2014年上海市徐汇区高三一模语文试题

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2014年上海市高考语文试卷及答案(全国统一考试)-打印版

2014年上海市高考语文试卷及答案（全国统一考试）2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试（上海卷）一阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成1—6题。

（18分）受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。

尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆脱这种困境？除了优化信息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。

②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。

为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。

新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。

而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。

③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。

如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1、报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2、报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3、报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4、这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。

如果说从前的新闻受众在接收信息上缺乏自由的话，那么现在的新闻受众更多是被诱惑，把有限的时间用于关注娱乐新闻，而最危险的是在被抑制和被诱导中养成的对事实真相无所谓的态度，要么是“你知道了真相又能怎样”，要么是“根本就没有真相，一切都是阴谋”。

前者导致老于世故地配合做戏，后者导致愤世嫉俗、拒绝相信一切。

2014年上海市普通高中学业水平考试语文试卷含答案.

2014年上海市普通高中学业水平考试阅读90分(一阅读下文,完成第1~4题。

(8分①人们的生活实践要求彼此交际,相互交流经验、交流思想。

在没有文字的时候,人们只能利用语言来交际。

许多有经验(有知识的人把他们的经验和知识,用简括凝、便于记忆的语言固定下来,编成歌曲、口诀、故事等等,彼此相告,代代相传。

这就所谓的是“传说”。

②传说是靠口耳相传的。

它的基础是人的记忆,但是人的记忆总是有限的。

传说在被人们相互传述的时候,往往会有所遗漏或添加。

因此一个传说,经过若干人的口传以后,可能会变得离原样很远,内容的真实性也受到很大的影响。

③在远古时代,传说是人们获得知识的主要途径。

我们现在关于远古时代一鳞半爪的知识,也是靠着这种传说保留下来的。

有些最古的著作,例如古希腊史诗《伊里亚特》和《奥德赛》,当初就是这样流传下来的。

1.第①段的“(”处标点使用正确的一项是(。

(2分A.破折号B.分号C.顿号D.逗号2.第①段的“□”处用字正确的一项是(。

(2分A.炼B.练C.拣D.冻3.“一鳞半爪”中加点字的注音正确的一项是(。

(2分A.Lín zhǎoB.lín zhuǎC.líng zhǎoD. líng zhuǎ4.结合文意,分析第②段中的“往往”一词在表达上的作用。

(2分(二阅读下文,完成第5~7题。

(9分①诗生于大众,成于大众。

大众的原始表达是诗性特征生发的前提。

大众诗性表达的需求,是诗歌存在的依据。

从民歌到诗歌,诗在传诵中存活,在流动中成熟。

群众的喜好、相传、加工,是诗歌在文体上独立并成为社会公有之物的必要过程,没有这个过程便没有诗歌。

就一个民族而言,对诗性的感知和确认,是集体的共识,不是单个人及少数人的自我命名。

关于诗的最起码的范式、规则的理解也必然是各个民族基于共同的审美习惯和语言习惯,长期积淀而成。

②诗是以语言为材料的艺术品。

由语言结织而成的诗歌文本,渗透着大众的语言经验和文化沉淀。

2014徐汇中考一模

2014徐汇中考一模一、文言文（共42分）（一）默写（18分）1.浮云游子意，。

（李白《送友人》）2. ，雪尽马蹄轻。

（王维《观猎》）3.昨夜雨疏风骤，。

（李清照《如梦令》）4.人生自古谁无死，。

（文天祥《过零丁洋》）5.至若春和景明，，上下天光……（范仲淹《岳阳楼记》）6. ，往来而不绝者，滁人游也。

（欧阳修《醉翁亭记》）（二）阅读下面的诗，完成7-8题。

（4分）卖炭翁（唐白居易）卖炭翁，伐薪烧炭南山中。

满面尘灰烟火色，两鬓苍苍十指黑。

卖炭得钱何所营？身上衣裳口中食。

可怜身上衣正单，心忧炭贱愿天寒。

夜来城外一尺雪，晓驾炭车辗冰辙。

牛困人饥日已高，市南门外泥中歇。

翩翩两骑来是谁？黄衣使者衫儿。

手把文书口称敕，回车叱牛牵向北。

一车炭，千余斤，宫使驱将惜不得。

半匹红绡一丈绫，系向牛头充炭直。

7.诗中的“驱将”的意思是。

（2分）8.下列选项中不正确的一项是（）A.“满面尘灰烟火色”体现卖炭翁劳作的辛苦。

B.“心忧炭贱愿天寒”突显卖炭翁内心的忧伤。

C.诗歌揭露了宫使们巧取豪夺百姓物品的行径。

D.诗歌表达了对受“宫市”之苦的百姓的同情。

（三）阅读下文，完成9-11题。

（8分）金溪民方仲永，世隶耕。

仲永生五年，未尝识书具，忽啼求之。

父异焉，借旁近与之，即书诗四句，并自为其名。

其诗以养父母、收族为意，传一乡秀才观之。

自是指物作诗立就，其文理皆有可观者。

邑人奇之，稍稍宾客其父，或以钱币乞之。

父利其然也，日扳仲永环谒于邑人，不使学。

余闻之也久。

明道中，从先人还家，于舅家见之，十二三矣。

令作诗，不能称前时之闻。

又七年，还自扬州，复到舅家问焉，曰“泯然众人矣。

”9.本文的作者是朝的（人名）。

（2分）10.用现代汉语翻译下面的句子，注意加点词的含义。

（3分）父异焉，借旁近与之．11.从全文看，仲永“泯然众人矣”的最根本原因是（3分）A.“邑人”纷纷用钱财讨取仲永的诗作。

B.“其父”文了利益拉着仲永四处拜访。

C.仲永自己缺乏不断努力学习的精神。

高三一模试卷语文有答案

2014届高三一模试卷语文（有答案）上海市长宁区2014届高三一模语文试卷（满分150分，考试时间150分钟）一阅读（80分）（一）阅读下文，完成1-6题。

（17分）①随着莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖，文学要表达中国经验的呼声越来越高，这反映了文学界文化自信心的提升，也体现了中国当代文学逐渐告别凌空蹈虚的发展趋势。

