时，表示“致命的”，dead形容词表示“死的”
④易混淆的-ed形容词与-ing形容词
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident.
interesting改为interested (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)One was that I was amazing at the fact that a sick person could feel much more better after seeing a doctor.
amazing改为amazed;__将more去掉
知识点4 易混淆的-ed形容词与-ing形容词对比
-ed形容词通常说明人(某人)感到…”；-ing形容词通常说明事物“令人…”或“令人的(事物)”。

这样成对的形容词有：
interested / interesting excited / exciting frightened / frightening;
surprised / surprising pleased / pleasing moved / moving
disappointed / disappointing amazing/amazed amusing/amused
易错点：即使-ed形容词用以说明事物，那也是指与该事物相关的人；即使-ing形容词用以说明人，也是指此人具有该性质或特征。

如：
1. He told me the news in an ________ voice.
A. exciting
B. excited
C. excitedly
D. excitingly
2. 这个人很有趣。

The man is _interesting__。

另外，glad, happy, sorry, angry, thankful, proud等的主语也只能是人；而pleasant, easy, difficult, important等则通常以事物或it作主语，因为它们是说明事物的。

如：
__ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.
—Mm, it does have a ___smell.
A. pleasant; pleased
B. pleased; pleased
C. pleasant; pleasant
D. pleased; pleasant
⑤连接性副词的误用
(2017课标全国卷Ⅱ)Beside, they often get some useful information from the Internet.
Beside→Besides
知识点5：常考的连接性副词
句子副词修饰整个句子,多置于句首,表示说话人的态度或语气等,常见的这类副词有:
表递进:besides、then、moreover
表结果:thus、therefore、consequently
表转折:however、instead、though、otherwise
表等同:similarly、equally
表概括:generally、altogether
表列举:first(ly)、second(ly)、last(ly)、finally
表时间:meanwhile、occasionally
表特指:especially、particularly、mostly、mainly
其他:actually实际上anyway/anyhow 无论如何
eventually最终(un)fortunately (不)幸运地
interestingly有趣地luckily 幸运地
personally就个人而言strangely 奇怪地
surprisingly令人吃惊地 unexpectedly出乎意料地
Personally, I don't approve of the plan.就个人而言,我不赞成这项计划。

知识储备：
1.as 构成的同级比较
①.as+形容词或副词的原级+as
He is as tall as his father.他和他父亲一样高。

②.not as/so+形容词或副词的原级+as (表示前者不如后者……)
He doesn't study as/so hard as his brother. 他学习不如他弟弟努力。

③.as+形容词的原级+a/an+单数名词+as+其他
Tom is as hard-working a boy as his brother. 汤姆是和他弟弟一样努力的男孩。

④.as+many/much+名词+as+其他
I have as many books as you.我的书和你的书一样多。

2.形容词作状语主要表示原因、结果或伴随等，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。

◆(安徽卷)Lighthearted and optimistic, she is the sort of woman to spread sunshine to people through her smile.
她无忧无虑、积极乐观，是那种用微笑给别人带来快乐的人。

