翻译方法和技巧之分译法、合译法

翻译方法和技巧之分译法、合译法
Division & Combination
*翻译英语句子时，有时我们可把原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只稍加改变即可，但在不少情况下则必须将原来的句子结构作较大的改变。

*分译法和合译法是改变原文句子结构的两种重要方法。

*所谓分译法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。

*所谓合译法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。

*一、分译法
*（一）把原文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。

* 1.副词
*They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
他们根本不回答，这是不足为怪的。

* 2.形容词
*Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of “self-reliance”.
*毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”政策时，也许有些自豪感，这是可以理解的。

*That region was the most identifiable trouble place.
那个地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家很容易看到的。

* 3.名词
* A movie of me leaving that place would look like a shell leaving a rifle. *我离开那个地方的速度之快，要是拍成电影的话，会像出膛的子弹一样。

*He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation. 他摇了摇头，双目瞪地圆圆的。

*（二）把原文中的一个短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。

* 1.分词短语
*She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.
*她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。

*Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.
阳光射到它所能透过的所有地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了幽影。

* 2.名词短语
*I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before. *我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。

*Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universal accepted law. *能量既不能被消除也不能被创造，这是一条普遍公认的规律。

* 3.前置词短语
*Their power increased with their number.
*他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。

*He arrived in Washington at a right moment internationally.
他来到华盛顿，就国际形势来说，实际正合适。

*（三）把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。

*Sometimes, Mrs. Cross would be walking around in the kitchen watching him eat.
*有时，克洛斯太太一面在厨房里踱来踱去，一面看他吃饭。

*She had made several attempts to help them find other rental houses without success.
她试了几次，要帮他们找另一所出租房，但没有成功。

*二、合译法
*（一）把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句(simple sentence)译成一个单句。

*He was very clean. His mind was open.
*他为人单纯而坦率。

*There are men from all over the country. Many of them are from the South. *从全国各地来的人中有很多是南方人。

*His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea.
他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨开小铺。

*（二）把原文中的主从复合句(complex sentence)译成一个单句。

*When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.
*我在谈判时总是有些紧张。

紧张时我就吃点东西。

*When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.
我们对中国领导人和人民的赞扬不仅仅是是出于礼貌。

*（三）把原文中的并列复合句(compound sentence)译成一个单句。

*From Florence the river Arno ran down to Pisa, and then it reached the sea.
*阿洛河从弗洛伦萨流经比萨入海。

*In 1844 Engels met Marx, and they became friends.
恩格斯和马克思在1844年相遇并成为朋友。

*The time was 10:30, and traffic on the street was light.
*10：30时的交通很通畅。

*将斜体的单词译成一个汉语句子。

*He wished he were at home. Ordinarily, he would have been there hours ago.
他真愿那时他已到家里，要是在往常的日子里，他早已到家了。

*Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.
她满想会有某种奇迹般地解决办法。

这是不合情理的事。

*Characteristically, Mr. Harold concealed his feelings and watched and learned.
哈罗德先生没有表露他的感情、、、、、、这是他的特点。

*将斜体的短语译成一个汉语句子。

*He was lying on his side watching her.
他侧身躺着，双目凝视着她。

*The hospital was already spreading a fame for its food.
这个医院的伙食好，这点已经远近闻名了。

*The answer had been there all of the time just out of reach.
答案一直摆在那里，可他就是没有拿到手。

*将斜体句子分译成两个以上的汉语句子。

*David opened the door, and Arthur went out into the rain.
大卫把门打开，亚瑟走出去，冒着雨。

*He wanted to tell John how surprised he was at his knowledge but embarrassment made him hold his peace.
、、、、、、、但是觉得不好意思，就没有说出口。

*Out of sheer joy she waved.
她纯粹因为高兴，才会了挥手。

*将两个（或两个以上）简单句合译成一个汉语单句（复句）。

*That was long ago. A very long time ago. Almost 30 years ago.
那件事发生在很久很久以前，将近30那年啦。

*He would miss many things and many people. He would miss Celia.
*Home after seven years. Home. The word had meant so much to him.
家，阔别了七年的家，这个字对他多亲切啊！
*将主从复合句译成一个汉语单句。

*While he washed, he heard the doorbell.
他洗澡时听到了门铃声。

*When I came to the summit, I became very excited.
*If we do a thing, we should do it well.
*将并列句意味一个汉语单句。

*It was 1953, and I came from Kilkelly, Ireland, to seek my fortune.
1935年，我刚从爱尔兰的克尔克勒来此寻找出路。

*It was in mid-August, and the repair section operated under the blazing sun.
八月中旬，修理组人员在骄阳下工作。

*英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念, 而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句, 作层次分明的叙述。

*因此, 在进行英译汉时, 要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异, 将英语的长句分解, 翻译成汉语的短句。

*大的原则：化长为短，化整为零。

*一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面:
*(1) 修饰语过多;
*(2) 并列成分多;
*(3) 语言结构层次多。

*在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。

(2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。

(3) 分析从句和短语的功能。

(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系。

(5) 注意插入语等其他成分。

(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或搭配。

*长句的译法主要有下列几种：
*一、顺序法
*二、逆序法
*三、分译法
*四、综合法
*一、顺序法
*有些英语长句所叙述的一连串动作基本上是按动作发生的时间先后安排，也有些英语长句的内容是按逻辑关系安排，这与汉语表达方法比较一致，因此翻译时一般可按照原文顺序译出。

*Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.
*Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to
numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.
*二、逆序法
*英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反, 这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。

*It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.
*It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.
*Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
*三、分译法
*有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯, 把长句的从句或短语化成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。

*The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.
*Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.
*All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.
*四、综合法
*事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时, 并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法, 而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用, 这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。

*尤其是在一些情况下, 一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便, 这就需要我们的仔细分析, 或按照时间的先后, 或按照逻辑顺序, 顺逆结合, 主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。

*People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.
*Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.
*Taking his cue from Ibsen's A Doll's House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband's treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself;
she must have economic rights to survive.。