这当然值得肯定。

②“中国经验”是近几年出现的“热词”，它的前身应该是新世纪之后极度叫响的“中国模式”，是一个政治经济学的概念。

改革开放30多年来，中国在某种程度上创造了经济奇迹是举世公认的，因此“中国经验”的存在也是毋庸置疑的，可是这种高度抽象和理论化了的政治经济学概念是否能够直接成为文学的表现对象，值得讨论。

我们认为，号召文学表达的“中国经验”很容易产生误导，不如代之以表现“中国体验”，原因如下：③第一，概念化之虞。

“中国经验”本来就是概念的集成，是从政治制度、社会管理模式、经济发展方式等方面归纳出来的理论模型，要文学表达这样的“中国经验”，把它作为文学的主题规范，很可能导致图解和演绎概念，产生大量概念化的平庸之作。

前些年文艺界热炒的塑造“国家形象”的话题后来只开花不结果，并没有出现多少让国内外读者和观众认可的能代表中国形象的文学和影视作品，其原因也在于这个口号本身过于浓厚的意识形态色彩，以政府资助的形式制作这类文学和影视作品，生产主体本身就定位了这类作品的主题指向，作为文化“形象工程”，其概念化是先天注定了的。

④第二，模式化之虞。

“中国经验”是集体经验的归纳，强调的是共性和通约。

提倡文学表达“中国经验”，很容易导致模式化。

这些年很多表现当下现实的文学和影视作品都给人以似曾相识的感觉，原因就在于大家不约而同地在表达“中国经验”，这个“中国经验”在中国各地、各领域、各阶层是有共识的，因此无论何种题材，最终都是历尽艰辛的“崛起”神话。

现在的作家基本都职业化了，他们是在书斋里凭想象写作，跟现实很隔膜，要他们表现“中国经验”，他们会本能地把先入为主的“崛起”模式与本地报纸上宣传地方政绩的新闻报道相勾兑，打造成大同小异的主旋律作品。

徐汇区2014年高三语文二模试卷综述

2013学年第二学期徐汇区学习能力诊断卷高三年级语文学科2014.4考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题卷两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题卷上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

2．答题卷与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

3．考试时间150分钟。

试卷满分150分。

一阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成第1——6题。

（18分）①幸福感是一种主观体验，是个体依据自己设定的标准对其生活质量所作的整体评价与感受。

尽管人的幸福感各有差异，但幸福感的存在是有科学依据的。

②对进化论的解读使我们发现，人类的形态在进化过程中发生了剧烈的变化。

由于直立行走使骨盆变得狭短，人类的婴儿比其他动物的婴儿更加脆弱，更需要保护和关怀，这决定了人类必须关照自己的后代，否则很难生存。

人类的毛发少而裸露的皮肤多，拥有发达的触觉，需要接触，需要抚摸。

人类还有巨大的脑，大脑皮质相对于身体特质的比例居动物之首，因而人类是唯一具有灵性的动物，能进行心灵的沟通和对话。

可见，进化决定了人类的本性是善良、友爱、相互支持的，具有获取幸福感的基础。

③一些新的研究进一步揭示了幸福感产生的生理机制。

④通过对大脑进行核磁共振的扫描，科学家发现积极的情感对应的是大脑前额叶左边的皮层活动，消极情感则对应同一个区域右边的皮层。

扫描还显示，脑部所分泌的Oxytocin能抑制杏仁核区域（脑部处理恐惧和危险的部位）和纹状体区域（脑部凭借过去的回馈来指引未来行为的地带）的活动，从而降低人的防卫心和恐惧感，让人忘掉过去的痛苦，更相信他人。

Oxytocin在中国被翻译成“催产素”，但它实则是一种男女皆有的神经激素，不仅可在女性生育时促进产道的收缩，还有更多其他的心理影响，尤其对于抑郁症和孤独症患者会有很大帮助。

⑤科学家们继而发现迷走神经与人类积极的体验和亲社会行为有关。

迷走神经支配呼吸、消化系统的绝大部分器官，以及心脏的感觉、运动和腺体的分泌，所以人一旦遇到激动、兴奋的事件，心胸便比较开阔。

高三语文一模试卷有答案

2014届高三语文一模试卷（有答案）上海市杨浦区2014届高三上学期期末考试语文试题（满分150分，时间150分钟）2014年1月一．阅读（80分）（一）阅读下文，完成1-6题。

（15分）①风俗是什么呢？它既不是纯粹的物质，又不是纯粹精神，它是物质与精神之间的一种中介。

风俗就是历代相沿积久而成的生活习惯和生活模式。

由自然条件不同而形成的习尚叫做“风”，由社会环境不同而形成的习尚叫做“俗”。

②每个人从娘胎出世，从哇哇啼哭的那一刻开始，他就接受着这个世界的各种风俗文化的影响。

每个人都是作为生物的人和作为文化的人的统一体。

人的文化生命基因，是由以风俗为核心的第二生命系统构建的。

这种与有形物质的生物生命相异的独特的生命元素虽然是无形的，却融化在人的生命过程中，并不经意地流露在人们的言行中。

不同种族的风俗构成人类不同种群、种群区别异类的根本标志，成为，成为，成为。

③不论以何种形式出现的风俗与信仰，都在历史发展的长河中，呈现出独异鲜明的时代特色。

它在完全动态的演变过程中，不断地被程式化，又在不断地被整合。

对于这个特征，民俗文化学称之为“模式整合”。

在分析具体的风俗与信仰事象时，我们常常会意识到许多风俗和信仰现象有多重复合和循环的感觉。

例如，每年的岁时节令，周而复始，大年初一过春节，正月十五闹元宵，五月初五端午节，八月十五中秋节……这是一种循环模式。

再如，民众在漫长的社会历史过程中所形成的价值观念、行为规范、精神信仰、心理态势、思想意识和民间惯习等文化特质；从一个民族和一个地区人群的社会生活的饮食起居、精神信仰和娱乐社交来看，陈陈相因，年年相袭，好像也有一个“无形的手”在操纵和调节着，其程式和礼仪几乎也是一个模子套出来的。

