模联Chile-position paper for The Climate Change and Sustainable transportation

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2023 美国AMC 8 paper

INSTRUCTIONS1.DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOUR COMPETITION MANAGERTELLS YOU TO BEGIN.未收到监考老师指示前，请不要翻开试卷。

2.This is a25-question multiple-choice competition.For each question,only oneanswer choice is correct.试卷包括25道单项选择题，每道题目只有一个正确答案。

3.Mark your answer to each problem on the answer sheet with a#2pencil.Checkblackened answers for accuracy and erase errors completely.Only answers that are properly marked on the answer sheet will be scored.请将每道题目的答案用2B铅笔正确填涂在答题卡上，并用橡皮完全擦掉错误的答案和标记，只有正确填涂在答题卡上的答案才会被评分。

4.SCORING:You will receive1points for each correct answer,0points for eachproblem left unanswered,and0points for each incorrect answer.计分规则：每题答对得1分，不答得0分，答错得0分。

5.Only blank scratch paper,rulers,and erasers are allowed as aids.Prohibited ma-terials include calculators,smartwatches,phones,computing devices,compasses, protractors,and graph paper.No problems on the competition will require the useof a calculator.考试只允许携带空白草稿纸、直尺和橡皮等工具，不允许使用计算器、智能手表、手机或者其他计算设备以及圆规、量角器和坐标纸。

模联简介

模拟联合国简介模拟联合国模拟联合国（Model United Nations）简称MUN是模仿联合国及相关的国际机构，依据其运作方式和议事原则，围绕国际上的热点问题召开的会议。

青年学生们扮演不同国家的外交官，作为各国代表，参与到“联合国会议”当中。

代表们遵循大会规则，在会议主席团的主持下，通过演讲阐述“自己国家”的观点，为了“自己国家”的利益进行辩论、游说，他们与友好的国家沟通协作，解决冲突；他们讨论决议草案，促进国际合作；他们在“联合国”的舞台上，充分发挥自己的才能。

模拟联合国的起源虽然对模拟联合国活动其起源没有确切的历史记载，但普遍公认这项活动起源于美国哈佛大学。

在联合国成立之前，就有一批学生活跃在校园里，他们对国际组织、对国际政治充满了浓厚的兴趣。

活跃的哈佛学子在积极活动的同时探索出新的形式。

他们开始模拟不同国家的外交官，参照国际联盟的议事程序讨论国际问题。

后来联合国成立，这样一种模拟会议的形式被保留下来，并逐步发展成熟，形成了模拟联合国活动。

经过60多年的发展，模拟联合国活动现在已经风靡全世界，形式多样，规模不一，有国际大会、全国大会，还有地区级和校际间的大会，参与者有大学生到高中生，乃至初中生。

同时，模拟联合国活动已经不仅仅是对联合国机构的模拟，它还包括对其他全球或地区性多边组织，政府内阁，国际论坛等组织或者会议的模拟。

目前全世界每年有近四百个国际模拟联合国大会在五大洲的50多个国家召开。

每年参与大会的师生来自世界100多个国家，总人数超过四百万人。

模拟联合国的发展模拟联合国活动源自美国，在美国发展的也最为成熟。

全美各地的中学和大学都有模拟联合国活动。

其中哈佛全美模拟联合国大会（Harvard National Model Unit ed Nations Conference, HNMUN）是美国历史最悠久、规模最大、影响最深远的模拟联合国大会，委员会有近30个，参与人数近3000人。

positionpaper模联立场文件

SwitzerlandPosition PaperDelegates:School:Committee: UNSCTopic:Submitted by SwitzerlandSwitzerland has already realized the importance of international cooperation in the prevention and combating of terrorism has grown beyond measure since the terrorist attacks on the USA on 11 September 2001. Under international law, the framework for these tasks is provided specifically by t welve UN Conventions and additional protocols on combating terrorism. Switzerland has already ratified and implemented ten of these Conventions and noticed that there are an increasing number of countries entering the combating terrorism activities.Switzerlandis taking their efforts to preventing and combating terrorist attacksat domestic level actions.As one of the world’s most important financial centers, Switzerland has been campaigning for more effective regulations to put a stop to both the financing of terrorist activity and money laundering.Switzerland is an active member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).The Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings obliges States Parties to punish the originators of or those party to attacks conducted using explosives or other lethal substances, such as toxic chemicals or biological weapons. It also sets out provisions for international cooperation in the prevention and combating of terrorist attacks.Switzerlandalso made laws to ensure depriving terrorism of its financial base, putting two new criminal offences on the statute books and identifying the users of prepaid cards. Switzerland will never ignore and stand the terrorists take advantages of Swiss economic system and the secret system of Swiss bank will never protect the terrorism and be the “barrier”of international cooperation.There are actually plenty of other countries that provide discreet banking services, but the terrorists won't be able to avail themselves of such services in Switzerland.Switzerland also attached great importance to the safety and management among refugees. Switzerland will never let terrorists regard this country as a basement and shelter of their crucial activities. However, Switzerland will not abandon the aid to help people suffering from violence and terrorism.As for Switzerland international activities, the Swiss tax authorities already have the right to demand information from Swiss banks when investigating a deliberate tax fraud; and under Article 4 of the USA-Switzerland Treaty on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, it must use the same powers if it seeks to obtain information at the request of the USA and for the purposes of a criminal investigation, pursuant to a Swiss law on international co-operation in such matters.But Even if criminal proceedings are contemplated however, the matter must come before the Swiss courts to sanction co-operation, and it is by no means certain that they would do so.As grave as the terrorist threat is, it is important to remember that human rights remain inalienable and that the fight against terrorism must always be fought with the legal means used to combat all forms of crime.International humanitarian law must be applied in all situations and without exception by all parties to armed conflict and by private individuals too. The economic differencesbetween countries should also try to de eliminated.As always, the challenge will be to find a balance between the two competing interest s, and to adopt a proportionate approach.Switzerland is committed to upholding these principles and to ensuring that international humanitarian law is applied more rigorously.http://www.ejpd.admin.ch//newscenter公报还说，瑞士不会容忍恐怖主义分子利用瑞士的金融系统，瑞士的银行保密制度不会保护恐怖主义，不会成为国际合作和刑事侦查的“障碍”。

