repetition翻译技巧

repetition翻译技巧
Repetition（重复法）
Generally what is repeated in Chinese may in many cases be substituted (替代), varied (变换) or omitted (省略) in English. For English repetition, Fowler (1951:218) has this to say in The King’s English:
Even when the repetition is a part of the writer’s original plan, consideration is necessary before it can be allowed to pass: it is implied in the terms “rhetorical”or significant repetition that the words repeated would ordinarily be either varied or left out; the repetition, that is to say, is more or less abnormal, and whatever is abnormal may be objectionable in a single instance, and is likely to become so if it occurs frequently.
Compare Chinese with English:
1. 一个地方有一个地方的全局，一个国家有一个国家的全局，一个地球有一个地球的
全局。

A locality has its own over-all interest; a nation has another and the earth yet another.
(nominal substitution)
2. 我们的民族再也不是一个被人侮辱的民族了。

Ours is no longer a nation subject to insult and humiliation. (nominal substitution)
3. 夺取这个胜利，已经是不要很久的时间和不要花费很大的气力了；巩固这个胜利，
则是需要很久的时间和要花费很大的气力的。

（《毛泽东选集》）To win this victory will not require much more time and effort, but to consolidate it will.
(nominal substitution and verbal omission)
4. 我们必须决定什么东西是应当称赞或歌颂的，什么东西是不应当称赞或歌颂的，什
么东西是应当反对的。

We should decide what to commend and praise, what not to and what to oppose. (verbal omission)
5. 自周秦以来，中国是一个封建社会，其政治是封建的政治，其经济是封建的经济。

From the Zhou and Qin Dynasties onwards, Chinese society was feudal, as were its politics and its economy. (clausal substitution )
6. 一个人的工作，究竟是三分成绩七分错误，还是七分成绩三分错误，必须有个根本
的估价。

We m ust have a fundamental evaluation of a person’s work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 per cent and his mistakes to 70 per cent, or vice versa. (clausal
7. 你没有搞好，我是不满意的，得罪了你就得罪了你。

You have done a poor job and I am not satisfied, and if you feel offended, so be it. (clausal substitution)
8. 两篇文章，上篇与下篇，只有上篇做好，下篇才能做好。

In the writing of an article, the second half can be written only after the first half is finished.
(variation)
Grammatical Repetition（语法性重复）
Repetition of the Modified（重复被修饰语）
Examples:
1. Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations.
我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。

2. The use of atomic weapons is a clear violation of international law, in particular of the
Geneva Convention.
使用原子武器显然违反国际法，特别是违反日内瓦公约。

3. Aerostatics is the study of how an object is supported in the air by buoyancy, that is, its
ability to float in the air as a boat floats on water.
空气静力学是研究物体怎样靠浮力而飘悬于空中的学科，也就是研究物体如同船浮于水上那样飘浮于空中的能力。

4. I very much admire your determination to strengthen China’s economy and to ensure that
the fruits thereof are enjoyed by the masses who uphold China’s socialist construction.
我非常钦佩你们决心增强中国经济，并且决心保证使从事社会主义建设的人民群众能够享受经济发展的成果。

Drills
5. We are the witnesses of the scrupulous respect of the Government of China for the
principles of non-intervention in the affairs of other states and of its unwavering supporting of the rights of peoples to independence and self-determination.
6. Last year, the output of coal in this region amounted to about 20 percent of the whole
country; of steel 25 percent; of grain 30 percent; of cotton 35 percent.
7. They carried with them different tools, machines and iron and steel plates.
8. Like China, too, whose epic struggle over the centuries was to forge an enduring unity, we
are jealous of this unity we are remolding of the diversity of peoples, languages and cultures, which are to be found within our shores.
Repetition of the Modifier（重复修饰语）
Examples & Drills Guided Translation
1. I identify myself as one of critical lovers and loving critics of the United Nations.
我自认为我既是一个批评联合国的爱护者，又是一个爱护联合国的批评者。

2. The composition and thickness of a thin film determine its electrical and mechanical
characteristics.
薄膜成分与薄膜厚度决定薄膜的电气特性和机械特性。