这就有必要对风俗与信仰背后的文化的因素进行分析和研究。

④从纵向来分析，这种模式的形成，往往是经历了漫长的历史过程，才逐渐成为人们生活中的规范。

以在民间影响极大的岁时节日而言，当今的许多传统节日，与上古先民的原始巫术活动、图腾崇拜、国家庆典以及农业生产劳动的生产过程等因素有着密切的关系。

2014年高考语文模拟试卷含完整答案解析上海市十三校2014届高三12月联考语文试题

上海市2013年高三13校第一次调研考语文试卷2013.12 考生注意：1.本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题和答题要求，所有答案必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

2.答题前，务必用钢笔或圆珠笔在答题纸正面清楚地填写学校、班级、姓名、考号。

3.答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

4.答题时间150分钟，试题满分150分。

一阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成1—6题。

（17分）①南朝梁的刘勰，在《文心雕龙》里专门谈了风骨的问题。

他说做文章要“风清骨峻，篇体光华”。

就是说，文章要像人一样，有清新的风貌、峻拔的骨骼，看起来精神奕奕。

这是一种对文章的美的理想，并且这种美的理想又是从人格的美的理想中来的。

所以，钱钟书在《中国固有的文学批评的一个特点》里认为，中国传统以来的文评就是把文章通盘的人化、生命化。

可见，中国人对美的认识往往和真、善联系在一起。

②风骨的说法，探本溯源，大抵是从人物品藻里来的。

关于人物品藻，中国从来便是有的。

□□□□□□③不过魏晋时候的人物品藻和从前又有不同。

按照现代汤用彤的说法，“汉代相人以筋骨，魏晋识鉴在神明”。

就是说，汉代议论人物偏于实在，往往把外在的形容和人的身份地位联系起来，好像有功利性的意味。

而魏晋时候，尤其是晋代，议论人物偏于玄虚，往往从审美的一面欣赏人的精神气象。

譬如南朝宋的刘义庆写《世说新语》，记述汉代到东晋的轶事琐语，有许多谈论人物风度的内容。

他大概是受了前一代的影响，所以尤重人物的气宇和风韵。

至于差别的原因，也许在于汉代是儒教统治，思想上有最高权威作为标准的时代；而魏晋则是政治混乱苦难、精神却自由解放的时代。

魏晋人在政治的失落里，产生了自我意识的觉醒，进而有了对个体的美的欣赏。

④可见，人物品藻在实用、功利的层面以外，又发展出审美、赏鉴的一面，所以一些用来品评人物的词语便自然而然地用于艺术，以至于元人杨维桢《赵氏诗录序》里认为，“评诗之品无异于人品也，人有面目骨体，有情性神气，诗之丑好高下亦然”，也就是人化的艺术。

上海市2014届高三语文十二校联考试卷及答案(word版)

上海市2014届高三语文十二校联考试卷及答案上海市十二校2014届高三年级联考一、阅读80分(一)阅读下文,完成1-7题。

(18分)在怀疑的时代依然需要信仰——北大中文系2012年毕业典礼致辞卢新宁①谢谢你们叫我回家。

让我有幸再次聆听老师的教诲,分享我亲爱的学弟学妹们的特殊喜悦。

如果把生活比作一段将理想“变现”的历程,我们只是一叠面额有限的现钞,而你们是即将上市的股票。

从一张白纸起步的书写,前程无远弗届,一切皆有可能。

面对你们,我甚至缺少一分抒发“过来人”心得的勇气。

②跟你们一样,我曾在中文系就读,青涩的背影也曾被燕园的阳光,定格在五院青藤缠满的绿墙上。

但那是上个世纪的事了,我们之间横亘着20多年的时光。

我们那时的中国依然贫穷却豪情万丈,而今天这个世界第二大经济体,还在苦苦寻找迷失的幸福,无数和你们一样的青年喜欢用“囧”形容自己的处境。

③其实,你们这一代人,有着远比我们当年更优越的条件,更广博的见识,更成熟的内心,站在更高的起点。

④我们想说的是,站在这样高的起点,由北大中文系出发,你们不缺前辈大师的庇荫,更不少历史文化的熏染。

《诗经》《楚辞》的世界,老庄孔孟的思想,李白杜甫的词章,构成了你们生命中最为激荡的青春时光。

我不需要提醒你们,未来将如何以具体琐碎消磨这份浪漫与绚烂；也不需要提醒你们,人生将以怎样的平庸世故,消解你们的万丈雄心；更不需要提醒你们,走入社会,要如何变得务实与现实,因为你们终将以一生浸淫其中。

