中电光伏PERC电池研发和量产 赵建华
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中电光伏PERC电池研发和量产进展
赵建华
中电电气(南京)光伏有限公司
中电电气南京电力科技有限公司
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太阳电池的发展历史
25.6%
日本松下
2014
25%世界
纪录
晶硅太阳电池效率发展史
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PERC (passivated emitter and rear cell) structure
finger
"inverted" pyramids
"inverted" pyram ids
n +n p silicon oxide p-silicon t t
2 mm oxide
rear contact PERC (passivated emitter and Confidential & Proprietary
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PERC (passivated emitter and rear) cell structure.
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Outline
1.研发项目背景介绍
2.研发历程
3.研发进展总结
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1.中电光伏的PERC电池研发项目背景介绍
中电光伏的PERC电池研发项目是依托于2012年的国家863科研课题:效率20%以上基于高效背场和背钝化技术的晶体硅电池产业化成套关键技术及示范生产线,目标是研究开发背面钝化PERC低成本高效电池,并建成一条35MW高效(大于20%)单晶硅太阳电池示范线.
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1.中电光伏的PERC电池研发项目背景介绍
技术路线1
基于氧化硅钝化的实验室PERC 电池技术路线2
基于氧化铝钝化的量产的PERC 电池
1电池进行研发期间尝试了多种技术方案1.中电光伏最早于2008年开始针对PERC 电池进行研发,期间尝试了多种技术方案;
2.经反复实验评估,最终确定了一条实验室研发技术路线,并在此基础上优化配置出一条最有潜力的量产技术路线并于年年底实现量产
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技术路线,并于2014年年底实现量产。
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2.PERC电池研发历程-PERC电池量产工艺路线选择和设计
通过我们综合分析“低温介质层背面钝化工艺+激光开槽+丝网印刷局部金属化“技
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Page 7通过我们综合分析:“低温介质层背面钝化工艺+激光开槽+丝网印刷局部金属化“技
术路线是成本最低&最适合与现有产线兼容过渡的量产工艺路线。
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2.PERC 电池研发历程-PERC 电池量产工艺路线选择和设计
Texturing
Phosphorus diffusion Front side texturing Rear side polishing Ph h diff i Edge isolation and Rear side
polishing
Rear Al2O3+SiNx layer
Phosphorus diffusion
Thermal oxidization and annealing
y Front PECVD SiNx Rear contact pattern Screen print Ag rear side Rear dielectric layer Front PECVD SiNx Rear contact pattern Screen print Ag front side
Screen print Ag rear side Screen print Al rear side Rear contact pattern Screen print Ag front side Screen print Ag rear side Screen print Al rear side Firing
Screen print Ag front side
Firing
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1
基于氧化硅钝化的实验室PERC 电池
技术路线2
基于氧化铝钝化的量产的PERC 电池
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2. PERC电池研发历程单面抛光
实验室碱溶液单面抛光技术,500X量产酸溶液单面抛光技术,500X
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2. PERC 电池研发历程背面钝化
ALD 8
Aver Voc
-1.0x1012
6
(m V )
Aver Voc Best Voc
Qtotal
4
l a t i v e V o c 2
R e N o a d d it io a n l p r e -c le a n A d d it io n a l H F D ip p r e -c le a H S C 1+S C 2+H F 0
Pre-ALD clean process
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沉积前清洗工艺可以获得洁净的硅片表面,从而有助于降低界面态缺陷密度,提升表面钝化效果。
Relative Voc (mV) Relative cell efficiency (%) ALD Growth Rate (A/cycle)
Refractive index
2. PERC电池研发历程 背面钝化
Aver Voc
Aver Efficiency ALD Al2O3工艺温度
Best Voc
Best Efficiency
14
0.8
1.1
12
10
0.6
1.0
8 0.4
6
4
0.2
2
0.0
0
A160
2B00
2C40
D275
ALD Process Temperature (℃)
0.9 0.8 0.7
1A00
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1.66
