机械制造专业外文翻译--仿真技术在制造业中的应用与发展

外文原文：
Application and Development of Simulation Technology
in Manufacturing
Abstract
Simulation is a necessary aid for product development and manufacture. It can greatly reduce losses, save costs, shorten product development cycles and improve product quality. Since 1970s, Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) has been studied and applied by institutes and enterprises all over the world as a strategy to adapt to global competition of manufacture. Application and development of AMT promotes the research and application of simulation technology in manufacturing. From the viewpoint of evolution, the application fields of simulation technology in manufacturing are obviously enlarged. Addition to conventional fields of manufacture (including production planning, machining, assembling and testing), simulation tools are developed in the fields of product design and development, supply chain, etc. And the most notable three trends of simulation application in manufacturing are: 1. Distributed, due to network technology; 2. Interactive, due to technology of graphics and sensory-motor;
3. Integrated, such as VM, VPD, VFT, etc. According to different objects to be simulated, simulation in manufacturing can be classified as: 1. Product-oriented 2.
Production-management-oriented; 3. Process-and-device-oriented; 4. Other. This paper will describe simulation in manufacturing from above aspects. And Virtual Reality (VR) and Virtual Manufacturing (VM) are introduced in the last section as prospect of simulation in manufacturing.
Keywords：Application of simulation technology,
Manufacturing
1 The development course of manufacture technology
The manufacturing industry (including the machinery category such as manufacturing, electronics manufacturing, nonmetal products manufacturing, ready-made clothes manufacturing as well as various mould material manufacturing etc) is the pillar industry of national economy, and his total output value generally occupies the 20%~55% of internal total output value of each country . The enterprise productive forces in each country are in forming, and the effect of manufacture technique generally occupies about 60% . So some experts think, the competition of each nation economy on the world chiefly is the competition of manufacture technique. This kind
of competition is intense with each passing day, and each country government all attaches importance to research to the manufacturing industry very much to the constantly change of development as well as requirement of customer's at a high speed along with the economy technology and market environment . The advanced manufacture technique ( AMT: the manufacturing integration technology that in order to improve with T's ( developing period ) , Q's ( product quality ) , C's ( development cost ) , S's ( after-sale service ) and E ( pollution of the environment level ) give first place to to weigh the product of quota and product development course , the United States has put forward including system overall technology , management technology in the 80's ends and design , manufacture technology and equipment technology and big technology crowd of support technology five Advanced Manufacturing Technology ) the generally thought .
As a result of the development of ten remaining years, now the content of five big technology crowds is arrived richly greatly, his concrete meaning as follows [ 12 ] :
System overall technology crowd: Study the overall technology such as design, planning and integration etc like flexible manufacturing, computer integrated manufacturing, quick manufacturing and intellect manufacturing etc advanced manufacture techniques
Technology crowd is managed: Study and makes the various technology of the production management of enterprise and organization and administration correlation, if computer-aided production control and thing material requirement plan /'s manufacturing resources plans / enterprise resources plans and the supply chain is managed and the completely quality management and the technology such as manufacturing, excellent production and enterprise management course reconfiguration etc punctually . Integration technology crowd is made in the design : Studies and product design , manufacturing and waiting entirely the various technology of course correlation until tests , if the parallel engineering and computer-aided design /'s computer-aided engineering /'s computer-aided and makes and draws up solid manufacturing , reliability design , intelligent optimization design and the quality merit can be disposed and the technology such as preservation and transportation , automatic control , checkout supervision as well as quality assurance etc are expected by digital control technology and thing . Manufacture technology and equipment technology crowd, The research reaches the various technology that the equipment is mutually related with the manufacture technology , process technology that the nothing cutting process technology reaching equipment ( casting , forging , welding and heat treatment etc ) if material production technology reaches equipment ( smelts and steel rolling etc ) and convention process technology and lacks reaches that the equipment and ultrahigh speed process technology at a high speed reaches the equipment and precisely super precise and the nanometer and equipment and special process technology and equips ( laser and electron beams etc )
