现在完成时讲解

现在完成时讲解
一．基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分词(done)
二．句型：
否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.
一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.
简略答语: Yes,主语+ have/has.(肯定)
No,主语+ haven't/hasn't.(否定)
（一）肯定式
主语＋助动词have ／has ＋过去分词＋其它
说明：这里的have ／has是助动词，没有什么具体意义。

当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has，其余人称一律用have。

has，have的缩略式分别为's或've。

We've just cleaned the classroom ．我们刚好打扫了教室。

（表明现在教室是干净的）
否定式
主语＋助动词have ／has＋not＋过去分词＋其它
说明：现在完成时构成否定句时，只需在助动词have ／has后面加not就行。

have not，has not的缩略式分别为haven't ，hasn't。

另外，肯定句中有some，already时，改为否定时要分别改成any，yet。

1I haven't finished my homework yet．我还没有完成我的作业
一般疑问式
助动词Have ／Has ＋主语＋过去分词＋其它？
说明：把陈述句中的have或has放到句首，句末打问号，同时把句中的some ，already改为any ，ye t就构成了一般疑问句。

肯定回答用“Yes ，主语＋have ／has． 否定回答用“No，主语＋haven't／hasn't．”有时也可以用“No，not yet．／No ，never．／No，not even once．”等。

实例：
1）—Have you ever made dumplings ？你曾经做过饺子吗？
—Yes ，I have ．是的，我做过。

2）—Has she ever been abroad ？她曾经出过国吗？
—No，never．不，从来没有。

现在完成时的用法
（一）现在完成时的用法1：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

此时，常与时间副词already（已经），yet（还、已经），just(刚
刚、仅仅) ，ever（曾经），never（从不），before（以前）等连用。

这几个副词的用法如下：
1．already意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。

实例：
1）I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。

（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。

）
2）I've washed my clothes already．我已经洗了衣服。

（洗衣服的动作已完成，其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。

）
注意：在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时，already也可用于（口语）疑问句中。

实例：
3）Have you met him already ？你（真的）已经见过他了？
2．yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。

实例：1）—Has he found his watch yet ？他已经找到他的手表了吗？
—No，not yet．不，还没有。

2）The woman hasn't found her dog yet ．
那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。

（没找到狗，心里着急，这就是对现在的影响）3．just意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。

实例：He has just come back from school ．他刚从学校回来。

4．ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。

例：1）Have you ever been to Hong Kong ？你曾去过香港吗？
2）I haven't ever spoken to her．我未曾和她说过话。

5．never意为“从来没有”常与before连用（before要放在句尾，而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。

实例：
I have never travelled by plane before．我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。

6．before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。

实例：
1）Have you been to Hainan before ？你以前去过海南吗？
2）I haven't eaten Guangdong food before．我以前没吃过广东菜。

（二）现在完成时
用法二2——持续性用法（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。

此时常与“for ＋一段时间 或“since＋过去的点时间或从句（从句用一般过去时）以及so far（到目前为止）等时间状语连用。

for + 段时间
since +点时间
例：
1）I've lived here since 1990．自从1990年以来我就住在这里。

= I've lived here since 13 years ago.
= I've lived here for 13 years.
= It is 13 years since I began to live here.
2）I haven't seen him for three years ．我三年没有看见他了。

= I haven't seen him since three years ago
= I haven't seen him since 2000.
= It is 3 years since I saw him last time.
3）Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city ．
自从到这个城市以来，王先生一直在这家工厂工作。

4）She's been at this school since five years ago．
自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。

注意：①在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。

短暂性动词由于动作不能持续，故不能与for(达到；累计)或since（自从。

到现在）引出的时间状语连用。

②对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用How long
1）他入团两年了。

误：He has joined the League for two years．
正：He has been a League member for two years．
2）我买这辆自行车三年了。

误：I have bought this bike for three years．
正：I have had this bike for three years．
2）▲部分短暂性动词与之对应的延续性动词：
短暂性动词延续性动词
die →be dead
borrow →keep
buy/catch →have
get up →be up
come →be in
finish → be over
leave →be away
open →be open
close →be closed
begin →be on
become interested in →be interested in
有人可能会问：一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的动作都发生在过去，那么这两种时态有什么区别呢？
☆答：①一般过去时与具体的表示过去时间状语如：yesterday连用；强调动作在过去发生，与现在无关。

②现在完成时与自已的特征词连用，强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响或过去开始发生一直持续到现在的动作。

