高考英语写作辅导

高考英语写作辅导
（1）：造句的两大技巧
句子是文章的基本单位。

成功的作品是由清晰而合乎语法规则的句子组成的。

然而一个好的句子除了能够准确表达作者的意思，还需要简洁生动，这是在考试中获得高分的法宝。

一、句子要简洁
写作要求精练，因为，简洁的表达能起到更加强调的作用。

我们要写出效果好、影响大的文章，就要想方设法：1）避免使用空洞、多余的短语；2）避免过多地使用较长的句子结构，如并列句和从属句等；3）避免不必要的重复。

请看下面各例：
1）Owing to the fact that I had a lot of work to do, it wasn’t possible for me to accept their invitation.
本句要表达的意思很简单，可是一堆空洞的短语使句子显得很累赘，改为下面的句子就简洁明了多了。

I was too busy to accept their invitation.
2) He is a man who is kind-hearted, who always cares other people, and who donates his money to the poor.英语中比较重要的从属概念可用从句的形式表达，其它次要的概念常用词或短语来表达，因为句子比短语显得更重要。

过多地使用从句会把次要的与主要的概念混为一谈，削弱句子的重点。

该句可改为：He is a kind-hearted man who always cares other people and donates his money to the poor.
3) My hometown is a quiet, peaceful place. It is quiet and peaceful because of the small number of people living there.
有时为了构成平行的句子结构或达到强调的目的，我们会重复使用某些词语。

但是，无目的地重复会导致笨拙。

所以本句可改为：
My hometown is a quiet, peaceful place because of the small number of people.
二、语言要生动
写作时要吸引读者的兴趣，句子就需生动、充满活力。

平淡无味的句子会使人生厌，注意力分散。

但要写出生动的句子就必须注意做到：
1.交错使用长短句
长句和短句各有各的特点，各有各的用场。

长句结构复杂、容量大，能表达比较复杂的内容，叙事具体、说理严密。

短句结构简单、短小精悍、明白易懂。

在写作中应当交错使用长句和短句，使句子的长短多样化，增加语言的表现力。

请看下面的一段话：I returned to my room. There was a note under my door. It was from Bob. He said he was in the town looking for a job. He hadn't found anything yet. He added that he was sorry to have missed me.
这里出现的是一连串的短句，读起来使人感到单调乏味，而且各句之间所固有的逻辑关系没能用句法手段表达出来。

为了使文字更为生动，意义更加明确，可做如下改动：
When I returned to my room, I found a note from Bob under the door. He said he was in the town looking for
a job, but hadn’t found anything yet. He added that he was sorry to have missed me.
2.灵活使用多样句式
要达到语言的生动性，写作时就要经常地变换句型和句子结构及表达思想的方式。

切忌所有的句子都用相同的句型或句子结构，使文章读起来单调乏味。

在考虑英语句式的变化时, 我们一般从以下几个方面入手:
(1) 既可以用主动式也可以用被动式, 例如:
例1：Today, we use machines not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.
Today machines are widely used not only in industry but in other sectors of national economy as well.
(2) 既可以用肯定式也可以用否定式, 例如:
例1：I shall go there unless it rains.
I shall go there if it doesn't rain.
例2：Their daily lives don’t provide them with the exercise needed to keep them healthy.
Their daily lives fail to provide them with the exercise needed to keep them healthy.
(3) 某些修饰成分既可以用在句子前面也可以用在后面, 还可以用在中间, 例如:
例1：With a car, people can get around freely.
People can get around freely with a car.
例2：In fact, speaking is one of the most important means of communication.
Speaking is in fact one of the most important means of communication.
(4) 既可以是正常语序也可以是倒装语序, 例如:
例1：We did not realize the problem of energy crisis until the end of last century.
Not until the end of last century did we realize the problem of energy crisis.
(5) 既可以用简单句也可以用并列句或者主从复合句, 例如:
例1：There are many means of getting information and they enable us to keep up with what is going on in the world.
There are many means of getting information which enable us to keep up with what is going on in the world.例2：The campus parking problem is getting worse. The university is not building any new garages.
The campus parking problem is getting worse because the university is not building any new garages.
【提示】句式多样化是英语作文取得高分的灵丹妙药，一定要勤学苦练，掌握这一招。