3. We need materials which can bear high temperature and pressure.
4. Under suitable conditions we can produce energy in the electrical form by the conversion
of heat, mechanical and other forms of energy.
Repetition of the Verb which is Common to Several Objects, or the Object which is Common to Several Verbs（重复几个宾语所共有的动词或几个动词所共有的宾语）
Examples & Drills 7.1.3Guided Translation
1. We have to analyze and solve problems.
我们要分析问题，解决问题。

2. The decision to deploy a ballistic missile defense system depends primarily on cost,
reliability and capability of the phased-array radar rather than on other technological factors.
部署弹道导弹防御系统的决策，主要取决于相控阵雷达的造价、可靠性和性能，而不是取决于其他技术因素。

3. We have come here to express our gratitude and the friendship, complete solidarity and
comradeship-in-arms that unite our two peoples.
4. The two men are back, talking about Vietnam, about the son-of-bitch brigade commander
who didn’t give a damn about lives, only his own reputation, and some of the stupidities and screwups of the war.
Repetition of the Preposition which is Common to Several Objects（重复几个宾语所共有的介词）
Examples & Drills Guided Translation
1. Despite his versatility of talent and shiftiness of purpose, this man has in his whole lifetime
been wedded to the most fossilized routine.
尽管他有随机应变的本领，尽管他的主张反复无常，但是他终生都是极端墨守成规的。

2. The solid friendship between our two countries took shape during our protracted struggles
against colonialism, hegemonism, and outmoded relationships.
Repetition of the Verb in Chinese for the Omitted or Substituted Verb in English（重复被省略或被替代的动词）In English, the repeated finite verb or verbal phrase in the second clause is habitually understood when the auxiliary verb is repeated, or the pro-verb “do” is used, or after the infinitive sign “to”. In compound sentences, the repeat ed verbs in the second and the following clauses are often omitted. These omitted or substituted verbs, however, are usually repeated in translation.
Examples:
1. You can do it very well, if you care to.
如果你愿意做这件事，可以做得很好。

2. In any case work does not include time, but power does.
在任何情况下，功不包括时间，但功率却包括时间。

3. One cannot learn to produce a sound from an explanation only, or get a correct idea of a
flavour from a description: a sound must be heard, a colour seen, a flavour tasted, an odour inhaled.
人不能只从讲解中学会发音，也不能光靠描述而真正体会出某种滋味来：声音必须耳闻，颜色必须目见，滋味必须口尝，气味必须吸入。

Drills
4. Work with, and not against, nature.
5. Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking, one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind.
6. Thales thought water was the beginning of everything; Anaximenes, air; Heraclitus, fire.
7. Factories known to produce components for missiles and submarines are being
camouflaged, as are missile launching and test sites throughout the USSR. (Reader’s Digest, Dec. 1977)
Repetition of the Noun in Chinese for the Pronoun in English （重复代词所代替的名词）
English pronouns, including personal, reflexive, conjunctive, and relative pronouns, are widely used to avoid the repetition of nouns. Chinese, however, prefers to repeat nouns instead of using pronouns in many cases.
Examples:
1. Water evaporates more rapidly when the temperature is high than when it is low.
温度高，水蒸发得快；温度低，水蒸发得慢。

2. Translation from English into Chinese is not as easy as that from English into French.
英译汉不如英译法容易。

3. A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new
substance is formed.
化学变化是改变粒子的结构、形成新物质的一种变化。

Drills
4. Electrical charges of a similar kind repel each other while those that are dissimilar attract.
5. The freezing point on the Centigrade scale is 0° and that on the Fahrenheit is 32°.
6. He speaks English, and that very well.
7. There is a feeling of responsibility by parents for their children’s welfare, that is, they feel
that they should help them to make a new start of life in order that they (the children) may care for them (the parents) in the future.
Repetition of the Noun or Verb in Chinese for the Relative or Connective in English（重复名词或动词，以代替英语的关系词或连接词）
In English, the relative pronoun or relative adverb joins the adjective clause to the principal clause; the conjunction “that” is repeated before the coordinate objective clauses with the omitted verbs before “that”. In Chinese, there are no such relatives or connectives, so the antecedent of the relative or the verb before that-clause is often repeated in translation.
Examples:
1. Radar is a newly developed technique by which people can see the things beyond the
visibility of them.
雷达是一种新开发的技术，利用雷达人们能看到视线以外的东西。