⑤我唯一的害怕,是你们已经不相信了——不相信规则能战胜潜规则,不相信学场有别于官场,不相信学术不等于权术,不相信风骨远胜于媚骨。

你们或许不相信了,因为追求级别的越来越多,追求真理的越来越少；讲待遇的越来越多,讲理想的越来越少；大官越来越多,大师越来越少。

因此,在你们走向社会之际,我想说的只是,请看护好你曾经的激情和理想。

在这个的时代,。

⑥我知道,与我们这一代相比,你们这一代人的社会化远在你们踏上社会之前就已经开始了,国家的盛世集中在你们的大学时代,但社会的问题也凸显在你们的青春岁月。

2014年上海市高三各区一模诗歌赏析及答案汇编

B．颔联写诗人步入贾谊故宅所见之景，渲染了寂寥的氛围，为下文抒发感慨做了铺垫。
C．颈联写贾谊当年在湘水凭吊屈原，如今，诗人又来到长沙凭吊贾谊；此乃万古同悲。
D．尾联感叹唐王朝风雨飘摇时却贬谪无罪的“我”，以直抒胸臆手法发出了愤怒的质问。
16．将本诗与课本上左思《咏史》比较，任选一角度，简要赏析两诗表现手法上的异同。（4 分）
14．陶渊明是
朝诗人。高中课文中学过他的作品《
》。（2 分）
15．对两首诗分析不正确的一项是（）（3 分）
A．两首诗歌都运用了设问的修辞手法，使诗歌跌宕有致；
B．两首诗歌分别问梅、问菊，都彰显出诗人高洁的品格；
C．两首诗歌体裁都是古体诗，语言自然、质朴而无雕饰；
D．两首诗歌主题相同，都表现了诗人对故乡的思念之情。
静安区
长沙过贾谊宅① 唐·刘长卿
三年谪宦此栖迟②，万古惟留楚客③悲。秋草独寻人去后，寒林空见日斜时。汉文有道恩犹薄，湘水无情吊岂知。寂寂江山摇落处，怜君何事到天涯？
第 4 页共 10 页
[注]①诗人因公务南至湘中，瞻仰贾谊故宅写下此诗；此前，才华横溢的诗人曾因“刚而犯上”被贬。②栖迟：淹留。③楚客：
指贾谊。贾谊曾被汉文帝重用，后被疏远，任长沙王太傅。
14．依现代汉语来看，这首律诗不押韵；但按唐代的读音，此诗是合乎律诗规范的。推测一下，本诗的“悲”“崖”
和
在古代是押韵的。（1 分）
15．下列对作品的赏析错误的一项是（
）（3 分）
A．首联写贾谊被贬长沙三年，有志不伸，心境悲凉，奠定了全诗抑郁沉重的感情基调。
[注]①此诗又题《韩舍人书窗残雪》。
14．对两首诗判断正．确．的一项是( )。（1 分） A. 都是七言绝句 B. 首句都不入韵 C. 都是仄起平落 D. 都很讲究对仗

上海市徐汇区届第一学期高三年级期末考试语文试卷一模

徐汇区 2011 学年第一学期高三年级期末考试语文试卷考生注意：1.本考试设试卷和答题卷两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必定涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题卷上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

2.答题卷与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能够错位。

3.答题时间 150 分钟。

试卷满分 150 分。

4.一、阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成1—— 6 题。

（ 18 分）我们应该怎样流传经典王呈伟①文化经典之于国人不但象征了传统文化中的泰山北斗，更是民族一脉传承智慧的皇皇巨章；在老百姓眼里，那是读书人才能触摸到的高度，而自己无缘进学，只能算作殿堂外的旅人或侍从。

从这个意义上说，于丹的“说论语”使文化经典的阅读贴近了大众的生活，应该是文化普及中一次有价值的实践。

②其实历朝历代注《论语》，释儒学的学者可谓太多，但是他们所秉着的见解和解读的角度都是从对百姓的思想教化下手，以此来保护社会规范序次；文化经典的传承不能防备地带上了宣扬统治者见解的浓重色彩，成为特权意识或统治见解的载体。

当学者们蘸着时代的流行色去修饰原著的底色时，文化经典的意蕴就自但是然地打上了那个时代的思想烙印。

今天，就流传文化经典而言，摆在我们眼前的仍旧是怎样选择的问题，是继承秦汉以来的儒学，还是两宋此后的理学？抑或是上溯到先秦的儒家？③无论怎么说，今天的学者把历史的真实和版本的故事嫁接起来，运用现代高度发达的资讯传媒，让视听大众走近了传统文化的艺术殿堂。