例：He saw the film last night. (过去时，表示他昨晚看过那部电影了，现在不知还要不要再看一次)
He has (ever) seen the film before.（现在\完成时，表时他已看过那部电影，现在不想再看了）
have been in, have been to 与have gone to 的用法
1. have(has) been in 意为“已经在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用。

如：
Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先生来上海已经有三天了。

They have been in Canada for five years. 他们到加拿大有五年了。

2. have(has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”，表示现在已经不在那里了。

可与just, ever, never等连用。

如：
I've just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。

Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗？
Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。

3. have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。

如：
I've been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。

They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好几次了。

4. have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。

总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。

如：
—Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪里？—He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去了。

现在完成时练习一、单项选择。

1、Both his parents look sad. Maybe they _________what's happened to him .
Ａ. knew Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know
2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
Ａ. already Ｂ.never Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still
3、Have you met Mr Li ______？
Ａ. just Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years .
Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .
—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
Ａ. has changed ; well Ｂ. changed ; good
Ｃ. has changed ; better Ｄ. changed ; better
6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
Ａ. was ; studying Ｂ. will ; study
Ｃ. has ; studied Ｄ. are ; studying
7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
Ａ. know Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
Ａ. will see Ｂ. have seen Ｃ. saw Ｄ.see
9、—These farmers have been to the United States .
—Really ? When _____ there ?
Ａ. will they go Ｂ. did they go
Ｃ. do they go Ｄ. have they gone
10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
Ａ. Did ; do ; finished Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished
Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished Ｄ. will ; do ; finish
11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in
12、—Do you know him well ?
— Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
Ａ. were Ｂ. have been Ｃ. have become Ｄ. have made
13、—How long have you ____ here ?
—About two months .
Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived
14、Hurry up! The play __________for ten minutes.
Ａ. has begun Ｂ. had begun
Ｃ. has been on Ｄ. began
15、 It _____ ten years since he left the army .
Ａ. is Ｂ. has Ｃ. will Ｄ. was
16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .
Ａ.has gone Ｂ. went Ｃ.will go Ｄ. has been
17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
Ａ. have been in Ｂ. have been to
Ｃ. have gone to Ｄ. have been
18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?
A. so they
B. don’t they
C. have they
D. haven’t they
19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?
A. How soon, comes
B. How often, got
C. How long, came
D. How far, arrived
20、 His uncle____for more than 9 years.
A. has come here
B. has started to work
C. has lived there
D. has left the university
二、句型转换。

1、He has never surfed, ?（改成反意疑问句）
2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)
____ ＿＿＿＿they been here?
3、The old man _________last year.
He＿＿＿＿ for a year. (die)（动词填空）
4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)
This factory ________ for twenty years.
5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.
6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）
Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .
7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)
_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.
8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子)
___________________________________________
三、汉译英。

1、吉姆已做完作业，他现在有空了。

2、他昨天收到一封信。

3、我父亲以前到过长城。

4、她还没有看过那部新电影。

5、她去过上海。

6、他这些天上哪儿去了？
参考答案：
一、单项选择。

1、现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。

这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。

故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是Ｂ。

2、现在完成时常与already（已经），just（刚刚，正好），ever（曾经），never（从来，也不；从不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等连用。

故2应选B。

3、C
4、现在完成时常与recently（近来），so far（到目前为止），in the past/“last +一段时间”等时间状语连用。

因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。

故4应选D。

5、C
6、现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用（含从句，从句过去时）。

故6应选C。

7、C
8、现在完成时还与once（一次），twice（两次），three times（三次），several times （几次）等表示重复次数的词语连用。

故8应选B。

9、现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last week , a moment ago 等）连用。

故9的正确答案为B。

10、B
11、现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。

故11的正确答案依次为：D。

12、B 13、A 14、C 15、A。

16、“have/has gone to +地点”表示“某人去了某地（还未回来）”，指主语所指的人不在这儿。

“have/has been in +地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示时间的状语连用。

“have/has been to +地点”表示“曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那儿）。

”故16的正确答案为A。

17、A 18、D 19、C 20、C
二、句型转换。

1、has he?
2、How long
3、died, has been dead
4、has been open
5、has been away
6、joined；ago
7、It is, since 8、The bus has been here for ten minutes.
三、汉译英。

1、Jim has finished doing his homework already. He is free now.
2、He received a letter yesterday.
3、My father has been to the Great Wall before.
4、She hasn't seen the new film yet.
5、She has been to Shanghai.
6、Where has he been these days？。