2. If she did not speak with Rebecca on the tender subject,
she compensated herself with long
and intimate conversation with Mrs. Blenkinsop, the house keeper, who dropped some hints to the lady’s-maid, who may have cursorily mentioned the matter to the cook, who carries the news, I have no doubt, to all the tradesmen. (Vanity Fair) 她不好和丽贝卡说起这个难出口的问题，只好和管家娘子白兰金素太太亲密地长谈了好几回。

管家娘子露了些口风给上房女佣人。

上房女佣人也许约略地对厨娘说了几句，厨娘一定又去告诉了所有做买卖的。

Drills
3. We have advocated the principle of peaceful co-existence, which is now growing more and
more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.
4. Peace-loving people can only wish that the victory in election be utilized and consolidated,
and that a stable government be formed in that country.
Repetition of the Hyponym for the Superordinate（重复下义词，以代替上义词）To avoid undue repetition, English often employs the hyponym or the superordinate to refer to the same thing or person, for example:
A: The machine broke.
B: Where did you buy the old thing, anyway?
A: I bought it at the discount house.
B: Then toss the stuff out. (Nida 1964:73)
In this series one referent is identified in four different ways. Obviously, the expressions old thing, it, and stuff can refer to many more objects than machine. In other words, the three substitute expressions are called superordinates (上义词) to machine, which is called the hyponym
(下义词).
In Chinese we often repeat the hyponym for the superordinate to avoid the confusion of the referent.
Examples:
1. While small generators frequently have revolving armatures, large machines usually have
stationary armatures and revolving fields.
小型发电机通常采用旋转电枢，而大型发电机通常采用固定电枢和旋转磁场。

2. On July 14, 1965, Mariner IV passed within 6,000 miles of Mars and transmitted back to
the earth 21 pictures of the surface of that planet.
1965年7月14日，“海员四号”从离火星不到6 000英里处经过，把21张火星表面的照片传回地球。

3. The monkey’s most extraordinary accomplishment wa s learning to operate a tractor. By
the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle. (R.Quirk)
这只猴子最了不起的技能是学会驾驶拖拉机。

到了九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。

Drills
4. Yesterday a pigeon carried the first message from the city to the town. The bird covered the
distance in three minutes.
5. An electron tube is generally used for amplification, and vacuum tube is another name for
this device.
6. John’s bought himself a new Ford. He practically lives in the car.
7. Eric Kempka received an order to deliver immediately 200 liters of gasoline in cans to the
chancellery garden. Kempka had some difficulty in rounding up so much fuel, but he managed to collect 180 liters. (The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich)
Rhetorical Reduplication and Repetition（修辞性重叠和重复）It is one of the peculiarities of Chinese to reduplicate characters or words in word-formation and to repeat the similar or same word or expression in a discourse for expressiveness and parallelism. This device, rhetorical or grammatical, can render translations more appealing to Chinese readers.
Reduplication of Characters or Words（重叠字或词）
The following is a brief summary of the reduplication of Chinese characters or words in various ways:
(1) 名词重叠，表示“每个”、“所有”、“许多”、“小”、“杂”或某种感情色彩等：
AA：人人天天事事年年声声字字道道杠杠家家
AABB：男男女女世世代代风风雨雨沟沟洼洼日日夜夜
(2) 数量词重叠，表示“每个”、“逐个”、“许多”或某种感情色彩等：
BB：个个件件排排块块条条本本篇篇重重层层
ABB：一杆杆一块块一桩桩一道道一滴滴一朵朵
ABAB：一次一次一包一包一颗一颗一步一步一丛一丛
AABB：千千万万三三两两三三五五
(3) 动词重叠，表示动作的轻微、反复、完成、连续、轻松、随便等：
AA：说说听听谈谈想想吃吃瞧瞧歇歇试试摸摸
A一（了）A：走一走看一看避一避笑了笑摇了摇翻了翻
ABAB：考虑考虑救济救济收拾收拾整理整理休息休息
AABB：进进出出摇摇晃晃吵吵嚷嚷勾勾搭搭吞吞吐吐
A着A着、A了A了：听着听着看着看着老了老了完了完了
(4) 形容词重叠，表示程度的加重、加深、加强、减轻或喜爱、厌
恶等情绪：
AA：红红高高厚厚小小远远深深长长紧紧细细
AABB：干干净净奇奇怪怪零零落落歪歪斜斜花花绿绿
ABAB：笔直笔直冰凉冰凉通红通红雪白雪白崭新崭新
(5) 附加式重叠，主要用来使表达形象、生动，其格式尤其丰富多彩：
AAX：毛毛雨月月红呱呱叫团团转步步高蒙蒙亮
XAA：水汪汪羞答答笑眯眯亮晶晶白茫茫圆滚滚
AAXY：花花世界心心相印娓娓动听历历在目脉脉含情
XYAA：衣冠楚楚烈火熊熊忧心忡忡风雨潇潇杨柳依依
A里AB：罗里罗嗦胡里胡涂妖里妖气古里古怪慌里慌张
(6) 偏正并列式、动宾并列式、主谓并列式及其他形式的重叠：
ABAC：假情假义难兄难弟有声有色没大没小所作所为
ABCB：以毒攻毒爱理不理大闹特闹好说歹说一拖再拖
ABA：面对面心连心手拉手肩并肩背靠背
(7) 象声词重叠，形式多种多样。

