vensim 使用手册

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系统动力学vensim软件使用说明

SAVINGS AND INCOMEeffort 因果循环图快速自学手册使用以下步骤，建立如上因果循环图：1．启动Vensim ，在工具列点选New Model ，显示”Model Settings Time Bounds”对话窗口，再点选”OK”钮即显示空白窗口，就可以开始绘制因果循环图。

2．设定此绘图字型为Arial 大小为10点，操作如下：在状态列的左边点选字型名称。

因为尚未选取任何项目，所以显示是否要更改预设字型与颜色，点选”Yes”键，则显示”View Defaults” 对话窗口，改变”Face”为Arial 与”Size”为10，然后点选”OK”钮即可。

3．点选绘图列下的”Variable – Auxiliary/Constant” （“变量-辅助量/常量”）工具，然后在绘图工作区空白窗口，点选一个地方来放置变量”interest”，此时显示编辑框框，输入”interest”再按”Enter”键即可显示字号为Arial 10的”interest”。

重复此步骤来建立变量”savings”与”income”如上图。

(提示：如果拼错变量名称，则点选”Variable – Auxiliary/Constant”工具钮，再点选拼错变量的名称，此时显示编辑框框更改之即可。

如果想要完全删除变量或绘图区的其它组件，则点选绘图列下的”Delete”工具钮，再点选它们即可完全删除。

4．重复以上步骤来建立变量”work effort” 如上图。

此时”work” 与“effort”显示在同一列，若要将它们放在不同列，则拖曳手把(小圆圈)至左下即可调整之。

如果要改变其它特性，就按鼠标右键或同时按”control”、鼠标左键与点选”work effort”，则显示对话窗口，它提供变量多样的选择。

在对话窗口左上方，”Shape”标签选取”Clear Box”，所拖曳的小圆圈是改变”work effort”形状的手把。

Vensim使用手册

Vensim ® PLE 快速参考与自学手册台湾科技大学摘要1.File(档案)与cutting/pasting(剪下/贴上) 的操作如微软窗口系统之功能‧2.许多功能列中经常使用的功能项目都放在工具栏的按钮，以利操作‧3.专门术语：”click”即按压鼠标左键再释放之‧”drag” 即按压鼠标左键不释放而移动鼠标‧”right-click” 即按压鼠标右键再释放之‧而”control-click” 即按ctrol键及按鼠标左键再释放之，结果与”right-click”相同‧4.Vensim使用默认变量，无论建立任何模块，系统自动建立必要变量而使用它；如标题栏的FINAL TIME变数‧________________________Copyright 2002, Craig W. Kirkwood. All rights reserved. (Email: craig.kirkwood@) Updated on December 12, 2002 by Jennifer Cihla Vender using VensimPLE Version 5.0c1。

分析工具注意事项：1．若有较多的模拟执行，则分析工具是无法运作的。

因此，在实验中，必须仔细地追踪在窗口中所显示的结果。

2．大部分窗口显示有关工作变量的信息。

在窗口中选择一变量，用鼠标双击变量即成工作变量。

3．在分析工具所输出图形左上角功能列如右图，其中最左边的键是删除窗口键。

在其右边则是锁住删除功能键，再按一次则可恢复删除功能。

其右边则是打印机功能键可以打印此窗口内容。

其右边键则是复制窗口至回纹夹。

最后键则是储存窗口内容于档案。

4．在图形内有多个曲线，这些曲线会使用不同颜色显示。

黑白打印机打印时很难区隔它，因此在Option 功能键，选择”Show Line Markers on Graph Lines”可以在曲线上标示不同数字以示区隔。

Vensim使用说明

Vensim ® PLE 快速参考与自学手册台湾科技大学摘要1.File(档案)与cutting/pasting(剪下/贴上) 的操作如微软窗口系统之功能‧2.许多功能列中经常使用的功能项目都放在工具列的按钮，以利操作‧3.专门术语：”click”即按压鼠标左键再释放之‧”drag” 即按压鼠标左键不释放而移动鼠标‧”right-click” 即按压鼠标右键再释放之‧而”control-click” 即按ctrol键及按鼠标左键再释放之，结果与”right-click”相同‧页脚内容14.Vensim使用预设变量，无论建立任何模块，系统自动建立必要变量而使用它；如标题列的FINAL TIME变数‧________________________Copyright 2002,CraigW.Kirkwood.Allrightsreserved.(Email:**********************)Updated on December 12, 2002 by Jennifer Cihla Vender using VensimPLE Version 5.0c1页脚内容2Main Toolbar（工具列）按钮说明New Model(新模块)：建立一个新的Vensim模块。

Open Model（开启模块）：开启一个存在的Vensim模块。

Save（储存）：以现有文件名称储存‧(若要更换文件名称，请使用在Print(打印)：打印目前窗口所选择的项目(若无选择则打印整个绘图工作区)。

”print option”小窗口让使用者有所选择。

”selection”选择使用鼠标Cut(剪下)：剪下所选择的项目并储存于回纹夹里。

Copy(复制)：复制所选择的项目并储存于回纹夹里。

Paste(贴上)：将现有回纹夹的数据贴到绘图工作区。

Set up a Simulation(建立模拟)：在绘图工作区中，注记常数与lookup变Name the Simulation to be Made(命名模拟)：框架内显示所选择的数据Run a Simulation(执行模拟)：如果框架内已显示有数据集，系统要求Automatically simulate on change(SyntheSim)(自动整体模拟改变)：视觉性Run Reality Checks(执行实体检查)：允许使用者建立对于模块有用的语Build Windows –show/circulate(建立窗口－循环显示)：使得绘图工作Output Windows – show/circulate(显示窗口－循环显示)：使得输出工作页脚内容3Control Panel(控制键盘窗口)：显示控制键盘窗口。