Technology crowd puts up : This technology crowd is the correlation technique that the advance was not gained in above technology crowd Lai Yi existence absolutely , if the standardization technology , computer technology , software engineering , data base technology , multi-medium technology , internet work communication technology , artificial intelligence and virtual reality technology , materials science and personnel educate and train and human engineering and environmental science etc
Can conclude in the stage that the development course of above major manufacture technique that involves and his were applied in product life period to the picture 1 .
The picture is in 1 , indulges spool represents age , the cross axle represents the life period of product , from the requirement in market forms begins , passes generally reads design ( appearance , characteristic , material , price and batch ) and initial ( overall ) design and detail ( the parts ) design , technological design , production planning formulation ( material is purchased ) and produces ( process’s , assembles and tests ) , arrives continuously the sale and safeguards , involves each department of enterprise
The quality and production efficiency of product have been raised greatly by way of research and application to the advanced manufacture technique
2 computers simulation develops and applying in the manufacturing industry
The general situation
The computer technique of simulation is as a new and developing high technology , and his methodology is built above the foundation of computer ability .
Along with the development of computer technology, the technique of simulation also gets the rapid development, and his application domain and his effect is also more and more bigger . Particularly in aviation, aerospace and in national defense and the research and development course of other large-scale complex systems, computer simulation is continuously the tool that cannot lack , and has given play to hugely to act on aspect it is reducing losses , practices thrift the funds and shortens development period and raise the product quality etc
Designing to making so that in testing whole life period safeguarded from the product , the computer technique of simulation runs through from beginning to end ( the shadow part in the picture 1 represents the application of technique of simulation , and concludes further to the table 1 ) .
See that is expanding to product design development and sale domain in the manufacturing domain ( production planning is laid down , processes , assembles and is tested ) from the tradition of the domain of technique of simulation application from the course developed .
In a word, the application for computer simulation has provided the new stage to the development of advanced manufacture technique , and has also put forward the higher requirement , and the application of technique of simulation at present possesses following characteristic and trend : The application in whole product life period of 1 computer in table simulation
1）The unprecedented enlargement of the application scope of technique of simulation.
By studying the dynamics property the to make the object (product), kinematics property, process and assembly course of research product, enlarging to studying design and the operating making the system , the advance side by side one-step enlarges to the rear service supply , inventory control , organization of product development course and product test etc at the aspect of the object and the purpose of simulation , involves making each aspect of enterprise
2）Combine distribution of simulation that brings with the network technology.
Distribution of simulation is by the distribution decision of manufacturing.
The generally thought itself such as quick manufacturing and invented enterprise etc has the person who cooperates a meaning in network implementation place far away from home basseted
on
3）Each other combine with diagram and the sensor technology, and makes the interactivity of simulation strengthen greatly .
Having formed draws up the solid manufacturing (VM: from this Virtual Manufacturing ) and the invented product development ( VPD: Virtual Product Development ) and the invented test ( VT: Virtual Test ) wait the new generally thought
4）The Integra ionization of technique of simulation application.
Namely the synthetically application technique of simulation, product development and the manufacturing environment that the formation can move
The object of technique of simulation application is seen, and can be divided into 4 kinds with simulation applied in the manufacturing industry: Towards the simulation of product
Towards the simulation with equipment of manufacture technology
Towards the simulation of production control
Towards the simulation of other link of enterprise.
Will follow above four aspects in third part of this text, and introduce the concrete application in the manufacturing industry of computer simulation.
What the virtual reality solidly with draws up was made generally reads except this , sum aggregate one-tenthizations trend that the concentration has embodied the distribution of technique of simulation application and each other , so simply introducing , as the forecast of the application of computer simulation in the manufacturing industry .
