Proc. of the 3rd Intl. Workshop on Network and O.S. Support for Digital Audio and Video Pre

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An Improved Intelligent Temperature Measurement by RTD using Optimal ANN

An Improved Intelligent Temperature Measurement by RTD using Optimal ANNSanthosh K VDept of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Indiakv.santhu@B K RoyDept of Electrical Engineering National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Indiabkr_nits@yahoo.co.inAbstract—This paper aims at desi g nin g an intelli g ent temperature measuring technique by Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) using optimal Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The objectives of the present work is (i) to extend the linearity rang e of RTD and (ii) to provide intellig ence in the measuring technique so as to measure the temperature under variation (within a pre-specified ran g e) of temperature co-efficient parameters R o, a, b and c, but without any change in calibration circuit. (iii) To achieve the objective (i) and (ii) by an optimal ANN. An optimal ANN is considered based on minimum mean square error (MSE) and Reg ression by comparing various scheme and alg orithm. The proposed technique provides linear relationship of the overall system over a wider range and makes it independent of temperature co-efficient. Since, the proposed intelli ent temperature measurin scheme produces output independent of physical properties of RTD, it avoids the requirement of repeated calibration every time the RTD is replaced.Keywords—Artificial Neural Network, Resistance Temperature Detector, Linearization, Sensor ModelingI.Temperature is one of the basic quantities of any physical system in addition to mass, length, time and electric current. Temperature is that physical property of a system that qualitatively/ quantitatively expresses the common notions of it being hot or cold. Temperature is one of the most frequently used process measurements. Almost all chemical processes and reactions are temperature dependent. There are many areas of industry in which temperature measurement is essential. Such applications include steam raising and electricity generation, plastics manufacture and moulding, milk and dairy products, and many other areas of the food industries. Thus, an accurate and precise measurement of temperature is very important.Many methods have been developed for measuring temperature. Most of these rely on measuring some physical property of a working material that varies with temperature. RTD is one such sensor which finds a wide application in a process industry because of its characteristics like accuracy and precision. However in the RTD the problem of non linearity has restricted its applications. To solve the problem of linearizing a sensor, there are in general two methods, the first one requires nonlinear analog circuit and the second uses numerical methods that are computed by microprocessor or personal computer [1]. The first method has a few practical drawbacks. F urther, the whole circuitry may be altered or replaced when there is need to change RTD to achieve wide range, different sensitivity, cost etc. This increases the time and effective cost of the instrument. The last method is preferred because computer is used today for data acquisition and also it has the advantage of linearization on taking into account the effect of disturbing variablesArtificial neural networks are broadly useful in a wide range of applications such as signal and image processing, pattern recognition [2], control systems [3] and recently instrumentation [4]. Because of their nonlinear characteristics, they are very useful in solving complex problems more accurately than linear techniques. So a method has been proposed in this paper using the concept of ANN. The ANN model is added in cascade to a data conversion circuit which will be trained to produce the linear relation between the input temperature and output of ANN. F urther it’s also made intelligent so as to produce results independent of physical parameters of the RTD so that no action is to be taken even though there is a change in RTD.Literary survey done suggests in [5] and [6], linearization of RTD is done using computer written programming. In [7] linearization of RTD using circuits has been discussed. In [8], linearization of RTD using neural network algorithm is discussed. In [9] linearization using circuits is discussed. In[10], linearization using PIC microcontroller is discussed. In[11], linearization of RTD and making it independent of parameters is discussed. In [12], linearization of thermistor and making it independent of parameter is discussed.The paper is organised as follows: after introduction in Section-I, a brief description on RTD is given in Section-II. The output of RTD is resistance; a brief discussion on data conversion unit i.e. an amplifier is discussed in Section-III. Section-IV deals with the problem statement followed by proposed solution in Section-V. Finally, result and conclusion is given in Section-VIProc.of the Intl.Conf.on Advances in Computer,Electronics and Electrical EngineeringEditor In Chief Dr.R.K.Singh.Copyright©2012Universal Association of Computer and Electronics Engineers. All rights reserved.ISBN:978-981-07-1847-3II. Resistance thermometers, also called resistance temperature detectors or resistive thermal devices (RTDs), are temperature sensors that exploit the predictable change in electrical resistance of some materials with change in temperature.The relation between temperature and resistance is given by the Callendar-Van Dusen equation [11], [13], [14] as shown in eqn (1) and eqn (2)R T = R o (1 + aT+ bT2 + c(T-100)3) (1) for -200o C < T< 0o CR T = R o (1 + aT+ bT2) (2) for 0o C < T < 650o CwhereR T – resistance at temperature T o CR o – resistance at temperature 0o C (reference resistance)a, b and c are constantsIII.The block diagram representation of the proposed technique isgiven in Fig 1Fig 1: Block diagram of the proposed measuring techniqueThe resistance variation of the RTD can be measured by a bridge, or directly by volt-ampere method. But the major constraint is the contribution of the lead wires in the overall resistance measured. Since the length of lead wire may vary, this may leads to a false reading in the temperature to be measured. There must be some method for compensation so that the effect of lead wires in resistance measurement is eliminated. This can be achieved by using three wires RTD shown in Fig. 2 [15], [16]. The sensor is excited by a constant current source I o through its lead-2 while lead-1 is connected to the ground point of the measurement circuit. Lead-2 of the sensor is also connected to the input of the amplifier A1 whose gain is set to 1 and lead-3 is connected to the input A2 whose gain is 2. The outputs V1 and V2 of the amplifiers A1 and A2 respectively are given byV1 = I o(R T +2R1) (3)V2 = 2.I o(R T + R1) (4)Differential amplifier A3 gives the difference between these two signals V2 and V1 to produce an output V o = I o R T, which is dependent only on the sensor resistance. It may be noted that in earlier methods, compensation was sought by taking the ratio of two unequal resistances. The additional resistance of one lead wire was added to both the resistances. Such an arrangement could not always produce perfect compensation. In our method, on the other hand, the additional voltages developed across the lead resistances are totally canceled out by subtraction. Thus perfect compensation is achievedirrespective of the sensor resistance value.Fig. 2: Data converter unit with RTDIV.In this section, characteristic of RTD is simulated to understand the difficulties associated with the available measuring scheme. For this purpose, simulation is carried out with three different values of R o these are R o = 100, 300 and 500. Three different values of a = 2x10-3, 4x10-3 and 6x10-3. Three different values of b = -5x10-7, -6 x10-7 and -7 x10-7. Three different values of c = -2x10-12, -4x10-12 and -6x10-12, are used to find the output resistance of RTD with respect to various values of R o, a, b and c. These output resistance are used as inputs of data conversion circuit output voltage is generated. The MATLAB environment is used for simulating. Fig.3. Output voltage for variation of temperature and R o, for a = 2x10-3, b = -5x10-7 and c = -2x10-12Fig.4. Output voltage for variation of temperature and a, for R o = 300, b = -5x10-7 and c = -2x10-12Fig.5. Output voltage for variation of temperature and b, for R o = 100, a =4x10-3 and c = -2x10-12Fig 3, Fig 4 and Fig 5 shows the variation of voltage with the change in input temperature considering different values of R o , a, b and c.It has been observed from the above graphs that the relation between input temperature and voltage output of data conversion unit has a non linear relation. Datasheet of RTD suggests that the input range of 5% to 70% of full scale is used in practice as linear range. These are the reasons which have made the user to go for calibration techniques using some circuits. Further, the output voltage also varies with the change in R o , a, b and c. These conventional calibration techniques have drawbacks that its time consuming and need to be calibrated every time when RTD is changed in the system. F urther, the use is restricted, to a portion of full scale for linearity.To overcome these drawbacks, this paper makes an attempt to design a temperature measuring technique incorporating intelligence to produce linear output and to make the system independent of physical parameters like R o , a, b and c using the concept of artificial neural network.V.The drawbacks discussed in the earlier section are overcomed by adding an optimal ANN model in cascade with data converter unit. This model is designed using the neural network toolbox of MATLAB.The first step in developing a neural network is to create a database to train, validate and test the network. Output voltages of the system for the change in temperature, R o , a, b and c form the input matrix; target matrix would be theexpected linear response of RTD as shown in Fig 6.Fig.6. Target graphThe functionality of ANN can be explained as given below. First the data is initialized; like training base (60%), test base (20%), validation base (20%), number of layers and neurons, type of the transfer functions, number of iteration and estimate error threshold. The network is trained to compute the weights. Once the weights are computed, it is verified to have mean square error (MSE) is less than estimate error threshold (Th) for at least 10 consecutive readings. If the above condition is satisfied the whole model is saved, else the iteration for updates of ANN parameters continue till it reaches the maximum number of iteration and then the model is saved with caution that desired performance has not reached. Else the system will accept a new set of data to satisfy the conditions. Mean Squared Error (MSE) is the average squared difference between outputs and targets. Lower value of MSE is better. Zero MSE means no error. Regression R measures the correlation between outputs and targets. Value of R is 1 means a close relationship and 0 means a random relationship. A.Initially, only one hidden layer is chosen and assuming a particular scheme and an algorithm training, validation and testing is completed. The result is shown in Table 1. If the values of R and MSE are not close to the expected values, number of hidden layers is increased by one more and training, validation and testing is done again. This continues till acceptable values of R and MSE are achieved. Thus,optimal number of hidden layer is found corresponding to a scheme and an algorithm. This process is repeated with Guass-newton Algorithm (GNA) [17] and [18], Levenberg-marquardt algorithm (LMA) [17] and [19], Back Propagation neural network (BP) trained by Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) [20-22] and Radial Basis Function (RBF) trained by ACO [23-25] and results are shown in table-1. Results in table.1 reveals that RBF scheme with ACO algorithm gives accurate result even using only one hidden layer. But for higher accuracy two numbers of hidden layers are used. Fig 7 shows the structure of the neural network considered in the present case using RBF trained by ACO algorithm.NHL – Number of hidden layers;SA – Scheme and algorithm;PM – Performance measure;Fig.7. Structure of neural network modelWith the details mentioned the network is trained, validatedand tested. Table 2 summarizes the various parameters of themeasured network model.Table 2. Summarizes the network modelOPTIMIZED PARAMETERS OF THE NEURAL NETWORKSMODELDatabaseTraining base 102Validation base 34Test base 34No ofneurons in1st layer 82nd layer 8Transferfunction of1st layer logsig2nd layer logsigOutput layer linearInputTemp R o a b cmin -200 o C 100 2x10-3 -5x10-7 -2x10-12max 800 o C 500 6x10-3 -7x10-7 -6x10-12VI.The proposed ANN is trained, validated and tested with thesimulated data. Once the training is over, for the system withRTD along with other modules in cascade as shown in Fig 1, itis subjected to various test inputs corresponding to differentphysical parameters like R o, a, b and c all within the specifiedrange. F or testing purposes, the range of temperature isconsidered from -200 o C to 800 o C, range of R o is 100 to 500,range of a is 2x10-3 to 6x10-3, range of b is -5x10-7 to -7 x10-7,range of c is -2x10-12 to -6x10-12. The input output result isplotted and is shown in F ig 8. The output graph is matchingthe target graph as shown in Fig 6.Fig. 8. Response of proposed system for real inputsIt is evident from F ig 8, that the proposed measuringtechnique discussed has incorporated intelligence to the RTDby increasing the linearity range of the RTD. Also, the outputis made independent of physical parameters like R o, a, b and c.Thus, if the RTD is replaced by another RTD of differentphysical parameters the system does not require anycalibration to give the accurate reading. All these have beenachieved by using an optimal ANN.In [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], mainly the extension of linearrange is discussed. The proposed work is a clear significantimprovement over the existing reported works. The proposedwork not only solves the task of extension of linear range butalso makes the system output independent of physicalparameters of RTD like R o, a , b and c. In [11], linearization ofRTD and making the output independent of physicalparameters are discussed. This proposed work is animprovement over [11] by using linear data conversion circuit.Further, the algorithm is optimized to produce accurate results with less number of hidden layers compared to [11].ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ[1]M Attari, “Methods F or Linearization of Non-Linear Sensors”, Proc.CMMNI-4, F ourth Maghrebin Conference on Numerical Methods of Engineering, Algiers (Algeria), Vol. 1, pp.344-350, Nov.1993.[2]J A. reeman, Neural Networks: Algorithms, Applications, andProgramming Techniques, Addison-Wesley, Massachusetts, 1992.[3]M.E. Aggoune, F. Boudjema, A. Bensenouci, A Hellal, S.V. Vadari,M.R. El Mesai, “Design of an adaptive-structure voltage regulator usingartificial neural networks”, Proc. of the 2nd IEEE Conference on ControlApplications, Vancouver, Canada, September 1993.[4]L.F. Pau and F.S. Johansen, “Neural Network Signal Understanding forInstrumentation”,IEEE Transactions on instrumentation & Measurement, Vo1.39, No.4, Aug. 1990, pp.558-564.[5]N.Hambali, S.Saat, M.A. Ahmad, M.S.Ramli, M.A.Ishak, “ Computer-based System for Temperature Measurement Calibration of RTD”, 3rd International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering,, Kunming, China, 2010[6]Najidah Hambali, Shahrizal Saat, Mohd Syakirin Ramli, MustaqimHazmi, “Automatic Detection Computer-based System for Temperature Measurement Calibration of RTD”, Proc. International Conference on Electrical, Control and Computer Engineering, Phang, Malaysia, June 2011.[7]Edval J P Santos, Isabela B Vasconcelos, “RTD-based SmartTemperature Sensor: Process Development and Circuit Design”, Proc.26th International Conference on Microelectronics, Serbia, May 2008. [8]Shakeb A. Khan, D.T. Shahani, A.K. Agarwala, “Sensor calibration andcompensation using artificial neural network”, ISA Transactions, vol 42,Issue 3, pp. 337-352, 2003.[9]Application note: AN105, Dataforth Cooperation, Tuscon, 2008.[10]Bonnie C. Baker, Precision Temperature Sensing With RTD Circuits –AN687, Microchip Technology Inc. 2008.[11]Santhosh K V, B K Roy, “An Intelligent Temperature MeasuringTechnique Using RTD” National Conference on Advanced Control in engineering systems (NACES 11), Bangalore, India, September 2011. [12]Santhosh K V, B K Roy, “A Smart Temperature Measuring TechniqueUsing Thermistor”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Management, Vol I, No 2, pp 62-68, 2011.[13]Bela G Liptak, Instrument Engineers Handbook-Process Measurementand Analysis, 4th Edition, CRC Press, 2003.[14]John P Bentley, Principle of Measurement Systems, 3rd Edition, PearsonEducation Publication, India, 2003.[15]Saibal Pradham, Susanta Sen, “An Improved Lead CompensationTechnique for Three Wire Resistance Temperature Detectors, Journal IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol 48, No. 5, pp. 903-905, 1999.[16]Omega Complete Temperature Measurement Handbook andEncyclopedia.Stamford, CT: Omega, vol. 26, p. T-21, 1988.[17]Björck A, Numerical meth ods for least squares problems, SIAMPublications, Philadelphia. ISBN 0-89871-360-9, 1996.[18]F letcher, Roger, Practical meth ods of optimization, 2nd Edition, JohnWiley & Sons, New York. ISBN 978-0-471-91547-8, 1987.[19]Fernando Morgado Dias, Ana Antunes1, José Vieira, Alexandre ManuelMota, Implementing The Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm On-line: a sliding window approach with early stopping. Int. Conf. Proc. IFAC, USA, 2004.[20]Jeng-Bin Li, Yun-Kung Chung, A Novel Back propagation NeuralNetwork Training Algorithm Designed by an Ant Colony Optimization, IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference & Exh ibition: Asia and Pacific Dalian, China 2005[21]L. Bianchi, L.M. Gambardella, M.Dorigo, An ant colony optimizationapproach to the probabilistic travelling salesman problem, Proc. of PPSN-VII, Seventh Inter17 national Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2002[22]Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence A ModernApproach, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall New York, 2009.[23]Park J, Sandberg J W, Universal Approach Using Radial Basis FunctionNetwork, Neural Computation, Vol 3, pp. 246-257, 1991[24]T Poggio, F Girosi, “Networks for approximation and learning,” Proc.IEEE 78(9), pp. 1484-1487, 1990.[25]Paul Yee V and Simon Haykin, Regularized Radial Basis F unctionNetworks: Theory and Applications, John Wiley, 2001.。