这类词有很大的可创性，有的纯粹摹拟声音，有的表
示声音的一个自然段落，有的表示声音的连续或重复，有的表示声音的杂乱。

如：
哗哗、嗡嗡、呼呼、呷呷、呜呜、喃喃、突突、咕咕、叭叭叭、轰隆隆、叮叮当当、
劈劈拍拍、哗啦哗啦、咕嘟咕嘟
Reduplication of Chinese characters and repetition of words are favorite devices in Chinese. The following is a piece of writing which copies the style of reduplication:
春天，到处绿茵茵。

爷爷、奶奶、爸爸、妈妈带着我和两个妹妹回到了阔别多年的家乡。

几天来，我们走访了村里的家家户户，看到了一排排崭新的楼房，见到了一片片绿油油的梯田。

这天，我们有的手拉手，有的肩并肩，高高兴兴，来到了镇里。

一路上，见到人来人往，女孩穿得花花绿绿，
市场上挤满了男男女女，人们熙熙嚷嚷，正在买卖各种各样的东西，真是一派忙忙碌碌的景象。

小妹妹东摸摸，西瞧瞧，蹦蹦跳跳。

她才八岁，一张圆滚滚的小脸蛋，一双水汪汪的大眼睛。

大妹妹呢，今年刚十八，高高的个子，红红的脸，细细的腰，蹬着高跟鞋，是个娇滴滴、羞答答的小姐。

奶奶一步一步地走呀走，嘴里笑嘻嘻的，不停地喃喃自语。

亲友久别重逢，格外亲热。

这村子，昔日是弹痕累累、烈火熊熊的战场，如今已是一派欣欣向荣、热热闹闹的景象。

人人都说，如今呵，要吃有吃，要穿有穿，日子越过越甜了。

In translating from English into Chinese, expressiveness can be heightened by reduplication of characters or words and repetition of words or expressions to achieve “结构美、均衡美、节奏美”.
Examples:
1. Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.
欢迎他的只有几下轻轻的、零零落落的、冷冷淡淡的掌声。

2. The road was packed with a noisy crowd of men and women, who were selling and buying
all kinds of things.
路上挤满了男男女女，他们熙熙攘攘，正在买卖各种各样的东西。

3. There were only half a dozen lines in her mother’s neat featureless writing, a Manhattan
public school script. (The Winds of War)
她母亲用曼哈顿公立学校惯用的普普通通的字体，整整齐齐地写了五六行的信。

4. On the other side of the torpedo shop, large fires also roared and crackled, fanned by a sea
wind. (The Winds of War)
鱼雷工厂另一边，海风吹着大火，烧得轰轰隆隆、劈劈啪啪直响。

5. A distant whistling noise became louder, and a sudden
crash jarred the room. Glass broke
somewhere, a lot of glass. The girl uttered a small shriek, but sat still and straight. (The Winds of War)
远处传来的哨声越来越响，突然轰隆一声，把房子都震动了。