(2)：段落的构成要素
段落是由若干个彼此关联的句子构成的，通常用以表达一个中心思想或者从一个角度对文章的主题进行阐述。

因此，段落不能是一组句子的任意堆砌，而是符合一定的模式，具有某些基本特征，遵循一定段落发展方法的。

要写出一篇好文章，我们就必须了解一些结构完整的段落的写法，掌握一点组句成段的基本知识。

结构完整的段落大多由三部分组成：
一、主题句
主题句是概括段落中心思想，反映作者写作意图的一个概括性的句子，是段落的核心所在。

所以，写好主题句是写好一个段落的前提。

1.段落主题句的位置及其作用
主题句位于段首的情况比较多见。

段首主题句开门见山，直接点明段落主题，有助于确定段落的主线，使各个发展句围绕段落主题自然展开；段尾主题句具有结论作用，是对前面句子的归纳总结。

请看下面各例：
Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in one’s studies or career vary widely. Gi ven approximately equal circumstances, some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck— being in the right place and the right time. Others speak of utter devotion to work, combined with a degree of ruthlessness. Still others maintain that it is undoubtedly a matter of how much intelligence you have or simply how much education your mother had. In a word, people have different ideas on it.
本段的主题句Public opinions on what it takes to succeed in one’s studies or career vary widely.放在段落的开头，开门见山地点明主题，使读者很容易抓住本段的写作主线：对学业或事业成功所持的各种不同的观点和看法。

有时为了特别强调主题句的内容，也可以使主题句既出现在段首，又出现在段末。

如：
Good manners are important in all countries, but ways of expressing good manners are different from country to country. Americans eat with knives and forks; Chinese eat with chopst icks. Americans say “Hi”
when they meet; Japanese bow. Many American men open doors for women; Japanese men do not. On the surface, it appears that good manners in America are not good manners in Japan, and in a way this is true. But in any country, the on ly manners that are important are those involving one person’s behavior toward another person. In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to. It is only the way of behaving politely that differs from country to country.
2.段落主题句的写作方法
主题句的作用是要告诉读者该段的主题思想，该段将围绕这个主题思想逐步展开、定义、论述、分类、解释和举例说明等，所以，段落主题句中必须包含一个主导思想，这是一个等待发展的思想，也是段落的主旨所在。

同时，段落主题句不能写得太笼统，也不能涉及面太窄。

段落主题句所限定的内容必须符合段落写作的目的，有助于段落的铺开和抒发。

例如：
Television is very important. 这个句子太泛，没有表达一个清楚的主题思想，做主题句不大合适。

可以改为：Television plays an educational role in our daily life.
Big cities have traffic problems.这个句子如果用做主题句也没有表达出明确的主题思想，范围限得过宽，抓不住段落主线，不好下笔扩展段落。

可改为：Traffic problems in big cities are serious, which can be found in several ways.
I go to college to make friends.如果作为段落的主题句就显得范围太窄了，作者发挥的余地太小，段落不容易写好。

可改为：Going to college, I can learn more and make new friends.
二、扩展句
扩展句是用来支持或说明主题句的，对主题句表达的中心思想或举例说明、或细致描写、或详细解释阐述和论证，使读者能够清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表达的意思。

扩展句一般要具备这样的特点：（1）清晰、详实，有较强的说服力，能清楚地表达思想；（2）条理分明，脉络清晰。

上一句要为下一句铺平道路，下一句是上一句的自然延伸，一步一步地论述或叙述主题。

一个段落通常有若干个扩展句。

这些扩展句可以处于同一个层次，共同来为主题句服务；也可以在一级扩展句之下用二级扩展句来支持一级扩展句，从而构成扩展句之间的层次关系。

请看下面的例子：(1)The computer finds many applications in all fields. (2)Computers are now doing almost everything from diagnosing hospital patients to running nuclear power stations. (3)In any field where information is collected, processed, stored, and retrieved, computers are being used more and more.
(4)Computers are also used as an aid to design planning. (5)For example, they can be used to predict faults in design as well as the cost of a design if one is planning to build a road.
在这个段落中，句（1）是主题句，提出计算机在所有领域都有应用的观点；句（2）、（3）和（4）是一级扩展句，都支持和说明句（1），具体说明计算机都在哪些领域应用，而句（5）是二级扩展句，用来补充说明句（4），通过举例来说明计算机辅助设计的用途。

