How we listen

How we listen
第一段
①We all listen to music according to our separate capacities （ability）. 我们都按照各自不同的能力来听音乐.
②But, for the sake of analysis, the whole listening process may become clearer if we break it up into its component parts, so to speak. 为了便于分析, 可以把听的整个过程分成几个组成部
分, 那么这个过程会更清晰一些.
Break up: divide into several smaller parts. Break up the chocolate and melt it.
Component: part, ingredient. The plan has 4 main components.
A computer consists of thousands of components. 电脑由成千上万个部件组成。

So to speak: 可以这么说 to draw attention to the fact that you are describing
Mary is, so to speak, a hardworking student. 玛丽可说是个用功的学生。

He is, so to speak, a hardworking student. 他可说是个用功的学生。

The new procedures have been officially christened, so to speak.新措施可以说已正式实施了. the new procedures，so to speak，have been officially christened.
③In certain sense we all listen to music on three separate planes（level, degree）. 从某种意义上来说,我们听音乐有三个不同的层次.
In a sense: 在某一方面，就某种意义来说
In some sense: 在某种意义上
④For lack of a better terminology, one might name these: 1) the sensuous plane, 2) the expressive plane, 3) the sheerly musical plane. 由于缺乏更好的术语,我们姑且把它们命名为: (1)感官层次;
(2)表现层次; (3)纯音乐层次
Terminology: term, special words and expressions used in a subject
Sensuous: gives pleasure to the mind or body through the senses.感官上的
Sheer: complete, pure, absolute, total, utter
⑤The only advantage to be gained from mechanically splitting up the listening process into these hypothetical planes is the clearer view to be had of the way in which we listen. 把听的过程机械
地分割为以上三个假想的层次,唯一的好处是让我们更清楚地了解自己是怎样听音乐的.
Split: divide into 2 or more parts
Hypothetical: theoretical, imaginary, based on possible ideas rather than actual ones.
第二段
①The simplest way of listening to music is to listen for the sheer pleasure of the musical sound itself. 听音乐最简单的方式是为了去获取乐声带来的纯粹的愉悦感
②That is the sensuous plane. 这是音乐的感官层次
③It is the plane on which we hear music without thinking, without considering it in any way.
在这个层次上,我们只是听音乐,不做任何思考.
④One turns on the radio while doing something else and absent-mindedly bathes in the sound.
我们打开收音机,一边做着其他的事情,一边心不在焉地沉浸在音乐中.
Absent-minded 心不在焉的,茫茫然的;健忘的 someone who forgets things or does not pay attention to what they are doing, often because they are thinking about something else.
The absent-minded boy is always losing his books. 这个心不在焉的男孩老是丢书。

He absent-mindedly picked up the telephone.
Bath in music: be immersed in music; lost in music; completely involved in; absorb
⑤A kind of brainless but attractive state of mind is engendered by the mere sound appeal of the music. 乐声本身的魅力带我们进入一种无需思考的美妙心境.
State: condition, situation
Engender: produce; cause; generate; cause a particular feeling, atmosphere, situation to
occur. 产生，引起 Pity engendered love. 怜悯产生爱情
Appeal: 有吸引力,迎合爱好 attract
The idea appealed to Mary. 这主意正合玛丽的心意。

吸引力,感染力 attraction
These subjects have lost their appeal for most students.这些学科已经失去了吸引力。

第三段
①The surprising thing is that many people who consider themselves qualified music lovers abuse that plane in listening. 令人意外的是,许多自认为合格的音乐爱好者在听音乐时过多地使用了这一层次.
Abuse: 滥用,妄用 use something in a wrong way or for a bad purpose;
He abused his power while in office. 他在职时滥用权力。

Drug and alcohol abuse; abuse of power
虐待,伤害 treat cruelly and violently
Those captives were physically abused. 那些俘虏遭受了肉体上的摧残。

Child abuse; physical abuse; human rights abuse
②They go to concerts in order to lose themselves. 他们去听音乐会是为了忘却自我.
③They use music as a consolation or an escape. 他们把音乐当成一种慰藉,一种逃避
consolation安慰,慰藉;安慰的人(或事物) comfort; console
he consoled himself with the fact that he is not alone.
It's a consolation to know that they are safe. 知道他们平平安安,使人感到安慰。