模联发言稿英文

模联发言稿英文【Position Paper】Honorable Chairs, fellow delegates,The international community stands at a critical juncture, grappling with multifaceted challenges that transcend borders and demand collective action. As we convene here today, we, the delegation of [Country Name], urge all nations to come together and harness the power of dialogue, cooperation, and diplomacy for the betterment of humanity.Firstly, we emphasize the importance of global cooperation in combating climate change. The scientific evidence is indisputable, and its impact on our planet and future generations cannot be overstated. We must collectively strive towards carbon neutrality, invest in renewable energy sources, and promote sustainable practices. Our nation pledges to lead by example, raising our climate targets while assisting developing countries to adapt and mitigate the effects of climate change.Secondly, we firmly advocate for building inclusive societies that respect the rights of all individuals, irrespective of their gender, ethnicity, or socio-economic background. Achieving gender equality and empowering women and girls is central to this agenda. We must eradicate gender-based violence, ensure equal access to education, and address underlying systemic barriers that perpetuate discrimination. Our delegation stands ready to cooperate with other nations to implement comprehensive gender equality policies domestically and internationally.Furthermore, we stress the urgency to address current global health crises, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The devastating impacts of this virus have highlighted the need for robust healthcare systems, equitable vaccine distribution, and international cooperation to strengthen global health security. Our country commits to sharing resources, knowledge, and expertise to combat COVID-19, while supporting the development of stronger health infrastructures worldwide.In addition, our delegation firmly believes that disarmament and non-proliferation efforts are crucial for fostering peace and stability in the international arena. We must work towards the complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, strengthen the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), and promote peaceful negotiation as the preferred approach to resolving conflicts. It is only through diplomatic dialogue that we can curtail the threat of nuclear weapons and create a world free from the fear of annihilation.Lastly, we emphasize the significance of economic cooperation and sustainable development. We recognize that economic growth should be inclusive, leaving no one behind. Our delegation supports measures to reduce wealth and income inequality, promote fair trade practices, and ensure access to quality education and healthcare for all. We call for increased investment in infrastructure projects that prioritize environmental sustainability, job creation, and poverty alleviation.In conclusion, as delegates representing [Country Name], wereiterate our commitment to promoting peace, stability, and sustainable development. We firmly believe that through international cooperation, dialogue, and diplomacy, we can overcome global challenges and create a brighter future for all. Let us work together to build a more prosperous, equitable, and peaceful world.Thank you.。

Poland - Position Paper模拟联合国立场文件模板

Position for the Disarmament and International Security Committee (Sabrina Loo – The University of Western Australia)1.Question on Combating State Sponsored TerrorismThere is no internationally agreed definition of terrorism and what it encompasses. The many nations of the world, and other multinational entities define terrorism in varying degrees and this is best described by the cliché ‘One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter’, first written by Gerald Seymour. One issue within terrorism itself is state sponsored terrorism, which is a huge impediment regarding international cooperation and effort in combating terrorism. State sponsorship of terrorism is government support of violent non-state actors that are engaged in purporting terrorism. This issue is complicated by how different nations and multinational entities label certain states as ‘state sponsors’, which is never universally accepted. One nation’s perception of state sponsorship of terrorism is often pitted against another nation’s claims against this notion. Whilst there is no universal agreement on what state sponsorship of terrorism entails, this only serves to provide complications on international cooperation and efforts in combating state sponsored terrorism.The Republic of Poland has taken an active interest in combating state sponsorship of terrorism and terrorism in general. Poland takes the view of sponsorship of terrorism in terms of financing terrorism. Thus, Poland has taken measures in combating the financing of terrorism inclusive of governments that sponsor terrorism by financing groups that purport terrorism. Poland has passed several national acts that authorises combating the financing of terrorism including the Act to implement Directive 2005/60/EC of the European Parliament on the prevention of the use of the financial system for terrorist financing. In 2008 Poland implemented two Conventions of the Council of Europe on the Financing of Terrorism in general and on the Prevention of Terrorism, at a national level. Lastly, Poland is also party to 14 of out 18 UN conventions and protocols relation to the fight against terrorism generally. Poland strongly supports cooperation on United Nations standards on counter-terrorism and combating state sponsored terrorism.The Republic of Poland is committed in reducing and eliminating state sponsorship of terrorism. Eliminating state sponsorship of terrorism should not just solely focus on punishment of states that engage in these activities, but solutions should also adhere to the rule of law and protect human rights. Again, whilst the focus should not just be on sanctions, the strong focus on deterrence and punishment should not be diminished. State sponsorship of terrorism is a huge concern of international security and combating terrorism for the fact that it allows terrorism to flourish. Poland suggests firm financial and political sanctions within these adherences. Poland calls upon member states to develop a resolution that allows the imposition of sanctions against states that sponsor terrorism, in accordance to international law that adheres to the rule of law and protects human rights. There should be a universal acceptance of how a state is designated to be a state sponsor and also the degree and type of sanctions to be imposed. Poland will continue to contribute to multinational efforts as part of the European Union and the United Nations to work towards an international consensus on combating state sponsored terrorism and the overall goal of counter- terrorism strategies to pursue the goal of world peace in the future.Position for the Disarmament and International Security Committee2.Question on the Role of International Border Security in Times of ArmedConflict.The increase of armed conflict around the world has often led to conflict spilling across borders whether it is the conflict itself or the resulting effects of such conflicts. Conflicts may also be transnational, in that conflicts may have already begun across nations rather than between combatants located in a single nation. The spread of ISIS in the Middle East as well as the spread of Boko Haram serves to illustrate the shifting borders been nations as a result of weak border control as well as difficult geographical features. International border security involves securing and strengthening borders between nations in times of armed conflict, where borders between nations may be weakened. The issue of border security is further complicated by issues such as already existing border disputes between nations, and a lack of effective existing border mechanisms. It also should be noted that issues such as cross-border weapon smuggling, the movement of people across borders during conflicts and illicit smuggling of goods across borders. Strengthening international border security in times of armed conflict is a huge concern to international security and peace.The Republic of Poland faces this issue with a strong interest in how to strengthen international borders with an aim to curtail the illicit flow of goods and the spread of armed conflict across borders. The Republic of Poland has contributed to efforts by the European Union on this issue. Efforts by the European Union includes the development and application of the Global Approach to Migration and Mobility program as well as the strengthened role of the European Union border agency, FRONTEX. Whist these programs have a focus on borders within Europe, Poland hopes to use such experiences in addressing the wider problem of border security in other regions of the world, namely the Middle East and Africa. Poland supports cooperation with the United Nations and on an international scale to further contribute to programs to aim to strengthen internal borders in times of armed conflict.The Republic of Poland fully supports any measures that aim to strengthen international border security in times of armed conflict. The strengthening of borders is of utmost importance in the first instance to discourage the activities such as illicit flow of goods across borders and to also prevent armed conflict spilling over borders. Poland acknowledges that the United Nations has various existing activities that currently work to strengthen international borders. However Poland call for a solution where the efficiency of such work can be increased, where the duplication of efforts through various programs implemented by the United Nations and by other entities can be reduced. By bringing the different work in strengthening international borders under a single department, more effective and concentrated work can be performed and our goal of strong and secure borders between states can be realised. Poland also stressed the importance of international cooperation on this issue, to further better understanding between nations on border security. Poland will continue to work with the United Nations on this issue of border security, through the various programs in place already and also working towards a more effective structure in tackling this issue, and continue to support efforts of the European Union on strengthening border security.。