三、结尾句
结尾句位于段落的末尾，在段落中也起着非常重要的作用，用以对全段内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性的观点。

结尾句常和主题句相呼应，以不同的形式再现主题，并与扩展句相关联。

请看下面各段落中结尾句的写法：
Scientists believe that there has been life of some sort on the earth for about twelve hundred million years. Such a large figure is difficult to grasp, so let us scale it down and reckon it as one hundred years. We then find that man has been on the earth for about a month, and civilized man for only seven or eight hours. So you see mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life, and we must not expect too much.
本段的结尾句是对全段的总结归纳。

它进一步强调了段落的中心思想，以引起读者的注意和重视。

A contract is an agreement which is enforceable by law. It can be long or short, formal or informal, simple or complicated, and verbal or written. Without a contract or agreement to bind the contracting parties, any international business or transaction would be impossible. Long age, people exchanged promises in making
bargains and binding the conduct of others. This exchange of promises came to be known as “agreement” and became more and more important in the fields of business. A promise or agreement is reached as a result of the process of offer and acceptance. When an agreement is reached, a contract is formed. Once a contract is officially signed by the concerned parties, it creates legal obligations in the sense of law.
本段的最后一句是结尾句，第一句是主题句。

结尾句所表达的意思跟主题句一致，但句子结构和用词都不一样。

结尾句是主题句的再现，起着前后呼应的作用，段落中心思想更加突出明显。

（3）：段落展开的方法
确定了段落中心思想, 完成了段落的主题句,设计好段落的扩展句之后，需要考虑的是怎样合理、有效地安排句子，组成条理清晰、结构严谨的段落。

展开段落的方法有很多，常用的有：时间顺序法、空间顺序法、列举法、举例法、对比法、定义法、因果法、分类法、综合法等。

一、时间法
在叙述一个故事或者一系列事件时，通常按事件发生的先后顺序排列句子。

在说明文中叙述一件事应该遵循的程序或步骤时，也常用时间顺序法。

看下面的例子：
There are four separate stages in making bread. The first stage begins by mixing yeast with warm water. This mixture is then added to half the amount of flour. The resultant batter mixture is then left for an hour. At the next stage the rest of the flour is added to the risen batter mixture, along with salt and oil. The main step in the second stage is a thorough kneading of the dough, after which it is left to rise. The third stage involves shaping the dough into loaves; the shaped loaves are then put into bread tins. In the final stage the bread is cooked in a hot oven. The whole process of bread making finishes when the bread is taken from the oven and left to cool on racks.
这个段落采用时间顺序法描述了做面包的的过程。

作者用了The first stage begins by..., At the next stage..., The third stage involves... 和In the final stage... 等连贯性词语详细地按照先后顺序介绍了四个步骤。

二、空间法
空间顺序指按物体的空间位置（自左至右，由近到远，由上至下，由下到上，由里到外，由外到里，由中间到两边等顺序）来展开段落。

如：
The room was disgusting. By the far window was a trash can piled high with crumpled papers. In the middle of the room was a round size bed littered with rotting fruit peels. The path between the bed and the doorway, where I was standing, was choked off by heaps of dirty clothes and old newspapers.
这个段落以空间顺序法描写了一个房间。

先从描述远处的窗子开始，接着是房间中央，最后到作者所站的地方，由远到近地将房间里的一切描绘了出来。

三、列举法
列举法是通过列举具体的细节来进一步说明主题句所表达的主导思想，展开段落。

列举法如果使用得当，能增强文章的说服力，使文章显得条理清楚。

用列举法发展段落时，主题句常包含表示数量的词，如：several, many, some, four 等。

列举细节时，可以根据各种内容的相对重要性，按一定的逻辑顺序排列。

请看下面的例子：
Social activities benefit us in many ways. To begin with, these activities can widen our knowledge, because。