语法专项系列：形容词与副词考点集训
考点一形容词、副词构词法
1. (2019届山东招远一中10月月考,68)The site is ____________(constant) updated with news, often about exciting findings that change how we view the world.
2.(2019届黑龙江哈尔滨师大附中一次月考,70)____________ (honest) speaking, some of the things that I bought have been put aside forever in my closet.
3.(2019届陕西渭南中学三次质检,50) ____________ (surprise), Sally was not driven out like the former teachers; instead, she won respect from the students.
4.(2018东北三省三校一模,70)Today, the Great Wall is generally recognized as one of the most ____________(impress) architectural wonders in history.
5.(2018内蒙古呼伦贝尔一模,68)If we are____________(satisfy) with only a few rules we have memorized, we are not really learning the language.
6.(2018甘肃天水一中二模,48)We will give 99% of our Facebook shares—currently about $ 45 billion—to advance this____________ (value) mission.
7.(2018黑龙江哈三中二模,68)All this move is highly ____________ (benefit) to sunflowers.
8.(2017辽宁锦州二模,70)These young people never____________ (willing)let their creativity be limited by their parents or traditional rules.
9.(2017吉林普通中学第二次调研,66)A good memory is of great help, but it is not enough to____________ (simple) memorize rules from a grammar book.
10.(2017黑龙江大庆一模,61)My mother’s hair was____________ (total) gray by 32, but I hoped to hold on to my light brown hair until at least 50.
（参考答案：1.constantly 2. Honestly 3.Surprisingly 4. impressive 5. satisfied 6. valuable 7. beneficial8.willingly9. simply10. totally）
考点二易混形容词、副词的用法改错
1.There are so much things we disagree about.
2.He was too frightening to say anything.
3.Why are you being so much horrible to me?
4.He told me that he had visited the Great Wall 3 years ago.
5.He had thought such little of the patient that he was not in a condition to answer it.
(1.much→many 2.frightening→frightened 3.删除much 4. ago→before 5.such→so)
强化训练
Ⅰ填空：
1.(2018江苏,34)Despite the poor service of the hotel, the manager is____________ (reluctance) to invest in sufficient training for his staff.
2.(2017江苏,29)Only five years after Steve Jobs’death, smart-phones defeated _______ (convention)PCs in sales.
3.(2016浙江,13)A sudden stop can be a very frightening experience, ____________(especial)if you are travelling at high speed.
4.(2015安徽,26)I’m so____________ (gratefully)to all those volunteers because they helped my terrible day end happily.
5.(2015福建,23)It was____________ (consider) of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried.
6.(2015湖北,27)Even though the conference hall is near his apartment, he has to hurry a little if he wants to be____________ (punctually).
7.(2015浙江,13)Most of us,if we know even a little about where our food comes from,understand that every bite put into our mouths was ____________ (former)alive.
8.(2015湖北,29)The girl used to be shy,but is ____________(gradual)getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself.
9.(2014湖北,29)Hardly had Sabrina finished her words when Albert said____________ (sharp),“Don’t be so mean,”pointing a finger of warning at her.
10.(2014安徽,27)My good performance in the job interview left me____________ (optimism)about my future and about what I can do here.
11.(2015四川,7)Andy is content with the toy.It is the____________ (good)he has ever got.
12.(2014大纲全国,27)Raymond’s parents wanted him to have the____________ (good) possible education.
(参考答案：1.reluctant 2. conventional 3. especially 4. grateful 5. considerate 6. punctual 7.formerly8. gradually9.sharply10. optimistic11. best12. best)
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Compared with letters and public phones，mobile phones and the Internet are fast and much more convenient.________
2．This room is two thirds big than that one.________
3．So little education did he have that he couldn't teach so little children.________
4．Global warming catches and holds our concern，for it affects us and will affect our late generations.________
5．What is worse，pets may make too many noise and even attack people.________
6．I am confidence to take care of myself，wash the clothes and clean the rooms.________ 7．The more time you spend with the language, the fast you will learn.________
8．And we will study even more harder and try our best to do all.________
9．As a result, I failed two of my most favorite subjects, math and physics, which surprised everyone.________
10．I will have my own family，probable with a lovely child.________
答案
1．fast→faster 2.big→bigger 3.第二个so→such
4．late→later 5.many→much
6．confidence→confident7.fast→faster
8．去掉more9.去掉most10.probable→probably
语法填空
For Nigel Portman, a love of travelling began with what's called a "gap year"．In common with many other British teenagers，he chose___1___（take）a year out before settling down to study for his degree．After doing various___2___ （job）to raise some money，he left home to gain some experience of life in different cultures，visiting America and Asia．The more adventurous a young person，the___3___（great）challenge they are likely to set___4___（them）for the gap year，and for some，like Nigel，it can result in a thirst for adventure．
Now that his university course___5___（come）to an end，Nigel is just about to leave on a three-year trip that will take him right around the world．What's more, he plans to make the whole journey___6___（use）only means of transport which are powered by natural energy．In other words，he'll be relying___7___（main）on bicycles and his own legs；and when there's an ocean to cross，he won't be taking a shortcut（捷径）___8___flying aboard﹣he'll be joining the crew of a sailing ship，instead．
As well as doing some mountain climbing along___9___way，Nigel hopes to pass on to the people he meets the environmental message___10___lies behind the whole idea．
(参考答案：1. to take, 2. jobs 3. greater 4. themselves 5. has come 6. using 7. mainly 8. by/through 9. the 10. that/which)。