3 The concrete application in the manufacturing industry of computer simulation
3.1 towards the simulation of product
Simulation towards the product chiefly includes the following aspect:
1）The analysis of the static state of product and dynamic capability.
The quieting of product chiefly indicates the mechanics property such as stress and intensity etc The dynamic characteristic of product is when chiefly indicating the product sports , the connection and colliding between the organization
2）The manufacturability analysis (DFM) of product.
The DFM includes that the technology is analyzed and is analyzed with economy.
The technology is analyzed the production environment to ask reaching reality according to the product technology and is carried on the analysis to the manufacturability completely
The economy is analyzed carrying on the cost analysis, and according to the feedback factors such as time and cost etc , the economy to part process is appraised .
3）Assembly nature analysis ( DFA ) of product.
Analysis of DFA's is loaded and is dismantled the possibility, collides that the interference tests , and draws up out the reasonable assembly process route , and interference after visual display assembly course and assembly are reached the designated position and colliding problem .
The reference [ 16 ] has been described the assembly process planning construction of simulation model system and has been realized
3.2 Towards the simulation with equipment of manufacture technology
Chiefly indicate to the simulation and the simulation of robot processing the center process course towards the manufacture technology with simulation equipped.
Process course simulation (MPS): By NC's code drive, is chiefly used to test NC's code , and the colliding interference that the factors such as clamp etc cause is loaded in the inspection .
His concrete merit can include:
1）The simulation is processed equipment and is processed the sports and the state in the process course of object
2）Every one-step of process course simulation is equal to NC's code drive
3）The part process courses possess three to be tied up the real time to move the drawing merit ability, and can issue the warning when the discovery is collided
The reference [15] has been introduced the structure and key technology and the major algorithm of MPS's system in the parallel engineering of application
The simulation of robot Along with the rapid development of robot technology, the robot has also got the extensive application in making the system.
But the complicated dynamic system of machine, electricity and liquid owing to the robot being one kind of synthesis’s only makes by way of computer simulation to come the dynamic characteristic of simulation system, ability the control algorithm of the reasonable sports scheme of organization and effective is announced, thus the problem in robot design , manufacturing as well as operating course of settlement .
3.3 How many kind [13] of robot technique of simulation below roughly can being divided into:
1）Apply open-minded research be dead against the robot in making the system, and makes in the system simulation problem of robot if the flexible is made the system or the computer is integrated 2）Operate the simulation study that the property of hand itself is in progress be dead against the robot , like kinematics simulation , dynamics simulation , orbit planning and colliding inspection etc the problem
3）The robot off-line is compiled the research of range system , if using the sports scheme automatic switchover one-tenth robot control procedure of simulation formation satisfaction to go the drive controller action
3.3 Towards the simulation of production control
The basic function of production control is plan, dispatch and controls .
As far as the application in the production control of technique of simulation , roughly there are following three aspects :
1）Define the production control strategy
2) Design and the dispatch of workshop layer are used
3)Used the inventory control
The application of above three aspects introductions technique of simulations will be followed to the next
3.3.1 The application in the production control strategy of computer simulation
That the simulation of the production control strategy being used includes defines the concerned parameter as well as is used the comparison between the different control strategy’s.
The fairly more common control strategy has
1) MRP: This is one kind of control strategy of the type " pushing “, and by way of the demand forecasting, the synthesis is thought over that the production plant capacity , available capacity of raw material and the stock measures and lays down the production planning
2) KANBAN's (seeing the board) : This is one kind of control strategy of " pulling " type , lays down the production planning according to the order , and namely punctual production spoken usually
3) LOC: Towards the control strategy of load ability.
Control the production process according to the stock standard
4)DBR: Towards the control strategy of bottleneck.
Control whole distance traveled by a stream of water according to the bottle neck link in the production process