Vensim使用说明

Vensim使用说明Vensim使用说明欢迎使用Vensim！本文档将为您提供使用Vensim建模工具的详细说明和指导。

请按照下面的章节，逐步了解如何使用Vensim进行建模。

1、Vensim的安装和配置1.1 系统要求1.2 和安装Vensim1.3 运行Vensim并进行基本配置2、Vensim建模基础2.1 创建新模型2.2 模型元素的介绍2.2.1 变量2.2.2 方程2.2.3 子模型2.2.4 数据列表2.3 构建模型的基本步骤2.4 模型运行和结果查看3、Vensim高级建模技巧3.1 高级方程构建3.1.1 积分与求导3.1.2 参数调节器3.2 时序与动态调节3.2.1 延迟函数3.2.2 事件分布3.3 模型优化和敏感性分析 3.3.1 参数扰动分析3.3.2 求解器和优化算法4、Vensim模型验证与分析4.1 模型的验证方法4.2 灵敏度分析和策略测试4.3 参数估计与模型校准5、Vensim模型的导出和共享5.1 模型的导出格式5.2 模型共享和协作6、Vensim的其他功能和扩展6.1 数据导入和导出6.2 插件和扩展功能6.3 Vensim的高级定制设置附件：本文档附有以下附件供参考：- 示例模型文件- 演示数据集法律名词及注释：1、知识产权：知识产权指的是对于知识和信息所享有的权利。

它包括了版权、专利权、商标权等。

2、模型校准：模型校准是指通过对模型进行参数估计和调整，使其能够尽可能准确地拟合实际观测数据。

3、参数扰动分析：参数扰动分析是一种敏感性分析方法，通过对模型中的参数进行微小的变化，观察其对模型结果的影响。

Vensim快速学习手册--中文简体版

Vensim ® PLE 快速参考与自学手册台湾科技大学摘要1.File(档案)与cutting/pasting(剪下/贴上) 的操作如微软窗口系统之功能‧2.许多功能列中经常使用的功能项目都放在工具栏的按钮，以利操作‧3.专门术语：”click”即按压鼠标左键再释放之‧”drag” 即按压鼠标左键不释放而移动鼠标‧”right-click” 即按压鼠标右键再释放之‧而”control-click” 即按ctrol键及按鼠标左键再释放之，结果与”right-click”相同‧4.Vensim使用默认变量，无论建立任何模块，系统自动建立必要变量而使用它；如标题栏的FINAL TIME变数‧________________________Copyright 2002, Craig W. Kirkwood. All rights reserved. (Email: craig.kirkwood@)Updated on December 12, 2002 by Jennifer Cihla Vender using VensimPLE Version 5.0c1Main Toolbar（工具栏）。

分析工具注意事项：1．若有较多的模拟执行，则分析工具是无法运作的。

因此，在实验中，必须仔细地追踪在窗口中所显示的结果。

2．大部分窗口显示有关工作变量的信息。

在窗口中选择一变量，用鼠标双击变量即成工作变量。

3．在分析工具所输出图形左上角功能列如右图，其中最左边的键是删除窗口键。

在其右边则是锁住删除功能键，再按一次则可恢复删除功能。

其右边则是打印机功能键可以打印此窗口内容。

其右边键则是复制窗口至回纹夹。

最后键则是储存窗口内容于档案。

4．在图形内有多个曲线，这些曲线会使用不同颜色显示。

黑白打印机打印时很难区隔它，因此在Option 功能键，选择”Show Line Markers on Graph Lines”可以在曲线上标示不同数字以示区隔。

Vensim使用说明

V e n s i m使用说明(共31页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Vensim PLE 快速参考与自学手册台湾科技大学摘要1.File(档案)与cutting/pasting(剪下/贴上) 的操作如微软窗口系统之功能2.许多功能列中经常使用的功能项目都放在工具列的按钮，以利操作3.专门术语：”click”即按压鼠标左键再释放之”drag” 即按压鼠标左键不释放而移动鼠标”right-click” 即按压鼠标右键再释放之而”control-click” 即按ctrol键及按鼠标左键再释放之，结果与”right-click”相同4.Vensim使用预设变量，无论建立任何模块，系统自动建立必要变量而使用它；如标题列的FINAL TIME变数________________________Copyright 2002, Craig W. Kirkwood. All rights reserved. (Email)Updated on December 12, 2002 by Jennifer Cihla Vender using VensimPLE VersionMain Toolbar（工具列）按钮说明New Model(新模块)：建立一个新的Vensim模块。

Open Model（开启模块）：开启一个存在的Vensim模块。

Save（储存）：以现有文件名称储存(若要更换文件名称，请使用在File下的Save As指令) 。

Print(打印)：打印目前窗口所选择的项目(若无选择则打印整个绘图工作区)。

”print option”小窗口让使用者有所选择。

”selection”选择使用鼠标拖曳成矩形的区域。

Cut(剪下)：剪下所选择的项目并储存于回纹夹里。

Copy(复制)：复制所选择的项目并储存于回纹夹里。

Paste(贴上)：将现有回纹夹的数据贴到绘图工作区。

vensim 操作手册(系统动力学)