1.64
1.62
1.60
ALD growth rate Refrex index
20B0
3C00
4D00
Temperature (degree C)
1.58 1.56
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2. PERC电池研发历程 背面钝化
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Relative Voc (mV) Relative cell efficiency (%)
Dit at midgap ( cm-2ev-1)
Aver Voc
8
best Voc
7
6
5
Aver Efficiency Best Efficiency
Al2O3厚度
0.4
(c)
6.0x1011
5.0x1011
0.3
4.0x1011
0
Dit Qtotal
-1x1012
4
0.2
3.0x1011
Qtotal (cm-2
3
2.0x1011
-2x1012
2
0.1
1.0x1011
1
0
3A.5nm
6 nBm
11Cnm
0.0
16Dnm
Al O film thickness 23
0.0
-3x1012
A 3.5
6B
11 C 16 D
Thickness of Al2O3 film (nm)
5-10nm 氧化铝可以实现十分出色的钝化效果,5-15nm的厚度范围窗口较宽。
通过优化工艺获得更低的界面态缺陷密度,3-5 nm的氧化铝同样实现出色的钝化效果。
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Implied Voc (mV) Relative V (mV)
oc
2. PERC电池研发历程 背面钝化
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ALD Al2O3的退火工艺
700
As Al2O3 deposited After Aneal After Anneal+Firing
Aver Voc
10
Best Voc
8
650
6
4
600
2
550
425A℃
550B℃
RTP ACnneal
Post ALD anneal process
0 30A0 ℃ 42B5 ℃ 55C0 ℃ 60D0 ℃ 65E0 ℃ OnlyFRTPRTPG+RTP Post ALD anneal process
结合氧化铝工艺开发,通过共烧结工艺来进行一次退火,就可以实现出色的钝化效果
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2. PERC电池研发历程 背面钝化
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Voc (mV) N (%)
cell
670
21.00
665
20.75
660 Baseline
655
20.50 20.25
650 20.00
645
Voc_bulk lifetime 400 祍
Ncell_bulk lifetime 400 祍
19.75
640
Voc_bulk lifetime 250 祍 Voc_bulk lifetime 100 祍
Ncell_bulk lifetime 250 祍 Ncell_bulk lifetime 100 祍
1E-15
1E-14
1E-13
19.50
J @ rear surface passivation region(A.cm-2) 01
经我们采用PC2D模拟分析表明: 良好的体寿命是发挥PERC电池背面钝化的基 础,PERC电池要采用质量好的硅片衬底,并 减小高温热处理对体寿命的负面影响。
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2. PERC电池研发历程 背面钝化层图案化(化学浆料刻蚀开孔) PST R&D Innovation
~75um
100um
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70-85um
~80um
~85um
80-100um
化学法开孔对衬底没有损失,对开孔尺寸的 均匀性和可控性略差,难以实现更细的线宽 (最细的线宽是75um左右)。
210um
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2. PERC电池研发历程 背面局部金属化
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有较严重的空洞(Void)现象的局部铝背场
无空洞(Void)现象的局部铝背场
局部铝背场的SEM测试分析表明:我们的PERC电池工艺技术有效的解决了“空 洞问题”,形成了深度足够,分布均匀、无空洞(void)的局部铝背场。
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2. PERC电池研发历程 背面局部金属化
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Cell efficiency (%)
20.9
20.8
20.7 20.6 20.5 20.4 20.3 20.2 20.1
0
250 um pitch (simulation, average) 500 um pitch (simulation, average) 750 um pitch (simulation, average) 1000 um pitch (simulation, average, baseline design) 1500 um pitch (simulation, average) Ncell_1000 um pitch (actual champion cell)
5
10
15
20
25
Rear local metalization fraction(%)
经我们PC1D理论模拟分析表明: 背面局部金属化单元阵列尺寸进一步减小, 并配合合理的阵列间距和金属化百分比可 以继续提升PERC电池性能(这需要激光 设备和工艺的继续进步来配合实现)。
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2. PERC电池研发历程 背面局部金属化
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Rs (ohm.cm2) eff_rear S (cm/s) Rs, point (ohm) Seff, rear (cm/s)
0.6
Line contact
Rs_250 um pitch
Rs_500 um pitch
Rs_750 um pitch
0.4