但是学院派的学者大多坚守自己的学问准则，即使研究一辈子悟得其中一小部分，也只把这点心得变成大学课堂的讲义，不和老百姓搭界。

因此怎样把本民族的文化经典转播到老百姓能够拿来引用的层面，应该是这个时代的学人必定作答的问题。

④横向比较一下其他民族的经典文化流传会给我们一些启示。

他们的经典特别侧重把道理的深意融化成生活的小事，而事情的发生发展都尽量凑近大众的生活，让百姓在做的过程中不断感悟经典中蕴涵的道理。

徐汇高三语文试卷

2．答题卷与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

3．考试时间150分钟。

试卷满分150分。

一阅读80分（一）阅读下文，完成1——6题。

（18分）①幸福感是一种主观体验，是个体依据自己设定的标准对其生活质量所作的整体评价与感受。

尽管人的幸福感各有差异，但幸福感的存在是有科学依据的。

②对进化论的解读使我们发现，人类的形态在进化过程中发生了剧烈的变化。

由于直立行走使骨盆变得狭短，人类的婴儿比其他动物的婴儿更加脆弱，更需要保护和关怀，这决定了人类必须关照自己的后代，否则很难生存。

人类的毛发少而裸露的皮肤多，拥有发达的触觉，需要接触，需要抚摸。

人类还有巨大的脑，大脑皮质相对于身体特质的比例居动物之首，因而人类是唯一具有灵性的动物，能进行心灵的沟通和对话。

可见，进化决定了人类的本性是善良、友爱、相互支持的，具有获取幸福感的基础。

③一些新的研究进一步揭示了幸福感产生的生理机制。

④通过对大脑进行核磁共振的扫描，科学家发现积极的情感对应的是大脑前额叶左边的皮层活动，消极情感则对应同一个区域右边的皮层。

⑤科学家们继而发现迷走神经与人类积极的体验和亲社会行为有关。

迷走神经支配呼吸、消化系统的绝大部分器官，以及心脏的感觉、运动和腺体的分泌，所以人一旦遇到激动、兴奋的事件，心胸便比较开阔。

上海市徐汇区2014届高三上学期期末考试[2014上海徐汇一模]及答案

徐汇区2014届高三上学期期末考试（一模）英语试题第I 卷I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. In a drugstore. B. In a café. C. In a garage. D. In a grocery.2. A. 5 hours. B. 7 hours. C. 9 hours. D. 10 hours.3. A. To cancel his trip. B. To go to bed early.C. To catch the later flight.D. To ask for a morning call.4. A. Tom was killed in the accident. B. Someone saved Tom’s life.C. It did little damage to Tom’s car.D. Tom survived the accident.5. A. By air. B. By bus. C. By train. D. By car.6. A. Librarian and student. B. Boss and secretary.C. Customer and shop assistant.D. Publisher and salesman.7. A. It’s worth the price. B. It’s high in quality.C. Its price is too high.D. It’s well made.8. A. She is going to work in her brother’s firm.B. She plans to major in tax law.C. She studies in the same school as her brother.D. She isn’t going to work in her brother’s firm.9. A. Frank. B. Rude. C. Determined. D. Sensitive.10. A. The man has finished his project.B. The man is willing to help the woman.C. The man will let Bob chat with the woman.D. The man is losing patience with the woman.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked three questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. He learned it in a special school. B. He had a lot of practice in his spare time.C. He got it through constant watching.D. He was once caught by a signalman.12. A. In Kansas City. B. At Fillan. C. At Omar. D. At Missouri.13. A. Angry. B. Excited. C. Frightened. D. Surprised. Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. The young Americans think reading less important than computer and science.B. The majority of young American find reading boring and old-fashioned.C. Most young Americans believe that reading is very important.D. The majority of Americans find reading more stimulating than computers and science.15. A. Novels and stories. B. Mysteries and detectives.C. Science fiction.D. Cultural and traditional books.16. A. Reading up-to-date books and magazines. B. Listening to music.C. Watching TV.D. Going to librariesSection CDirections: In section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you hear.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.(A)Gordon was hungry. He opened the refrigerator, 25_____ there used to be much food before his wife left him. There must be 26_____ in here to eat, he thought. Now, however, there was a single hot dog.After 27_____ (take) it out of its package, he put a small frying pan onto the stove’s gas burner. He turned on the heat. Then he poured a little bit of vegetable oil into the pan. He sliced the hot dog in half lengthwise. 28_____ the oil got hot, he put the two halves in the pan. About 29_____ minute later, he flipped each half over. After another minute, he took the hot dog out of the pan.Gordon put two slices of bread into the toaster. This was tasty and healthy bread. The first ingredient 30_____ (list) was organic sprouted wheat. The first ingredient in ordinary bread is usually unbleached flour.When the toast popped up, he put mustard, mayonnaise, and ketchup on one slice. Then he added two slices of onion. 31_____ top of the onions, he placed the hot dog. On top of the hot dog, he put a couple of slices of apple. Then he added some bits of hot green chile, and then put the top piece of toast onto the chile bits. P.F. ProductionsAhh, 32_____ a sandwich, he thought, as he sat down 33_____ (eat).(B)Sara needed to see the doctor. She had an upset stomach. She felt bloated, and needed to pass gas every minute or so. This was terrible. She 34_____ hardly go anywhere in public.Her friends told her it was 35_____ she had moved to America. The air, water, and food in America weren't agreeing with her. They said she would have to return to her home country."No way," Sara said. She didn't want to go home. She liked America. This was a minor problem, she was sure. Any good doctor would solve it in no time. Two days later, she saw her doctor. He asked her if she drank milk. She said yes, three glasses a day."Don't drink any 36_____ (much) regular milk. Start drinking lactose-free milk, because lactose can upset your stomach.""Because your boyfriend 40_____ (give) you too much stress. He is probably the main cause of your upset stomach.""I don't think my boyfriend is going to like that." P.F. Productions"Just tell him if he really loves you, he should leave you."Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can onlybe used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. investmentsB. enoughC. unconditionalD. degreeE. loyaltyF. backG. relevantH. doublyI. commitmentJ. promotedK. demonstratefor classes that are 41_____ to their position. This is a very limiting policy. A company that repays employees for all college credit courses—whether job related or not—offers a service not only to the employees, but to the entire company.One good reason for giving employees 42 _____ tuition repayment is that it shows the company’s commitment to its employees. In today’s economy, where job security is a thing of the past and employees feel more and more expendable, it is important for a company to 43 _____ toits employees that it cares. The best way to do this is with concrete 44 _____ in them. In turn, this commitment to the betterment of company employees will create greater employee 45_____. A company that puts out funds to pay for the education of its employees will get its money 46_____by having employees stay with the company longer. It will reduce employee turnover, because even employees who don’t take advantage of the tuition repayment program will be more loyal to their company just knowing that their company cares 47_____ to pay for their education. Most importantly, the company that has an unrestricted tuition repayment program will have higher quality employees. Although these companies do indeed run the risk of losing money on employees who go on to another job in a different company as soon as they get their 48_____, more often than not, the employee will stay with the company.And even if employees do leave after graduation, it generally takes several years to complete any degree program. Thus, even if the employee leaves upon graduating, throughout those years, the employer will have a more sophisticated, more intelligent, and therefore more valuable and productive employee. And, if the employee stays, that education will 49_____ benefit the company: Not only is the employee more educated, but now that employee can be 50_____ so the company doesn’t have to fill a high-level vacancy from the outside. Open positions can be filledby people who already know the company well. Though unconditional tuition repayment requiresa significant investment on the employer’s part, it is perhaps one of the wisest investments a company can make.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Anyone planning to go camping or hiking should first learn to recognize poison ivy, 51_____ this plant can cause a rash resulting in reddened skin, an annoying itch, and painful blisters. A severe 52_____ can even force a person to remain in bed or become hospitalized. The best way to 53_____ these discomforts is to avoid the plant. P.F. ProductionsFortunately this plant is easy to 54_____. Whether it grows as a bush or a vine, the shape of it is always 55_____. Each leaf stalk has three glossy leaves, usually with jagged edges. In early spring the leaves are red, turning. And then the autumn comes, the leaves 56_____ to become bright red or orange. The poison ivy plant is found 57_____ everywhere in North America. Because many birds eat its berries, its seeds are 58_____ distributed. The plant loves the sun and flourishes along beaches, in fields, and by roadsides. It also grows 59_____ in light shade and is often found in parks and pine forests. However, in thick woods the story is different. It is not 60_____ there. That is because the leaves of the trees block out the sun, which the plant needs to grow.The poison in poison ivy is in the form of an oil that is in all parts of the plant. It is extremely 61_____. Merely touching the plant is enough contact for a person to be infected by the 62_____. Touching clothing or shoes that have brushed against the plant can also cause a rash and blisters. Even the smoke from a fire where poison ivy is burning can cause the skin poisoning.A person who makes 63_____ with the plant should wash all infected areas with a strong laundry soap as soon as possible. Clothes that have come in contact with the 64_____ should be dry cleaned or washed in soap and water. There is one good way to prevent the 65_____. Stay away from the plant!