creativity and innovation

Assignment 3 Innovation and CreativityName:Student number:Email:1. Explain the difference/s or similarities between creativity and innovation.Star with the definition, creativity is the capability of conceiving originally or unusually, while innovation is the implementation of the new idea. That is to say, if you are creative, you can come up with thousands of new ideas through brainstorming or just dreaming up, and the activity of doing so is the process of displaying creativity. However, not until you try the new ideas and take the risk to turn them into implementations, you are innovating something new. So we can roughly classify the innovation into two categories: one is the invention, a real product or method that has never existed before, and the other is the new usage of something already existed. For example, if one company first uses the internet as a major way of selling products, this practice can be seen as an innovation even though internet has already existed for a long time. Similar examples can be a new process, method, or even a new business model.To be more specific, the creativity is subjective and cannot be measured, it is just the idea within one person’s mind. However, the innovation, on the other hand, is completely measurable. It is the action of making changes, and getting things done. To put this two words into the equation separately, we can get:Creativity = ideas but, Innovation = ideas + action2. Name a creativity tool or method and explain its background/history?Brain storming is probably one of the most popular creativities tools that adopted in today’s word, and almost every one of us has participated in a brainstorming meeting. The history of brain mapping can be traced back to the 1940s in the United States.In 1939, Alex Osborn was the founder and the CEO of the BBDO (Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn), a worldwide marketing agency network company. During the daily work, Osborn found that his employees were gradually lack the creative ideas for advertising. This phenomenon really frustrated Osborn since it is fatal to advertising company if there is no enough new idea. To break this atmosphere, Osborn started to organizing small group-thinking meetings including both novices and experts. As he described in his book, the rule of the creative meeting is to “apply imagination”. Therefore, participants in the meeting are simply encouraged to provide wild and unexpected answers that might lead to the solution of the issue, with no criticism or judgment from other participants. Soon after the application of this method, Osborn found a significant improvement in the quality and quantity of advertising ideas.Later in the 1948, Osborn introduced his successful creativity methods in his book 'Your Creative Power'. In chapter 33, “How to Organize a Squad to Create Ideas, he described the method as “using the brain to storm a creative problem”, form where the term “brainstorming” first came into being. Osborn’s brainstorming fast taken by the world as numerous organizations using this method to create new ideas. What’s more, the world leading innovation consulting company IDEO even take brainstorming as the culture of the company, and writing the rules of it directly onto the meeting walls.3. Name a creative tool or method and explain what are the features and benefits? Give an example to demonstrate the application of creativity linked to innovation. Brain-mapping is a useful tool for creativity thinking and is newly becoming popular these days especially in consulting firms. Brain-mapping is the combination of two creativity tools—the brain writing (group doodling for no-verbal stimulation) and the mind-mapping (hierarchical breakdown and exploration). Brain-mapping is applied in the following ways:1st, Form the problem solving team: Gather a group of people working on different parts of the project or a creative workshop.2nd, write the problem: write the problem in the center of a chart flip using a single clear statement, such as a short phrase or a single word.3rd, add a stimulus: Each person now draws one branch to add a single stimulus from the circle of the problem. The stimulus should be helpful for further creative ideas to solve the problem.4th, complete the stimuli: add sub-elements to the stimulus, branching off the stimulus you wrote in the third step or the sub-stimulus.5th, develop the ideas: as the process continues and repeats, you can now complete the thought of solving the problem.The feature and the benefit of brain-mapping is that it combines the benefits of the brain writing and the mind-mapping. Like brain writing, it keeps people re-triggering more and detailed ideas. And like mind-mapping, it provides a visual structure through which ideas can be linked and breaking down into pieces.Above is an example of the application of creativity linked to innovation using brain-mapping. How to sell ice-cream to Eskimos? As can be seen, if the salespersons implicate each method at the end of the mapping branch, a new business model can be created.4. Discuss why/how creativity techniques/methodologies are best used in a group context or individually?As far as I am concerned, the creativity techniques are best used in a group context rather than by individual. The reasons are as follows:To begin with, the outcome of group thinking has potential divergence, making the group-workshop more attractive. It is common to assume that a group of people can brainstorm more ideas than a person alone, since people can get inspire by others’opinion.Second, shared information is also one of the advantages of using creativity methodologies with a group of people. This does not only mean to get access to more information but also means to have more precise or high quality information. It is easy to infer that a more complete information landscape will lead to a higher quality decision making and creativity thinking. What’s more, information biases are more likely to be happened when making a decision by oneself than by groups.To sum up, group can apply creative methods better than individuals for the two major reasons: synergy and the sharing of the information. Of course, there are also disadvantages of group thinking of creative ideas. Such as the social influence or homogeneity of the decision, as one or two opinion leader may influence the creative thinking of other group members. However, the advantages can overweigh the disadvantages since the bad effects can be reduced with the variation and development of various methods of creativity and by properly choosing the participants in the creative workshop group.5. Can an entrepreneur’s or an organization’s capacity for creativity and innovation be enhanced through the implementation of creativity methodologies? Give an example.ReferencesAmabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity and innovation in organizations (Vol. 5). Boston: Harvard Business School.Diehl, M., & Stroebe, W. (1987). Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: Toward the solution of a riddle. Journal of personality and social psychology, 53(3), 497.Glynn, M. A. (1996). Innovative genius: A framework for relating individual and organizational intelligences to innovation. Academy of management review, 21(4), 1081-1111.OECD. 1982. Innovation in Small and Medium Firms. Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentRawlinson, J. G. (1981). Creative thinking and brainstorming. Farnborough, Hants: Gower.Roffe, I. (1999). Innovation and creativity in organisations: a review of the implications for training and development. Journal of European Industrial Training, 23(4/5), 224-241. Sutton, R. I., & Hargadon, A. (1996). Brainstorming groups in context: Effectiveness in a product design firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 685-718.Taylor, D. W., Berry, P. C., & Block, C. H. (1958). Does group participation when using brainstorming facilitate or inhibit creative thinking?. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23-47.。

参考文献

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Thermal modeling of secondary lithium batteries for electric vehiclehybrid

Thermal modeling of secondary lithium batteries for electricvehicle/hybrid electric vehicle applications $Said Al-Hallaj *,J.R.SelmanCenter for Electrochemical Science and Engineering,Illinois Institute of Technology,10West 33rd Street,Chicago,IL 60616,USAAbstractA major obstacle to the development of commercially successful electric vehicles (EV)or hybrid electric vehicles (HEV)is the lack of a suitably sized battery.Lithium ion batteries are viewed as the solution if only they could be ‘‘scaled-up safely’’,i.e.if thermal management problems could be overcome so the batteries could be designed and manufactured in much larger sizes than the commercially available near-2-Ah cells.Here,we review a novel thermal management system using phase-change material (PCM).A prototype of this PCM-based system is presently being manufactured.A PCM-based system has never been tested before with lithium-ion (Li-ion)batteries and battery packs,although its mode of operation is exceptionally well suited for the cell chemistry of the most common commercially available Li-ion batteries.The thermal management system described here is intended speciﬁcally for EV/HEV applications.It has a high potential for providing effective thermal management without introducing moving components.Thereby,the performance of EV/HEV batteries may be improved without complicating the system design and incurring major additional cost,as is the case with ‘‘active’’cooling systems requiring air or liquid circulation.#2002Published by Elsevier Science B.V .Keywords:Li-ion batteries;Thermal modeling;Thermal characterization;Battery safety;Hybrid vehicles1.IntroductionLithium-ion (Li-ion)cells have demonstrated excellent performance when operated at ambient temperature condi-tions.Still,the adverse effect of temperature excursions on lithium-ion cell performance is evident when the cell is operated at temperatures beyond 658C [1,3,5]or below 08C [2].As shown in Fig.1,in most applications,for powering personal electronics or electric vehicles (EV),a number of cells are packed together in various conﬁgurations (parallel and/or series connected)to form a module.Several modules are then combined in series or parallel to provide the required voltage and capacity for a speciﬁc application (e.g.EV or hybrid electric vehicles (HEV)).Evidently,it is important to keep the battery pack temperature within the fairly narrow temperature range mentioned above,to main-tain optimal battery performance and cycle life.Temperature variation between individual cells in a pack may result from:1.ambient temperature differences at various points of the pack surface;2.non-uniform impedance distribution among cells;3.differences in heat transfer efficiency among cells.Factor 2is an unintended condition,but may result from defects in quality control.However,it may also develop during operation of a battery pack,due to differences in local heat transfer rate.Factor 3depends strongly on pack con-ﬁguration since some of the cells at the center tend to accumulate heat,while others along the edges are cooled by heat transfer to the environment.This variation may lead to further differences in impedance (factor 2)which amplify capacity differences among the cells.Capacity imbalance may cause some cells to be over-charged or over-discharged during cycling of the pack,and this may result in premature failure.Failure may take the form of thermal runaway or accelerating capacity fading.Both are related to excessive heat generation in individual cells.Thermal management of a Li-ion battery system can be achieved without excessive complexity by a passive cooling system that incorporates phase-change materials (PCM),as ﬁrst described in [4].The PCM integrated in the cell and/or battery will act as a heat sink for heat generated during discharge of the Li-ion battery.Discharge is a highly exothermic process in most commercially available bat-teries,and the temperature of the cells will exceed that of the PCM so that heat ﬂows from the battery cells intotheJournal of Power Sources 110(2002)341–348$Presented at the USDOE Workshop on Engineering Models for Advanced Batteries.*Corresponding author.Tel.:þ1-312-567-518;fax:þ1-312-567-6914.E-mail address:alhallaj@ (S.Al-Hallaj).0378-7753/02/$–see front matter #2002Published by Elsevier Science B.V .PII:S 0378-7753(02)00196-9PCM.In a well-designed PCM system,the PCM remains at constant temperature corresponding to the solid –liquid or solid –solid phase-change (phase-change temperature (PCT)).During discharge,the PCM in such a system rejects some heat to the environment,especially under cold weather conditions (i.e.ambient temperature well below PCT).However,the overall net heat ﬂow is toward the PCM,which under normal conditions has enough thermal capacity to accept the total heat developed during discharge,with minimal temperature increase above the ter,the bulk of the heat stored in the PCM is evolved toward the cell(s)as their temperature drops during charging of the battery.The excess heat remaining in the PCM (net heat effect of discharge followed by charge)is transferred to the surround-ings.It follows that the PCM must be chosen such that its functional temperature is above the surrounding tempera-ture.To accommodate extra-cold environments,a parallel heat conduction path may be designed into the PCM system.2.Scale-up methodologyFig.2summarizes a methodology for scale-up design of Li-ion batteries for EV/HEV applications.The method utilizes experimental data acquired from testing of commer-cial cells in our laboratory [8].We used a specially con-structed ARC –battery cycler combination (Fig.3)to measure the rate of heat generation of the cell during charge and discharge under different operating conditions.Details of the experimental procedure and modes of operation may be found in [8].2.1.Electrochemical–calorimetric measurements Fig.4shows the electrochemical –calorimetric behavior of a typical commercial Type 18650Li-ion cell during charge at I ¼200mA (0.1C rate)and discharge at I ¼450mA (0.18C rate),under normal operating conditions.Various commercial Type 18650cells,as shown in Fig.5,exhibit similar behavior characterized by a weak endothermicheatFig.1.Schematics of the battery pack design with different cellconfigurations.Fig.2.Proposed methodology for scale-up design of Li-ion batteries.342S.Al-Hallaj,J.R.Selman /Journal of Power Sources 110(2002)341–348effect (cooling)during charge,at rates less than 0.5C,and a strong exothermic heat effect (heating)during discharge,at all rates [5].The cooling effect during charge,which our group (using Sony Type US 18650cells)was among the ﬁrst to report [8],is caused by the relatively strong reversible heat of reaction of the Li x C/Li x CoO 2chemistry.This conclusion was further con ﬁrmed through direct measurement of the entropy coef ﬁcient (d E /d T )of several commercial Li-ion cells by electrochemical –calorimetric techniques.Results are summarized in Fig.6[3,6].2.2.Thermal modeling of scaled-up cellsThe thermal behavior of commercial Li-ion cells is being simulated by our group using a one-dimensional thermal mathematical model with lumped parameters [13].This model incorporates experimentally determined thermophy-sical properties [7]and heat generation data [8]speci ﬁc to the Li-ion cells and materials being modeled.It is used to simulate temperature pro ﬁles under different operating conditions and cooling rates.Results for scaled-up cylind-rical lithium-ion cells (Sony Type 18650chemistry)of 10,30,50,and 100Ah capacity are shown in Fig.7.It compares the simulated temperature pro ﬁles of scaled-up cells at different discharge rates,under natural-convection cooling conditions with an effective heat transfer coef ﬁ-cient of h ¼10W/m 2K.As shown in Fig.8for the pro-jected 100Ah cell,a signi ﬁcant temperature gradient inside the cell was found only at high cooling rates (Biot number expected to be >0.1).At low cooling rates,the cell behaves as a lumped system with uniform temperature [9–13].Fig.3.Schematic of the electrochemical –calorimetric experimentalset-up.Fig.4.Typical temperature –voltage behavior of Li-ion cells during charge –discharge cycle under normal operating conditions.S.Al-Hallaj,J.R.Selman /Journal of Power Sources 110(2002)341–3483432.2.1.Thermal management of battery packs using phase-change materialAs shown in Fig.1,a number of scaled-up cells can be connected in series or in parallel to form a battery module.An EV or HEV battery must have a plurality of modules connected in series to provide a direct current voltage between 60and 400V ,depending upon the number of modules joined.As explained above,an effective thermal management system must keep the battery pack temperature fairly uniform,in order to achieve an optimum battery performance.The system described in the work we review here is based on integrating the PCM within the module (but not within individual cells),as shown in Fig.9.Unlike conventional thermal management systems,the system does not require cooling elements which are normally interposed between adjacent modules to absorb heat generated within the battery pack (see Figs.10a and b ).By utilizing the latent heatofFig.5.Thermal behavior of commercial Type 18650cells during discharge at C /6rate.Fig.6.Measured entropy coefficient (d E /d T )vs.E eq for different commercial secondary lithium cells.344S.Al-Hallaj,J.R.Selman /Journal of Power Sources 110(2002)341–348Fig.7.Simulated temperature profiles for scaled-up Li-ion batteries at different discharge rates under natural cooling conditions (h ¼10W/m 2K).Fig.8.Simulated temperature profile inside the 100Ah cell under different cooling conditions,discharge rate ¼C /1.D T f :temperature increase at the end of discharge.S.Al-Hallaj,J.R.Selman /Journal of Power Sources 110(2002)341–348345melting/solidi ﬁcation as illustrated schematically in Fig.11,the PCM thermal management system provides a fully enclosed battery pack which does not include any cooling elements,passageways,or external cooling systems with ﬂuid circulation to transfer heat out of the battery pack.This eliminates the additional costs and control complexities associated with operating the ﬂuid cooling system.Fig.12demonstrates that under near-insulating conditions (i.e.h ¼1W/m 2K)the temperature of a 100Ah cell in a module with PCM can be maintained at $88C lower than without PCM,at the end of discharge.As shown in Fig.13,the PCM system stores the rejected heat in the form of latent heat,in order to use it later when the battery is charged oroperatedFig.9.A Schematic of the proposed EV module with eight 100Ahcells.Fig.10.(a)Battery pack with an external cooling system (i.e.circulating of cooling fluid).(b)Battery pack without an external cooling system (i.e.no flow of coolingfluid).Fig.11.Schematics of the enthalpy –temperature profile during PCM constant melting point vs.melting range.346S.Al-Hallaj,J.R.Selman /Journal of Power Sources 110(2002)341–348in a cold environment (À40to 08C).Therefore,a properly designed PCM system will also reduce the need for battery insulation under these cold conditions which allows further cost reduction and simpli ﬁcation of the battery design.3.SummaryUnlike most commercial batteries (e.g.lead acid,nickel cadmium,and nickel metal hydride),most commercially available Li-ion batteries exhibit a net cooling effect duringcharge,and are highly exothermic during discharge.There-fore,an effective thermal management system based on phase-change heat effects is particularly suitable for these batteries.A prototype of such a system is being manufac-tured to test its suitability for scaled-up Li-ion batteries in EV and HEV applications.In this review,it is shown that the technology base for such a PCM-incorporating battery module,operating as a passive thermal management system,is available and that the design is relatively simple,thereby promising appreciable cost reduction compared to active cooling systems.The PCM-based thermalmanagementFig.12.Radial temperature profile at different DOD for the 100Ah scaled-up cell at C /1discharge rate with and without PCM at h ¼1W/m 2K coolingrate.Fig.13.Temperature profile during relaxation across the center of cells (no.1and 2in the battery module)with PCM at h ¼6:4W/m 2K cooling rate.S.Al-Hallaj,J.R.Selman /Journal of Power Sources 110(2002)341–348347system should be especially effective for batteries under very cold ambient conditions,and in space applications. References[1]Sony Type US18650Lithium-Ion Battery Manual,Sony Co.,1993.[2]M.C.Smart, B.V.Ratnakumar, C.K.Huang,S.Surampudi,in:Proceedings of the193rd Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, V ol.98,Issue1,San Diego,March1998.[3]J.R.Selman,S.Al-Hallaj,I.Uchida,Y.Hirano,Cooperative researchon safety fundamentals of lithium batteries,J.Power Sources97/98 (2001).[4]S.Al Hallaj,J.R.Selman,A novel thermal management system forEV batteries using phase-change material(PCM),J.Electrochem.Soc.147(9)(2000).[5]S.Al Hallaj,J.Prakash,J.R.Selman,Characterization of commercialLi-ion batteries using electrochemical–calorimetric measurements,J.Power Sources87(1/2)(2000).[6]S.Al Hallaj,J.Prakash,J.R.Selman,Entropic heat effect of cathodeand anode electrodes in Li-ion batteries,J.Electrochem.Soc.147(7) (2000).[7]H.Maleki,S.Al Hallaj,J.R.Selman,R.B.Dinwiddie,H.Wang,Thermal properties measurements of Li-ion battery and components, J.Electrochem.Soc.146(3)(1999).[8]J.S.Hong,H.Maleki,S.Al Hallaj,L.Redey,J.R.Selman,Electrochemical–calorimetric studies of lithium-ion cells,J.Electro-chem.Soc.145(5)(1998)1489–1501.[9]M.Doyle,J.Newman,A.S.Gozdz,C.N.Schmutz,J.M.Tarascon,J.Electrochem.Soc.143(1996)1890.[10]Y.Chen,J.W.Evans,J.Electrochem.Soc.143(1996)2708.[11]K.Kanari,K.Takano,Y.Saito,b.60(1996)65.[12]K.Kanari,K.Takano,Y.Saito,T.Masuda,in:Proceedings of theInternational Workshop on Advanced Batteries(Lithium Batteries), AIST,MITI,Osaka,Japan,February1995.[13]S.Al Hallaj,J.S.Hong,H.Maleki,J.R.Selman,J.Power Sources83(1999)1.348S.Al-Hallaj,J.R.Selman/Journal of Power Sources110(2002)341–348。