模联立场文件position paper 以色列

Delegate: Daniel JenniferCountry: IsraelSchool: Tianjiabing High SchoolCommittee: United Nations High-level Political Forum on Sustainable DevelopmentTopic: Promotion of Sustainable Industrial Development and Innovation in Rural Areas Nowadays, many countries in the world are faced with the problem of how to effectively promote rural development. Due to the factors such as single industrial structure, poor connectivity, imperfect infrastructure and weak innovation in rural areas, it is difficult for them to keep up with the pace of industrialization and modernization, leading to a series of problems such as unemployment, gender inequality and lack of competitiveness, which are important factors leading to poverty. Experience has shown that industrialization is the only way for regional economic development. The improvement of rural infrastructure, industrial development and innovation can bring huge benefits, which is the prerequisite for achieving sustainable development and inclusiveness in rural areas and the key to creating employment, eradicating poverty and improving living standards. Therefore, how to promote the sustainable development of rural industry, promote innovation, improve rural infrastructure construction are what we need to discuss together.Sustainable development is “meeting the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability to meet those of the future”.1In order to achieve this ideal state, the international community has made great efforts. The 2030 Agenda, published by the United Nations (UN) in 2015, sets out 17 goals and 169 targets for sustainable development, laying the foundation for sustainable development. "2The UN Industrial Development Organization focused on Goal 9 and published a report entitled “The Role of Technology and Innovation in Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development”, which provides guidance. In March 2010, the European Commission announced the EU 2020 Strategy, which highlights green and sustainable development directions that encourage knowledge innovation and improve energy resource use efficiency, thereby achieving a more inclusive society.3In addition, the African Union also proposed the 2063 Agenda at the June 2015 summit, proposing a long-term strategy for industrialization in Africa.4It hopes to promote economic transformation through industrialization, especially the development of manufacturing, accelerate industrialization and achieve independent and sustainable development.As a developed country and a major innovation country in the Middle East, Israel is based on science and technology innovation and realizes the importance of rural industrial development for the economic development of a region. In this regard, the Israeli government advocates attaching great importance to the development of rural areas, the cultivation of talents and innovation in science and technology.After the publication of the UN Agenda 21, Israel comprehensively analyzed the international situation and its own characteristics. In 1996, Israel formed a multi-sectoral committee that formulated Israel’s environmental policy and took the path of green development.5In addition, in 1997, Israel officially launched the strategic plan for sustainable development in Israel. At the same time, Israel strives to raise the level of education of its citizens, establishes a developed education system for all, and trains a large number of innovative talents.6Up to now, the Israeli industry has achieved remarkable results. The original rural area has been transformed into a city with an urbanization level of 92.4%7. In the only rural areas, Israel has vigorously promoted innovation and formed an innovative agricultural development model. The level of agricultural industrialization and modernization has been continuously improved, and the food self-sufficiency rate has reached 95%8. Meanwhile, Israelcontinued to strengthen the construction of rural infrastructure, vigorously improved rural network access conditions, and also set up a comprehensive cooperative organization for agriculture, providing warehousing, logistics, rough processing, intensive processing, and other services. It has also established scientific research, development, and extension systems, and has made remarkable achievements in innovation in agricultural irrigation, soilless cultivation, and desertification control.Sustainable development is a global issue, which cannot be solved only through the efforts of one side. Its realization requires the joint efforts of all mankind. Therefore, the Israeli government calls for:1.Deepen the understanding of sustainable development, change the traditional development thinking and mode, and combine their own national conditions to formulate a realistic sustainable rural industrial development path and innovation strategy.2. Strengthen international exchanges and cooperation, establish partnerships of mutual respect and common development, and promote exchange of experiences on sustainable development and innovation in rural industries.3. Developed countries ought to give certain support to developing countries in terms of finance and technology, especially to the least developed countries, small island developing states and African countries, and alleviate the shortage of funds and technology in these countries.4. Establish a sound national education system, build a systematic and multi-level vocational education system, and vigorously cultivate innovative talents.5. Governments should support the development of rural areas in policies, increase investment in rural infrastructure, and accelerate the construction of network communication facilities conducive to technology dissemination.6. Give full play to the role of micro-enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises, increase employment positions, and promote technological innovation.7. Strive to eliminate inequality and provide equal employment opportunities for women, disabled people and immigrants.Although there are still many challenges on the issue of sustainable development, the Israeli Government sincerely hopes to expand consensus, promote cooperation among countries, promote the sustainable development and innovation of rural industries, and give full play to the role of a high-level political forum for sustainable development to make new efforts for rural revitalization. At the same time, the Israeli government will continue to work hard to take responsibility and act to fulfill its promise. The Israeli government also hopes that the sustainable development of rural industries and rural innovation can really bring positive and beneficial effects to the rural development of all countries.1UN WCED, Report of the Would Commission Environment and Development :Our Common Future(A/42/427),19872UN General Assembly, Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development(A/RES/70/1), 2015.3Baidu Baike, EU 2020,https:///item/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F2020/9441305?fr=aladdin,2018.4African Union Commission, Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want, 03, 2015., Israel's Sustainable Development Strategy,/8314417355e3421580492e7786d256f7.html,2018.6 Israel's Ministry of Education, Education office sites and systems,2016.7CIA, The Fact Book, 2018.8World Agriculture, Israel's Modern Agricultural Road,2014,06.。

模拟联合国Position Paper范例(标准格式)