The quota weighing that compares generally includes outcome and productivity etc
Needs definite parameter pack to draw together in per kind of control strategy: The batch is big or small and sees board quantity and stock standard etc
Provide a simulation course who compares in the reference [ 8 ] as for the different control strategies
3.3.2 The application in making the design in workshop of computer simulation
Generally can be divided into the design process of workshop two major stages, Preliminary design stage and detail design stage .
The assignment of preliminary design stage is the requirement to study user, then defines the preliminary design scheme from this .
The major assignment of detail design stage is on the foundation of preliminary design, and puts forward the detailed and complete description to each component cell of workshop , and making the design result can achieve to carry on the experiment and goes into operation the level making policy , processing system and workshop layout etc are expected to the concrete definite equipment , tool , clamping apparatus , tray and thing approaching .
And but the technique of simulation is chiefly used evaluation and the selection of scheme.
In preliminary design stage, can contain the economic performance parsing algorithm in the emulators , and move the simulation model built according to the preliminary design scheme , and give following evaluation information :
Product type sum whether satisfied user of capacity who produces in the new workshop can ask :
Whether or not the quality and precision of product can satisfy the requirement
Reasonably whether or not the efficiency and investment rate of recovery of new workshop
In detail design stage , the use technique of simulation can to candidate the following aspect of scheme makes the evaluation :
Can the major equipment processed get the full utilization in the workshop when making the
major part?
Whether or not the load is fairly more balanced
Whether or not the thing material processing system can and the flexible level of workshop be adaptable each other
Can the requirement of production scheduling be satisfied in the entire layout of new workshop?
But whether or not possess the fixed reconfiguration ability
Whether or not the product system in workshop can be kept the production capacity of fixed level when breaking down
The available design in the supplementary workshop product system of the software that some ripen has all been developed out in the home and abroad at present, like AUTOMOD/AUTOGRAM and IMMS that the Singh University develops etc [ 2 ] that the SIMAN/CINEMA and Auto Simulation corporation that the GCMS and System Modeling corporation that the PURDUE university develops .
3.3.3 The application in making the operating in workshop of computer simulation
The scheduling problem among the FMS can the definition be the production resources that distribution and coordination can gain, if processing the machine and leads voluntarily transportation tool (AGV), robot as well as time worked overtime etc, in order to satisfy the objective appointed .
These objectives can be satisfied delivery date and outcome achieve fully, and the utilization ratio of machine achieves highly , or the combination of mentioned above objective .
The scheduling process among the FMS includes:
Select the work piece of FMS
Process and select process route for the work piece
Select the work processed gone at the machine gone forward
The rule is sent in the selection for AGV
Major above aspect degree of the exchanging problem of emulation mode is analyzed and is appraised
There are some the person who ripens available settlement scheduling problems of software at present, if Autosched, JobTimePlus, FACTOR, FACTOR/AIM, SIMNETDs etc. That our country has also developed is used the workshop to dispatch the simulation software of layer , if : Environment FASE, as well as the intelligent rule dispatching system developed on this foundation etc [ 3 ] is dispatched in the factory simulation of the Singh University and the Ministry of Aerospace Industry 204 unit waiting development to Job Shop’s dispatch simulation software of NanKai University development .
3.3.4 The application in the inventory control of computer simulation
Stock the sub system taking to stress the effect wanted in the whole product system.
Divide according to stocking the effect of material in the production line, and can be divided into online storehouse and center storehouse.
According to stocking the material quality branch, can be divided into that raw material and
outside purchases the warehouse and in products warehouse, stock and maintenance spare parts and tool warehouse
The purpose of inventory control depends on, and makes the stock invest lastly, and just will satisfy the requirement producing and selling .
Simulation as for the inventory control includes:
1) Defining orders goods the tactics
2)Order and order batch are defined
3) Define the distribution of storehouse
4) Define the safety stock standard
The reference [ 9 ] has been described the model building and the simulation of the pass the steps , distribution and inventory control system of trends
中文译文：
仿真技术在制造业中的应用与发展
摘要
在制造企业产品设计和制造的过程中，计算机仿真一直是不可缺少的工具，它在减少损失、节约经费、缩短开发周期、提高产品质量等方面发挥了巨大作用。