Formulating Models of Simple SystemsusingVensim PLEversion 3.0BProfessor Nelson RepenningSystem Dynamics GroupMIT Sloan School of ManagementCambridge, MA O2142Edited by Laura Black, Farzana S. Mohamed, and students in the System Dynamics in EducationProject, April 1998.Copyright © 1998 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.I. Introduction and Getting StartedThe purpose of this tutorial is to help you develop some familiarity with building and analyzing system dynamics models using the Vensim PLE software. In order to become familiar with Vensim PLE, you are going to build a simple model of the federal deficit.To begin you need to get Vensim PLE ready for modeling. This tutorial makes use of the Macintosh version on Vensim PLE; the IBM-Compatible version should work similarly, but some of the screens may look different. When you first open Vensim PLE on your computer, the screen should look like this:To start working on a new model go to the File menu and select New Model. Vensim PLE will return the following dialog box:To begin your effort you must choose the time horizon of your model (when your simulation will start and finish), the appropriate time step (how accurately you wish to simulate your model), and the units of time. Start your model of the deficit in 1988 (enter 1988 in the INITIAL TIME box) and simulate it through the year 2010. Select a time step of 0.25 years. Finally, change the units of time from Month to Year. Your dialog box should now look like this:Click on OK or hit return. To give your model a name, choose the Save As... command from the File menu and enter the desired name in the text field and click on OK. (Vensim PLE should automatically supply the .mdl extension. If you are working with a different version of Vensim and see a Show all of type option on the right side of the dialog box, make sure that the .mdl Fmt Models extension is selected. This allows Vensim PLE to save the model in a format that can be used by both Macintosh and IBM-compatible computers.)∗∗ Vensim saves every simulation run and custom graph you produce as a separate file. It supplies a .vdf extension for simulation runs. These files cannot be opened from outside the Vensim application; they can be opened from inside Vensim through the Datasets / Simulate Model... and Control / Custom Graphs dialog boxes.Your screen should now look like this:You are ready to start building your model.II. Developing the Stock, Flow, and Feedback StructureThe Vensim PLE software is designed using the metaphor of a “work bench.” The large blank area in the middle of the screen is your work area, where you actually develop and analyze your model. The different buttons on the border of the work area represent the different “tools”available as you work on your model. The upper toolbar consists of the Title Bar, a Menu, a Main Toolbar, and Sketch Tools. The Main Toolbar comprises two sets of tools: file operation tools that control standard file functions—opening, closing and saving files, printing, cutting, copying, and pasting—as well as simulation and graphing tools that will allow you to set up and run simulations, and set up display graphs. The sketch tools allow you to build in model components. The tools on the Status Bar (the bottom of the window) allow you to change the formatting of the diagram. The Analysis Tools on the left on the window are tools that you will use to analyze your model to understand its behavior. You will become familiar with many of these tools as you build the deficit model.To begin, add a stock representing the outstanding federal debt to your model. Click on theYou have just created the first variable in your model, the stock of money that constitutes the federal debt.Now, add the inflow to the stock of Debt. Click on theNote: Thetool and then click on the flow valve. This action will remove the flow from the model and let you start over again.You have now created the flow, Net Federal Deficit, which increases the stock of Debt.At this point you may you wish to change the name of the stock variable from Debt to FederalDebt. Click on theNow you need to create the variables needed to determine the Net Federal Deficit. Assume the Net Federal Deficit is determined by two variables, Government Revenues and TotalGovernment Expenses. Click on thebutton to select the causal arrow tool. Now, click and release on the variable Government Revenue and then click and release again on Net Federal Deficit. Do the same for Total Government Expenses. Make sure your causal arrows actually end on the words Net Federal Deficit. They should not be attached to the cloud, the stock, or directly to the valve.You can delete arrows using theClicking on theNow, you may want to update your diagram by labeling the arrows to show that Government Revenue and Total Government Expense affect the Net Federal Deficit in different ways. Specifically, an increase in revenue causes the deficit to decrease, while an increase in expenses causes the deficit to increase. To do this, first click on thebutton on the bottom horizontal toolbar. You then see a pop-up menu that looks like this:Click and release on the desired label, and it will show up in the diagram. Label your two causal arrows so your diagram looks like this:Now, using the same steps discussed above, complete the stock, flow and feedback so your diagram looks like this:You may want to slide the handle of each arrow close to its arrowhead, so each label is clearly associated with its causal arrow.Finally, you may wish to label the positive feedback loop you have just created. Click on theClick on the Loop Clkwse button in the Shape box; click on Center in the Text Position box; and type R, for reinforcing, in the Comment box. You may also type + or P to denote a positive feedback, also known as a reinforcing, loop. Your screen should now look like this:Click on the OK button or hit return. Your screen should now appear as:III. Specifying Equations for Your ModelNow that you have developed a complete stock, flow, and feedback representation of the deficit, you need to write equations for each of the variables. Equation formulation is a critical step in the process of model building and is a key part of the process of developing a rigorous understanding of the problem at hand.To begin writing equations, click on theA highlighted variable indicates that the equation for that variable is incomplete.Variables in system dynamics models are classified as either exogenous or endogenous. Exogenous variables are those that are not part of a feedback loop, while endogenous variables are members of at least one feedback loop. Your deficit model has three exogenous variables—Government Revenue, Other Government Expenses, and the Interest Rate—and four endogenous variables—Interest Payments, Total Government Expense, Net Federal Deficit, and the Federal Debt.Start by writing the equations for the exogenous variables. To begin, click on the highlighted variable Government Revenue. You then see the following dialog box:Good modeling practice requires that each equation in a model have three elements: the equation itself, specified units of measure, and complete documentation. You enter the equation in the box to the right of the = sign. You enter the unit of measure in the text field to the right of the word Units. Equation documentation or “comment” is entered in the box to the right of the word Comment.To write an equation for Government Revenue, click in the box to the right of the = sign. Assume that government revenue is constant, so that all you need to do is enter the appropriate number for government revenue. In 1988, government revenue was about 900 billion dollars annually, so type 900000000000 in the box. Alternatively, you can write 9e11, which is Vensim PLE shorthand for 9 * 1011.Now, fill in the units. Revenue is a flow variable, so the appropriate unit of measure for this equation is dollars/time unit. Because you already chose to run the model in time steps of 1 year, the appropriate unit is dollars/year. Type dollars/year in the units field. (The next time you specify the units for a variable in this model, dollars/year will appear in the units pull-down menu. You can click on the arrowhead to the right of the units field to see units already specified for other variables in the model, and then use the mouse to select the units from that list when appropriate.) Finally, provide a description of this equation in the comment field. A good comment will be brief, but it will also give the reader the logic behind the equation as well as state the key assumptions. For example, one might write for this equation:Government revenues are assumed to be constant and equal to 900 billiondollars annually based on the actual value in 1988.Your dialog box should now look like this:Click on OK or hit return and your diagram will look like this:Government Revenue is no longer highlighted because you have just specified its equation.Following the process above, write equations for the two other exogenous variables, Interest Rate and Other Government Expenses. Use the following information:•Government expenses, excluding interest on the debt, were approximately 900 billion dollars in 1988.