④They enter an ideal world where one doesn’t have to think of the realities of everyday life.
由此他们进入了一个可以忘却日常生活的理想世界.
⑤Of cour se they aren’t thinking about the music either.当然,他们也没有在思考音乐.
⑥Music allows them to leave it, and they go off to a place to dream, dreaming because of and apropos of the music yet never quite listening to it. 音乐允许他们离开现实,到另一个地方去做梦,因为音乐而做梦,做有关音乐的梦,却从没有真正欣赏过音乐.
Apropos of: 适当的;切题的;中肯的 connected with; relevant to
第四段过渡段
①Yes, the sound appeal of music is a potent and primitive force, but you must not allow it to usurp a disproportionate share of your interest.
的确,乐声的魅力是一种强大而原始的力量,但是你不该让它占据你过多的兴趣空间.
Potent: very effective and powerful; primitive: primary, first
Usurp: seize, take over, take from someone when they have no right.
篡夺;夺取;侵占
Their position enabled them to usurp power. 他们所处的地位使其得以篡权。

盗用
That magazine usurped copyrighted material. 那杂志盗用了版权为他人所有的素材。

Disproportionate: 不相称的，不均衡的 unreasonable in amount or size; excessive; out of
proportion; unbalanced
A disproportionate amount of time was devoted to one topic.
There is a disproportionately high suicide rate among prisoners facing very long sentences.
Share: 一份,份儿;(分担的)一部分
I have done my share of the work. 我已经做了我分内的工作。

②The sensuous plane is an important one in music, a very important one, but it does not constitute the whole story. 感官层次是音乐的一个重要层次,非常重要,但并不是音乐的全部.
Constitute: is 构成
Testing patients without their consent would constitute a professional and legal offence.
组成 make up;
China’s ethnic minorities constitute less than 7 percent of its total population.
第五段
① The second plane on which music exists is what I have called the expressive one.
音乐存在的第二个层次就是我所说的表现层次.
② Here, immediately, we tread on controversial ground. 马上就进入到一个颇具争议的领域.
Tread on: put your foot on something. 踩，踏Sorry, I didn’t mean to tread on your foot.有意Controversial: 引起争议 disputed, open to question. Immigration is a controversial issue.
There is a (public/ heated/ impassioned) debate/ discussion/ controversy today as to/over/ on/ concerning the issue/problem of….
The discussion about whether…… is a very controversial one.
③Composers have a way of shying away from any discussion of music’s expressive side.
作曲家总是设法避开有关音乐表现方面的讨论.
A composer is a person who writes music, especially classical music.
Compose: ~ a piece of music; ~ a letter; a poem; a speech. Create; invent; produce, write Composition;
Shy away from: avoid doing something, often because you are afraid or not confident enough We frequently shy away from making decisions. 逃避躲开退缩
④Did not Stravinsky himself proclaim that his music was an “object”, a “thing”, with a life of its own, and with no other meaning than its own purely musical existence?
斯特拉温斯基不是曾经声称他的音乐是一个"物体",是一件有自我生命的"东西",除了纯音乐性的存在之外没有任何别的含意吗?
Proclaim:declare; announce; make known; formally make it known to the public宣告公布声明 Britain proudly proclaims that it is a nation of animal lovers.
⑤This intransigent attitude of Stravinsky’s may be due to the fact that so many people have tried to read different meanings into so many pieces.
斯特拉温斯基这种不妥协的态度可能源于这样的一个事实:有那么多的人尝试着从众多的音乐作品中读出完全不同的含意.
Intransigent: refuse to change their behavior or attitude
Due to:
Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra st udies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skill s. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.
而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。

他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

⑥Heaven knows it is difficult enough to say precisely(accurately, correctly 准确) what it is that a piece of music means, to say it definitely (certainly, unmistakably, without doubt肯定), to say it finally so that everyone is satisfied with your explanation.
确实,要准确地说出一部音乐作品的含意已经很难了,要肯定并确定地说出来,还要使每个人对你的解释都感到满意,是难上加难.
⑦But that should not lead one to the other extreme of denying to music the right to be “expressive”.
但我们不该因此走到另一个极端,不能去剥夺音乐"表现"的权利.
第六段
①Listen, if you can插入语, to the 48 fugue themes of Bach’s Well-tempered Clavichore.
可能的话,你不妨听听巴赫的《平均律钢琴曲集》中的48个赋格主题.
Theme: subject, important idea of a writing, a talk or a discussion, an artist’s work
The theme of the poem is love and peace.
A short tune on which a piece of music is based. 旋律
②Listen to each theme, one after another.
一个个地听听每一个主题
③You will soon realize that each theme mirrors a different world of feeling.
你很快就会意识到每个主题都反映了一个不同的情感世界
Mirror：reflect 反映
His shock was mirrored on her face.
Despite the fact that I have tried to be objective, the book inevitable mirrors my own interests and experiences.
④You will also soon realize that the more beautiful a theme seems to you the harder it is to find any word that will describe it to your complete satisfaction.
你很快也会意识到你越觉得某个主题美妙,就越难找到令你完全满意的字眼来描述它.
⑤Yes, you will certainly know whether it is a gay (cheerful) theme or a sad one.
是的,你当然知道那个主题是欢快的还是悲伤的
In modern English, if you say that a person is gay, you mean that they are homosexual.
Gay is sometimes used to describe colors, places, or a piece of music which make people feel cheerful because they are bright or lively. This is rather old-fashioned use.
⑥You will be able, on other words, in your own mind, to draw a frame of emotional feeling around your theme. 换句话说,你能够在脑海中勾勒出那个主题的情感框架.
You will have a certain feeling about the theme.
⑦Now study the sad one a little closer.
那么就更仔细地听一下这个悲伤的主题吧,
⑧Try to pin down the exact quality of its sadness 要明确悲伤的性质.
Pin down: try to discover exactly what, where, or when something is. 确定determine, identify, pinpoint, specify
You must pin down every quotation to its author. 你一定要确定每一条引文的作者是谁。