制造业竞争的日趋激烈，促使各国研究和应用先进制造技术。

先进制造技术的应用和发展，为计算机仿真的应用提供新的舞台，提出更高的要求。

从发展的历程来看，仿真技术应用的领域空前的扩大，已从传统的制造领域（生产计划制定、加工、装配、测试）扩展到产品设计开发和销售领域。

而与网络技术结合所带来的仿真的分布性、与图形和传感器技术相结合所带来的仿真的交互性、以及仿真技术应用的集成化，是仿真技术在制造业中应用的新趋势。

按照仿真技术应用的对象不同，可将制造业中应用的仿真分为四类：面向产品的仿真；面向制造工艺和装备的仿真；面向生产管理的仿真；面向企业其它环节的仿真。

本文将从以上四个方面，介绍计算机仿真在制造业中的具体应用。

本文最后还介绍了虚拟现实和拟实制造的概念，作为计算机仿真在制造业中应用的展望。

关键词：仿真技术应用，制造业
1 制造技术的发展历程
制造业（包括机械制造、电子制造、非金属制品制造、成衣制造以及各种型材制造等部类）是国民经济的支柱产业，其生产总值一般占各国国内生产总值的20%~55%。

在各国的企业生产力构成中，制造技术的作用一般占60%左右。

所以有的专家认为，世界上各个国家经济的竞争，主要是制造技术的竞争。

随着经济技术的高速发展以及顾客需求和市场环境的不断变化，这种竞争日趋激烈，各国政府都非常重视对制造业的研究。

为了改进以T（开发周期）、Q（产品质量）、C（开发成本）、S（售后服务）、E（环境污染程度）为主要衡量指标的产品及产品开发过程，美国在80年代末提出了包括系统总体技术、管理技术、设计制造一体化技术、制造工艺与装备技术、支撑技术五大技术群在内的先进制造技术（AMT：Advanced Manufacturing
Technology）的概念。

经过十余年的发展，五大技术群的内容到现在已大大丰富，其具体含义如下：
系统总体技术群：研究如柔性制造、计算机集成制造、敏捷制造、智能制造等先进制造技术的设计、规划、集成等总体技术。

管理技术群：研究与制造企业的生产经营和组织管理相关的各种技术，如计算机辅助生产管理、物料需求计划/制造资源计划/企业资源计划、供应链管理、全面质量管理、准时制造、精良生产、企业经营过程重构等技术。

设计制造一体化技术群：研究与产品设计、制造、直到检测等全过程相关的各种技术，如并行工程、计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助工程/计算机辅助制造、拟实制造、可靠性设计、智能优化设计、质量功能配置、数控技术、物料储运、自动控制、检测监控、以及质量保证等技术。

制造工艺与装备技术群：研究与制造工艺及装备相关的各种技术，如材料生产工艺及装备（冶炼、轧钢等）、常规加工工艺及装备（铸造、锻造、焊接、热处理等）、少无切削加工工艺及装备、高速超高速加工工艺及装备、精密超精密与纳米加工工艺及装备、特种加工工艺及装备（激光、电子束等）。

支撑技术群：这一技术群是以上技术群赖以生存并不断取得进步的相关技术，如标准化技术、计算机技术、软件工程、数据库技术、多媒体技术、网络通信技术、人工智能、虚拟现实技术、材料科学、人员教育和培训、人机工程学、环境科学等。

以上涉及的主要制造技术的发展历程及其在产品生命周期中所应用的阶段从市场需求形成开始，经过概念设计（外形、特征、材料、价格、批量）、初步（总体）设计、详细（部件）设计、工艺设计、生产计划制定（材料采购）、生产（加工、装配、测试），一直到销售、维护，涉及企业的各个部门。

通过对先进制造技术的研究与应用，大大提高了产品的质量和生产效率。

2 计算机仿真的发展及在制造业中应用的概况
计算机仿真技术作为一门新兴的高技术，其方法学建立在计算机能力的基础之上。

随着计算机技术的发展，仿真技术也得到迅速的发展，其应用领域及其作用也越来越大。

尤其在航空、航天、国防及其他大规模复杂系统的研制开发过程中，计算机仿真一直是不可缺少的工具，它在减少损失、节约经费、缩短开发周期、提高产品质量等方面发挥了巨大作用。

在从产品的设计到制造以至测试维护的整个生命周期中，计算机仿真技术贯穿始终（图1中的阴影部分代表仿真技术的应用，进一步归纳为表1）。

从发展的历程来看，仿真技术应用的领域从传统的制造领域（生产计划制定、加工、装配、测试）正向产品设计开发和销售领域扩展。

总的来说，先进制造技术的发展，为计算机仿真的应用提供了新的舞台，也提出了更高的要求，目前仿真技术的应用具有以下特点和趋势：
1) 仿真技术的应用范围空前的扩大了。