•The interest rate paid on the national debt in 1988 was around 7%/year.Now that the equations for the exogenous variables are formulated, turn your attention to the endogenous variables. Writing equations for the stocks and the flows is a little different, so let’s do an example of each. First we formulate the equation for the stock, Federal Debt.Again, click on theThe following dialog box will be displayed:Unlike flows and constants, a stock requires that an additional element be specified in its formulation; after you specify the equation, you need to select an initial or starting value.You enter the equation for the stock in the box to the right of the word Integ. Integ stands for “integrate” and simply means that the stock at any moment in time is equal to the sum of all the inflows minus the sum of all the outflows plus the initial value.When you created the stock, flow, and feedback diagram, you connected the flow Net Federal Deficit to the stock Federal Debt. Vensim PLE captures this stock-flow dependency by providing a list of the required Variables to the stock Federal Debt on the right side of the equation dialog box. (The variable we are formulating, Federal Debt, itself also appears in the Variables box, but we focus on the input Net Federal Deficit. In general, you will never want to have the same variable on both the left and right sides of an equation.)Because the model diagram shows the flow Net Federal Deficit feeding into the stock Federal Debt, Vensim has anticipated that the flow is an input to the stock equation and has placed the Net Federal Deficit variable name in the box to the right of Integ. If this is not the case in your version of Vensim PLE, then simply click in the box to the right of the Integ and then click on the variable Net Federal Deficit in the Variables box to write the equation for the change in Federal Debt. (Note:If Net Federal Deficit is not in the Variables box, then your model diagram is incorrect and needs to be changed—make sure the flow is attached to the stock).The Integ box should now look like this:Below the Integ box is the Initial Value box. Here you enter the initial condition or starting point for the stock. In 1988, the outstanding federal debt was approximately 2.5 trillion dollars, so enter 2500000000000 in the initial value box (alternatively you can write 2.5e12, which is Vensim PLE shorthand for 2.5 x 1012). The Initial Value box should look like this:Now the equation specification for the Federal Debt stock is complete. Your equation indicates that the federal debt is simply the accumulation of the Net Federal Deficit since 1988 added to the initial value.You still need to specify the unit of measure and document your equation in the comment field. The units should be fairly straightforward. The Federal Debt is a stock and its units are dollars. Useful comments briefly explain the structure of the equation and highlight the key assumptions made. A sample comment for Federal Debt is:The Federal Debt is the accumulation of the Net Federal Deficit plus theinitial value of the debt. The initial value is set to 2.5 trillion dollars,which was the approximate outstanding federal debt in 1988—the startingpoint for this simulation.Your dialog box should now look like this:Click on OK or press return.Now you need to specify the equations for the auxiliary variables and the flow.Using theThis box is identical to those used to specify the exogenous variables, but, in this case, there are two other variables in the Variables box; you are required to use these variables in the equation. When you developed the stock, flow, and feedback diagram, you drew causal arrows connecting the variable Federal Debt and constant Interest Rate to the variable Interest Payments. Vensim PLE has conveniently recognized this fact and has provided a list of the required inputs to your equation based on the picture you have already created. In fact, if you try to write your equation without using the two required variables, Vensim PLE will give you an error message. The rate of interest payment is simply equal to the current debt stock multiplied by the interest rate. To enter this equation, first click on the Federal Debt variable in the Variables box. It now appears in the equation box. Now type * (alternatively you can click on theTo complete the equation, you need to specify the units, dollars/year, and document your equation in the comment field. An appropriate comment might look like the following:The annual flow of interest payments is equal to the current outstandingfederal debt multiplied by the annual interest rate.The dialog box for the variable Interest Payments should now look like this:Following a similar process to the one outlined above, you should now be able to complete your model.IV. Using the Model Structure Analysis ToolsVensim PLE provides five tools for analyzing and understanding the structure of your model.By far the most important of these is the unit-checking tool.An important feature of any system dynamics equation is dimensional consistency, which is just a fancy way of saying that the units of measure must be the same on both the left and right sides of the equation. As an example, suppose you had chosen the units of the Federal Debt stock to be dollars and the units of the Interest Rate to be dollars/year. If so, then pressing the apple key and u (alternatively, you could select the Model menu, then select Units Check) simultaneously would yield the following message:Followed by:The problem is that, in this example, the equation for Interest Payments is not dimensionally consistent: the right and left sides of the equation have different units. The flow Interest Payments is measured in dollars per year. The Federal Debt, because it is a stock, is measuredin dollars. Multiplying Federal Debt by something with units in dollars/year results in a quantity that has units in dollars2/year—hence the error.The cause of the problem is that the unit of measure for Interest Rate is incorrect. The interest rate is not measured in dollars per year. An easy way to think about this fact is to recognize that the interest rate really has nothing to do with dollars. It could easily apply to any other currency or any other type of measurement unit. In fact, the interest rate has no unit of measure; it is dimensionless. Although it has no unit of measure, it is, nevertheless, time-dependent; an annual interest rate is not equivalent to a monthly one. As a result, the appropriate unit of measure for Interest Rate is 1/year. If you enter 1/year into the unit field of the interest rate variable and simultaneously press the apple key and u, you should receive the following message:The units in your model now balance.In this example, the unit-checking tool identified an incorrect assumption in a common mental model of the interest rate. Dimensional consistency is an important feature of system dynamics models, and Vensim PLE’s unit-checking feature often helps you to identify serious flaws in both your understanding of the system under consideration and your resulting model formulations. Always make sure that the units in your model balance!The other analysis tools that Vensim PLE provides can also be useful. Thebuttons create “causes” and “uses” trees for a variable. To use these tools, you need to first “select” a variable. To select a variable, first click on theFederal Debt, clicking on the two “causes” and “uses” buttons in sequence gives you:andThetool on the analysis tool bar identifies all the feedback loops of which the selected variable is a member.V. Simulating Your ModelVensim PLE also has tools to help you analyze the behavior of your model. Before analyzing the behavior, however, you must actually simulate the model so that you have some behavior to analyze.To run a simulation, you first need to click on the running manClicking on yes will overwrite the “current” dataset displayed in the box to the right of the running man icon. Selecting “No” will allow you to create a different dataset. It is helpful to choose names that suggest some idea of what is being tested rather than simply using name like SIM1, SIM2, etc. Because this run is the base case run for your model, you might choose to call the run BASE.* Click on No, type in BASE as your new dataset name, click on Save or hit return, and your model will start simulating.Once the simulation run is completed, you can look at the results of your simulation. Vensim PLE provides many tools with which to view simulation output. The most basic, and often the most useful, of these tools is the strip graph. To create a graph of the Federal Debt, first click on thebutton on the analysis tool bar.* Advanced Tip: Vensim PLE also offers you the choice of two numerical integration methods, Euler and Runge-Kutta 4.Runge-Kutta 4 is a more accurate integration method, but it is also more computationally intensive. Generally it is better to use the Euler method and only change if you believe you are seeing integration error.You then see:By the year 2010, given the current assumptions in the model, the federal debt will grow to more than 10 trillion dollars, four times its value in 1988.Besides the strip graph, Vensim PLE provides many other ways to examine simulation output. TheVensim PLE also can present the output in the form of a table rather than a graph. To see a table of the selected variable simply click on thebutton selected, click on Interest Rate. A dialog box will appear. In the constant box change the interest rate from 7% to 3.5%. Again, run this new simulation but do not overwrite the simulation named Base. Instead, name it interest rate.Your new graph should look like this:If you do not wish to see the previous run (base) displayed with the new simulation run, click on theA dialog box appears and shows on the left side the two simulation runs you have created so far. Double-click on the name of the simulation run you wish to remove from the graph (or highlight it and click on the << button to remove it from the right side of the dialog box). Close the Datasets window and close and re-display the strip graph. Now, only the new simulation run should appear.You may also wish to run the model for a longer period of time. In this case, selec t Time Bounds... from the Model menu. You then see the same dialog box that you saw when you first started to develop your model.You can extend your simulation by setting a new date for your final time. Run your model out to the year 2075.。