Position PaperDelegate：Han JingdaSchool: High School Attached to Northeast Normal UniversityCountry : The Republic of BoliviaCommittee: Commission on Sustainable DevelopmentTopic: Impact of Population Growth on SustainabilityPopulation growth was a big problem that had restricted the development of the human all over the world today. After the industrial revolution, human's life level and economic production increased continuously, population increase rapidly. From 1999 to 2009 this short 10 years, the world population have risen one hundred million. And the world population has exceeded seven billion up till now. Population's unsustainable growth has caused a lot of contradictions in many countries, it is very urgent to solve this problem.In this issue, the United Nations joint efforts of other countries in the world to control population growth and ease the contradiction. The 21st century's agenda which was formulated in 2002 by the UN explicitly mentioned that "Strengthen research to combine population, environment and development "and so on. These policies provide navigation for the United Nations and countries all over the world. At the same time, according to The Action Plan of the Conference on International Population and Development's relevant content, the population rate of the annual average in 1994 to 2004 was 1.31; but in 2004 to 2012, the annual average has fallento 1.10.The number of population in Bolivia is 10.028 million. The government tried to solve the people's livelihood preferably. In the human rights and the feminist issue, Bolivia also respected for human rights and the feminist at the same time of respecting for economic development. Bolivia emphasized the education. The educational literacy rate has been reduced to 13.28%. Bolivia's investment of public sector and education reached to150 million dollars.Bolivia supports the United Nations' resolutions zealously. Bolivia emphasizes that the government devotes to control the population growth in a stable numerical with other countries jointly. The United Nations should continue to control the population growth. For developed countries, Bolivia Suggests to offered economic aids and send education team regularly; For the vast number of developing countries and undeveloped areas, Bolivia expects them should develop the people's livelihood vigorously; Clear relevant laws, improve women's rights and status, reduce the family violence and population's illegal trafficking happened.Bolivia hopes countries around the world should control population growth together and remove negative effects from the population growth. Finally achieve the people's development collectively.当今世界，人口增长已成为制约人类各方面发展的一大难题。