Rs_1000 um pitch
Rs_1500 um pitch
0.2
150
100
Seff_rear_250 um pitch Seff_rear_500 um pitch
Seff_rear_750 um pitch 50
Seff_rear_1000 um pitch Seff_rear_1500 um pitch
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Rear side contact fraction(%)
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
0
Point cotact
Rs, 250um pitch Rs, 500 um pitch Rs, 750 um pitch Rs, 1000 um pitch Rs, 1500 um pitch
150
125
100
Seff,rear-250 um
75
Seff,rear-500 um
Seff,rear-750 um
Seff,rear-1000 um
50
Seff,rear-1500 um
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
Rear side contact fraction (%)
理论计算表明:对于背面金属阵列,点阵型设计比线型更具优势。
工业化PERC电池目前采用线型设计是基于量 产激光&后端金属化工艺的稳定性。
随着激光设备的持续进步,点阵型设计也有望采用,从而进一步提升电性能。
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2. PERC电池研发历程 PERC电池工艺整合
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Effective minority lifetime (µs)
Effective minority lifetime
800 600
800 1.生产用的Cz p型单晶衬底,2 ohm.cm
2.Sinton wct120测试条件 MCD 1E15
600
400
400 通过氧化铝钝化工艺开发结合
后端金属化的整合实现了出色
的背面钝化效果.
200
200
0
0
As Al2O3 depisiteAdfter SiNx cappingAfter RTP firiAnfgter Al paste removing
Process steps
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2. PERC电池研发历程 PERC电池工艺整合
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Dit at midgap cm-2ev-1 ( )
Qf(cm-2)
2x1013
2E13
2x1013
-1.49E11
1x1013
1x1012
Dit
Q f
0
-1x1012
ALD Al2O3背面钝化具有足 够高的负电荷密度(Qf)和
很低的界面态缺陷密度
(Dit),从而能够实现十分 出色的表面钝化效果
5x1012
-1.8E12
-2x1012
3.32E11
-2.2E12 8E10
-2.2E12 1.3E11
0
-3x1012
As Al2O3 depisiteAdfter SiNx cappingAfter RTP firiAnfgter Al paste removing
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2. PERC电池研发历程⑥PERC电池工艺整合
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2. PERC 电池研发历程⑥PERC 电池工艺整合
100)
PERC 80,I Q E (%R 60c e ,E Q E e I Q E Q R e 2040f l e c t a n I Q E Q 300
4000R e Confidential & Proprietary
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2. PERC电池研发历程PERC
电池工艺整合
出色的背面金属化可靠性
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2. PERC电池研发历程PERC电池工艺整合
◆在PID问题解决中,我们的PERC电池工艺技术是自主研发的基于综合表面氧化处理和调
控PN结结构的技术,可以获得出色的发射结和表面钝化性能同时,实现完全抗PID性能。
◆针对LID问题,我们和设备供应商合作开发”抗LID工艺处理设备”,可以有效降低
PERC电池的LID
PERC电池的LID。
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3. PERC 电池研发总结
技术路线1:基于氧化硅钝化的实验室PERC 电池实验室批次平均效率超过
20.15%,最高效率20.52%
技术路线2:基于氧化铝钝化的量产的PERC 电池量产平均效率超过2020%20.20%,最高效率20.80%
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3. PERC电池研发总结
2013年8月,实验室的SiO2-PERC电池在Fraunhofer ISE的测试结果(20.26%)
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3. PERC 电池研发总结:未来技术路线
700
V
oc
690
N cell
PC1D&PC2D 理论模拟:
电池的潜力是22-23%,680
c (m V )
670
V o a i o n n 660
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1. P E R C t o d a
y 2. R e a r c o n t a c t r e c o m b i n t 3. R e a r c o n t a c t p a t t e r n 4. R e a r s u r f a c e p a s s i v a t i o 5. B u l k i m p r o v e m e 6. F r o n t e m i t t e r 7. F r o n t
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THANK YOU! THANK YOU !
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