Vensim使用说明书

Vensim使⽤说明书第1章概述1.1.系统动⼒学简介1956年，Jay W.Forrester 放弃了其在电机控制领域的研究，转⽽将反馈控制的基本原则⽤于社会经济学系统。

1961年，他在MIT⼯业管理学院研究公司管理问题，出版了其专著Industrial Dynomics, 这标志着这⼀学科的创⽴。

在过去的40年中，系统动⼒学有了长⾜的发展。

系统动⼒学的理论、思想⽅法和⼯具，对于分析社会经济中许多复杂动态问题⾮常有效。

另⼀⽅⾯，系统动⼒学的分析⽅法、建模⽅法、模拟⽅法和模拟⼯具⽐较规范，易于学习和应⽤。

1、事件－⾏为－结构在⽇常⽣活中，我们往往是从事件开始认识事物的。

例如股市暴涨暴跌，流⾏病发⽣，战争爆发等等。

事件⼀般是在固定的时间点上出现的。

我们要正确的认识事件，须要联系相关事件，并从它们的发展过程中去观察。

也即，要考察事件所在的⾏为模式。

⾏为模式是系统的外在表现，可表现为⼀系列的相关事件随事件的演变过程，是多个关联事件表现出的过去现在和未来。

例如，我们看到的经济的缓慢增长，利率的变化，失业率的波动等。

⾏为摸式是由系统的内部结构决定的。

结构是产⽣⾏为模式的物质的、能量的、信息的内在关系。

系统的结构决定其⾏为模式，⽽事件是⾏为模式的重要⽚段。

利⽤系统动⼒学分析问题，要由事件出发，分析系统的结构与⾏为模式的关系，以采取成功的政策和策略，调整系统结构，⼲预和控制系统，改善系统的⾏为模式，⼤⼤避免坏的事件的发⽣。