MUN模拟联合国资料

1. 立场文件（取材2009 年北大模联）Delegate:YangYI，Yuanmeng HUANGSchool:ShanghaiNo.3GirlsHighSchoolCountry:TuvaluCommittee:UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram(UNEP)TopicA:ExploitationofNaturalResourcesinAntarcticWith increasing discoveries made and technologies developed, the exploitation of Antarctica has become an international hot-spot. Our exporation of Antarctica has never ceased---we aresimply eager to step on to that mysterious, yet, sacred white land covered with snow all-year-longto do researches or to carry out further exploitation.Many countries have built up scientific stations on this continent, and have gradually madetheir dreams come true. Thanks to the constant efforts of the international community, we have already made facts like “there are more than 220 sorts of mineral resources in Antarctic” and “the amount of reserved flammable ice beneath the ice sheet is the sum of all the fossil fuels all over theworld, which could replace coal and petroleum as a new environment- friendly energy resource”come true.So now, the importance and the necessity of peaceful and rational exploitation of these resources have gradually emerged. And Tuvalu firmly believes that should these resources be used properly, they would be evangel to all those suffering from the energy crisis.1One important ally of Tuvalu, the UK, has claimed 100 Esq. Sea territories near the Antarctica, which incurred many disputes from the countries near the Antarctica. Not only UK though, many other countries(such as Chile, Argentina, France, Norway) have claimed territories in Antarctica as well. Russian Federation even dispatched, 153 times, scientific groups to Antarctica to do research,discover and built basements!However, the territorial conflicts in Antarctic is not simply about territory itself; it is alsoabout showing off certain countries' power. Now, there are many treaties and protocols dealing with this issue, but few of them are effective. And the poor Antarctic Treaty, can only be regarded as a byproduct of the cold war, which froze many droids in Antarctic, and forbid the exploitation inAntarctica and the territory claims. Yet, it is very clear that not all of these items are rational. Tuvalu supports the exploitation of Antarctic resources, and we believe that Antarctica belongs to the entire human race, which, of course, includes us Tuvalu.2Tuvalu is we hope to participate the inner conferences of the related countries to get more benefits for our citizens. Therefore, Tuvalu suggests that the international community hold discussions based on the Svalbard Treaty, 1925 to exploit Antarctic resources, protect its environment, and, as well, to pay less attention to military and economic concerns.Also as one of the least developed countries in the world, we have extremely limited capabilityfor thorough exploitation: We will simply use the resources of Antarctica to meet domestic needs. The exploitation of the Antarctic is a mainstream trend of our time. So, Tuvalu suggests all countries be united, to together figure out a rational, environment-friendly and sustainable way to exploit Antarctic and to protect it. Tuvalu is willing to cooperate with other developed alliancesuchas Australia, Japan and UK during this UNEP conference to sign related joint communiqué to help1 /bbs/dispbbs.asp?boardid=12&id=281&page=2&star=12 /view/2732.htm大家一起来模联东北一狂人著18our alliances and Tuvalu ourselves to benefit from all that we can.Above all, Tuvalu suggests:1. Considering that great profits can and can only be achieved underInternational Treaties, Tuvalu urges the UN to ameliorate all international treatiessuch as the Antarctic Treaty and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,discuss the documents of scientific share of the polar area, take the polar area intothe jurisdiction of the United Nations, and welcome all states to carry out scientific explorations.2. Urges all states to explore the resources shared by all mankind properly, inrespect of the international laws and the protection of the environment, andannounce all the scientific achievements beneficial to everyone.3. Protects the benefits of all developing countries on the controversial issue,and thinks developing countries should cooperate with developed ones and shouldn'tbe sated aside in the intense competition in exploiting Antarctic natural resources.4. As for energy, we suggest that every country find and invent new energy withgreat exertion, and we hope that the human race could get rid of the rely on fossilresources as soon as possible.5. According to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, theapplication of the extension of the application of the continental shelf seabedsovereignty under article 76, and all states should hand in the relating applicationand information to UN.6. In expectation of relevant provisions of the United Nations Convention on theLaw of the Sea, all exploration and researches must be under the framework in thetreaty.Tuvalu is faces a huge problem that we will all soon be facing: Global Warming. This effect causes the elevation of sea level, and as a result our citizens have to migrate to survive. So we hopethat all countries will protect the environment of Antarctic area while exploring it.Tuvalu suggests that, in order to reach the consensus of certain laws and decisions, we should have further discussion on this topic. Antarctic belongs to all livings, including the citizens of Tuvalu. Tuvalu hopes that our citizens could find a new place to live in Antarctic zone by a resolution of UNEP. Tuvalu appeals every country to be united in elaborating new international laws in order to establish and maintain a new order in the exploration of Antarctic resources. Tuvalu will, of course, very much appreciates international assistance. Again, we insists that Antarctic belongs to the entire human race, and we hope all countries could cooperate with each other on these issues. And Tuvalu hopes all countries could pay more attention to environment protection when making the exploitation projects. Tuvalu has been devoted to promoting peacefuland efficient discussions among all the countries related to these issues to protect the collective benefits from the hegemonies. From now on, we will pay close attention to the progress of this conference, and we expect the UNEP to be efficient, effective, and function-enlarged.2. 工作文件（取材2008 年复旦模联）WorkingPaperSample(1)Committee: International Fishery Committee大家一起来模联东北一狂人著19Topic: Global fishery and managementSponsor: Panama, Guatemala, NigaruaguaAs countries with prospering fishing industry, also as countries that pay great attention tothe maintainance of biodiversity, we strive to solve negative effects brought about during fishery process. One of the major problems is bycatch.A vivid definition of bycatching:Imagine you are a the old man in Old Man and the Sea, and you want to catch someshrimp for lunch. If when you trawl up your net, except for the poor shrimps you want,there is also a dinasour struggling in the net, then you have just BY-CAUGHT: catchingsomething you do not intend to catch.Howseriousisby-catch?According to the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, in the Gulf of Mexico, three pounds of bycatch are caught for every pound of shrimp that goes to market. Accordingto the Worldwide Fund for Nature, in the Gulf of Thailand it can be 14 pounds of bycatchper pound of shrimp. Bycatch is often discarded dead or dying by the time it is returned tothe sea. Trawl nets in general, and shrimp trawls in particular, have been identified as sources of mortality for species of concern, including cetaceans. Sea turtles, alreadycritically endangered, have been killed by the thousands in shrimp trawl nets.Howtoreduceby-catch?To reduce bycatch, we propose ways as follows:1. We recommand the "bycatch reduction device" (BRD) and the Nordmore grate thathelp fish escape from shrimp nets.2. We encourage trawlers to outfit their nets with trap-door "Turtle excluder device," or TEDs, to let sea turtles escape.3. As the size selectivity of trawl nets is often controlled by the size of the openings in thenet, especially in the "cod end", the larger the size of the openings, the more easily small fish can escape, so we support the use of appropriately larger sizes of openings.4. We appeal to further carry out the development and testing of modifications to fishing gear to improve selectivity and decrease impact, which is called "conservation engineering."DISCARDS, form a major part of the bycatch of a fishing operation. Discards are theportion of a catch of fish which is not retained on board during commercial fishing operations and is returned, often dead or dying, to the sea. Discarding impacts on the大家一起来模联东北一狂人著20environment in two ways; firstly, through increased mortality to target and non-target species, particularly at juvenile life-history stages, and secondly, through alteration of food webs by supplying increased levels of food to scavenging organisms on the sea floor, and to sea birds.So, in addition to efforts to reduce the amount of bycatch caught in nets, we also appeal to implement programs to effectively utilize bycatch species, rather than throwing the fish back into the ocean. One such use of bycatch is the formulation of fish hydrolysate that can be used as a soil amendment in organic agriculture.WorkingPaperSample(2)Committee: International Fishery CommitteeTopic : some solutions summarySponsors: Uruguay ,Guatemala ,Ecuador, Panama, Nicaragua, Brazil, Costa RicaThe following is summary of the common views of Latin Americancountries aboveOverfishing Solutions SummaryA.Raiseawarenessusingfollowingways1. Build morality education by public propagandas2. Build professional education to fishermen by science knowledgepopularizationEnhancepoormanagement3. reduce fishing capacity by restricting large-amount fishing to levels that marine system can sustain.4. Prohibit catching little fishes to allow over-exploited fish populations to recover.5. Raise artificial baby fishes6. Prohibit catching endangered and valuable fishes, by demarcatingno-fishing areas, to ensure the biodiversity.7. set restrictions on commercial fishing8. establish specific legislation to restrict overfishing; establish heavy legislation to ensure the conduction of management9. improve supervision system10.urges the local government to work on the issues efficiently and transparentlyBy-catching Solutions Summary1. Each relevant government definites the by-catching quota , based on each country’s ocean resource. And the quota should be ratified by UN.2. Modify the fishing instruments to reduce unwanted catch. For example: outfit nets with trap-door to let turtles escape in shrimp catching;大家一起来模联东北一狂人著21control the size of the nets’ openings.3. Restrict fishing capacity, for example,1 ton or 1000 heads, no matter what are your target fishes.4. Effectively utilize by-catching fishes, rather than throwing themback into the sea. Because by-catching is inevitable and the majority of the returned by-catching fishes are dead or dying.Solutions to El Nino impacts on fisheryBackgroundEl Nino causes heavy decline of fish production, resulting in the enormous economic losses of these countries, whose GDP consists a large proportion of fishery.Solutions1. utilize the previously mentioned monitoring system in working paper1.3 to forecast more effectively El Nino phenomenon2. compensate for the loss brought about by El Ninoa. modifications of annual fishery investment, according to the estimation from the monitoring systemb. humanitarian aids to disaster-struck countries are indispensable. BiodiversityBackgroundBiodiversity is a resource with enormous potential, both for intellectual and e conomic purposes and as an instrument for a country’s development. Each species (of course including fishes)plays a role in nature, andinteracts with other species and its environment. So biodiversity is worth concerning by every country.Solutions1. Set up international oceanic gene pool and enhance cooperation among associations.2. Encourage responsible countries to establish relevant laws for the conservation and sustainable use of oceanic bio-diversity.3. improve social participation by publicizing4. appeals for cooperation on bio-diversity technology and management expertise3. 决议草案Draft Resolution 1.1Committee:GeneralAssemblyTopic:ReportoftheCommitteeonRelationswiththeHostCountry大家一起来模联东北一狂人著22Sponsors:Argentina,Germany,Japan,SouthAfrica,TheUnitedStatesofAmericaSignatories:Azerbaijan,Brazil,Bangladesh,Barbados,Croatia,Denmark,Greece,Hungary,Italy,Jamaica,Zimbabwe,etc.The General Assembly,Having considered the report of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country,Recalling article 105 of the Charter of the United Nations, the Convention on the privilegesand immunities of the United Nations, the agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the headquarters of the United Nations and the responsibility of the host country,Recalling also that, in accordance with paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 2819 (XXVI) of 15 December 1971, the Committee should consider, and advise the host country on, issues arising in connection with the implementation of the Agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the headquarters of the United Nations,Recognizing that effective measures should continue to be taken by the competent authorities of the host country, in particular to prevent any acts violating the security of missions and the safety of their personnel,1. Endorses the recommendations and conclusions of the Committee on Relations with the Host Country contained in paragraph 86 of its report;2. Considers that the maintenance of appropriate conditions for the normal work of the delegations and the missions accredited to the United Nations and the observance of their privileges and immunities,which is and issue of great importance, are in the interest of the United Nations and allMember States, and requests the host country to continue to solve, trough negotiations, problems that might arise and to take all measures necessary to prevent any interference with the functioningof missions; and urges the host country to continue to take appropriate action, such as trainingof police, security, customs and border control officers, with a view to maintaining respect for diplomatic privileges and immunities and if violations occur to ensure that such cases are properly investigated and remedied, in accordance with applicable law;3. Notes the problems experienced by some permanent missions in connection with the implementationof the Parking Programme for Diplomatic Vehicles and shall remain seized of the matter,with a view to continuing to maintain the proper implementation of the Parking Programme in a manner that is fair, non-discriminatory, effective and therefore consistent with international law, and also notes the decision of the Committee to conduct another review of the implementation of the Programme during the sixty-first session of the General Assembly and, subject to its outcome, will proceed accordingly;大家一起来模联东北一狂人著234. Requests the host country to consider removing the remaining travel restrictions, notes that during the reporting period some travel restrictions previously imposed by the host country on staffof certain missions and staff members of the Secretariat of certain nationalities were removed, and,in this regard, notes the positions of affected States as reflected in the report of the Committee, of the Secretary General and of the host country;6. Notes that a number of delegations have requested shortening the time frame applied by the hostcountry for issuance of entry visas to representatives of Member States, since this time frame posesdifficulties for the full-fledged participation of Member States in United Nations meetings;7. Expresses its appreciation for the efforts made by the host country, and hopes that the issues raised at the meetings of the Committee will continue to be resolved in a spirit of cooperation and inaccordance with international law;8. Affirms the importance of the Committee in being in a position to fulfill its mandate and meet on a short notice to deal with urgent and important matters concerning the relations between the United Nations and the host country, and in that connection requests the Secretariat and the Committeeon Conferences to accord priority to requests of the Committee on the Relations with theHost Country for conference-servicing facilities for meetings of that Committee that must be held while the General Assembly and its main committees are meeting, without prejudice to the requirementof those bodies and on an "as available" basis;9. Requests the Secretary General to remain actively engaged in all aspects of the relations of the United Nations with the host country.4. 修正案（取材2008 年复旦模联）FriendlyAmendmenttoDraftResolution1.1(Sample)Sponsor: Peru, Ecuador, PanamaSignatories: U.S.A., Japan, San Marino, South Africa, Panama, Guinea-Bissau, Greece.In the point ”El Nino”, Peru and some of the South America countries would like to modifications the item (a) in point 2:Change the sentence “Modifications of a nnual fishery investment, according to the estimation fromthe monitoring system.” into “Modifications of annual domestic industry investment, according tothe estimation from the monitoring system.”5. 危机文件Draft Directive 4.1Committee: Executive Council of Organization of Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Sponsors: United Kingdom, USASignatories: Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Italy24The OPCW,1. Requests the governments of India and Pakistan to fully cooperate with the OPCW in the following:a. Find our the modus operandi of the terrorist groups; such as JeM in acquiring chemical materials;b. Allowing full-fledged inspections of the region of Kashmir, where chemical materials are suspected to have been tested.2. Urges cooperation among security and intelligence related bodies to prevent terrorist attacks that involve chemical agents.。