I can only pin it down to between 1936 and 1942.
If we cannot pin down exactly what we are supposed to be managing, how can we manage it ⑨Is it pessimistically sad or resignedly sad; is it fatefully sad or smilingly sad?
是悲观厌世的悲伤,还是无可奈何的悲伤?是时运不济的悲伤, 还是强颜欢笑的悲伤?
Pessimistic: someone who thinks that bad things are going to happen.
Resign a job/position: formally announce to leave.
第七段
①Let us suppose that you are fortunate and can describe to your own satisfaction in so many words the exact meaning of your chosen theme.
假设你很幸运,能用许多词句充分表达你对选中主题的确切理解.
Do something to sb’s satisfaction/ to the satisfaction of somebody使某人满意
It is hard for a teacher to the satisfaction of all his students.
②There is still no guarantee that anyone else will be satisfied.
但这仍然无法保证其他人对你的理解都感到满意,
Guarantee: make certain, ensure, n./v.
All students are guaranteed campus accommodation for their first year.
We guarantee to refund your money if you are no delighted with your purchase.
The teacher can give no guarantee that everybody will pass the exam.
The TV set has a year's guarantee. 这架电视机有一年的保修期。

You have my guarantee that I'll finish the job on time. 我向你保证按时完成工作。

③Nor need they be. 他们也完全没有必要感到满意 they need not be satisfied
④The important thing is that each one feels for himself the specific expressive quality of a theme or, similarly, an entire piece of music.
重要的是, 每个人能自己感受某个主题的表现力, 或感受一部完整音乐作品独特表现力. Specific: 特殊的,特定的 particular
Education should not be restricted to any one specific age group.
教育不应限制在任何特定的年龄组上。

明确的;具体的 exact, definite, precise
The trouble with Bill was that he never had a specific aim in life.
比尔的问题是他从未有过明确的人生目标。

⑤And if it is a great work of art, don’t expect it to mean exactly the same thing to you each time you return to it. 如果是一部伟大的音乐作品,就别指望每次听都能带来相同的感受.
第八段
①The third plane on which music exists is the sheerly musical plane.
音乐存在的第三个层次是纯音乐层次.
②Besides the pleasurable sound of music and the expressive feeling that it gives off, music does exist in terms of the notes themselves and of their manipulation.
除了令人愉悦的乐声、所表现的情感,音乐也因其音符本身以及对音符的处理而存在. Give off 发光发热“发”send out; produce
In terms of: 就...而论;在...方面
In terms of money, he's quite rich, but not in terms of happiness.
就钱来说他很富有,但就幸福来说就不然了。

China is playing a very important role in the world, not just in economic power, but also in political terms.
Manipulation: 操纵，控制；操作，运用
Do you know how to manipulate a computer? (operate something that requires skill)
Hitler was very good at manipulating its people. (Persuade skillfully)
He is always manipulating me to give him vast sums of money.
③Most listeners are not sufficiently conscious of this third plane.
多数听众都没有充分认识到音乐的这第三个层次.
Sufficient: 足够的,充分的[(+for)][+to-v]
Her income is not sufficient to support her family. 她的收入不够养活家人。