2、系统动⼒学处理问题的过程z提出问题：明确建⽴模型的⽬的。

即要明确要研究和解决什么问题。

z参考⾏为模式分析：分析系统的事件，及实际存在的⾏为模式，提出设想和期望的系统⾏为模式。

作为改善和调整系统结构的⽬标。

z提出假设建⽴模型：由⾏为模式，提出系统的结构假设。

由假设出发，设计系统的因果关系图，流图，并列出⽅程，定义参数。

从⽽将⼀系列的系统动⼒学假设，表⽰成了清晰的数学关系集合。

z模型模拟：调整参数，运⾏模型，产⽣⾏为模式。

Vensim使用手册

Set color ‎ on selec ‎ted vars(设定变量颜‎ 色)：选择变量，再点选此功‎ 能，即可改变其‎ 颜色。
Set box color ‎on selec‎ted vars(设定盒变量‎ 外框颜色)：选择盒变量‎，再点选此功‎能，即可改变其‎ 外框颜色。
Set surro ‎und shape ‎ on selec ‎ted vars(设定变量外‎ 框形状)：选择变量，再点选此功‎能，即可改变其‎ 外框形状。
Set under‎line on selec ‎ted vars(设定变量底‎ 线字型)：选择变量，再点选此功‎能，即可改变其‎为底线字型‎ 。
Set strik‎ethro‎ugh on selec ‎ted vars(设定变量删‎ 除字型)：选择变量，再点选此功‎能，即可改变其‎为删除字型‎ 。
分析工具注‎ 意事项： 1．若有较多的‎模拟执行，则分析工具‎是无法运作‎的。因此，在实验中，必须仔细地‎追踪在
窗口‎中所显示的‎ 结果。 2．大部分窗口‎显示有关工‎作变量的信‎息。在窗口中选‎择一变量，用鼠标双击‎变量即成工‎ 作
变量。 3．在分析工具‎所输出图形‎左上角功能‎列如右图，其中最左边‎ 的键是删除‎ 窗口
4
按钮
Statu‎s Bar（状态栏）
说
明
Set fonts‎on selec‎ted vars(设定变量字‎ 型)：在Move‎ /Size Words‎and Arrow‎s(工具下，选择一变量‎或多个变量‎后，再点选此功‎能，即可改变其‎字型。若无选择变‎量，则会要求更‎改系统默认‎ 值。
Arrow‎(箭头指标 )：在窗口中建‎立直线或曲‎线箭头指针‎。点压起始变‎量，然后移动到‎目标变量再‎点压之，则形成一直‎线箭头指针‎ 。(注意：不要从起始‎变量拖曳到‎ 目标变量) 在箭头指针‎ 或移动/改变大小指‎针工具下，拖曳直线箭‎头指针手把‎(小圆圈)就可形成曲‎线箭头指针‎ 。 (注意：快捷方式方‎式，点压起始变‎量，在空白部分‎点压一下，然后再到目‎标变量点压‎一下即可形‎成曲线箭头‎ 指针。 Rate(流程指针)：在窗口中建‎立流程指针‎包含垂直漏‎斗、空管，如需要，来源或池子‎ (云图)。点压起始变‎量，然后移动到‎目标变量再‎点压之即形‎成流程指针‎。如果在空白‎部分点压，然后云图即‎产生在起始‎变或目标的‎ 所在。在Rate‎ 工具下，点压起始变‎量，再到空白部‎ 分，同时按S‎h ift键与‎鼠标左键即‎可产生直角‎转折。按压鼠标右‎键可改变空‎ 管的格式。 Shado‎w Varia ‎ble(隐藏变数)：在此工具下‎，于窗口中增‎加存在之一‎变量为隐藏‎ 变量(不用增加原‎ 因)。 Sketc‎h Comme‎nts(绘图批注)：在窗口中，增加批注及‎图案于绘图‎上。在任何地方 ‎皆可置放绘‎图批注，只要点压一‎下即显示对‎话窗口，提供批注格‎式多样选择‎。注意，有些型态的‎批注覆盖在‎模块变量，以致于较难‎趋取它，因此将批注‎放置状态栏‎ 最右边的。 Delet‎e(删除键)：在窗口中，删除结构，变量或批注‎ 。

Vensim快速学习手册--中文简体版

Vensim ® PLE 快速参考与自学手册台湾科技大学摘要1.File(档案)与cutting/pasting(剪下/贴上) 的操作如微软窗口系统之功能‧2.许多功能列中经常使用的功能项目都放在工具栏的按钮，以利操作‧3.专门术语：”click”即按压鼠标左键再释放之‧”drag” 即按压鼠标左键不释放而移动鼠标‧”right-click” 即按压鼠标右键再释放之‧而”control-click” 即按ctrol键及按鼠标左键再释放之，结果与”right-click”相同‧4.Vensim使用默认变量，无论建立任何模块，系统自动建立必要变量而使用它；如标题栏的FINAL TIME变数‧________________________Copyright 2002, Craig W. Kirkwood. All rights reserved. (Email: craig.kirkwood@)Updated on December 12, 2002 by Jennifer Cihla Vender using VensimPLE Version 5.0c1Main Toolbar（工具栏）。

分析工具注意事项：1．若有较多的模拟执行，则分析工具是无法运作的。

因此，在实验中，必须仔细地追踪在窗口中所显示的结果。

2．大部分窗口显示有关工作变量的信息。

在窗口中选择一变量，用鼠标双击变量即成工作变量。

3．在分析工具所输出图形左上角功能列如右图，其中最左边的键是删除窗口键。

在其右边则是锁住删除功能键，再按一次则可恢复删除功能。

其右边则是打印机功能键可以打印此窗口内容。

其右边键则是复制窗口至回纹夹。

最后键则是储存窗口内容于档案。

4．在图形内有多个曲线，这些曲线会使用不同颜色显示。

黑白打印机打印时很难区隔它，因此在Option 功能键，选择”Show Line Markers on Graph Lines”可以在曲线上标示不同数字以示区隔。