在仿真的对象及目的方面，已由研究制造对象（产品）的动力学特性，运动学特性，研究产品的加工、装配过程，扩大到研究制造系统的设计和运行，并进一步扩大到后勤供应、库存管理、产品开发过程的组织、产品测试等，涉及到制造企业的各个方面；
2)与网络技术结合所带来的仿真的分布性。

仿真的分布性是由制造的分布性决定的。

敏捷制造、虚拟企业等概念本身就有基于网络实现异地协作的含义；
3) 与图形和传感器技术相结合，使仿真的交互性大大增强。

并由此形成了拟实制造（VM: Virtual Manufacturing）、虚拟产品开发（VPD: Virtual Product Development）、虚拟测试（VT: Virtual Test）等新概念；
4)仿真技术应用的集成化。

即综合运用仿真技术，形成可运行的产品开发和制造环境。

就仿真技术应用的对象来看，可将制造业中应用的仿真分为四类：面向产品的仿真；面向制造工艺和装备的仿真；面向生产管理的仿真；面向企业其它环节的仿真。

在本文的第三部分中，将从以上四个方面，介绍计算机仿真在制造业中的具体应用。

除此以外，虚拟现实和拟实制造的概念，集中体现了仿真技术应用的分布、交互和集成化趋势，所以简单加以介绍，作为计算机仿真在制造业中应用的展望。

3 计算机仿真在制造业中的具体应用
3.1面向产品的仿真
面向产品的仿真主要包括以下方面：
1)产品的静态、动态性能的分析。

产品的静态特性主要指应力、强度
等力学特性；产品的动态特性主要指产品运动时，机构之间的连接与碰撞；
2)产品的可制造性分析（DFM）。

DFM包括技术分析和经济分析。

技术
分析根据产品技术要求及实际的生产环境对可制造性进行全面分析；经济分析进行费用分析，根据反馈时间、成本等因素，对零件加工的经济性进行评价。

3)产品的可装配性分析（DFA）。

DFA分析装拆可能性，进行碰撞干涉
检验，拟定出合理的装配工艺路线，并直观显示装配过程和装配到位后的干涉、碰撞问题。

参考文献[16]描述了装配工艺规划仿真原型系统的构造与实现。

3.2面向制造工艺和装备的仿真
面向制造工艺和装备的仿真主要指对加工中心加工过程的仿真和机器人的
仿真。

、
加工过程仿真（MPS）：由NC代码驱动，主要用于检验NC代码，并检验装夹等因素引起的碰撞干涉现象。

其具体功能包括：
1)仿真加工设备及加工对象在加工过程中的运动及状态；
2)加工过程仿真的每一步均由NC代码驱动；
3)零件加工过程具有三维实时动画功能，当发现碰撞时，会发出报警。

参考文献[15]介绍了应用于并行工程中的MPS系统的结构、关键技术和主要算法。

机器人的仿真：随着机器人技术的迅速发展，机器人在制造系统中也得到了广泛的应用。

然而由于机器人是一种综合了机、电、液的复杂动态系统，使得只有通过计算机仿真来模拟系统的动态特性，才能揭示机构的合理运动方案及有效的控制算法，从而解决在机器人设计、制造以及运行过程中的问题。

机器人仿真技术大致可分为以下几类[13]：
1)针对制造系统中机器人的应用开展的研究，如柔性制造系统或计算机集成制造系统中机器人的仿真问题；
2)针对机器人操作手本身的特性进行的仿真研究，如运动学仿真、动力学仿真、轨迹规划和碰撞检验等问题；
3)机器人离线编程系统的研究，如利用仿真生成满意的运动方案自动转换成机器人控制程序去驱动控制器动作。