( )51. A. since B. so C. therefore D. then( )52. A. cold B. cough C. case D. accident ( )53. A. keep B. prevent C. protest D. cut( )54. A. forget B. grow C. fertilize D. recognize ( )55. A. the same B. various C. beautiful D. ugly( )56. A. become B. change C. get D. avoid( )57. A. barely B. always C. usually D. almost( )58. A. widely B. narrowly C. practically D. strongly ( )59. A. very poor B. very good C. quite well D. quite worse ( )60. A. supported B. discovered C. watered D. disturbed ( )61. A. deep B. high C. catching D. beautiful ( )62. A. oil B. part C. form D. contact( )63. A. combination B. contact C. access D. soap( )64. A. smoke B. fire C. plant D. clothing ( )65. A. poisoning B. weeding C. growing D. seedingSection BDirections:Read the following passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Dear Lee,As I told you, I’ll be gone until Wednesday morning. Thank you so much for taking on my “children” while I’m away. Like real children, they can be kind of irritating sometimes, but I’m going to enjoy myself so much more knowing they’re getting some kind human attention. Remember that Regina (the “queen” in Latin, and she acts like one) is teething. If you don’t watch her, she’ll chew anything, including her sister, the cat. There are plenty of chew toys around the house. Whenever she starts gnawing on anything illegal, just divert her with one of those. She generally settles right down to a good hour-long chew. Then you’ll see her wandering around whimpering with the remains of the toy in her mouth. She gets really frustrated because what she wants is to bury the thing. She’ll try to dig a hole between the cushions of the couch. Finding that unsati sfactory, she’ll wander some more, discontent, until you solve her problem for her. I usually show her the laundry basket, moving a few clothes so she can bury her toy beneath them. I do sound like a parent, don’t I? You have to understand, my own son is p ractically grown up.Regina’s food is the Puppy Chow in the utility room, where the other pet food is stored. Give her a bowl once in the morning and once in the evening. No more than that, no matter how much she begs. Beagles(猎犬) are notorious overeaters, according to her breeder, and I don’t want her to lose her girlish figure. She can share Rex (the King’s) water, but be sure it’s changed daily. She needs to go out several times a day, especially last thing at night and first thing in the morning. Let her stay out for about ten minutes each time, so she can do all her business. She also needs a walk in the afternoon, after which it’s important to romp with her for awhile in the yard. The game she loves most is fetch, but be sure to make her drop the ball. She’d rather play tug of war with it. Tell her, “Sit!” Then, when she does, say, “Drop it!” Be sure to tell her “good girl,” and then throw the ball for her. I hope you’ll enjoy these sessions as much as I do.Now, for the other two, Rex and Paws… (letter continues)66.The tone of this letter is best described as _____.A. chatty and humorousB. logical and preciseC. confident and trustingD. humble and preachy67.The information in the note is sufficient to determine that there are three animals. They are_____.A. two cats and a dogB. three dogsC. a dog, a cat, and an unspecified animalD. a cat, a dog, and a parrot68.From the context of the note, it is most likely that the name “Rex” is _____.A. SpanishB. EnglishC. FrenchD. Latin69.If the sitter is to follow the owner’s directions in playing fetch with Regina, at what point willhe or she tell Regina “good girl”?A. Every time Regina goes after the ball.B. After Regina finds the ball.C. When Regina brings the ball back.D. After Regina drops the ball.(B)I was born under the Blue Ridge, and under that side which is blue in the evening light, in a wild land of game and forest and rushing waters. There, on the borders of a creek that runs into the Yadkin River, in a cabin that was chinked with red mud, I came into the world a subject of King George the Third, in that part of his realm known as the province of North Carolina.The cabin smelt very strongly of corn-pone and bacon, and the odor of pelts. It had two shakedowns(临时床铺), on one of which I slept under a bearskin. A rough stone chimney wasraised outside, and the fireplace was as long as my father was tall. There was a crane in it, and a bake kettle; and over it great buckhorns held my father’s rifle when it was no t in use. On other horns hung jerked bear’s meat and venison hams, and gourds for drinking cups, and bags of seed, and my father’s best hunting shirt; also, in a neglected corner, several articles of woman’s clothing. These once belonged to my mother. Among them was a gown of silk, of a fine, faded pattern, which I always wondered. The women at the Cross-Roads, twelve miles away, were dressed in coarse butternut wool and huge sunbonnets. But when I questioned my father on these matters he would give me no answers.My father was—how shall I say what he was? To this day I can only surmise many things of him. He was a Scotchman born, and I know now that he had a slight Scotch accent. At the time of which I write, my early childhood, he was a frontiersman and hunter. I can see him now, with his hunting shirt and leggins(绑腿) and moccasins（莫卡辛鞋）; his powder horn, engraved with wondrous scenes; his bullet pouch and tomahawk and hunting knife. He was a tall, lean man with a strange, sad face. And he talked little except when he drank too many “horns,” as they were called in that country. These little bad behaviors of my father’s were a permanent source of wonder to me—and, I must say, of delight. They occurred only when a passing traveler who hit his fancy chanced that way, or, what was almost as rare, a neighbor. Many a winter night I have lain awake under the skins, listening to a flow of language that held me spellbound, though I understood scarce a word of it. P.F. Productions“Virtuous(有德行的) and vicious(罪恶的) every man must be,Few in the extreme, but all in a degree.”The chance neighbor or traveler was no less struck with wonder. And many the time have I heard the query, at the Cross-Roads and elsewhere, “Whar Alec Trimble got his larnin’?”70.The mention of the dress in the second paragraph is most likely meant to _____.A. show the similarity between its owner and other members of the communityB. show how warm the climate wasC. show the dissimilarity between its owner and other members of the communityD. give us insight into the way most of the women of the region dressed71.Judging by the sentences surrounding it, the underlined word “surmise” in the third paragraphmost nearly means _____.A. to form a negative opinionB. to praiseC. to desireD. to guess72.Why did the narrator enjoy it when his father drank too many “horns,” or drafts of liquor?A. The father spoke brilliantly at those times.B. The boy was then allowed to do as he pleased.C. These were the only times when the father was not abusive.D. The boy was allowed to sample the drink himself. P.F. Productions73.What is the meaning of the lines of verse (诗句) quoted in the passage?A. Men who pretend to be virtuous are actually vicious.B. Moderate amounts of virtuousness and viciousness are present in all men.C. Virtuous men cannot also be vicious.D. Whether men are virtuous or vicious depends on the difficulty of their circumstances.(C)Cultural Center Adds Classes for Young AdultsThe Allendale Cultural Center has expanded its arts program to include classes for young adults. Director Leah Martin announced Monday that beginning in September, three new classes will be offered to the Allendale community. The course titles will be Yoga for Teenagers; Hip Hop Dance: Learning the Latest Moves; and Creative Journaling for Teens: Discovering the Writer Within. The latter course will not be held at the Allendale Cultural Center but instead will meet at the Allendale Public Library.Staff member Tricia Cousins will teach the yoga and hip hop classes. Ms. Cousins is an accomplished choreographer(舞蹈教师) as well as an experienced dance educator. She has an MA in dance education from Teachers College, Columbia University, where she wrote a thesis on the pedagogical (教学法的) effectiveness of dance education. The journaling class will be taught by Betsy Milford. Ms. Milford is the head librarian at the Allendale Public Library as well as a columnist for the professional journal Library Focus.The courses are part of the Allendale Cultural Center’s Project Teen, which was initiated by Leah Martin, Director of the Cultural Center. According to Martin, this project is a direct result of her efforts to make the center a more essential part of the Allendale community. Over the last several years, the number of people who have visited the cultural center for classes or events has steadily declined. Project Teen is primarily funded by a generous grant from The McGee Arts Foundation, an organization devoted to bringing arts programs to young adults. Martin oversees the Project Teen board, which consists of five board members. Two board members are students at Allendale’s Brookdale High School; the other three are adults with backgrounds in education and the arts.The creative journaling class will be cosponsored by Brookdale High School, and students who complete the class will be given the opportunity to publish one of their journal entries in Pulse, Brookdale’s student literary magazine. Students who complete the hip hop class will be eligible to participate in the Allendale Review, an annual concert sponsored by the cultural center that features local actors, musicians, and dancers. All classes are scheduled to begin immediately following school dismissal, and transportation will be available from Brookdale High School to the Allendale Cultural Center and the Allendale Public Library. For more information about Project Teen, contact the cultural center’s programming office at 988-0099 or drop by the office after June 1 to pick up a fall course catalog. The office is located on the third floor of the Allendale Town Hall.74.Which of the following statements is correct?A. Tricia Cousins will teach two of the new classes.B. The new classes will begin on June 1.C. People who want a complete fall catalogue should stop by the Allendale Public Library.D. The cultural center’s annual concert is called Pulse.75.According to Leah Martin, what was the direct cause of Project Teen?A. Tricia Cousins was available to teach courses in the fall.B. Community organizations were ignoring local teenagers.C. The McGee Arts Foundation wanted to be more involved in Allendale’s arts programming.D. She wanted to make the cultural center a more important part of the Allendale community.76.Which of the following factors is implied as another reason for Project Teen?A. The number of people visiting the cultural center has declined over the last several years.B. The cultural center wanted a grant from The McGee Arts Foundation.C. The young people of Allendale have complained about the cultu ral center’s offerings.D. Leah Martin thinks classes for teenagers are more important than classes for adults.77.This article is organized in which of the following ways?A. In time order, from the past to the future.B. Most important information first, followed by background and details.C. Background first, followed by the most important information and details.D. As sensational news, with the most controversial topic first.Section CDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the “Second Industrial Revolution”.Labour’s concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labour has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labour lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another a pproach is the idea of the “improvement factor”, which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour will rely mainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation. (in no more than 8 words)78.Automation makes it possible to ________________________________________.79.At first, two things people worried about automation were ____________________________.80.According to union spokesmen, the workers benefit from automation in terms of________________________________________________________.81.What is the last passage mainly talking about?________________________________. P.F. Productions(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in No More Than Ten Words.)第II 卷I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1.格林先生本周日要去拜访一位朋友，此人精通理财之道。