不知什么地方玻璃震碎了，哗啦啦的一大片。

姑娘尖叫一声，但仍然直挺挺地坐在那儿，一动也不动。

6. There were platters of smoking sausages and sauerkraut, there were many whole pink
hams, there were mounds of boiled potatoes, piles of fried chicken, stacked loaves of fresh bread, pitchers of beer, immense whole yellow and orange cheeses. (The Winds of War) 桌上摆满了一大盘一大盘的熏香肠和酸白菜，整块整块粉红的火腿，一堆堆煮熟的马铃薯和油炸子鸡，一摞摞新鲜的面包，大壶大壶的啤酒，许多整块整块的黄色和桔红色干酪。

Drills
10. To a sulphurous overture of thunder, vivid lightning and pouring rain, the British 8th Army
surged westwards across the North African desert in a vast wheeled and tracked armada of
10 000 vehicles and 100 000 men.
11. All over the south of England the skies were filled with the thunder of bombers, the howl
of zooming, weaving, diving fighters, the furious chatter of machine guns and the thumping of cannons.
12. Seared by a sun more savage than their native l and’s, their wounds suppurated and hosts of
whining flies fell upon them.
13. In Calais French and British infantry did fight to the last man and last round.
14. Bayonets flashed and were still. A success signal soared.
15. Huge, riven and blazing wrecks that only minutes before had been majestic aircraft carriers
settled into the glittering Pacific.
16. Miss Jemima had already whimpered several times at the idea of Amelia’s departure.
(Vanity Fair)
Repetition of Synonymous Characters or Words（重复同义字或词）Besides the reduplication of characters or words as shown above, the repetition of synonymous characters or words is also one of the peculiarities in the usage of the Chinese language. These four-character expressions and idioms have long been a favorite form widely used in various styles of writing and speaking.
Examples:
1. 惊心动魄horrified
2. 发号施令to issue orders
3. 远见卓识far-sighted
4. 荒时暴月in hard times
5. 惊天动地earth-shaking
6. 离乡背井to leave one’s native land
7. 土崩瓦解disintegrated
8. 称心如意satisfactory
9. 穷凶极恶nefarious
10. 赤胆忠心ardent loyalty
11. 唉声叹气moan and groan
12. 挨门逐户from door to door
13. 胡言乱语to talk nonsense
14. 奇装异服outlandish clothes
Drills 7
Put the following into Chinese with the repetition of
synonymous characters or words:
1. strange tale
2. ever changing
3. a mixed accent
4. deep friendship
5. heart and soul
6. careless
7. much wining and dining
8. rumors and slanders
9. deep hatred
10. remote barren land 11. to become a household word
12. crudely made
13. utterly exhausted
14. demons and ghosts
15. fine-sounding words
16. to make a little contribution
17. breathless with fear
18. with great eagerness
19. the ins and outs (of it)
20. by hook or by crook
NOTES
Antonymous combination（反义合成）is also a favorite form of parallelism in Chinese:
1. 厚今薄古stress the present, not the past
2. 南辕北辙act in a way that defeats one’s purpose
3. 亲痛仇快sadden one’s own folk and gladden the enemy
4. 求同存异seek common ground while reserving differences
We can also find synonymous repetition in English:
1. ways and means 方式方法
2. wear and tear 磨损
3. lord and master 主人
4. near and dear 亲近
5. by leaps and bounds 飞跃地
6. pick and choose 挑挑拣拣
7. with might and main 尽全力
8. chop and change 反复无常
Antonymous combinations:
1. hit or miss 不论成功与否
2. make or mar 成之或毁之
3. sink or swim 不论好歹
4. rain or shine 无论如何
5. now or never 机不可失
6. back and forth 翻来覆去
7. off and on 断断续续
8. to and fro 来来往往
Repetition of Words or Expressions（重复词语或表达法）
Repetition of words or expressions and parallelism find themselves a welcome device in the Chinese language.
Examples:
1. The streets of New York were brilliant with moving men.
纽约的大街上，人来人往，五光十色。

2. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do.
爱一行干一行不行，要干一行爱一行。

3. Their language was almost unrestrained by any motive of prudence.
他们几乎爱讲什么就讲什么，全然不顾什么谨慎不谨慎了。

4. My hair is gone, but I’m just the sa me. (O.Henry: The Gifts)
我的头发没有了，但我还是我呀！
5. At this, much bewildered, the reporter lamely apologized and made off down the street,
occasionally glancing back and evidently undecided whether to believe his eyes or his ears.
(William Foster: Rages from a Worker’s Life)
听到这番话，这记者被弄得稀里糊涂，一面支支吾吾地道歉着，一面匆匆地顺着街道溜走了，不时地回过头来看看，显然拿不定主意到底是相信自己的眼睛，还是相信自己的耳朵。