3.3 面向生产管理的仿真
生产管理的基本功能是计划、调度和控制。

就仿真技术在生产管理中的应用来说，大致有以下三个方面：
1)确定生产管理控制策略；
2)用于车间层的设计和调度；
3)用于库存管理。

下面将从以上三个方面介绍仿真技术的应用。

3.3.1计算机仿真在生产管理控制策略中的应用
用于生产管理控制策略的仿真包括确定有关参数以及用于不同控制策略之间的比较。

比较常见的控制策略有：
1)MRP：这是一种“推”式的控制策略，通过需求预测，综合考虑生产
设备能力、原材料可用量和库存量来制定生产计划；
2)KANBAN（看板）：这是一种“拉”式的控制策略，根据订单来制定
生产计划，即通常所说的准时生产；
3)LOC：面向负载能力的控制策略。

根据库存水平来控制生产过程；
4)DBR：面向瓶颈的控制策略。

根据生产过程中的瓶颈环节来控制整个
流程。

比较的衡量指标一般包括产量、生产率等。

每种控制策略中需要确定的参数包括：批量大小、看板数量、库存水平等。

参考文献[8]中提供了一个对于不同控制策略比较的仿真过程。

3.3.2 计算机仿真在制造车间设计中的应用
一般可以把车间的设计过程分为两个主要阶段：初步设计阶段和详细设计阶段。

初步设计阶段的任务是研究用户的需求，然后由此确定初步设计方案。

详细设计阶段的主要任务是在初步设计的基础上，提出对车间各个组成单元的详尽而完整的描述，使设计结果能够达到进行实验和投产决策的程度，具体来说即确定设备、刀具、夹具、托盘、物料处理系统、车间布局等。

而仿真技术则主要用于方案的评价和选择。

具体来说：
在初步设计阶段，可以在仿真程序中包含经济效益分析算法，运行根据初步设计方案所建立的仿真模型，给出以下评价信息：
在新车间中生产的产品类型和数量能否满足用户要求？
产品的质量和精度是否能够满足要求？
新车间的效率和投资回收率是否合理？
在详细设计阶段，使用仿真技术可以对候选方案的以下方面做出评价：
在制造主要零件时，车间中主要加工设备是否能够得到充分的利用？
负载是否比较平衡？
物料处理系统是否能够和车间的柔性程度相适应？
新车间的整体布局是否能够满足生产调度的要求？
是否具有一定的可重构能力？
在发生故障时，车间生产系统是否能够维持一定程度的生产能力？
目前国内外都已经开发出了一些成熟的软件可用于辅助车间生产系统的设计，如PURDUE大学开发的GCMS、System Modeling公司开发的SIMAN/CINEMA、Auto Simulation公司开发的AUTOMOD/AUTOGRAM、清华大学开发的IMMS等[2]。

3.3.3 计算机仿真在制造车间运行中的应用
FMS中的调度问题可以定义为分配和协调可获得的生产资源，如加工机器、自动引导运输工具（AGV）、机器人以及加班的时间等，以满足指定的目标。

这些目标可以是满足交货日期、产量达到最大，机器的利用率达到最高，或上述目标的组合。

FMS中的调度过程包括：
选择进入FMS的工件；
为工件加工选择加工路线；
选择在机器上进行加工的工作；
为AGV选择派遣规则。

仿真方法主要就以上方面对调度问题进行分析和评价。

目前已经有一些成熟的软件可用来解决调度问题，如：Autosched，JobTimePlus，FACTOR，FACTOR/AIM，SIMNETD等。

我国也已研制开发了用于车间调度层的仿真软件，如：南开大学研制的JobShop调度仿真软件，清华大学与航天部204所等单位开发的工厂仿真调度环境FASE，以及在此基础上开发的智能规则调度系统等[3]。

3.3.4 计算机仿真在库存管理中的应用
在整个生产系统中，库存子系统起着重要的作用。

按照库存材料在生产线中作用分，可分为在线仓库和中央仓库。

按库存材料性质分，可分为原材料及外购件库、在制品库、成品库和维修备件及工具库。

库存控制的目的在于，使库存投资最少，且要满足生产和销售的要求。

对于库存管理的仿真包括：
1)确定订货策略；
2)确定订货点和订货批量；
3)确定仓库的分布；
4.确定安全库存水平。

参考文献[9]描述了一个递阶、分布、动态的库存管理系统的建模和仿真。