成都理工大学硕士学位论文格式说明

硕士论文编写要求论文按照要求进行撰写（模板见后，特殊情况请查阅《成都理工大学研究生学位论文编写格式要求》），正文中的图表一定要完整，有漏缺的视为不合格，需要补全后重新提交。

一篇规范的学位论文应包含以下几项内容：1、独创性声明和学位论文版权使用授权书（本人和导师亲笔签名）2、论文中、英文摘要3、目录4、引言5、正文6、结论7、致谢8、参考文献9、攻读学位期间取得学术成果论文统一使用Microsoft Word软件排版，A4纸打印。

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MPA学位论文参考文献格式

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参考东北大学硕士、博士培养方案要求,硕士学位论文参考文献不低于30篇，其中外文参考文献不低于10篇；博士学位论文参考文献不低于50篇，其中外文参考文献不低于30篇。

1.20.1 参考文献著录项目a.主要责任者（专著作者、论文集主编、学位申报人、专利申请人、报告撰写人、期刊文章作者、析出文献作者）。

多个责任者之间以“，”分隔b.文献题名c.文献类型及载体类型标志d.版本（初版省略）e.出版项（出版地、出版者、出版年）f.其他责任者（译者）g.文献出处或电子文献的可获得地址h.文献起止页码i.文献标准编号（标准号、专利号……）1.20.2 参考文献类型及其标志1.20.3 对于其他未说明的文献类型，建议采用单字母“Z”1.20.4 对于数据库（database）、计算机程序（computer program）及电子公告公告（electronic bulletin board）等电子文献类型的参考文献，建议以下列双1.20.5 电子文献的载体类型及其标志对于非纸张型载体的电子文献，当被引用为参考文献时需在参考文献类型标志中同时标明其载体类型。

本规范建议采用双字母表示电子文献载体类型：磁带（magnetic tape）——MT，磁盘（disk）——DK，光盘（CD Rom）——CD，联机网络（online）——OL，并以下列格式表示包括了文献载体类型的参考文献类型标志：[文献类型标志/载体类型标志]，如：[DB/OL]——联机网上数据库（data base online）[DB/MT]——磁带数据库（data base on magnetic tape）[M/CD]——光盘图书（monograph CD ROM）[CP/DK]——磁盘软件（computer program disk）[J/OL]——网上期刊（serial online ）[EB/OL]——网上电子公告（electronic bulletin board online）以纸张为载体的传统文献在引作参考文献时不必注明其载体类型。

安卓开发英文参考文献(精选120个最新)

随着社会经济的发展以及科学技术的进步，智能手机以及个人电脑被广泛应用在人们的日常生产生活中。

安卓操作系统作为智能的操作系统，其具有高度的开放性，使得智能手机以及个人电脑具有较大的应用优势，下面是安卓开发英文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。