系统动力学vensim软件使用说明

系统动力学v e n s i m软件使用说明Document serial number【KK89K-LLS98YT-SS8CB-SSUT-SST108】因果循环图快速自学手册使用以下步骤，建立如上因果循环图：1．启动Vensim，在工具列点选NewModel，显示”ModelSettingsTimeBounds”对话窗口，再点选”OK”钮即显示空白窗口，就可以开始绘制因果循环图。

2．设定此绘图字型为Arial大小为10点，操作如下：在状态列的左边点选字型名称。

因为尚未选取任何项目，所以显示是否要更改预设字型与颜色，点选”Yes”键，则显示”ViewDefaults”对话窗口，改变”Face”为Arial与”Size”为10，然后点选”OK”钮即可。

3．点选绘图列下的”Variable–Auxiliary/Constant”（“变量-辅助量/常量”）工具，然后在绘图工作区空白窗口，点选一个地方来放置变量”interest”，此时显示编辑框框，输入”interest”再按”Enter”键即可显示字号为Arial10的”interest”。

重复此步骤来建立变量”savings”与”income”如上图。

(提示：如果拼错变量名称，则点选”Variable–Auxiliary/Constant”工具钮，再点选拼错变量的名称，此时显示编辑框框更改之即可。

如果想要完全删除变量或绘图区的其它组件，则点选绘图列下的”Delete”工具钮，再点选它们即可完全删除。

4．重复以上步骤来建立变量”workeffort”如上图。

此时”work”与“effort”显示在同一列，若要将它们放在不同列，则拖曳手把(小圆圈)至左下即可调整之。

如果要改变其它特性，就按鼠标右键或同时按”control”、鼠标左键与点选”workeffort”，则显示对话窗口，它提供变量多样的选择。

在对话窗口左上方，”Shape”标签选取”ClearBox”，所拖曳的小圆圈是改变”workeffort”形状的手把。

系统动力学vensim软件使用说明

2．设定此绘图字型为Arial 大小为10点，操作如下：在状态列的左边点选字型名称。

重复此步骤来建立变量”savings”与”income”如上图。

(提示：如果拼错变量名称，则点选”Variable – Auxiliary/Constant”工具钮，再点选拼错变量的名称，此时显示编辑框框更改之即可。

如果想要完全删除变量或绘图区的其它组件，则点选绘图列下的”Delete”工具钮，再点选它们即可完全删除。

4．重复以上步骤来建立变量”work effort” 如上图。

此时”work” 与“effort”显示在同一列，若要将它们放在不同列，则拖曳手把(小圆圈)至左下即可调整之。

如果要改变其它特性，就按鼠标右键或同时按”control”、鼠标左键与点选”work effort”，则显示对话窗口，它提供变量多样的选择。

在对话窗口左上方，”Shape”标签选取”Clear Box”，所拖曳的小圆圈是改变”work effort”形状的手把。

vensim 软件操作

Vensim ® PLE 快速參考與自學手冊摘要1.File(檔案)與cutting/pasting(剪下/貼上) 的操作如微軟視窗系統之功能〄2.許多功能列中經常使用的功能項目都放在工具列的按鈕，以利操作〄3.專門術語〆”click”即按壓滑鼠左鍵再釋放之〄”drag”即按壓滑鼠左鍵不釋放而移動滑鼠〄”right-click”即按壓滑鼠右鍵再釋放之〄而”control-click”即按ctrol鍵及按滑鼠左鍵再釋放之，結果與”right-click”相同〄4.Vensim使用預設變數，無論建立任何模組，系統自動建立必要變數而使用它々如標題列的FINAL TIME變數〄________________________Copyright 2002, Craig W. Kirkwood. All rights reserved. (Email: craig.kirkwood@)Updated on December 12, 2002 by Jennifer Cihla Vender using VensimPLE Version 5.0c1Main Toolbar（工具列）Sketch Tools（繪圖工具列）。

Analysis Tools （分析工具欄）分析工具注意事項〆1〃若更較多的模擬執行，則分析工具是無法運作的。

因此，在實驗中，必頇仔細地追蹤在視窗中所顯示的結果。

2〃大部分視窗顯示更關工作變數的資訊。

在視窗中選擇一變數，用滑鼠雙擊變數即成工作變數。

3〃在分析工具所輸出圖形左上角功能列如右圖，其中最左邊的鍵是刪除視窗鍵。

在其右邊則是鎖住刪除功能鍵，再按一次則可恢復刪除功能。

其右邊則是印表機功能鍵可以列印此視窗內容。

其右邊鍵則是複製視窗至迴紋夾。

最後鍵則是儲存視窗內容於檔案。

4〃在圖形內更多個曲線，這些曲線會使用不同顏色顯示。

黑白印表機列印時很難區隔它，因此在Option 功能鍵，選擇”Show Line Markers on Graph Lines ”可以在曲線上標示不同數字以示區隔。

Vensim使用说明

Vensim ® PLE 快速参考与自学手册台湾科技大学摘要1.File(档案）与cutting/pasting(剪下/贴上) 的操作如微软窗口系统之功能‧2.许多功能列中经常使用的功能项目都放在工具列的按钮,以利操作‧3.专门术语："click"即按压鼠标左键再释放之‧”drag” 即按压鼠标左键不释放而移动鼠标‧”right—click" 即按压鼠标右键再释放之‧而”control—click” 即按ctrol键及按鼠标左键再释放之，结果与"right-click”相同‧4.Vensim使用预设变量，无论建立任何模块，系统自动建立必要变量而使用它；如标题列的FINAL TIME变数‧________________________Copyright 2002, Craig W。

kirkwood＠)Updated on December 12, 2002 by Jennifer Cihla Vender using VensimPLE Version 5。