上海模考题真题-徐汇区2015年高三语文一模试题

2014学年第一学期徐汇区学习能力诊断卷高三语文试卷（考试时间150分，满分150分）2015.1考生注意：本考试设试卷和答题卷两部分，试卷包括试卷和答题要求，所有答案必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题卷上，坐在试卷上一律不得分。

一阅读 80分（一）阅读下文，完成1-6题。

（18分）僻字的文化意义蒋原伦①《汉字听写大会》这一类的电视竞技节目，短短一年间成为小时尚，节目的看点就在于中学生能写出不少笔画繁复的汉字和艰深冷僻的词汇，那些躺在典籍或文献中某个角落难得一见的字词：比如“捍蔽”，比如“唼喋”，还有“觳觫”等，如果没有这类竞技节目，我们可能一辈子不会用到它。

②人们有理由质疑节目策划者的意图：那些艰深冷僻的字词除了难倒学生，在最后关头起到淘汰参赛者的作用，还有什么其他意义吗？③这里要谈到僻字的文化意义，所谓冷僻的字和词，是指在日常生活交流中不常用而逐渐退出人们视野的字词。

当然，“冷僻”是相对的，而且随时可能发生变化。

比如“囧”、“槑”，还有“烎”等等，而今又回来了，成为网络热词。

某种意义上，这种现象可以理解为传统文化在当代的激活．．。

④据统计，《康熙字典》中收了四万七千多字，而《鲁迅全集》总共用到的汉字才七千七百来个，鲁迅可能是二十世纪作家中用汉字最多的文学巨匠，即使这样，《康熙字典》中还剩那四万来个字没有动用。

海明威喜欢用冰山理论来形容文学创作，露出水面的八分之一与水下的八分之七构成厚积薄发的态势，其实，冰山理论挪用来说明常用字和生僻字的关系也很贴切，常用字必须浸泡在十倍于它的庞大字库中，才能时时焕发出活力。