模联文件写作

模联文件写作摘要：模联会议的目的，就是在各国代表的共同努力下对某一国际重点问题达成一致并最终生成一份具有实际效力的文件（决议草案），因此通过一份决议案是模联会中最激动人心的时刻。

那么它是如何诞生的？写作时模联中重要的组成部分之一，文件写作贯穿始终，每位代表都应具有优秀的文件写作能力。

模联中的文件：立场文件（Position Paper）工作文件（Working Paper）决议草案/指令草案（Draft Resolution/Draft Directives）修正案（1、立场文件（有几个议题写几份立场文件）什么是立场文件？——表明一国在某一问题上的基本观点和立场的文件作用及意义——归纳总结会前研究成果，明确表达国家的基本观点和立场——为会场上的正式辩论准备基本材料——通过立场文件了解其他国家的立场，方便会上沟通与合作Sample Position Paper(正式格式)Country the United States of America (国家名)Committee United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change（委员会全称）Topic Adaption to Sea Level Rise（议题）Delegate Name Zhang San（代表名）Delegate School Wonderful High School（代表学校）In recent years the world has witnessed the troubles which result from global warming. As the greenhouse gas emission grows and the temperature keeps moving up, the Sea Level Rise (SLR) has become one of the most negative effects of climate change. According to the report printed by one of the winners of the Nobel Peace Prize of this year, the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC), the scientists estimate that the global average sea level will rise between 0.3 and 2.9 feet (0.09 to 0.88 meters) in the next century , which means some Small Island Developing States (SIDS) will disappear, and so many important cities like New York, London, Tokyo, Shanghai etc. will be severely threatened. Otherwise, the ramifications of SLR, for instance, food and water security, land loss, extreme disasters, economic and social disruption etc. should be taken into consideration. (简要阐述议题，说明代表国认为这个议题对于本国和国际社会的重要性)As the United States has roughly 20,000 km (12,400 miles) of coastline and more than 32,000 km (19,900 miles) of coastal wetlands, the citizens are potentially exposed to the negative effect of SLR. No citizens of US will forget the horrible “Hurricane Katrina” in the August of 2005, which claimed hundreds of lives and it costs over $100 billion to rebuild the city. From then on, US had realized the importance of enhancing higher level of adaptation to SLR. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indicates that the costs of adapting to even a one meter sea level rise in the US would amount to US$156 billion (3 percent of GNP) ii. In spite of the high cost, US government and State governments have planned several solutions of adaptation to SLR. For example, some of the states prohibit new houses in areas likely to be eroded in the next 30-60 years, and some of the states have implemented some version of “rolling easements” in which people are allowed to build, but only on the condition that they will remove the structure if and when it is threatened by an advancing shoreline iii.On the international level, US gratefully regards the IPCC as a active leading research group of climate change, and US armly believes if all the nations can follow the advises of IPCC, the world will have a better condition in the tough battle against SLR. However, US feels sorry to see some nations still remain in the low level of awareness of SLR, indulging in drastic development in economy, ignoring the basic human rights of inhabitants in coastal zones. In that case, US suggests that the United Nations offer sanction to those nations because their negligence can affect widelyaround the region, and the negative effect will spread globally.(联合国与本国在该问题上已作出的行动及本国看法)There is no doubt that the fanancial problem is still the most critical barrier to implement of adaptation to SLR. In order to solve this, the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) should take part in the National Adaptation Programs of Action (NAPAs). For the sake of the Developing Countries, US suggests integrating adaptation objectives into the broader goals of sustainable national development. The US and also other developing countries is willing to supply basic fanancial aids to those in need nations, however, the purpose of money using should be carefully supervised. Moreover, some nations, as Russia, they have benefited from SLR because of increasing arable land from which former frozen land transformed, is obliged to support more aids to suffering countries, especially those SIDS. Another barrier comes to the communication of information. Though recent reports of IPCC and other international organizations including Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have involved comprehensive information and options of adaptation to SLR, some remote nations still can not get the suitable information they in urgent need of. Since the appropriate mechanism for implementation depends on the particular situation, the US encourages IPCC and other international organizations can summon some subgroups for each nation to identify suitable options of adaptation to SLR. Moreover, conference of adaptation to SLR should be hold yearly, or monthly if need in order to communicate with information and experience. On the national level, the government has to bridge the gap between the research community and policy makers, such as striving for the widest possible participation of stakeholders so that policies will reflect the priorities of diverse range of interest groups. In this case, a democratic government can engage more stakeholders, and the policy will be implemented smoothly.In addition, adaptation to SLR requires a broad range of effort including building protecting objectives, formulating new protocols and conventions, setting forecasting systems and water desalination systems, reducing population around the coastal zone and etc. The US especially reminds all the countries to pay great attention to the terrorists who will probably try to destroy the infrastructure of protection to SLR. The US also will do its utmost to prevent the terrorists from threatening the coastal zone.(重点:本国的立场和对于该问题的解决方法与措施，并提供一定理由)无需要特别阐述该国家详细信息尽量使文体显得官方与正式，注意措辞与主题相关的必要时提供数据举出实例与具体措施，而不是空谈政策与态度引用资料时用脚注和尾注标出表示本国的态度政策时使用第三人称表达尽量简洁明了，立场明确，该坚定时坚定，该具体时具体注意详略，第一~三段都不需详写，篇幅应不多于2页如无特殊要求，一份立场文件只讨论一个议题 2、工作文件是什么——工作文件是代表们进行游说与结盟后，根据已有信息，草拟出针对某一问题的看法观点和初步的解决方法的文件，可理解为决议草案的雏形。