安卓开发英文参考文献一： [1]Haomin Song,Duanqing Xu. The Design and Development of a Full Range of Display System for 3D Images Based on AndroidSmartphone[P]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Management, Commerce and Society,2015. [2]Iva Evry Robyansah. The Development of “Ayo Membaca” Android Application for Reading Assessment[P]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Education Innovation (ICEI 2018),2018. [3]Qingru Lu,Haiyan Xin,Hui Huang,Yunlong Geng. Design and Development of Multifunction Map Software Based on AndroidPlatform[P]. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Electromechanical Control Technology and Transportation,2015. [4]Hongsheng Zhang. Research on Software Development and Test Environment Automation based on Android Platform[P]. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering and Information Technology (ICMEIT 2019),2019. [5]Yong-fei Ye,Ming-he Liu,Xiao Zhang,Xing-hua Sun,Nai-di Liu. Application and Research of Blended Teaching Model in Programming Courses --- Android Application Development Course as an Example[P]. Proceedings of the 3d International Conference on Applied Social Science Research,2016. [6]Xinge Li. The development of designated driving application based on Android platform and Ali cloud sever[P]. Proceedings of the 2016 2nd Workshop on Advanced Research and Technology in Industry Applications,2016. [7]Winda Dwi Fitria,Achmad Lutfi. Development Of Wind’s Maze Chemistry Game Based On Android As A Learning Media On Hydrocarbon Matter For Eleventh Grade Senior High School[P]. Proceedings of the Seminar Nasional Kimia - National Seminar on Chemistry (SNK2018),2018. [8]Fuling Li,Yong Li. Development of Mobile Security Guard Based on Android System[P]. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Automation, Mechanical Control and Computational Engineering,2015. [9]Qinhua Lin. Mobile terminal 3D image reconstruction program development based on Android[P]. Proceedings of the 2015International Conference on Automation, Mechanical Control and Computational Engineering,2015. [10]Anan Sutisna,Elais Retnowati,Adi Irvansyah. Development of Peer Tutors Learning Media based on Android Application to Improve Learners Independence[P]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Educational Sciences (ICES 2018),2019. [11]Agus Ria Kumara,Caraka Putra Bhakti,BudiAstuti,Suwarjo,Muhammad Alfarizqi Nizamuddin Ghiffari,Fathia Irbati Ammattulloh. Development of Android Application based on Holland's Theory of Individual Student Planning[P]. Joint proceedings of the International Conference on Social Science and Character Educations (IcoSSCE 2018) and International Conference on Social Studies, Moral, and Character Education (ICSMC 2018),2019. [12]Suherman,Defri Ahmad,Meira Parma Dewi,Heru Maulana. Paper Development of Actuarial E-learning Based on AndroidApplications[P]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Mathematics and Mathematics Education 2018 (ICM2E 2018),2018. [13]Lan-Xin Zhu,Jia-Ming Zhang,Xiao-Li Rui,Xiao Liang. Research and Development of Android Client and Server Information Interaction Framework[P]. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks (WCSN 2016),2016. [14]Hongxin Hu,Ming Cui. Development Scheme of Mobile Campus Information Integration Platform Based on Android[P]. isccca-13,2013. [15]Junliang Wu,Liqing Mao. Study on Research Development and Application of Urban Logistics Platform Based on Android[P]. Proceedings of the 2018 6th International Conference on Machinery, Materials and Computing Technology (ICMMCT 2018),2018. [16]Xiafu Pan. Anti-addiction System Development Based on Android Smartphone[P]. Proceedings of the 2016 3rd International Conference on Materials Engineering, Manufacturing Technology and Control,2016. [17]Xiufeng Shao,Xuemei Liu,Lingling Zhao. Development and Reform of Android Mobile Application Development Curriculum[P]. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Applied Mathematics, Simulation and Modelling,2016. [18]Hongchang Ke,Degang Kong. Research on Course Integration of Mobile Internet Device Programming (Android Program Development)[P]. Proceedings of the 2018 8th International Conference on Mechatronics, Computer and Education Informationization (MCEI 2018),2018. [19]Xin Xin Xie,Wen Zhun Huang. Research and Development of the Android Framework Smart Watches from the Data Security Point ofView[P]. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Informatics (AMEII2016),2016. [20]Abdel-All Marwa,Angell Blake,Jan Stephen,Praveen D,Joshi Rohina. The development of an Android platform to undertake a discrete choice experiment in a low resource setting.[J]. Archivesof public health=Archives belges de sante publique,2019,77. [21]Abdul Mutholib,Teddy S Gunawan,Jalel Chebil,Mira Kartiwi. Development of Portable Automatic Number Plate Recognition System on Android Mobile Phone[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2013,53(1). [22]Iliana Mohd Ali,Nooraida Samsudin. The Design and Development of BMI Calc Android Application[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2016,160(1). [23]Ashutosh Gupta,Tathagata Ghosh,Pradeep Kumar,Shruthi. S Bhawna. Development of Android Based Powered Intelligent Wheelchair for Quadriplegic Persons[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2017,225(1). [24]Ashutosh Gupta,Pradeep Kumar,Tathagata Ghosh,Shruthi. S Bhawna. Development of Android based Smart Power Saving System[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science andEngineering,2017,225(1). [25]P Sihombing,Y M Siregar,J T Tarigan,I Jaya,A Turnip. Development of building security integration system using sensors, microcontroller and GPS (Global Positioning System) based android smartphone[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2018,978(1). [26]R F Rahmat,O R Fahrani,S Purnamawati,M F Pasha. The development of indonesian traditional bekel game in androidplatform[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2018,978(1). [27]P Hendikawati,R Arifudin,M Z Zahid. Development of computer-assisted instruction application for statistical data analysis android platform as learning resource[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2018,983(1). [28]Hartatik,F Febriyanto,H Munawaroh. Development ofApplications about Hazards and Preventions of Drug Based OnAndroid[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2018,333(1). [29]R Widyastuti,H Soegiyanto,Y Yusup. The Development of Geo Smart Based Android for Geography Learning Media on Hydrosphere Material and Its Impact towards Life on Earth[J]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,2018,145(1). [30]Mohar Kassim,Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi,Rahmat Sholihin Mokhtar. Development of Android Application for Measuring Cardiovascular Endurance Fitness for Military Cadet Officers[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2018,1020(1). 安卓开发英文参考文献二： [31]Abdul Rahman,Mulbar Usman,Ansari Saleh Ahmar. The Development of Android and Web-based Logical Thinking Measurement Tools as an Alternative Solution for Research Instruments[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2018,1028(1). [32]M. Reza Dwi Saputra,Heru Kuswanto. Development of Physics Mobile (Android) Learning Themed Indonesian Culture Hombo Batu onthe Topic of Newton’s Law and Parabolic Motion for Class XSMA/MA[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2018,1097(1). [33]M Yusro,Rikawarastuti. Development of Smart Infusion Control and Monitoring System (SICoMS) Based Web and Android Application[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science andEngineering,2018,434(1). [34]Daniel Patricko Hutabarat,Santoso Budijono,Robby Saleh. Development of home security system using ESP8266 and android smartphone as the monitoring tool[J]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,2018,195(1). [35]C M Zhang,L S Zhang,T Zhang,S T Zhang. Development of a machine tool auxiliary machining system based on android phone[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science andEngineering,2019,504(1). [36]Ryan Ari Setyawan,Selo,Bimo Sunarfri Hantono. Effect of the Application of TEA Algorithm on the Development of Secure Phone Application Android Smartphones[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2019,1175(1). [37]M Basyir,W Mellyssa,S Suryati,M Munawar. Receiver Apps Development for Emergency Reporting System Based on AndroidPlatform[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2019,536(1). [38]B Angrian,T R Sahroni. Development of vendor management ande-Procurement systems using android platform[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2019,528(1). [39]O F Irianti,A Qohar. Development of Android BasedInstructional Media of Algebraic Tiles for Quadratic Equation[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2019,1227(1). [40]Fita Permata Sari,L. Ratnaningtyas,Insih Wilujeng,Jumadi,Heru Kuswanto. Development of Android Comics media on Thermodynamic Experiment to Map the Science Process Skill for Senior HighSchool[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2019,1233(1). [41]Puji Iman Nursuhud,Danis Alif Oktavia,Mas Aji Kurniawan,Insih Wilujeng,Jumadi,Heru Kuswanto. Multimedia Learning ModulesDevelopment based on Android Assisted in Light DiffractionConcept[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2019,1233(1). [42]Dadan Rosana,Didik Setyawarno,Wita Setyaningsih. Development Model of Students’ Innert-Depend Strategies to Face Disruption Era Through Best Practice Film of Android Based Learning of Pancasila Character Value[J]. Journal of Physics: ConferenceSeries,2019,1233(1). [43]Syafridatun Nikmah,Faruq Haroky,Jumadi,Insih Wilujeng,Heru Kuswanto. Development of Android Comic Media for the Chapter of Newton’s Gravity to Map Learning Motivation of Students[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series,2019,1233(1). [44]Firdy Yuana,Sugeng Rianto,Achmad Hidayat. Development of Balmer Series Experiment Simulator in Mobile and AndroidApplications[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2019,546(5). [45]Arilson José de Oliveira Júnior,Silvia Regina Lucas de Souza,Vasco Fitas da Cruz,Tiago Aparecido Vicentin,Andreia Soares Gon?alves Glavina. Development of an android APP to calculatethermal comfort indexes on animals and people[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2018,151. [46]Gabriel B. Holanda,Jo?o Wellington M. Souza,Daniel A.Lima,Leandro B. Marinho,Anaxágoras M. Gir?o,Jo?o Batista Bezerra Frota,Pedro P. Rebou?as Filho. Development of OCR system on android platforms to aid reading with a refreshable braille display in real time[J]. Measurement,2018,120. [47]Omar Ben Bahri,Kamel Besbes. Didactic satellite based on Android platform for space operation demonstration anddevelopment[J]. Advances in Space Research,2018,61(6). [48]Alexander A S Gunawan,William,Boby Hartanto,AdityaMili,Widodo Budiharto,Afan G Salman,Natalia Chandra. Development of Affordable and Powerful Swarm Mobile Robot Based on Smartphone Android and IOIO board[J]. Procedia Computer Science,2017,116. [49]Tao Liu,Wen Chen,Yifan Wang,Wei Wu,Chengming Sun,Jinfeng Ding,Wenshan Guo. Rice and wheat grain counting method and software development based on Android system[J]. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2017,141. [50]Weizhao Yuan,Hoang H. Nguyen,Lingxiao Jiang,YutingChen,Jianjun Zhao,Haibo Yu. API recommendation for event-driven Android application development[J]. Information and Software Technology,2018. [51]Faizal Johan Atletiko. Development of Android Application for Courier Monitoring System[J]. Procedia Computer Science,2017,124. [52]Krill, Paul. Apple's Swift takes first steps toward Android app development[J]. ,2015. [53]Bruce Harpham,Bruce Harpham. How to break into Android development[J]. ,2016. [54]Paul Krill,Paul Krill. Android Studio 2.1 eases path to Android N development[J]. ,2016. [55]S A Moraru,A C Manea,D Kristaly,C L Cristoiu. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR TOURISTS USING THE ANDROID PLATFORM (II)[J]. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Engineering Sciences. Series I,2015,8(2). [56]D Kristaly,A C Manea,S A Moraru,C L Cristoiu. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR TOURISTS USING THE ANDROID PLATFORM (I)[J]. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov. Engineering Sciences. Series I,2015,8(2). [57]. Robotics - Androids; New Robotics - Androids Findings from S. Alfayad and Co-Researchers Described (Development of lightweight hydraulic cylinder for humanoid robots applications)[J]. Journal of Engineering,2018. [60]Anupama S,U. B Mahadevaswamy. Design and Development of a Smart Device for Energy Monitoring and Control of Domestic Appliances: An Android Application[J]. International Journal of Image, Graphics and Signal Processing(IJIGSP),2018,10(1). 安卓开发英文参考文献三： [61]Muhammad Noman Riaz,Adeel Ikram. Development of a Secure SMS Application using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) on Android Platform[J]. International Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Computing(IJMSC),2018,4(2). [62]FURUYAMA Shoichi,NAKAMURA Takeru,KOBAYASHI Tatsuya,FUJISHIMA Masaki,MANAKA Atsushi,IRIE Mitsuteru. Development of Water Quality Measurement Application on Android Device[J]. Journal of Arid Land Studies,2017,27(1). [63]TAKEI Sho,YAMAUCHI Daichi,MORITA Yoshifumi,SATO Noritaka. Development of an android model of knee joint with patella[J]. The Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec),2016,2016(0). [64]NAKAGITA Tomonori,KAWATANI Ryoji. 1P2-A03 Development of welfare truck robot control system by Android devices(Welfare Robotics and Mechatronics (3))[J]. The Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec),2014,2014(0). [65]Sampei KOTA,Ogawa Miho,Cotes Carlos,MIKI Norihisa. 3A1-R03 Development of Android Applications by Using See-Through-TypeWearable Eye-Gaze Tracking System(Wearable Robotics)[J]. The Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec),2014,2014(0). [66]AOKI Toshihiro,TANIGUCHI Katsunori,YOSHIOKA Masao,YAMAGUCHI Satoshi,UEDA Makoto,NAKAMA Yuuki. 2A18 Engineering education using the theme of Android application development[J]. Proceedings of Annual Conference of Japanese Society for EngineeringEducation,2014,2014(0). [67]MIURA Yukiko,MIYAMOTO Akira,Yi Yu,Gang Yu Zhi,KUCHII Shigeru. Research and Development of the Social Robot Using the Recognition Technology and Android Application[J]. The Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics(Robomec),2016,2016(0). [68]Hosam Farouk El-Sofany,Samir Abou El-Seoud,Hassan M. Alwadani,Amer E. Alwadani. Development of Mobile EducationalServices Application to Improve Educational Outcomes using Android Technology[J]. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies,2014,8(2). [69]V. Makarenko,O. Olshevska,Yu. Kornienko. AN ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH FOR QUALITY IMPROVING OF ANDROID APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT WHICH IMPLEMENTED TO COMMUNICATION APPLICATION FOR MECHATRONICS ROBOT LABORATORY ONAFT[J]. Avtomatizaci? Tehnologi?eskih i Biznes-Processov,2017,9(3). [70]Fikrul Arif Nadra,Heri Kurniawan,Muhammad Hafizhuddin Hilman. PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NFCAFE: AN NFC-BASED ANDROID MOBILE APPLICATIONS FOR TRADING TRANSACTION SYSTEM IN CAFETARIA[J]. Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Informasi,2013,6(1). [71]Shi Yi Ping. The Development of Tanks War Mobile Game based on Android System[J]. MATEC Web of Conferences,2016,63. [72]Fajar Nugroho,Pudji Muljono,Irman Hermadi. DEVELOPMENT OF ONLINE PUBLIC ACCESS CATALOG (OPAC) BASED ANDROID ON LIBRARY UPN "VETERAN" JAKARTA[J]. Edulib: Journal of Library and Information Science,2017,7(2). [73]Arturo Mascorro,Francisco Mesa,Jose Alvarez,Laura Cruz. Native Development Kit and Software Development Kit Comparison for Android Applications[J]. International Journal of Information and Communication Technologies in Education,2017,6(3). [74]César Fernández,María Asunción Vicente,M. Mar Galotto,Miguel Martinez‐Rach,Alejandro Pomares. Improving student engagement on programming using app development with Android devices[J]. Computer Applications in Engineering Education,2017,25(5). [75]Bárbara Crespo,Guillermo Rey,Carla Míguez,José Luis Míguez Tabarés,José De Lara. Development of a new android application toremotely control a micro‐cogeneration system as e‐learning tool[J]. Computer Applications in Engineering Education,2016,24(4). [76]Junwei Wu,Liwei Shen,Wunan Guo,Wenyun Zhao. Code recommendation for android development: how does it work and what can be improved?[J]. Science China Information Sciences,2017,60(9). [77]Yi-ping SHI,Jian-ping YUAN,Peng JIANG. The Development of Mobile Shopping System Based on Android Platform[P]. 2ndInternational Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechatronics Engineering (AMME 2017),2017. [78]YUNJU CHANG,XUESONG LENG,GUOWAN MU,HANYU QIN,GUANG SU,ZHIHENG YANG,KUIYU LAN. Design and Development of Mobile Learning Platform Based on Android for College Physics Experiment Courses[P]. 3rd International Conference on Electronic Information Technology and Intellectualization (ICEITI 2017),2017. [79]Qiang CHEN,Jia-Jia WU. Research on Course of Integrating Android Development and Embedded Software[P]. 3rd International Conference on Education and Social Development (ICESD 2017),2017. [80]Alexander Chatzigeorgiou,Tryfon L. Theodorou,George E. Violettas,Stelios Xinogalos. Blending an Android development course with software engineering concepts[J]. Education and Information Technologies,2016,21(6). [81]Yasushige Ishikawa,Craig Smith,Mutsumi Kondo,IchiroAkano,Kate Maher,Norihisa Wada. Development and Use of an EFL Reading Practice Application for an Android Tablet Computer[J]. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning(IJMBL),2014,6(3). [82]Liguo Yu. From Android Bug Reports to Android Bug Handling Process: An Empirical Study of Open-Source Development[J]. International Journal of Open Source Software and Processes (IJOSSP),2016,7(4). [83]Nurul Farhana Jumaat,Zaidatun Tasir. Integrating Project Based Learning Environment into the Design and Development of Mobile Apps for Learning 2D-Animation[J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,2013,103. [84]Chan Daraly Chin,Watit Benjapolakul. NFC-enabled Android Smartphone Application Development to Hide 4 Digits Passcode for Access Control System[J]. Procedia Computer Science,2016,86. [85]Haolun Xu,Jinling Zhao,YaLi Li,ChangQuan Xu. The development of SHS-SWTHS designing software based on windows and android mobile device platforms[J]. Renewable Energy,2015,84. [86]Agnes Kurniati,Nadia,Fidelson Tanzil,Fredy Purnomo. Game Development “Tales of Mamochi” with Role Playing Game Concept Based on Android[J]. Procedia Computer Science,2015,59. [87]Tom Gaffney. Following in the footsteps of Windows: how Android malware development is looking very familiar[J]. Network Security,2013,2013(8). [88]Rattanathip Rattanachai,Ponlawat Sreekaewin,Thitiporn Sittichailapa. Development of Thai Rice Implantation Recommend System Based on Android Operating System[J]. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences,2015,197. [89]Farshad Vesali,Mahmoud Omid,Amy Kaleita,Hossein Mobli. Development of an android app to estimate chlorophyll content ofcorn leaves based on contact imaging[J]. Computers and Electronicsin Agriculture,2015,116. [90]Pedro Daniel Urbina Coronado,Horacio Ahuett-Garza,Vishnu-Baba Sundaresan,Ruben Morales-Menendez,Kang Li. Development of an Android OS Based Controller of a Double Motor Propulsion System for Connected Electric Vehicles and Communication Delays Analysis[J]. Mathematical Problems in Engineering,2015,2015. 安卓开发英文参考文献四： [91]Andy S.Y. Lai,S.Y. Leung. Mobile Bluetooth-Based Game Development Using Arduino on Android Platform[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,2748. [92]Yan Mei liu,Yong Gang Li,Hua E Wang. Research and Development of the Sweater Mass Customization System Based on Android[J].Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,2755. [93]Yi Ping Shi,Hong Wang. The Development of Intelligent Mobile Phone Game Based on Android System[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,2529. [94]Hong Xin Hu,Ming Cui. Development Scheme of Mobile Campus Information Integration Platform Based on Android[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2013,2560. [95]Yi Ping Shi. The Development of Sokoban Game Based on Android System[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,3334. [96]Shuang Zhu Zhao,Ting Zhang,Xiao Na Liu. An Application Development Based on Android Platform － The Design and Realization of the Mood Release System[J]. Applied Mechanics andMaterials,2014,2948. [97]Jin Zang,Xue Yu Chen,Yin Hu,Miao Yang,Wei Ping Wang. Design and Development of the Intelligent Glasses Based on Android[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,3634. [98]Bin Wen Fan,Xuan Xuan Fang,Ga Pan. The Fax Software Development of Smart Fixed Phone Based on Android Platform[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,3391. [99]Ji Hai Chen,Qiu Jun Li. Development of RFID Reader System Based on Android[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2015,3752. [100]Ming Li Ding,Lu Peng Li,Ming Lun Ding. Development of Bluetooth Roll Call System Based on Android Platform[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,3147. [101]Xue Yu Chen,Jin Zang,Miao Yang,Wei Ping Wang,Yin Hu. Design and Development of Self-Help Emergency Device Based on the Android Intelligence Platform[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,3634. [102]Shao Feng Lin,Yao Zhou,Ruo Yin Wang,Jing Jing Zhang. GoogleMap Application Development in Android Platform[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,2987. [103]Qiang Cao,Hua Lai,Wen Qing Ge,Ming Jie Qi. Research and Development of Mobile Termination for the Steel Quality Evaluation System Based on Android[J]. Applied Mechanics andMaterials,2014,2987. [104]Shi Wei Xu,Zhe Min Li,Jian Hua Zhang,Fan Tao Kong. Development of the Monitoring and Early Warning System for Agricultural Market Information Based on Android Smart Phone[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2014,3382. [105]Xiang Huang. Software Development and Application Research Based on Android Operating System[J]. Applied Mechanics and Materials,2014,3207. [106]Chun Mei Li. Design and Development of English Electronic Dictionary Based on Android Platform[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2014,3137. [107]Li Wu,Jian Wei Shen. The Development of Android Mobile Game Based on App Inventor2[J]. Advanced Materials Research,2014,3227. [108]Alejandro Acosta,Francisco Almeida. Android $$^\mathrm{TM}$$ <mrow> TM development and performance analysis[J]. The Journal of Supercomputing,2014,70(2).</mrow> [109]Munihanumaiah, P.,Sarojadevi, H.. Design and development of network-based consumer applications on Android[P]. Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), 2014 International Conference on,2014. [110]Wen-Pinn Fang,Sheng-Hsuan Lu,Ming-Hao Liu,Ting-HungLai,Shan-Chun Hung,Yin-Feng Huang,Chii-Jen Chen. Web Base Android Application Development System[P]. Computer, Consumer and Control (IS3C), 2014 International Symposium on,2014. [111]Abtahi, F.,Berndtsson, A.,Abtahi, S.,Seoane, F.,Lindecrantz, K.. Development and preliminary evaluation of an Android based heart rate variability biofeedback system[P]. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE,2014. [112]Sujatha, K.,Nageswara Rao, P.V.,Sruthi, K.J.,Arjuna Rao, A.. Design and development of android mobile based bus trackingsystem[P]. Networks & Soft Computing (ICNSC), 2014 FirstInternational Conference on,2014. [113]Weir, Alexander J.,Paterson, Craig A.,Tieges,Zoe,MacLullich, Alasdair M.,Parra-Rodriguez, Mario,Della Sala, Sergio,Logie, Robert H.. Development of Android apps for cognitive assessment of dementia and delirium[P]. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE,2014. [114]K, Jiju,P, Ramesh,P, Brijesh,B, Sreekumari. Development of Android based on-line monitoring and control system for Renewable Energy Sources[P]. Computer, Communications, and Control Technology (I4CT), 2014 International Conference on,2014. [115]Savola, Reijo M.,Kylanpaa, Markku. Security objectives, controls and metrics development for an Android smartphoneapplication[P]. Information Security for South Africa (ISSA),2014,2014. [116]Sekar, B.,Liu, J.B.. Location based mobile apps development on Android platform[P]. Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2014 IEEE 9th Conference on,2014. [117]Guobin Wu,Zheng Xie,Xin'an Wang. Development of a mind-controlled Android racing game using a brain computer interface (BCI)[P]. Information Science and Technology (ICIST), 2014 4th IEEE International Conference on,2014. [118]Dra?en Hi?ak,Matija Mikac. Development of a Simple Tool for Audio Analysis on Mobile Android Platform[J]. TechnicalJournal,2013,7(2). [119]Zoran Vrhovski,Tomislav Kurtanjek,Marko Mileti?. Development of the system for agricultural land measuring using the android operating system[J]. Technical Journal,2013,7(4). [120]Christopher Dong,Xing Liu. Development of AndroidApplication for Language Studies[J]. IERI Procedia,2013,4. 以上就是关于安卓开发英文参考文献的分享，希望对你有所帮助。