⑤汉语表意崇尚简而意丰，词语或词组根据表述需要重新组合能衍生出新词，例如被称为“文起八代之衰”的文章大家韩愈，在一篇文章中创造了“含英咀华”“佶屈聱牙”“同工异曲”“动辄得咎”等新词，这些“冷僻”词语不符合约定俗成，可能一时流行不广，但它们表意明确有时又不可取代，反倒有长久的生命力。

⑥看汉字听写大会之类的节目，人们惊讶的是这些青涩的学子怎么写得出那么多佶屈聱牙的字和词？花功夫在这些“冷僻”的字词上有意义么？其实许多书本知识在人生旅程中可能是无用的，但是它们在激活个体精神方面不可小觑，年轻学子求知若渴，对那些有难度和深度的文字，怀有一种好奇，更怀有一种朦胧的敬意，在参与竞技的过程中精神力量被激发，才智得到认可。

2014年上海语文模拟试卷

2014年上海语文模拟试卷高三2014-06-17 11:082014年上海语文模拟试卷4．答题时间150分钟。

试题满分150分。

一阅读 80分一、阅读下文，完成1—6题。

（17分）我们要正确认识历史事件龙应台①对于历史，我的兴趣不再是直接的批判，而在于：你给我一个东西、一个事件、一个现象，我希望知道这个事情在更大的坐标里头，横的跟纵的，它到底是在哪一个位置上。

在我不知道这个坐标之前，对不起，我不敢对这个事情批判。

了解这一点之后，对于这个社会的教育系统和传播媒体所给你的许许多多所谓的知识，你发现，恐怕有百分之六十都是半真半假的东西。

自己进入历史之后，你纳闷：为什么这个社会给了你那么多半真半假的“真理”，而且不告诉你他们是半真半假的东西?②对历史的探索势必要迫使你回头去重读原典，用你现在比较成熟的、参考系比较广阔的眼光。

有一个大陆作家在欧洲哪一个国家的餐厅里吃饭，一群朋友高高兴兴地吃饭，喝了酒，拍拍屁股就走了。

离开餐馆很远了，服务生追出来说：“对不起，你们忘了付帐。

作家就写了一篇文章大大地赞美欧洲人民族性多么的淳厚，没有人怀疑他们是故意白吃的。

要是在咱们中国的话，吃饭忘了付钱人家可能要拿着菜刀出来追你的。

其实这可不是民族性、道德水平或文化差异的问题。

这恐怕根本还是一个经济问题。

比如说如果作家去的欧洲正好是二战后粮食严重不足的德国，德国侍者恐怕也要拿着菜刀追出来的。

③韩非子就曾写过：中国人老是赞美尧舜禅让是道德高尚，但是尧舜“王天下”的时候，他们住的是茅屋，他们穿的是粗布衣服，他们吃的东西也很差，也就是说，他们的享受跟最低级的人的享受是差不多的。

禹的劳苦跟“臣虏之劳”也差不多。

“以是言之”，那个时候他们很容易禅让，只不过是因为他们能享受的东西很少，放弃了也没有什么了不起。

但是“今之县令”，在今天的体制里，仅只是一个县令，跟老百姓比起来，他有种种官本位”所赋予的特权，他有终身俸禄、住房优惠、出国考察金、医疗保险……因为权力带来的利益太大了，而且整个家族都要享受这个好处，谁肯让呢? “轻辞古之天子，难去今之县令者也”，原因，不是道德，不是文化，不是民族性，是什么呢?“薄厚之实异也”，实际利益，经济问题，体制结构，造成今天完全不一样的行为。

2014年徐汇区高三语文一模试卷及答案

2014年徐汇区高三语文一模试卷及答案（一）阅读下文，完成第1－6题。

（17分）回望科学史上的异端陈蓉霞⑴前不久，中世纪的意大利天文学家布鲁诺不经意间出现在公众视野当中。

⑵依据通常的讲述，布鲁诺是因宣扬日心说而被教会烧死的；与布鲁诺同时代的意大利科学家伽利略，因拥护哥白尼的日心说而被教会审判。

这样的讲述在受教育者的心中形成了这样的定论：科学代表真理，宗教代表迷信；这些历史证明了科学与宗教是水火不相容的。

⑶如此简单化的结论能涵括复杂的历史现象吗？⑷要知道，在中世纪的欧洲，教会在人们的精神生活中占据多么重要的地位。

一个欧洲人，生来就是基督教徒，他自小就继承了父母的文化传统。

难以想象，如伽利略、布鲁诺等人居然能完全摆脱基督教信仰。

⑸就伽利略而言，他一直深信这一命题：上帝有两部作品——《圣经》和自然界。

前者是上帝的间接作品，因为出自人之手；而后者却是上帝的直接作品。

显然，研究上帝的直接作品更加可靠。

在某种意义上，这就是伽利略从事科学研究的动力所在。

⑹《圣经》是一部用文字写成的作品。

在中世纪，普通百姓多是文盲，接受教育差不多是神学家的特权。

教会人士差不多垄断了阅读和解释《圣经》的权力，普通信徒只能通过神父的传教来领会神意。

⑺伽利略的出场却对教会构成了威胁，因为要读懂上帝的直接作品——自然界，可不像读懂《圣经》那么容易。

读懂自然界恰是伽利略的专长。

在他看来，上帝创世所用的语言就是几何符号，如圆、三角形之类，通过数学或几何学的方法，我们就能描述或解释自然现象。

把数学与实验方法相结合，这正是伽利略的首创，他也因此成为近代科学的设计师。

⑻但他却因此冒犯了当时的学术权威。

他们能熟读《圣经》及亚里士多德的著作，却难以读懂伽利略的数学语言及其实验思路，更何况伽利略得出的结论与他们向来熟悉的世界观针锋相对。

不仅如此，伽利略还支持已被教会取缔的日心说，这正是他们控告伽利略的最好证据。

伽利略最终受到教会审判，压力之下，他违心地放弃了日心说。