6. The men of Moscow huff and puff, complain, warn, bluster— and no one seems to pay
any attention. (The Christian Science Monitor, 1978)
莫斯科的当家人吹胡子，瞪眼睛，怒气冲冲，牢骚满腹，又是警告，又是大喊大叫——可是好像谁也不置理。

Drills
7. Our old clothes and few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.
8. We should know that big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their
own policies. Each follows the policy to its liking.
9. One has one’s own way.
10. Every age has its own customs.
11. Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
12. He went wherever there was the greatest need.
13. Choose whichever you please.
14. The weather alternates between sunshine and rain.
NOTES
Verb Repetition in Some Chinese Sentence Patterns
(1) In “S+V+O” sentence pattern, adverbial adjunct（汉语的补语）is idiomatically placed after the repetition of the verb. However, if the object is put before the verb, the repetition of the
verb is not necessary, and the meaning remains unchanged: She has read few books.
她读书得不多。

(not idiomatic)
她读书读得不多。

她书读得不多。

(idiomatic)
书她读得不多。

Drills
1. He spoke in an irritating way.
2. He is tipsy.
3. His illness this time was caused by a cold bath.
(2) In spoken Chinese, verbs (or adjectives, nouns) are sometimes repeated to express concession or other emotions. In English, however, no repetition is necessary:
1. I have made proposals, but they proved futile.
说是说了，但没有结果。

2. I have tried, but my efforts were a failure.
做是做了，但没有成功。

3. I shall go later but I can’t leave just now.
去是去，但是现在不能走。

4. It’s a good idea, but I’m afraid it’s impracticable.
这个主意好是好，但恐怕行不通。

Drills
5. I’ll go; what do I have to be afraid of? (determination)
6. I have been so busy hating that I have no time to worry. (indignation)
7. You will have enough to eat and enough to wear. (persuasion)
8. She ev en won’t eat anything at all, what can I do for her? (worry)
9. Let others enjoy the fruit of their own labor; anyway we
won’t take it from them.
(prudence)
Similar Repetition in both English and Chinese（英汉语类似的重复）As rhetorical devices, repetition and parallelism are employed in both English and Chinese.
Examples:
1. What a world! No sidewalks, no shops, no movie houses, no garages, no cars, no bicycles,
no streetlights, no hydrants, no billboards; not a sound, not a sight to connect the town with the twentieth century, except a string of telegraph poles stretching along the river. (The Winds of War)
这是什么样的地方啊！没有人行道，没有商店，没有电影院，没有汽车库，没有汽车，没有自行车，没有路灯，没有救火水龙头，没有广告牌；除了沿河的一排电线杆外，没有一种声音或一种景象能把这个城镇和20世纪连在一起。

2. I am persuaded that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor things present,
nor things to come, nor powers, nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature shall be able to separate us from the love of God.
我相信：死亡也好，生命也好，天使也好，君主也好，现在的东西也好，未来的东西也好，权力也好，高度也好，深度也好，任何其他生物也好，统统不能使我们脱离上帝的爱。

3. Caesar was obliged to attend to everything at the same moment: the flag had to be
displayed, the bugle sounded, the soldiers called in from work, the battle line formed, the soldiers encouraged, the signal given.
凯撒不得不同时兼顾一切：旗帜要飘扬，军号要吹响，士兵要召
集，战斗列队要站好，战士要鼓励，进军信号要发出。

4. Now the trumpet summons us again — not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need;
not as a call to battle, though embattled we are；but a call to bear the burden of a long
twilight struggle, year in, and year out, “rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation,” —a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.
(John F. Kennedy: Inaugural Address, Jan. 20, 1961)
现在号角又一次向我们发出召唤，不是号召我们拿起武器，虽然武器是我们需要的；
也不是号召我们去战斗，虽然我们是作好战斗准备的；而是号召我们年复一年地从事一场漫长的、不引人注意的斗争。