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Computational Fluid Dynamics: A Practical Approach Tu, Jiyuan、Yeoh, Guan Heng、LIU, Chaoqun Butterworth-Heinemann (平装- 2007-11出版)Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics Techniques: An Introduction Based on Finite Element Methods Prof Rainald Löhner WileyBlackwell (精装- 2008-05出版)Elements of Computational Fluid Dynamics (ICP Fluid Mechanics) John D. Ramshaw Imperial College Press (精装- 2011-02出版)Essential Computational Fluid Dynamics Zikanov, Oleg Wiley (精装- 2010-03出版)An Introduction to Computational Fluid Mechanics by Example Biringen, Sedat、Chow, Chuen-Yen Wiley (精装- 2011-04出版)Computational Fluid Dynamics with Moving Boundaries Rao, Madhukar M. Dover Publications (平装)Computational Fluid Dynamics Chung, T. J. Cambridge University Press (精装)Elements of Computational Fluid Dynamics Ramshaw, John D. World Scientific Publishing Company (平装)Computational Fluid Dynamics: An Introduction Degroot, Joris、Wendt, John F. Springer (精装) Parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics 2007: Implementations and Experiences on Large Scale and Grid Computing Emerson, David R. Springer (平装)Computational Fluid Dynamics: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, ICCFD4, Ghent, Belgium, 10-14 July Dick, Erik Springer (精装) Computational Fluid Dynamics 2008 Yoo, Jung Yul Springer (精装)Computational Fluid Dynamics for Sport Simulation Peters, Martin Springer (精装) Fundamentals of Computational Fluid Dynamics Zingg, David W. Springer (平装)Parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics 2008: Parallel Numerical Methods, Software Development and Applications Emerson, David R. Springer (精装)Computational Fluid Dynamics 2010 Kuzmin, Alexander Springer (精装)Computational Fluid Dynamics Review Kwak, Dochan World Scientific Publishing Company (精装) Computational Fluid Dynamics Anderson, John McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math (精装) Computational Methods for Two-Phase Flows Shaw, Stephen J. World Scientific Publishing Company (精装)Algorithmic Trends in Computational Fluid Dynamics Salas, M. D. Springer (精装) Computational Fluid Dynamics and Reacting Gas Flows Majda, Andrew Springer (精装)Parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics 2006: Parallel Computing and Its Applications Periaux, Jacques Elsevier Science & Technology (精装)Generalized Riemann Problems in Computational Fluid Dynamics Ben-Artzi, Matania Cambridge University Press (平装)Computational Fluid Dynamics Chung, T. J. Cambridge University Press (精装)Generalized Riemann Problems in Computational Fluid Dynamics Ben-Artzi, Matania Cambridge University Press (精装)Barriers and Challenges in Computational Fluid Dynamics Salas, Manuel D. Kluwer Academic Publishers (精装)Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers H. Kansson, Love Cambridge University Press (精装) Computational Fluid Dynamics 2002: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, Iccfd, Sydney, Australia, 15-19 Srinivas, Karkenahalli Springer (精装)Characteristics Finite Element Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics Iannelli, Joe Springer (精装)New Developments in Computational Fluid Dynamics: Proceedings of the Sixth International Nobeyama Workshop on the New Century of Computational Fluid D Obayashi, Shigeru Springer (精装)Computational Fluid Dynamics 2004: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, Iccfd3, Toronto, 12-16 July 2004 Groth、Zingg, David W. Springer (精装)Computational Fluid Dynamics 2000: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics, Iccfd, Kyoto, Japan, 10-14 July Satofuka, N.、Satofuka, Nobuyuki Springer (精装)Computational Fluid Dynamics: Selected Topics Leutloff, D.、Srivastava, Ramesh C. Springer (精装)Computational Fluid Dynamics: An Introduction Wendt, John F.、Anderson, J. D. Springer (精装) Scientific Computing in Chemical Engineering II: Computational Fluid Dynamics, Reaction Engineering, and Molecular Properties Voss, H. Springer (精装)Characteristics Finite Element Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics Iannelli, Joe Springer (平装)Computational Fluid Dynamics Based on the Unified Coordinates Xu, Kun Springer (精装) Lectures on Computational Fluid Dynamics Gustafson World Scientific Publishing Company (精装) Frontiers of Computational Fluid Dynamic Hafez, M. M. World Scientific Publishing Company (精装)Computational Fluid Dynamics, Proceeding Ramos, Eduardo、Fernandez, R. World Scientific Publishing Company (精装)Frontiers of Computational Fluid Dynamic Hafez, M. M. World Scientific Publishing Company (精装)Frontiers of Computational Fluid Dynamics Hafez, M. M. World Scientific Publishing Company (精装)Adaptive High-Order Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics Wang, Z. J. World Scientific Publishing Company (精装)Computational Aerodynamics and Fluid Dynamics: An Introduction Chattot, Jean-Jacques Springer (精装)Computational Thermo-Fluid Dynamics: In Materials Science and Engineering Nikrityuk, Petr A. Wiley-VCH (精装- 2011-10出版)Fluid Dynamics with a Computational Perspective Medic, Gorazd Cambridge University Press (精装)Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics: Volume 1: Fundamental and General Techniques Fletcher, Clive A. J. Springer (精装)Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics: Two-Volume-Set Fletcher, Clive A. J. Springer (平装)Boundary Elements in Fluid Dynamics Partridge, P. W.、Brebbia, C. A. Computational Mechanics (精装)Spectral Methods: Evolution to Complex Geometries and Applications to Fluid Dynamics Quarteroni, A. Springer (精装)Fluid Dynamics of Viscoelastic Liquids Joseph, Daniel D. Springer (精装)Selecta: Volume II: Probability Theory, Statistical Mechanics, Mathematical Physics and Mathematical Fluid Dynamics Sinai Springer (精装)Fundamental Trends in Fluid-Structure Interaction Rannacher, Rolf World Scientific Publishing Company (精装)Sixth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics: Proceedings of the Conference, Held in Tbilisi (U.S.S.R.) June 21-24, 1978 Rusanov, V. V. Springer (平装)Finite-Difference Techniques for Vectorized Fluid Dynamics Calculations Fritts, M. J.、Book, D. L. Springer (精装)Vortex Methods in Two-Dimensional Fluid Dynamics Pulvirenti, M. Springer (平装)Ninth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics Boujot, J. P. Springer (平装)Spectral Methods in Fluid Dynamics Quarteroni, Alfio Springer (精装)International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics Voigt, Robert G. Springer (精装)Relativistic Fluid Dynamics: Lectures Given at the 1st 1987 Session of the Centro Internazionale Matematico Estivo (C.I.M.E.) Held at Noto, Italy, Choquet-Bruhat, Yvonne Springer (平装) Spectral Methods in Fluid Dynamics Quarteroni, Alfio Springer (平装)Meteorological Fluid Dynamics: Asymptotic Modelling, Stability and Chaotic Atmospheric Motion Zeytounian, R. Kh Springer (精装)Thirteenth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics: Proceedings of the Conference Held at the Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerc Sabetta, F. Springer (精装) Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics: University of Colorado, June 24-28, 1974 Richtmyer, R. D. Springer (平装)Sixteenth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics: Proceedings of the Conference Held in Arcachon, France, 6-10 July, 1998 Bruneau, C. H.、Bruneau, Charles-Henri Springer (精装)Fundamentals of Two-Fluid Dynamics: Part II: Lubricated Transport, Drops and Miscible Liquids Renardy, Yuriko Y. Springer (精装)Fundamentals of Two-Fluid Dynamics: Part 1: Mathematical Theory and Applications Renardy, Yuriko Y. Springer (精装)Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics: Lectures Given at the 3rd 1983 Session of the Centro Internationale Matematico Estivo (Cime) Held at Como, Italy, Brezzi, Franco Springer (平装) Twelfth International Conference on Numerical Methods in Fluid Dynamics: Proceedings of the Conference Held at the University of Oxford, England on 9- Morton, K. W. Springer (精装)The Dynamics of Particles and of Rigid, Elastic, and Fluid Bodies. Being Lectures on Mathematical Physics, by Arthur Gordon Webster. Webster, Arthur Gordon University of Michigan Library (平装)Iutam Symposium on Hamiltonian Dynamics, Vortex Structures, Turbulence: Proceedings of the Iutam Symposium Held in Moscow, 25-30 August, 2006 Mamaev, Ivan S. Springer (平装) Geometrical Theory of Dynamical Systems and Fluid Flows Kambe, Tsutomu World Scientific Publishing Company (精装)Collective Dynamics of Nonlinear and Disordered Systems Radons, G.、Just, Wolfram Springer (精装)Monte Carlo Methods in Mechanics of Fluid and Gas O M. Belotserkovskii、Y I Khlopkov World Scientific Publishing Company (精装- 2010-05出版)Recent Advances In Elliptic And Parabolic Problems: Proceedings of the International Conference, Hsinchu, Taiwan 16 - 20 February 2004 Chen, Chiun-Chuan、Chipot, Michel、Lin, Chang-Shou World Scientific Pub Co Inc (精装- 2005-02出版)Waves And Stability in Continuous Media: Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Wascom 2005 Monaco, Roberto、Mulone, Giuseppe、Rionero, Salvatore、Ruggeri, Tommaso World Scientific Pub Co Inc (精装- 2006-03出版)。

清华大学出版社教材写作规范

《外国法制史》教材编写注意事项1．全书请统一按照国家注释标准标注（此标准已附于文后）；引注请统一采用脚注，且每页重新、单独排序。

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3．请务必避免专著式的写作风格。

4．全书的引用，不应侵犯原文作者的著作权。

附：参考文献注释格式规范及示例（国家标准）一、文献类型和电子文献载体标志代码B.1文献类型和标志代码表B.1文献类型和标志代码文献类型标志代码普通图书M会议录 C汇编G报纸N期刊J学位论文 D报告R标准S专利P数据库DB计算机程序CP电子公告EBB.2电子文献载体和标志代码表B.2电子文献载体和标志代码载体类型标志代码磁带(magnetic tape) MT磁盘(disk) DK光盘(CD-ROM) CD联机网络(online) OL二、各种注释之格式及示例A.1普通图书★格式：作者．题名[文献类型标志] ．出版地：出版者，出版年：引文页码．获取和访问路径．★示例：[1]广西壮族自治区林业厅．广西自然保护区[M] ．北京：中国林业出版社，1993．[2]蒋有绪，郭泉水，马娟，等．中国森林群落分类及其群落学特征[M] ．北京：科学出版社，1998．[3]唐绪军．报业经济与报业经营[M] ．北京：新华出版社，1999：117-121．[4]CRAWFPRD W，GORMAN M．Future libraries：dreams，madness，& reality[M] ．Chicago：American Library Association,1995．[5] International Federation of Library Association and Institutions．Names of persons：national usages for entry in catalogues[M] ．3rd ed．London：IFLA International Office for UBC,1977．[6]O'BRIEN J A．Introduction to information systems[M].7th ed．Burr Ridge，Ⅲ．：Irwin,1994．A.2论文集、会议录[1]中国力学学会．第3届全国实验流体力学学术会议论文集[C] ．天津：[出版者不详]，1990．[2] ROSENTHALL E M．Proceedings of the Fifth Canadian Mathematical Congress，University of Mont-real,1961[C] ．Toronto：University of Toronto Press,1963．[3] GANZHA V G，MAYR E W，VOROZHTSOV E V．Computer algebrain scientific computing：CASC 2000：proceedings o f the Third Workshop on Computer Algebra in Scientific Computing，Samarkand，October 5-9,2000[C] ．Berlin：Springer，c2000．A.3科技报告[1]U. S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration.Guidelines for handling excavated acid-producing materials，PB 91-194001[R].Springfield：U. S. Department of Commerce National Information Service,1990.[2]World Health Organization.Factors regulating the immune response：report of WHO Scientific Group[R].Geneva：WHO,1970.A.4学位论文[1]张志祥.间断动力系统的随机扰动及其在守恒律方程中的应用[D].北京：北京大学数学学院，1998.[2]CALMS R B.Infrared spectroscopic studies on solid oxygen[D].Berkeley：Univ.of California,1965.A.5专利文献[1]刘加林.多功能一次性压舌板：中国，92214985.2[P].1993-04-14.[2]河北绿洲生态环境科技有限公司.一种荒漠化地区生态植被综合培育种植方法：中国，01129210.5[P/OL].2001-10-24[2002-05-28].http：∥211.152.9.47sipoasp/zlijs/hyjs-yx-new.asp？recid＝01129210.5&leixin.[3]KOSEKI A，MOMOSE H，KAWAHITOM，et piler：US,828402[P/OL].2002-05-25[2002-05-28].http：∥FF&p＝1&u＝netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r＝5&f＝G&l＝50&col＝AND&d＝PG01&sl ＝IBM.AS.&0S＝AN/IBM&RS＝AN/IBM.A.6专著中析出的文献★格式：析出文献主要责任者．析出文献题名[文献类型标志] //专著主要责任者．专著名称．出版地：出版者，出版年：析出文献的页码．★示例：[1]国家标准局信息分类编码研究所.GB/T 2659—1986世界各国和地区名称代码[S]∥全国文献工作标准化技术委员会.文献工作国家标准汇编： 3.北京：中国标准出版社，1988：59-92.[2]韩吉人.论职工教育的特点[G]∥中国职工教育研究会.职工教育研究论文集.北京：人民教育出版社，1985：90-99.[3] BUSECK P R，NORD G L，Jr，VEBLEN D R.Subsolidus phenomena in pyroxenes[M]∥PREWITT C T.Pyroxense.W ashington，D.C.：Mineralogical Society of America c1980：117-211.[4]FOURNEY M E.Advances in holographic photoelasticity[C]∥American Society of Mechanical Engineers.Applied Mechanics Division.Symposium on Applications of Holography in Mechanics，August 23-25,1971，University of Southern California，Los Angeles，California.New York：ASME，c1971：17-38.[5] MARTIN G.Control of electronic resources in Australia[M]∥PATTLE L W，COX B J.Electronic resources：selection and bibliographic control.New Y ork：The Haworth Press,1996：85-96.A.7期刊中析出的文献★格式：析出文献主要责任者．析出文献题名[文献类型标志] ．期刊名称，年，卷：页码．★示例：[1]李炳穆.理想的图书馆员和信息专家的素质与形象[J].图书情报工作，2000(2)：5-8.[2]陶仁骥.密码学与数学[J].自然杂志，1984,7(7)：527.[3]亚洲地质图编目组.亚洲地层与地质历史概述[J].地质学报，1978,3：194-208.[4] DES MARAIS D J，STRAUSS H，SUMMONS R E，et al.Carbon isotope evidence for the stepwise oxidation of the Proterozoic environment[J].Nature,1992,359：605-609.[5]HEWITT J A.Technical services in 1983[J].Library Resource Services,1984,28(3)：205-218.A.8报纸中析出的文献[1]丁文祥.数字革命与竞争国际化[N].中国青年报，2000-11-20(15).[2]张田勤.罪犯DNA库与生命伦理学计划[N].大众科技报，2000-11-12(7).A.9电子文献(包括专著或连续出版物中析出的电子文献) ★格式：作者．题名[文献类型标志] ．出版地：出版者，出版年[引用日期] ．获取和访问路径．★示例：[1]萧钰.出版业信息化迈入快车道[EB/OL].(2001-12-19)[2002-04-15].http：∥/news/20011219/200112190019.html.[2]METCALF S W.The Tort Hall air emission study[C/OL]∥The International Congress on Ha-z ardous W aste，Atlanta Marriott Marquis Hotel，Atlanta，Georgia，June 5-8,1995：impact on human and ecological health.[1998-09-22].http：∥：8080/cong 95.html.[3]TURCOTTE D L.Fractals and chaos in geology and geophysics[M/OL].New York：Cambridge University Press,1992[1998-09-23].http：∥/reviews/mccorm30.html.。