模联立场文件写作教学

立场文件写作（Position Paper Writing ）➢ 概述立场文件是“模拟联合国”活动中一个国家基本的“名片”，它表达了某个国家或组织在某个议题上的立场概要。

代表们首先就是通过立场文件来表达本国立场、了解其他国家的立场。

因此写一份好的立场文件，表达清楚自己的意思尤为重要。

➢ 立场文件元素➢ 立场文件范例分析学校：****国家：尼日利亚代表：****2004年1210米，13个印度洋国家的21万6000大的一场自然灾难之一，联合国公布死难者数字是至少22万3000此外，多国沿岸的酒店和村庄城镇也受到严重破坏，180经济损失近百亿美元。

多元化外交政策高度关注印尼海啸难民问题，已经就“印尼海啸难民问并且非常愿意在本国承受范围之内以“不强制遣返，为原则接受部分难民，希望在印尼海啸难民问题中能发挥积极作用。

尼日利亚对印尼海啸难民问题的解决前景感到乐观。

不久，国际社会包括，国际援助总额已经超过80金将陆续就位。

的繁荣。

在救助活动中，我们都能清楚地意识到，要尽快地解决印尼海啸难民问题，我们仍然需要处理好下面几个方面：1、海啸在世界范围内都存在着，为防止下次所海啸所带来的爆发性难民问题，由联合国牵头建立全球海啸预警系统；2、建立更加“有前瞻性、有战略性、公开和有效”的救援资金分配机制，确实保证一部分资金用于解决印尼海啸难民问题，避免救援资金被挪用或贪污；3、加强国际合作机制，由联合国难民署牵头协调各国解决此次的难民问题，登记注册灾区难民特别是灾区儿童，以防人口贩卖，为难民提供生活住所，并且在经济、政策等方面给予必要的援助，帮助难民重返家园；难民问题在世界各地尤其是在广大的非洲国家中不断出现，尼日利亚希望通过解决这次的印尼海啸难民问题，继续扩大联合国难民署的职能，尼日利亚呼吁更多国家关注世界难民问题特别是非洲难民问题，呼吁发达国家承担起解决此类难民问题的中坚作用。