“怀希望而欢欣鼓舞，历苦难而坚持不懈”，这是一场对付人类共同敌人——暴政、贫困、疾病以及战争本身——的斗争。

5. In that moment, their view from the moon moved poet Macleish to write, “to see the earth
as it truly is, small and blue and beautiful in that eternal silence where it floats, is to see ourselves as riders on the earth together, brothers on that bright loveliness in the eternal cold-brothers who know now they are truly brothers. (Richard M. Nixon: Inaugural Address, Jan. 20, 1969)
在那个时刻，他们（星际航行员）从月球那边看到的景象，打动了诗人麦克利什，他写道：“地球在那永恒的沉寂中浮动，又小又蓝又美丽；见到地球这般真貌，犹如见到我们自己这样一些一道坐在地球上的乘客，一道坐在那块灿烂可爱的地方的兄弟——这些兄弟现在知道自己真正是兄弟了。

”
NOTES
Although reduplication of words is far more often seen in Chinese than in English, some reduplicative words (double-
barreled words), more popular in Victorian time and in children’s stories, exist in English vocabulary. A reduplicative word is a compound composed of two rhyming words:
(1) 1. claptrap 华而不实，哗众取宠的言语
2. flip-flop 啪嗒啪嗒的动作或响声
3. teeny-weeny 小小的，小额的
4. tiptop 绝顶，高峰
5. hurry-scurry 慌忙乱窜
6. hurly-burly 骚乱，喧闹
7. silly billy 笨蛋
8. tick tock 滴答声
9. fiddle-faddle 瞎搞；无聊话，胡说
(2) 10. crisscross 十字形，杂乱无章，混乱状态
11. clip-clop 发得得声
12. tittle-tattle 闲聊，漫谈
13. pell-mell 混乱的，乱七八糟
14. mumbo jumbo 莫名其妙的话，迷惑人的神秘活动
15. dillydally 吊儿郎当地消磨时间
(3) 16. slip-slop 平淡的
17. nitty-gritty本质，基本事实
18. jimjams 害怕，焦虑
19. hanky-panky 欺骗、耍花招
20. hobnob 亲切地交谈
21. namby-pamby 优柔寡断的
22. higgledy-piggledy 乱七八糟
23. hugger-mugger 混乱，纷乱
24. heebie-jeebies 神经紧张
25. ha-ha 笑话
26. pooh pooh 瞧不起
27. shilly-shally 犹豫不决
28. walkie-talkie 步话机
Specimen Reading for Comments译文赏析
The First Snow
Henry Longfellow
The first snow came. How beautiful it was, falling so silently all day long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on the graves of the dead! All white save the river, that marked its course by a winding black line across the landscape; and the leafless trees, that against the leaden sky now revealed more fully the wonderful beauty and intricacies of their branches. What silence, too, came with the snow, and what seclusion! Every sound was muffled; every noise changed to something soft and musical. No more tramping hoofs, no more rattling wheels! Only the chiming of sleigh-bells, beating as swift and merrily as the hearts of children. (From Kavanagh) 初雪
亨利·朗费罗
初雪飘临。

多么美啊！它整日整夜那么静静地飘着，落在山岭上，落在草地上，落在世人的屋顶上，落在死者的坟幕上！在一片白茫茫之中，只有河流在美丽的画面上划出一道曲曲弯弯的黑线；还有那叶儿落净的树木，映衬着铅灰色的天空，此刻更显得枝丫交错，姿态万千。

初雪飘落时，是何等的宁谧，何等的幽静！一切声响都趋沉寂，一切噪音都化作柔和的音乐。

再也听不见马蹄得得，再也听不见车轮辚辚！唯有雪橇的铃铛，奏出和谐的乐声，那明快欢乐的节拍犹如孩子们心房的博动。

（范钜清译）
Of Studies
Francis Bacon
培根的散文风格古朴，语言简练，逻辑严密。

学贯中西的名家王佐良教授的译文采用类似的文言词语和句法结构，典雅畅达，以求效果毕肖，体现了译者在翻译方面追求“通篇神似”的最高目标：“一
切照原作，雅俗如之，深浅如之，口气如之，文体如之”（王佐良1989:3）。

Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affection; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humour of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience；for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contempt studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find
talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.
Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had
need have a great memory; If he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores. Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. So if a man’s wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again. If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores. If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers’ cases. So every def ect of the mind may have a special receipt.
谈读书
弗朗西斯·培根
读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。

其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。

练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。

读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。

读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。

有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。

读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。

书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。

换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只。