虚拟现实场景漫游系统设计与实现说明书

3rd International Workshop on Materials Engineering and Computer Sciences (IWMECS 2018) Design and Implementation of Scene Roaming System Based on VRSaihua Xu a, Yin Xiaohong, Xie FangsenNanchang Institute of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330108, Chinaa ****************Keywords: VR; scene roaming system; computer graphics; information technology; panoramaAbstract: The biggest characteristic of VR virtual roaming is that the object being roamed exists objectively, but the form of roaming is virtual in a different place. At the same time, the making of roaming object is the real data based on object. Virtual reality technology is appeared at the end of twentieth Century a new comprehensive information technology, which combines digital image processing, computer graphics, multimedia technology, sensor technology and other information technology branch, which greatly promoted the development of the computer technology. The paper presents design and implementation of scene roaming system based on VR.1.IntroductionVR panorama has broad applications, such as tourist attractions, hotels, construction and real estate; decoration exhibition. In architectural design, real estate or decoration can be accomplished by panoramic panorama technology. Not only make up for the shortcomings of a single point of view renderings, and three-dimensional animation to the economical and practical, the best choice as a designer.The human in the pursuit of rapid economic growth, also requires a higher quality of life, the technology is playing a central role. Virtual simulation (VR) refers to a special environment generated by computer, people can through their "projection" to the environment. Use the special device and operation control of the environment, to achieve a specific purpose, which is to dominate this environment [1]. It has its immersive interactive (immersion), (interaction) and ideas (imagination), which can make people immersed, beyond its natural form, and, with the interactive performance of multidimensional the environment of information. Rapidly penetrated into all sectors of society, and has been used in computer aided design, engineering and scientific data visualization, 3D Geographic Information System (GIS), has been widely used in medical, gaming and entertainment.In recent years, China's Internet penetration rate increased year by year, the Internet is going into the life and work NIC< report "people's investigation showed that at home and units in the proportion of Internet users in 2009 has been significantly improved, 83.2% of Internet users choose the Internet at home, while 30.2% of people choose in units of the Internet network, the Internet as a tool for everyday the value is rising. Unlimited business opportunities in all walks of life came into being. With its sharp eyes have begun to explore their business opportunities on the Internet.Virtual reality technology (Virtual Reality, referred to as VR) as a new media technology, its application areas including real estate planning, architecture and landscape design, Home Furnishing art design, experience education, medical simulation, military simulation, security monitoring, network simulation, traffic planning, cultural relics and ancient complex, virtual tourism, games and entertainment, and will gradually be involved to all walks of life, the full depth of the public daily life learning, become an integral part of the future digital life technology pillar.Virtual reality, multimedia and network information technology for the protection of historical relics, provides new means and methods of restoration and research at home and abroad have been paid attention to. In early 1990s, the British Museum, the Metropolitan Museum and other large museum has realized the virtual roaming. In recent years, China with great development in digitalcultural relics related areas, the Ministry of education established the "University Digital Museum Construction Engineering, Dunhuang Research Institute and Northwestern University jointly launched the" digital Dunhuang murals cooperative research ", the Imperial Palace Museum and Toppan Printing Company has developed a virtual the Imperial Palace in Beijing. The bid for the 2008 Olympic Games also put forward the" Virtual Olympic Museum "creative, has aroused great interest and concern of the International Olympic Committee, which host provides great help to get China Help.The research on virtual reality technology in the collection shows the application of practical task, the use of virtualization, virtual exhibition cultural digital technology, improve the display rate and the display effect of cultural relics and cultural relics protection entities, and further extended to break the constraints of time, the museum's collection, collection, exhibition and cultural dissemination function.2. Interactive roaming system based on VRAccording to the connotation and essential characteristics of virtual reality technology, it can be seen that its research and development is a relatively high technical requirements, it needs a corresponding software and hardware system environment to be matched. In addition to the perfect virtual reality software development platform and three-dimensional image processing system, according to the technical characteristics of virtual reality [2]. The system also requires a highly lifelike three-dimensional immersion, which is mainly realized by three-dimensional hearing, three-dimensional tactile or force sense and visual environment with high immersion. Stereo hearing is usually realized by three-dimensional surround stereo sound system, while highly immersive visual environment is usually realized by large screen stereoscopic projection display system.In addition, according to the technical characteristics of virtual reality, real-time interaction is the soul of virtual reality technology, which is different from other traditional media technology in essence. In virtual reality system, this kind of interaction is usually realized by virtual reality interactive device, and finally a complete virtual reality realization system is formed.This article from the modeling and rendering of 3D MAX baking technology to 3D campus roaming system using mature VRP-BUILDER virtual reality editor module to build a two development.The development of 3D and the method of 3D simulation roaming system based on VRP technology, Wuzhou University (North) to build the virtual scene, automatic roaming, manual roaming Campus navigation path, view the scenery of the campus, the campus information query, climate effect, dynamic effect of various entities, and do a detailed route according to the collision detection. At the same time according to the characteristics of 3D simulation roaming, roaming in the automatic and manual roaming process, based on the existing scene as the foundation, through the video, pictures, music. To the virtual reality system; provide convenience for the need to understand the Wuzhou University campus geographic information users [3].()1,,1,0,mod )()(10,−=−≡∑−=N k N l k x h k w j L l i l j j (1) The modeling method of Polygon+NURBS advanced modeling, each model using simplified model to the three-dimensional virtual campus architecture; using Bitmap bitmap +UVW Mapping mapping, VRAY real scene rendering method for reduction of the campus; using Max-for-VRP derived plug-in model into VRP-BUILDER virtual reality editor module, adding collision detection algorithm, VRP realize man-machine command line scripts the interactive function, to ensure the practicality of the system; the use of walking camera, dynamic roaming increase real 3D performance, multi angle view school environment; running from virtual reality editor module is derived for the EXE portable can run the executable file system.According to the real terrain data is used for terrain generation of a class of the most, at presentmost of the digital terrain model (Digital Terrain Model, DTM) to generate DTM data, by the sampling elevation in the grid map the value composition corresponding to the remote sensing image data captured texture plane or satellite.The texture image is mapped to the corresponding part in the reconstruction of terrain surface. Terrain rendering algorithm is simple, the DTM cell transformation of 4 adjacent grid points defined into 2 dimensional space of the triangle, then the optic internal area of pyramidal all such triangles sent to the graphics pipeline drawing.This algorithm can also be the image texture data to the highest resolution mapped to the corresponding polygon, but this is a very inefficient, because in general, triangle and remote sensing images The number of physical pixels is very large, and each individual triangle projection to the image space is very small, and a lot of texture pixels may be compressed to a pixel in the image, so that the effect is negligible [4]. Therefore, if directly generated by DTM terrain, even in high performance graphics hardware platform on real-time rendering, it is almost impossible, usually needs to be simplified to DTM. Data simplification methods will be discussed in detail in the next chapter.The biggest characteristic of this kind of virtual roaming is that the object being roamed is already objective and real, but the form of roaming is only fictitious in different places and at the same time. Roaming object making is real data based on object. It creates a virtual information environment in multidimensional information space, which can make users feel immersive and have perfect interaction ability with environment. And it helps to enlighten the idea that VR has not only been focused on computer graphics, it has been involved in a wider range of fields, such as videoconferencing, network technology and distributed computing technology. Virtual reality technology has become an important means of new product design and development.3.Design of 3D VR scene roaming systemThe virtual scene simulation technology is regarded as an important branch of virtual scene technology. Computer technology, image processing and graphics generation technology, multimedia technology, information synthesis technology, the integrated use of display technology and other high technology, its components include simulation modeling technology, animation technology and real-time visual technology at present domestic virtual scene technology market has not yet substantial development, but also has begun to take shape [5].The United States is in the leading position in the field, the basic research mainly focuses on perception, user interface, the four aspects of software and hardware. NASA (NASA) research focused on real time simulation of space station operation, they used a lot for the cockpit flight simulation technology [6]. The University of North Carolina (UNC) the computer department developed a help users in complex visual parallel processing system for real-time dynamic display of building landscape.Figure1. vehicle real-time 3D visual simulation and virtual environment Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Mrr) in 1985 to set up a media lab, a man named BOLIOtest environment for different graphic simulation experiment. University of Washington Washington Technology Center (HIT Lab) Interface Technology Laboratory of feeling, perception, cognition and motion control ability of.DaveSimS et al developed a virtual reality model to see how the system operates retreat in Illinois.The State University developed in vehicle design, system realization, distributed virtual remote collaboration support in different countries; different regions of the engineers can design through real-time collaboration computer network. George Mason University developed in a dynamic virtual environment in real-time fluid simulation system [7]. The California Graduate School of Naval Research Laboratory of NPS visualization the work in the virtual environment navigation and simulation.In order to achieve IEEE in distributed interactive simulation (Dls) network protocol under the support of the vehicle real-time 3D visual simulation and virtual environment. The Wright Patterson Air Force Base "3D image and Computer Graphics Lab" is S on GI4D/400 workstation built space satellite the virtual environment to simulate near space and describe the 3D graphical model of satellite earth's orbit and the running state of the simulation The information of the simulation object is more fully [8].Virtual reality (Virtual Reality VR) technology is appeared at the end of twentieth Century a new comprehensive information technology, which combines digital image processing, computer graphics, multimedia technology, sensor technology and other information technology branch, which greatly promoted the development of computer technology.The virtual technology of virtual reality technology (King) (such as virtual tour entity and Virtual Museum) virtual environment (landscape) technology (such as the restoration of generation Epang palace, Old Summer Palace has lost the building, construction has not yet been discovered Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor) two categories. Application of virtual reality technology and cross field is very extensive. At present the successful use of the field of battlefield virtual reality technology the virtual reality simulation environment, combat command, aircraft, ship, vehicle virtual reality driving training, aircraft, missiles, ships and cars (virtual manufacturing virtual design system, including virtual reality construction) Display and visit of buildings, virtual reality surgery training, virtual reality game, virtual reality, film and television art, etc. so we can see that VR technology has strong market demand and technology drive [9].The construction of the integrated innovation of virtual reality system to realize the reconstruction of the product can be applied research and innovation training platform based on the overall goal is through the use of scientific, reasonable configuration, virtual laboratory system, the establishment of a virtual laboratory environment with the participants feel personally on the scene and real-time interactive capabilities, which will enhance the level of scientific research and teaching environment to a with the level of technological innovation platform. After the completion of the "integrated innovation based on reconfigurable product system virtual reality application of innovative research and training platform" should be a set of teaching, scientific research and demonstration functions, with immersive display and real-time interaction as the main function of the virtual reality laboratory environment and a new generation of digital media technology innovation platform.4.Design and implementation of scene roaming system based on VRThe mathematical model of distribution of Brown motion to generate realistic scenes from random fractal, many nonlinear phenomena he can express effectively in nature, is so far the best to describe the real terrain. Then he is a generalization of the Brown movement. The algorithm is: random fractal terrain generation technology of fractal geometry and FMB based on the method, used a Poisson step method (poissonfaulting), Fu Liye filter (fourierfiltersng), the midpoint displacement method (midpointdisplaeement), successive random additions (Suc.essiverandomadditions) and band limited noise accumulation method (summingbandlimit.dnoises) and other five categories. Among them, the random midpoint displacement method is the most simple and classic that is a direct application of FBM.A one-dimensional random midpoint displacement method for his own thought is: the known vertex elevation (or attribute) line, the midpoint of the elevation ( For the ends of attributes) or height (or attribute) the average value plus a random displacement, displacement of the two segment of the midpoint subdivision and recursive displacement, know that meet the resolution needed so far. The extension to the two-dimensional surface, according to the different pattern of the simulation can be divided into triangle grid simulation method, rectangular (square) grid simulation method, diamond square grid simulation method, parameter block grid simulation method, the thought and the one-dimensional similar. The square grid as an example the realization process of two-dimensional random midpoint displacement method.Good computer games, not only can achieve the purpose of work alternately, eliminate fatigue, and cultivate intelligence sentiment and inspire imagination. Computer game show is mainly virtual editing script under artificial scene behavior changes. So the application and effect of the virtual building scene roaming technology in the field of play a decisive role.The original delta game using a large number of indoor and outdoor architectural scenes, such as barracks, bunkers, tunnels, tower, armory, tower. Later the popular Quake, VR and other special police use the subway, train and ship building internal scene real-time strategy game has been more common. When this network game against the CS scene it is from 3D indoor and outdoor buildings. Even the sports games such as need for speed, FIFA, the stadium, bridge, tunnel and other buildings scene is also indispensable.Battlefield virtual simulation and command simulation training have all kinds of virtues of virtual simulation technology, such as safety, repeatability, economy, difficulty of battlefield environment adjustability, convenient against simulation, easy to achieve various tactical settings and so on.The virtual reality technology and multimedia technology, network technology is the application of computer technology in twenty-first Century three with the greatest development potential. Although the virtual reality technical difficulties still exist many unsolved theoretical problems have not yet overcome the impact on human life and work but also very little. However, it is foreseeable that in the near future, have a significant impact on the virtual reality technology is bound to human life and production.5.SummaryThe paper presents design and implementation of scene roaming system based on VR. Although all the countries have successfully developed some typical applications of virtual reality, but the application of high technology compared with other, is still in the initial stage of application development. Although it may not be able to clearly imagine, in the new century and new forms of popular virtual reality, but people can through the application of medium shape change the principle and extension of the field of medium main propagation characteristics, a reasonable conception of future scenarios.References[1] Wang Rui, the design and implementation of the money Xuelei.OpenSceneGraph 3D rendering engine. Beijing: Tsinghua University press, 2012.11.[2] Zhu Danchen, song Guiling. The realization of computer and modernization of virtual museum system based on Unreal3 and 2013, 34:48-52.[3] Duan Xinyu. The foundation of virtual reality and VRML programming. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2014.3.[4] Xiao Peng, Liu Gengdai, Xu Mingliang.OpenSceneGraph 3D rendering engine programming guide. Beijing: Tsinghua University press, 2012.[5] Feng Yufen. Design and implementation of virtual cell roaming system based on Virtools.Computer simulation, 2015, 26 (6): 285-287.[6] Jiang Xuezhi, Li Zhonghua. Research status of virtual reality technology at home and abroad.Journal of Liaoning University of Technology, 2016.[7] Deng Zheng detailed translation of.OpenGL programming guide. Fourth edition. Beijing: people post and Telecommunications Press, 2015.[8] Yuan Haibo, Liu Houquan, and so on. 3D interactive. Microcomputer information based on scene semantics in virtual museums, 2012, 25 (9-3): 175-177.[9] Li Zhiwen, Han Xiaoling. Research status and future development of virtual reality technology and future development. Information technology and information technology (Human-ComputerInteraction Edition) 2015 (3): 94 - 96.。