There was not sufficient evidence to secure a conviction.
The holes were sufficiently large to serve as nests.
She recovered sufficiently to go to school.
第九段
①It is very important for all of us to become more alive to music on its sheerly musical plane.
对我们所有人来说,更加充分地认识这个纯音乐层次非常重要.
alive: 活着dead，有活力的lively. 80, he is still very much alive.. the wire is alive. 通电
敏感的,注意到的 be aware of/realize a situation or problem
Are you alive to what is going on? 你注意到正在发生的事吗?
You must be alive to opportunity.
②After all, an actual musical material is being used.
毕竟乐曲使用的是实实在在的音乐材料.
③The intelligent listener must be prepared to increase his awareness of the musical material and what happens to it.
聪明的听众一定要做好准备,随时提升自己对音乐材料以及这些材料的使用的理解.
④He must hear the melodies, the rhythms, the harmonies, the tone colors in a more conscious fashion. 更有意识地倾听音乐的旋律,节奏,和弦及音色.
In … fashion: in …. Way
There is another drug called DHE that works in a similar fashion.
⑤But above all he must, in order to follow the line of the composer’s thought, know something of the principles of musical form.
但最重要的是,为了能跟上作曲家的思路,他还必须了解一些音乐形式方面的知识. Follow: I followed him into a small dark room.
Her eyes followed the police car as it drove slowly past.
He followed his father and became a furgeon.
Take care to follow the instructions carefully.
Follow my advice.
Can you follow the plot so far?
Do you follow me?
Disease often follows malnutrition.
He is wrong, but it does not follow that you are right.
⑥Listening to all of these elements is listening to the sheerly musical plane.
去听所有这些成分就是在纯音乐层次上欣赏音乐.
第十段
①Let me repeat that I have split up mechanically the three separate planes on which we listen merely for the sake of greater clarity. Actually, we never listen on one or the other of these planes.
仅仅是为了讲解得更清楚才把听音乐的三个层次机械地分割开来的.事实上, 从来都不会只在其中的一个层次上听音乐.
②What we do is to correlate them—listening in all three ways at the same time.
我们其实是把它们联系起来,同时在三个层次上听音乐.
Correlate: there is a close connection between them.
Crop yield correlates closely with annual rainfall. 农作物的收成与年降雨量有密切关系。

Obesity correlates with increased risk for high blood pressure.
At the highest executive levels earnings and performance aren’t always correlated.
Attempts to correlate specific language functions with particular parts of the brain have not advanced very far.
③It takes no mental effort, for we do it instinctively出于本能，直觉
这并不需要付出多少脑力,因为我们是凭本能这么做的.
Mental: 精神的,心理的state of health of a person’s mind.
Her problem is mental, not physical. 她的毛病是精神方面的,而不是身体方面的。

智力的,脑力的 relating to thinking
All humans do have some kind of innate mental ability. 凡是人确有某种天生的智力。

The intellectual environment has a significant influence on the mental development of the children
第11段
①Perhaps an analogy with what happens to us when we visit the theater will make this instinctive correlation clearer.
也许,用去剧院看戏来作类比,能使这种本能的联系更加明白易懂.
②In the theater, you are aware of the actors and actresses, costumes and sets, sounds and movements.
在剧院里,你能注意到男女演员,服装和布景,声音和动作.
Costumes: clothes an actor or performer wears while they are performing. 戏装
The clothes worn by people at a particular time in history or in a particular country.
Set: (舞台)布景;(电影)摄影场 set of a play, film, television: furniture, scenery that is on stage Scenery in the studio
③All these give one the sense that the theater is a pleasant place to be in.
这些东西组合在一起,会让我们觉得剧院是一个令人愉悦的地方,
④They constitute the sensuous plane in our theatrical reactions.
它们构成了我们欣赏戏剧的感官层次.
第12段
①The expressive plane in the theater would be derived from the feeling that you get from what is happening on the stage.
戏剧的表现层次来自于你看舞台表演时获得的感受.
②You are moved to pity, excitement, or gaiety.
它激起你的怜悯,兴奋或是愉悦.
③It is 强调句 this general feeling, generated aside from the particular words being spoken定语, a certain emotional something which exists on the stage同位语, that is analogous （similar）to the expressive quality in music.
正是这种笼统的感觉,除了听台词所感受到的,主要是存在于舞台上的某种情感的东西,与音乐的表现性相类似.
分析句子结构：强调句，定语，同位语
第13段
①The plot and plot development is equivalent to our sheerly musical plane.
剧情以及剧情的发展相当于我们所说的纯音乐层次.
②The playwright creates and develops a character in just the same way that a composer creates and develops a theme.
剧作家塑造和发展戏剧人物的方式,和作曲家创造和发展音乐主题的方式是一样的.
A playwright is a person who writes plays.
③According to the degree of your awareness of the way in which the artist in either field handles his material will you become a more intelligent listener.
你能否成为一个聪明的听众,取决于你对剧作家或音乐家处理艺术材料的手段的了解程度. 分析句子结构
第14段
①It is easy enough to see that the theatergoer never is conscious of any of these elements separately.
显然,看戏的人从来就不会单独注意到这其中的一个元素.
Theatergoers people who go to theatres to watch a play. moviegoer经常看戏的人;爱看戏的人
②He is aware of them all at the same time.他是同时注意到了一切.
③The same is true of music listening. 听音乐的道理也是一样的,
④We simultaneously and without thinking listen on all three planes.
我们同时地,不假思索地在三个层次上倾听音乐.。