0c1Main Toolbar(工具列）按钮说明New Model（新模块）：建立一个新的Vensim模块。

Open Model（开启模块)：开启一个存在的Vensim模块.Save(储存）:以现有文件名称储存‧（若要更换文件名称，请使用在File下的Save As指令）。

Print(打印):打印目前窗口所选择的项目(若无选择则打印整个绘图工作区)。

”print option"小窗口让使用者有所选择。

”selection”选择使用鼠标拖曳成矩形的区域。

Cut(剪下）：剪下所选择的项目并储存于回纹夹里。

Copy(复制）：复制所选择的项目并储存于回纹夹里.Paste（贴上)：将现有回纹夹的数据贴到绘图工作区。

vensim软件使用说明

软件介绍
Vensim是由美国Ventana Systems, Inc.所开发，为一可观念化、文件化、模拟、分析、与最佳化动态系统模型之图形接口软件。

Vensim可提供一种简易而具有弹性的方式，以建立包括因果循环(casual loop)、存货(stock)与流程图等相关模型。

使用Vensim建立动态模型，我们只要用图形化的各式箭头记号连接各式变量记号，并将各变量之间的关系以适当方式写入模型，各变量之间的因果关系便随之记录完成。

而各变量、参数间之数量关系以方程式功能写入模型。

透过建立模型的过程，我们可以了解变量间的因果关系与回路，并可透过程序中的特殊功能了解各变量的输入与输出间的关系，便于使用者了解模型架构，也便于模型建立者修改模型的内容。

如何画出自己的系统分析图？
先让我们熟悉一下界面
1、输入变量
2、加入箭头
单击一个变量，拖动到所流向的变量，拖动箭头中间的小圆圈可以改变箭头的弧
度
3、因果关系正负号的表示
右击箭头，出现箭头选项如下图：Polarity选择类型，Position选择放置在箭头处还是线上，在环内还是环外。

4、正负反馈符号的表示
选择Sketch comment工具
在Graphics处选择符号，或在Comment处输入字母，在Shape处选择顺时针或逆时针
5、加入delay符号
右击箭头，选中Delay mark前的复选框
6、删除变量或其他要素
点击删除工具，对要删除的要素单击
这样最简单的系统分析图就画好了~
当然这是最初步的应用，进一步的功能还在探索中。

如有需要请留言，未来可能会加入详细的教程。

Vensim 使用手册

Vensim 使用手册序言Vensim 是一个界面友好、操作简单、功能强大的系统仿真平台，可以帮助我们理解《系统动力学》的基本原理和方法，同时也是《系统动力学》学科体系的重要组成部分。

我们从1988 年起为本科生和研究生开设《系统动力学》课程，并启动关于相关的研究工作。

最初使用DYNAMO 语言作为仿真平台，后来使用PD-Plus，从2004 年起开始使用Vensim 仿真平台。

几年来，经过师生的共同努力，已经形成了《系统动力学》课程教学体系和研究体系。

该使用手册是以Vensim 5.4a PLE 版本为基础，结合教学和科研实践整理而成的。

本手册可以帮助初学者快速掌握Vensim 的使用，在复旦大学管理学院本科教学多次试用，收到了很好的效果。

本手册可以配合《系统动力学》课程的教学和实验、为教学服务，也可以供科研工作者参考。

虽然手册中的各个步骤都上机做了验证，但仍然会存在错误和不足，希望广大使用者批评指正。

同时也欢迎大家就Vensim DSS 的相关内容一起学习和讨论。

在手册整理过程中，得到了复旦大学管理学院学生的大力协助和配合。

复旦大学管理学院管理科学系2004 级本科生张云丽同学、王迪同学，2005 级本科生胡鉴阳同学和2005 硕士研究生胡倩等同学对本手册的整理、编辑、充实和完善做了大量的工作。

他/她们的聪明才智和辛勤的工作，使得广大使用者可以通过该手册方便地学习和使用Vensim。

在此对参加本手册整理、编辑、充实和完善的同学们表示诚挚的谢意。

李旭复旦大学管理学院2008 年11 月目录第1 章Vensim 简介 (1)1.1 前言 (1)1.2 Vensim 安装 (1)第2 章Vensim 用户界面 (2)2.1 主要特征 (2)2.2 标题栏 (2)2.3 菜单 (3)2.4 工具栏 (3)2.5 Vensim 窗口类型 (4)2.6 在不同类型窗口之间移动 (5)2.7 在同一类型中的窗口间移动 (5)2.8 状态栏 (5)2.9 Vensim 绘图工具 (6)2.10 模拟工具 (7)2.11 分析工具 (7)2.12 分析输出工具 (9)2.13 控制面板 (11)2.14 下标控制 (11)第3 章应用举例 (13)3.1 用Vensim 建模步骤 (13)3.2 劳动力库存问题建模实例 (13)第4 章因果关系图 (17)4.1 Vensim 模型 (17)4.2 绘制因果关系图 (17)4.3 编辑因果关系图 (18)第5 章流图 (21)5.1 绘制流图 (21)5.2 变量外观 (23)5.3 边框（Containing Boxes） (24)第6 章创建模型 (25)6.1 Vensim 规则 (25)6.2 兔子繁殖模型 (25)第7 章函数 (32)7.1 概述 (32)7.2 Vensim 函数库 (32)7.3 Vensim 表函数 (41)第8 章多重视图 (44)8.1 多重视图的建立 (44)iv8.2 多重视图的连接 (44)第9 章自定义输出 (46)9.1 标记图像曲线(Graph Lines) (46)9.2 自定义图像 (48)9.3 自定义表格 (50)1第1 章Vensim 简介1.1 前言Vensim 是一个可视化的建模工具，用户可以通过 Vensim 定义一个动态系统，将之存档，同时建立模型、进行仿真、分析以及最优化。