超级计算机

目录
¾ 超级计算机...............................................................................................................................1 超级计算环境 2007 年 3 季度运行情况简报 .........................................................................1
深腾6800
● 共197名用户，3季度增加用户6名。 ● 有134名用户利用LSF提交作业，共完成.51000多个作业，用户作业平均规模为5.9个CPU，累计使用机时112万CPU小时（按Walltime计算）。 ● 2007年3季度，深腾6800的磁盘阵列系统与QsNet网络系统先后发生故障，导致深腾6800的平均整体使用率有所下降，为83.5%（按Walltime计算），平均CPU利用率69.1%（按CPUtime计算）。CPUtim e与Walltime之比平均为82.7%。 ● 2007年3季度，作业平均等待时间为23.3小时。 ● 已完成作业按规模分布情况：串行作业数量占62.6%，4处理器节点内并行作业数量占21.1%。而根据作业使用的CPU小时计算，占用机时最多的并行作业规模分别为16处理器、33-63处理器、32处理器、64处理器，其比例分别为21.8%，18.1%，17.9%和12.4%，串行作业仅使用总机时的2.1%，表明深腾6 800的计算机时还是主要用于较大规模的并行作业计算。
1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................2

2.2参考文献

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桥梁交通安全事件的智能分析及预警系统

桥梁交通安全事件的智能分析及预警系统纪玉臣;何军平;姜永栎;虞永方【摘要】In view of the harsh climate of Hangzhou Bay, the full implications of bad weather on the deck intel- ligent monitoring system for Hangzhou Bay Bridge are introduced, based on which a set of solutions are proposed to better monitor incidents by the monitoring system running on the deck of the Hangzhou Bay, and offer timely and ef- fective solutions to the traffic incident occurred on the bridge deck.%针对杭州湾跨海大桥气候恶劣的特点，以及恶劣天气对桥面智能监控系统带来的种种影响问题，进行了系统的介绍。

并且在此基础上提出了一套解决方案，可通过运行在杭州湾桥面上的监控系统，很好地检测出事件，并及时有效地解决桥面上发生的交通事件，减少事故给交通带来的影响。

【期刊名称】《电子科技》【年(卷),期】2012(025)012【总页数】4页(P113-115,129)【关键词】恶劣天气;智能监控;交通事件检测;特大型桥梁【作者】纪玉臣;何军平;姜永栎;虞永方【作者单位】宁波市杭州湾大桥发展有限公司技术养护部,浙江宁波315327;杭州湾跨海大桥管理局技术与养护管理处,浙江宁波315033;宁波海视智能系统有限公司研发部,浙江宁波315040;宁波海视智能系统有限公司研发部,浙江宁波315040【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP277杭州湾跨海大桥作为特大型桥梁，因其处于海面上的地理位置关系，使得其天气条件变化较多，而且表现不规律。

Extensibility in the Large

Extensibility in the LargeMatthias ZengerProgramming Methods LaboratorySwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausannematthias.zenger@epﬂ.chProgramming Software Components Software component technology is driven by the promise of building software from off-the-shelf com-ponents that are provided by a global software com-ponent industry consisting of independent component developers[14].Therefore,component program-ming emphasizes independent development and de-ployment of software modules.For being indepen-dently deployable,a component has to be well sepa-rated from other components.In addition,it has to be composable with other components by a third-party that does not necessarily have access to the implemen-tation details of all the components involved.An important point which is often not considered is ponents have to be extensible,since in general,components do notﬁt off-the-shelf into an arbitrary deployment context.Theyﬁrst have to be adapted to satisfy the needs of a particular customer. Apart from this,extensibility is also an important re-quirement for enabling software evolution.Software evolution includes the maintenance and extension of component features and interfaces.Supporting soft-ware evolution is important,since components are architectural building blocks and as such,subject to continuous change.A typical software evolution pro-cess yields different versions of a single component being deployed in different contexts.Extensibility is also required when developing families of software ap-plications[11,2].For instance,software product-lines[8,16]rely heavily on a mechanism for creating variants of a system which share a common structure but which are conﬁgured with possibly different com-ponents.Here is a list of requirements we identiﬁed to be im-portant for component-oriented programming prac-tice including the corresponding implications on the implementation platform:•It is necessary that components are implemented in a modular way with explicit context dependen-cies,enabling type-safe separate compilation.•Mechanisms for composing independently devel-oped components have to beﬂexible but also safe.•Component composition has to scale well,since component-oriented programming is targeted to-wards programming in the large[4].•Reuse of components in different contexts should imply the least possible need for explicit adapta-tion code.•In support for a smooth software evolution pro-cess,components have to be extensible without the need to anticipate possible extensions.•Component systems have to be extensible on the system level as well,allowing to plug in alterna-tive or additional components without the need for re-wiring the whole system.•Extensibility has to be non-invasive,allowing to derive different extensions of a component inde-pendently.•Different extensions of a component have to be able to coexist requiring an appropriate version-ing mechanism.•Component deployment and extension must not require the availability of source code since this would violate the principle of binary component deployment.In general,these issues pose high demands on the implementation platform.It is clear by now that mainstream object-oriented programming languages, which are today predominantly used for programming software components,do not live up to most of the requirements.Recently,this observation gave rise to research how to support component technology best on the programming language level.Language Support for Software Extensibil-ityPreviously published approaches for supporting component-oriented programming on the language level such as ComponentJ[12],ACOEL[13],Arch-Java[1],etc.each target speciﬁc issues(like type-safety),but none of them addresses extensibility in particular.In order to investigate extensibility issues related to component-oriented programming,we developed a component model that emphasizes the evolution of components[18].It is a simple prototype-based model forﬁrst-class components built on top of a class-based object-oriented language.The model is formalized as an extension of Featherweight Java[7]. This calculus includes a small set of primitives to dy-namically create,compose,and extend software com-ponents in a type-safe way,while supporting features like explicit context dependencies,late composition, unanticipated component extensibility,and strong en-capsulation.Opposed to most other approaches which link services of components explicitly,components get composed implicitly with coarse-grained compo-sition operators.We used this framework to discuss the trade-offs between aggregation-based and mixin-based component compositions.To make some of the ideas developed in this work useable in practice,we are currently working on a module system with ex-plicit support for extensibility[17].Even though classical module systems like the one of Modula-3[3],Oberon-2[10]and Ada95[15]can be used to model the modular aspects of software components well,they have severe restrictions con-cerning extensibility and reuse.These systems allow type-safe separate compilation,but they hard-wire module dependencies;i.e.they refer to other mod-ules by name,which makes it impossible to plug in a module with a different name but a compatible speci-ﬁcation without performing consistent renamings on the source code level.For functional programming languages,module systems[9,5]exist that obey the principle of external connections,i.e.the separation of component deﬁnition and component connections. These module systems maximize reuse,but they yield modules that are not extensible,since everything is hard-wired internally.We consider this lacking sup-port for unanticipated extensibility to be a serious shortcoming.In practice one is required to use ad-hoc techniques to introduce changes in modules.In most cases this comes down to hack the changes into the source code of the corresponding modules.This obviously contradicts the idea of deploying compiled module binaries—a process which does not require to publish source code.But even for cases where the source code is available,source code modiﬁcations are considered to be error-prone.With modiﬁcations on the source code level one risks to invalidate the use of modules in contexts they get already successfully deployed.The design of our module system includes primi-tives for creating and linking modules as well as type-safe mechanisms for extending modules or even fully linked programs statically[17].Module composition is based on aggregation,opposed to other approaches for extensible modules that make use of a mixin-based scheme.The extensibility mechanism relies on two concepts:module reﬁnements and module specializa-tions.Both of them are based on inheritance on the module level.While reﬁnements yield a new ver-sion of a module that subsumes the original module, specializations are used to derive new independent modules from a given“prototype”.The module sys-tem supports software development according to the open/closed principle:Programs are closed in the sense that they can be executed,but they are open for exten-sions that statically add,reﬁne or replace modules or whole subsystems of interconnected modules.Exten-sibility does not have to be planned ahead and does not require modiﬁcations of existing source code,pro-moting a smooth software evolution process.The overall design of the module system was guided by the aim to develop a pragmatic,implementable, and conservative extension of Java[6].We are cur-rently implementing a compiler based on the exten-sible Java compiler JaCo[19,20].JaCo itself is de-signed to support unanticipated extensions without the need for source code modiﬁcations.JaCo is cur-rently written in a slightly extended Java dialect mak-ing use of an architectural design pattern that allows reﬁnements in a similar way.We hope to be able to re-implement JaCo in future using extensible mod-ules.This would also allow us to gain experience with extensible modules and their capabilities to statically evolve software through module reﬁnements and spe-cializations.References[1]J.Aldrich,C.Chambers,and D.Notkin.Archi-tectural reasoning in ArchJava.In Proceedings ofthe16th European Conference on Object-OrientedProgramming,M´a laga,Spain,June2002.[2]J.Bosch and A.Ran.Evolution of software prod-uct families.In3rd International Workshop onSoftware Architectures for Product Families,LNCS1951,pages168–183,Las Palmas de Gran Ca-naria,Spain,2000.[3]L.Cardelli,J.Donahue,L.Glassman,M.Jordan,B.Kalsow,and G.Nelson.Modula-3languagedeﬁnition.ACM SIGPLAN Notices,27(8):15–42,August1992.[4]F.Deremer and H.H.Kron.Programmingin the large versus programming in the small.IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,June1976.[5]M.Flatt and M.Felleisen.Units:Cool modulesfor HOT languages.In Proceedings of the ACMConference on Programming Language Design andImplementation,pages236–248,1998.[6]J.Gosling,B.Joy,G.Steele,and G.Bracha.TheJava Language Speciﬁcation.Java Series,Sun Mi-crosystems,second edition,2000.ISBN0-201-31008-2.[7]A.Igarashi, B.Pierce,and P.Wadler.Feath-erweight Java:A minimal core calculus forJava and GJ.In Proceedings of the Conferenceon Object-Oriented Programming,Systems,Lan-guages&Applications,volume34(10),pages132–146,1999.[8]M.Jazayeri,A.Ran,and F.van der Linden.Soft-ware Architecture for Product Families:Principlesand Practices.Addison-Wesley,2000.[9]D.MacQueen.Modules for Standard ML.InConference Record of the1984ACM Symposiumon Lisp and Functional Programming,pages198–207,New York,August1984.[10]H.M¨o ssenb¨o ck and N.Wirth.The programminglanguage Oberon-2.Structured Programming,12(4):179–195,1991.[11]D.Parnas.On the design and development ofprogram families.IEEE Transactions on SoftwareEngineering,SE-2(1):1–9,1976.[12]J.C.Seco and L.Caires.A basic model oftyped components.In Proceedings of the14th Eu-ropean Conference on Object-Oriented Program-ming,pages108–128,2000.[13]V.C.Sreedhar.Programming software compo-nents using ACOEL.Unpublished manuscript,IBM T.J.Watson Research Center,2002.[14]ponent Software:BeyondObject-Oriented Programming.Addison Wesley/ACM Press,New York,1998.ISBN0-201-17888-5.[15]S.T.Taft and R.A.Duff.Ada95ReferenceManual:Language and Standard Libraries.Lec-ture Notes in Computer Science.Springer Ver-lag,1997.ISBN3-540-63144-5.[16]D.Weiss and i.Software Product-Line Engi-neering.Addison-Wesley,1999.[17]M.Zenger.Evolving software with extensiblemodules.In International Workshop on Unantic-ipated Software Evolution,M´a laga,Spain,2002.[18]M.Zenger.Type-safe prototype-based com-ponent evolution.In Proceedings of the Eu-ropean Conference on Object-Oriented Program-ming,M´a laga,Spain,June2002.[19]M.Zenger and M.Odersky.Extensible algebraicdatatypes with defaults.In Proceedings of theInternational Conference on Functional Program-ming,Firenze,Italy,September2001.[20]M.Zenger and M.Odersky.Implementing ex-tensible compilers.In ECOOP Workshop on Mul-tiparadigm Programming with Object-OrientedLanguages,Budapest,Hungary,June2001.。

NuBot中型组足球机器人系统研究!

专家评述仿真技术研究实体技术探讨收获与建议14《机器人技术与应用》第4期冠军视点1 引言RoboCup中型组比赛要求机器人是全分布式的和全自主的，必须能够通过自身携带的传感器和与队友的无线通信获得环境感知信息，使用自身携带的计算机自主完成机器人的决策控制，实现与队友的协调与协作等。

该组别比赛是机器人足球比赛中对抗程度最激烈，也最接近人类比赛的赛事。

RoboCup中型组涉及的研究内容包括机械结构设计、实时图像处理、机器人视觉、机器人自定位、目标识别与目标跟踪、运动控制、移动机器人的控制体系结构、路径和轨迹规划、机器学习、多机器人协调控制、多传感器信息融合等[1]。

国防科大RoboCup中型组猎豹队(NuBot)成立于2004年，近几年来，我们的研究兴趣主要集中于多机器人协作、鲁棒的机器人视觉、机器人控制和规划等内容。

本文分别从机器人平台、体系结构及行为控制、环境感知三个方面介绍了NuBot中型组足球机器人关键技术的研究现状及具体优势技术。

2 机器人平台2.1 机械平台及其主动控球系统自奥地利格拉茨RoboCup2009比赛后，猎豹队开发了全新的足球机器人平台，如图1所示。

机器人的运动能力尤其是加速能力与以前的机器人相比有了很大的提高。

猎豹队也设计了一种全新的全向轮，如图2所示。

这种轮子能够提供给轮系与地面之间更大的摩擦力，减少打滑现象的出现。

主动控球系统指足球机器人上专门用来控制球运动的主动控球机构和相应控制系统[2]。

设计主动控球系统的目的是为了使机器人能更好地在运动过程中控制球，机器人全向移动平台的运动能力得以充分发挥。

应用在NuBot足球机器人上的主动控球机构如图1和图3所示。

NuBot中型组足球机器人系统研究李迅杨绍武唐帅董鹏曾志文卢惠民于文涛张辉郑志强国防科技大学机电工程与自动化学院，湖南长沙，410073摘要：RoboCup中型组机器人足球比赛为研究机器人技术及其他相关领域技术提供了一个标准的测试平台。

学校举行世界野生动物日英语作文

学校举行世界野生动物日英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1World Wildlife Day is an important event that is celebrated globally on March 3rd every year. This day aims to raise awareness about the need to protect and conserve the world's wild animals and their habitats. To mark this special occasion, our school organized various activities and events to highlight the significance of wildlife conservation.To kick off the day, a special assembly was held in the school auditorium. Students and teachers gathered together to listen to speeches and presentations about the importance of protecting wildlife. The speakers emphasized the role that each and every one of us can play in preserving the planet's biodiversity and ensuring the survival of endangered species.Following the assembly, students participated in a range of educational activities throughout the day. Workshops were organized to educate students about various wildlife conservation issues such as poaching, habitat destruction, and climate change. Students also had the opportunity to learnabout different species of wild animals and the threats they face in the wild.In addition to educational activities, our school also organized fundraising events to support wildlife conservation efforts. Students sold handmade crafts, baked goods, and merchandise to raise funds for local conservation organizations. The money raised will be used to support conservation projects aimed at protecting endangered species and their habitats.One of the highlights of the day was a visit from a wildlife conservation expert who gave a captivating talk about his work in the field. Students had the opportunity to ask questions and learn more about the challenges facing wildlife conservation efforts around the world.Overall, World Wildlife Day was a great success at our school. It served as a reminder of the importance of protecting and conserving our planet's precious wildlife. By raising awareness and taking action, we can all make a positive impact and ensure a brighter future for the world's wild animals. Let's continue to work together to protect our planet's biodiversity and preserve it for future generations.篇2World Wildlife Day is celebrated on March 3rd every year to raise awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation and to highlight the urgent need to protect endangered species around the world. This year, our school organized a special event to celebrate World Wildlife Day, with the theme "Sustaining all life on Earth".The event started with a presentation in the school auditorium, where students and teachers gathered to learn about the various species of wild animals that are facing the threat of extinction due to habitat loss, poaching, and climate change. The presentation included videos and photos of some of the most endangered animals, such as the African elephant, the Amur leopard, and the sea turtle.After the presentation, students had the opportunity to participate in a series of interactive workshops and activities designed to educate them about the importance of wildlife conservation. One workshop focused on the impact of plastic pollution on marine animals, while another workshop taught students about the illegal wildlife trade and how they can help to combat it.In addition to the workshops, our school also organized a photography exhibition featuring stunning images of wildlifetaken by students and teachers. The exhibition highlighted the beauty of the natural world and the need to protect it for future generations. There was also a fundraising drive to support local wildlife conservation projects, with students selling handmade crafts and baked goods to raise money for a good cause.The highlight of the event was a special assembly where students performed skits, songs, and dances to raise awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation. The performances were both entertaining and educational, and the audience was captivated by the talent and creativity of their peers.Overall, our school's celebration of World Wildlife Day was a huge success, with students, teachers, and parents coming together to learn, educate, and advocate for the protection of our planet's precious wildlife. It was a reminder of the importance of preserving biodiversity and the need for everyone to do their part to ensure a sustainable future for all life on Earth.篇3World Wildlife Day was celebrated with great enthusiasm at our school this year. The day was filled with various activities and events focused on raising awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation and the need to protect our planet'sbiodiversity. Students from all grades participated in the event, showcasing their creativity and passion for wildlife preservation.The day began with a special assembly, where students and teachers gathered to watch a documentary on endangered species and the threats they face from human activities. This eye-opening presentation highlighted the urgency of the situation and motivated everyone to take action to protect the world's wildlife. Following the documentary, students were encouraged to share their thoughts and ideas on how they can contribute to conservation efforts.In the classrooms, teachers organized discussions and debates on wildlife conservation topics, such as the impact of climate change on animal habitats, the illegal wildlife trade, and the importance of sustainable development. Students engaged in lively debates and shared their perspectives on these issues, demonstrating their understanding of the challenges facing wildlife today.The highlight of the day was the wildlife exhibition organized by the school's science club. Students worked tirelessly to create informative posters, models, and presentations on various endangered species and their habitats. The exhibition showcased the beauty and diversity of wildlifearound the world, while also highlighting the threats they face from habitat loss, poaching, and pollution.In addition to the exhibition, students participated in a wildlife quiz competition, testing their knowledge of different animal species, their behaviors, and the conservation efforts being made to protect them. The quiz was a fun and educational activity that allowed students to learn more about wildlife while competing with their peers.As part of the celebrations, the school also organized a fundraising campaign to support local wildlife conservation organizations. Students and teachers donated generously to the cause, raising awareness and showing their commitment to protecting wildlife and the environment.Overall, World Wildlife Day was a huge success at our school, with students and teachers coming together to celebrate and support the conservation of our planet's precious wildlife. The day's events inspired everyone to take action and make a positive impact on the world around them. By raising awareness and promoting conservation efforts, we can all play a part in preserving the incredible diversity of life on Earth for future generations.。

Authors ' Addresses

T. Hailperin. Best possible inequalities for the probability of a logical function of events. Amer. Math'l Monthly, 72:343{359, 1965. T. Hailperin. Probability logic. Notre Dame J. of Formal Logic, 25(3):198{ 212, 1984. T. Imielinski. Automated deduction in databases with incomplete information, Rutgers Technical Report DCS-TR-181, Mar. 1986. N. Karmarkar. A new polynomial-time algorithm for linear programming. Combinatorica, 4:373{395, 1984. N. Karmarkar. A new polynomial-time algorithm for linear programming, Presented at the ORSA/TIMS Meeting, Boston, November 1985. L. Kerschberg. Expert Database Systems: Proc. from the 2nd Intern. Conf. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1988. L. Kerschberg. Expert database systems: Knowledge/data management environments for intelligent information systems. Information Systems, 15(1):151{160, 1990. L. Kerschberg. Methodologies for data/knowledge/information engineering: Will the twain meet? In Lecture Notes in Arti cial Intelligence (542): Methodologies for Intelligent Systems, pages 32{34, 1991. L. G. Khachiyan. A polynomial algorithm in linear programming. Doklady Akademica Nauk SSSR 224, pages 1093{1096, 1979. J. Lobo, J. Minker, and A. Rajasekar. Foundations of Disjunctive Logic Programming. MIT press, 1992. C. Luo, C. Yu, J. Lobo, G. Wang, and T. Pham. A complete uncertainty reasoning system. Tech. Rep., Dept., of EECS, Univ., of Illinois, Chicago, 1992. S. Naqvi and S. Tsur. Logical Language for Data and Knowledge Bases. Computer Science Press, New York, 1989. R. E. Neapolitan. Probabilistic Reasoning in Expert Systems { Theory and Algorithms. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1990. Raymond Ng and V. S. Subrahmanian. A semantical framework for supporting subjective and conditional probabilities in deductive databases. Journal of Automated Reasoning, to appear. Niles J. Nilsson. Probabilistic logic. Arti cial Intelligence, 28:71{87, 1986. J. Pearl. Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, 1988. 24

InAnnieDillard’sessay,“Seeing”sheexploresthehuman

Section 01, 11:30-1:20, MTWR, LA 234Instructor: A my Ratto ParksMailbox: LA 133Office: LA 221Phone: 243-2133Office Hours: MTWR 1:30-2:00 and by appointmentEmail:****************************“Seeing is of course very much a matter of verbalization.”~ Annie DillardIn Annie Dillard’s essay, “Seeing” she explores the human inability to truly observe everything around us in nature. She writes, “My eyes account for less than 1% of the weight of my head; I’m bony and dense; I see what I expect.” She also refers to the human vision as a “keyhole” through which to understand the world – just one small, limited entry into the world around us.During this summer session of ENEX 101 we are going to study our Missoula “keyhole” by spending class time every day in one specific place on the Clark Fork River. We are going to ask questions about the world around us by observing and researching this place we live in, and we are going to explore it by writing in a variety of different ways.The purpose of ENEX 101 is to help you develop your abilities as a writer and reader of texts to encourage you to think critically and communicate effectively in the world. I’ll ask you to inquire into different personal, academic, and civic contexts and compose andread different genres. I’ll also help you develop flexible reading, writing, and research processes to help you develop as a college writer. Much of your work will involve different kinds of collaboration, including small group workshops and discussions that will take place in class, in conference, and in electronic forums. Because writing development is an important process that takes place over time and across different writing situations, all ENEX 101 classes use portfolio evaluation as the primary means to assess your work in class.Course Texts1.Ballenger, Bruce. The Curious Writer.2.Troyka and Hesse. Quick Access (fifth edition)3.Articles on electronic reserve (ERES) as needed; please calculate printingcosts into your budget for this class.Robert L. Thayer, Jr. LifePlace Bioregional Thought and Practice, excerptFast Food Nation excerptAnnie Dillard "Seeing"Henry David Thoreau "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For"~and others as needed~Other requirementssmall notebook for your field journalworking folderthumb drivebinder for final portfolioMajor Inquiry ProjectsExpect to write and revise three different projects and one reflective introduction over the course of this class, in addition to other informal writing in and out of class. I will give you a detailed assignment sheet as we begin each of these major assignments.1.Writing the Nature Journal:2.Writing the Personal Essay: Where You Live and What You Live For3.Writing the Personal Research Essay: Life on the Clark Fork River4.Journal/Portfolio IntroductionYour four inquiry projects will give you the opportunity to compose in a range of genres for a range of academic and civic situations. You’ll have opportunities to use observations and experience as evidence, as well as learn strategies for composing effective arguments and conducting academic research.You will have the chance to develop all of your major projects through a process of inquiry and drafting. You’ll compose papers in and out of class, alone and with yoursmall group. For some of your writings, I’ll ask you to brin g enough draft copies to share with your group or ask you to email your papers to group members for an online workshop. All inquiry projects must be completed for you to pass the course. I will respond to these projects with written comments focused on suggestions for revision, but I will also mark them using a check system to help you know where you stand on a specific project.Common Policies and ProceduresAttendanceMore than one absence from this summer course will compromise your grade. Four or more absences will result in a failing grade. Here’s the breakdown:1st absence: freebie2nd absence: final grade drops one letter grade3rd absence: final grade drops one letter grade4th absence: final grade is an FRequired University events will be excused if you provide appropriate documentation. Personal situations inevitably arise that make it impossible for you to make it to class. Remember, however, that’s why a few absences are allowed; please reserve those for emergencies.If you must miss class, you are responsible for obtaining any handouts or assignments for the class. Make sure you talk with your instructor in advance if you are worried about meeting a deadline or missing a class.Participation. Participation includes coming to class prepared and on time, taking part in class discussions, asking questions, contributing your knowledge and insights in whatever form is appropriate, and striving to make all your contributions excellent. It also includes doing the required reading and writing for each class.Late Work. Deadlines are not negotiable after you’ve missed them. If you miss a major assignment you may turn the paper in with the portfolio. If you miss a short assignment, your average will just have to absorb the zero.Academic Conduct. You must abide by the rules for academic conduct described in the Student Conduct Code. If you have any questions about when and how to avoid academic dishonesty, particularly plagiarism, please review the Conduct Code and talk with your instructor. The Council of Writing Program Administrators describes plagiarism as follows: “plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source.” Academic honest y is highly valued in the University community and acts of plagiarism will not be tolerated. The appropriate use of sources is, however, one topic of study in this course.Final GradeI encourage you to talk with me at any time to better understand my comments or to discuss your overall progress and success in the class. Success in this class depends on: ∙Meeting all the requirements∙The quality of your written, electronic, and oral work∙Your willingness to enter into the spirit of inquiry.Your final grade will be based on the following percentages:rmal writing: 20%2.Participation: 20%3.Final portfolio: 60%Procedural BasicsPaper/ Homework FormatDuring this class you will have two kinds of homework assignments; those you turn in to me, and those that stay in your working folder. Both are due and will lead you toward your major papers.Everything but in-class work needs to be typed in order for you to receive credit. In addition your work should:have your name on itbe stapledbe in 12 pt Times fontbe in black inkhave 1” marginsbe single spaceedprint double-sided copies or re-use paper (please put a cross through the back side if I am not mean to read it).Keep copies of all your work, as hard copy and on CD, disk, or memory stick.Save everything in your working folder.---------------------------------Registration-related issues.I will not sign overrides because it’s critical to keep the composition class size small to support its rigorous writing and workshopping environment.If yo u miss the first two class meetings (and haven’t talked in advance with me about extenuating circumstances), you need to drop the course on Cyberbear and enroll another semester. The reason for this policy is that important groundwork for the semester is p ut in place in the first couple of class meetings, and students without that foundationalframework are better served by taking the course when they can give it the attention it deserves.Students with Disabilities.Qualified students with disabilities will receive appropriate accommodations in this course. Please speak with me privately after class or in my office. Please be prepared to provide a letter from your DSS Coordinator.。

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2 Background
Байду номын сангаас
A real-time channel is a simplex unicast end-to-end connection with performance guarantees and tra c restrictions. Once established, it guarantees that the performance bounds requested by the communication client are satis ed so long as the client does not violate the tra c restrictions. The performance parameters a client can request are: delay bound D delay violation probability bound Z bu er over ow probability bound W delay jitter bound J The tra c parameters a client needs to specify are: minimum packet inter-arrival time x min average packet inter-arrival time x ave averaging interval I maximum packet size s max A channel with both Z and W being 1 is called a deterministic channel; a channel with either Z or W being less than 1 is called a statistical channel 3]. The following paradigm is proposed in 6] to provide guaranteed services to clients in a packet-switching network: before communication starts, the client speci es its tra c characteristics and performance requirements to the network; the client's tra c and performance parameters are translated into local parameters, and a set of connection admission control conditions are tested at each switch or gateway; the new channel is accepted only if its admission would not cause the performance guarantees made to other channels to be violated; during data transfers, each switch or gateway will service packets from di erent channels according to a service discipline; by ensuring that the local performance requirements are met at each switch or gateway, the end-to-end performance requirements can be satis ed. Notice that there are two levels of control in this paradigm: at the connection level, the admission control policy allocates and reserves resources for each channel; at the packet level, the service discipline allocates resources according to the reservations made. In the Tenet protocol suite, RCAP is responsible for the connection level control, and RTIP is responsible for the packet level control. RMTP and RTIP are the data delivery protocols in the Tenet protocol suite. Together with the Real-Time Channel Administration Protocol, or RCAP 1], they provide guaranteed performance communication services in an internetworking environment.
The Tenet protocol suite implements the real-time channel scheme, which is a new communication abstraction proposed to support guaranteed performance service in a general packet-switched internetwork environment 6].
Hui Zhang and Tom Fisher
Computer Science Division University of California at Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720 December 8, 1992
The Real-time Message Transport Protocol (RMTP) and the RealTime Internetwork Protocol (RTIP) are the transport and network layer data delivery protocols in the Tenet Protocol Suite. We implemented the protocols in Ultrix on the DECstation 5000 workstations and in HP/UX on the HP 9000/7000 workstations. A preliminary measurement study has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the prototype implementation. Some of the results are: the throughput obtained by using RMTP/RTIP is comparable to that obtained by using raw IP; the rate control mechanism in RMTP/RTIP e ectively enforces the tra c speci cation of communication clients; the scheduling mechanism in RTIP protects the real-time channel so that the performance of a real-time channel is not a ected by the presence of IP tra c or other real-time channels in the network.
1 Introduction
and desired performance requirements; when the network accepts the client's request, the network guarantees that the speci ed performance requirements will be met provided that the client obeys the restrictions implied in its tra c description. We believe that a reservation-oriented network architecture is needed to provide such a guaranteed performance service. The current Internet Protocol, which is connectionless and reservationless, cannot be used to support the service. The Tenet Group has also designed and implemented a new protocol suite that provides guaranteed performance service 4, 5]. The protocol suite consists of ve protocols: three data delivery protocols and two control protocols. The three data delivery protocols are: the Real-Time Internet Protocol (RTIP), the Real-time Message Transport Protocol (RMTP) 12, 14] and the Continuous Media Transport Protocol (CMTP) 13, 9]. RTIP is the network layer protocol, while RMTP and CMTP are two transport layer protocols that provide messageoriented and stream-oriented transport services, respectively, on top of RTIP. The two control protocols are: the Real-Time Channel Administration Protocol (RCAP) 1], and the Real-Time Control Message Protocol (RTCMP). RCAP is responsible for establishment, tear-down and modi cation of the real-time channels, while RTCMP is responsible for control and management during data transfers. In this paper, we will focus on the two data delivery protocols, RMTP and RTIP. Both protocols have been implemented on DECstation 5000 and HP9000 workstations. A preliminary measurement study has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the prototype implementation. Some of the results are: the throughput obtained by using RMTP/RTIP is comparable to that obtained by using raw IP; the rate control mechanism in RMTP/RTIP e ectively enforces the tra c speci cation of communication clients; the scheduling mechanism in RTIP protects real-time connections so that the performance of a real-time connection is not a ected by the presence of IP tra c or other real-time connections in the network. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 brief reviews the real-time channel scheme, on which the Tenet Protocol Suite are based; Section 3 describes the services, functions, software structure and programming interface for RTIP and RMTP; Section 4, which is the core of this paper, presents the simulation results; Section 5 brie y describes related work; Section 6 gives the conclusion and provides future work.