难民重返家园的同时有成千上万的非洲难民无家可归，次呼吁国际社会加强合作，促进世界人道主义事业的蓬勃发展。

ECE-R100-2013

GE.13-Economic Commission for EuropeInland Transport CommitteeWorld Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle RegulationsWorking Party on Passive SafetyFifty-third sessionGeneva, 13–17 May 2013Item 16 of the provisional agendaRegulation No. 100 (Battery of electric vehicles)Draft Supplement 3 to the 01 series of amendments Submitted by the expert from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers *The text reproduced below was prepared by the expert from the InternationalOrganization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA) proposing to remove unnecessaryconstraints to electric vehicle systems having a working voltage of 48 V and to adapt thesafety provisions to this technology. The modifications to the text of the UN Regulation aremarked in bold for new or strikethrough for deleted characters.* In accordance with the programme of work of the Inland Transport Committee for 2010–2014(ECE/TRANS/208, para. 106 and ECE/TRANS/2010/8, programme activity 02.4), the World Forumwill develop, harmonize and update Regulations in order to enhance the performance of vehicles. Thepresent document is submitted in conformity with that mandate.United NationsECE /TRANS/WP.29/GRSP/2013/11Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 27 February 2013 Original: EnglishECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP/2013/112I. ProposalList of Annexes,Annex 6, amend to read:"Annex 6…Part 2: …Part 3: Essential characteristics of road vehicles or systems withchassis connected to electrical circuits ..................................... "Paragraph 2.20., amend to read:"2.20. "High voltage bus" means the electrical circuit, including the coupling system for charging the REESS that operates on high voltage.Where electrical circuits, that are galvanically connected to each other,are galvanically connected to the electrical chassis and the maximumvoltage between any live part and the electrical chassis or any exposedconductive part is ≤30 V AC and ≤60 V DC, only the components orparts of the electric circuit that operate on high voltage are classified as ahigh voltage bus."Insert new paragraph 2.39., to read:"2.39. "Chassis connected electric circuit" means AC and DC electric circuits galvanically connected to the electrical chassis."Paragraph 5.1.3., amend to read:"5.1.3. Isolation resistanceThis paragraph shall not apply to chassis connected electrical circuitswhere the maximum voltage between any live part and the electricalchassis or any exposed conductive part does not exceed 30V AC (rms) or60 V DC."Annex 6, insert new Part 3, to read:"Annex 6 - Part 3Essential characteristics of road vehicles or systems withchassis connected to electrical circuits1. General1.1. Make (trade name of manufacturer): .......................................................................1.2. Type: ............................................................................................................................1.3. Vehicle category: .........................................................................................................1.4. Commercial name(s) if available: ..............................................................................1.5. Manufacturer's name and address: ...........................................................................1.6. If applicable, name and address of manufacturer's representative: ......................ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP/2013/11......................................................................................................................................1.7. Drawing and/or photograph of the vehicle: ..............................................................1.8. Approval number of the REESS: ..............................................................................2. REESS2.1. Trade name and mark of the REESS:.......................................................................2.2. The cell chemistry: ......................................................................................................2.3. Electrical specification:2.3.1. Nominal voltage (V): ...................................................................................................2.3.2. Capacity (Ah): .............................................................................................................2.3.3. Maximum current (A): ...............................................................................................2.4. Gas combination rate (in per cent): ...........................................................................2.5. Description or drawing(s) or picture(s) of the installation of the RESSS in thevehicle: .........................................................................................................................3. Additional data3.1. Working voltage (V) AC circuit: ...............................................................................3.2. Working voltage (V) DC circuit: ............................................................................... "II. JustificationA. Current situation.1. Today automotive industry is making a real effort to reduce environmental impact,especially on limiting CO2emissions. New solutions are developped and produced toensure reduction of emissions, and the electrification of the powertrains presents a highpotential to this challenge. Electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicles now create the possibilityof having low levels of emission when using a vehicle.2. There are nevertheless some restrictions to these technologies. They are very costly,which is a hurdle for market introduction. To ensure wide acceptance by the customers offuture zero emission vehicles, mass production solutions to cut down the CO2emissionsneed to be developed.B. Motivation and objectives for systems having a working voltage of 48 V3. Car manufacturers are now aiming at additional solutions to reduce CO2 emissions.The objective is to find a technology that offers a high potential to reduce the overall fleetconsumption. Therefore, such technology should be compatible with every conventionalvehicle model and through this, provide an opportunity for mass scale production.4. The general idea is to replace the electric alternator of thermal vehicles with apowerful alternator/motor in conjunction with a 48 V battery. The basic functions for theCO2 reduction are the following:(a) energy is stored during braking instead of being dissipated(b) energy is provided to the vehicle network (12 V system)3ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP/2013/114(c) energy is provided to support the thermal engine for vehicle tractionC. Stop and Start operation5. A system having a working voltage of 48 V allows more efficiently controlledenergy flow and the potential reduction of CO2 emissions is high. It is fully applicable to all vehicle models and hence ensures the fulfillment of the previously described objective.6. Today, there are several major car manufacturers and automotive suppliersdeveloping such technologies for such applications.D. System description7. A small 48 V battery ensures energy storage. A DC/DC converter then provides thesupply of the 12 V network and the charge of the 12 V battery. The system is described in the figure below:Figure 1E. 48V working voltage rationale8. In order to provide the necessary power, the 48 V working voltage has beenidentified as the best compromise in terms of CO2reduction, voltage level and electric current. In fact, a lower voltage would lead to an increase of the current at the same power.This would lead to higher cross-sections of wiring and costly modifications of cells and other electronic components. On the other hand, an voltage higher than 48 V would lead to more complex systems and would be as costly as hybrids and electric vehicles (EVs and HEVs).F. Electrical architecture and voltages9. Two different architectures are available for such a system: one with a singlehousing with the motor and the inverter inside and the other one with two different housings, one for each component. In both cases, the repartition of the voltages is the same, as described in the Figures 3 below:Components 12 Vstarter motor (for coldcranking) – optional12 V loads and auxiliaries12 V batteryComponents 48 V:Alternater/starter (GS)Loads and auxiliaries48 V batteryDC/DC converterECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP/2013/115 Figure 2Single housing:Figure 3Two housings :10. According to the current high voltage definition of UN Regulation No. 100, there is AC high voltage in the system but no DC high voltage. The AC high voltage is located A.C.: U > 30V a .c . U <60V d .c . U < 60V d .ca .c . v oltages ( s witched / s inusoidal ), a .c . c urrent ( s inusoidal ) →in s ome operation m odes U > 30 V a.c . b etween phases , but switched d.c . v oltage U <60 V d.c . b etween phase and c hassisD.C. v oltage , s witched current ( r ipple )D.C.: d .c . v oltage , d .c . c urrent → U < 60 V d.c . A.C. U > 30V a.c . U <60V d.c . U < 60V d.ca .c . v oltages ( s witched / s inusoidal ), a .c . c urrent ( s inusoidal ) → in some operation m odes U > 30 V a.c . b etween p hases , but switched d .c . v oltage U <60 V d.c . b etween p hase and c hassisD.C. v oltage , s witched c urrent ( r ipple )D.C. d .c . v oltage , d .c . c urrent → U < 60 V d.c . D.C. v oltage switchedECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP/2013/116between the phases of the electric motor. However, the rest of the system, as well as between the phase and chassis of the electric motor is considered as DC low voltage.Today, the working voltage of the circuit is defined as the highest voltage between any two conductive parts. Accordingly, the working voltage of a 48 V system is high voltage, so the whole 48 V system would be classified as high voltage.11. However, the system described here presents major differences with a high voltagesystem (as used in EVs and HEVs): to simplify the system, the battery voltage is low, as are the voltages of all other components, and there is a galvanic conection to the chassis, which means no isolation resistance.G. Electrical safety analysis of 48V12. In any case, electrical safety needs to be guaranteed. Electrical safety of the 48 Vsystem would be ensured by:(a) physical protection provided by IP degree (enclosures, barriers…)(b) insulation of wiring(c) equipotential bonding13. Regarding the safety, there is no risk of being exposed to high voltage in a singlefailure condition, see section 5, paragraph below Figure 3 ("According to the current …2).The only way to get an electric shock is to touch two different phases of the motor with two hands, when the motor is running. Protection against direct contact is also provided by mechanically robust enclosures or insulation and two indirect contacts are avoided due to equipotential bonding. Therefore, there is no safety risk in this situation.14. The current requirement of UN Regulation No. 100 on isolation resistance leads toan unnecessary constraint on the 48 V system.15. In single fault conditions, there is no risk of electric shock by touching one ACphase and the chassis. Neither in direct nor indirect contact will the touch voltage be high voltage. In all cases, customers are protected, as there is only low voltage, independant of isolation resistance. Therefore, the fact that there is no isolation resistance on the system is not a safety issue for a 48 V system.ECE/TRANS/WP.29/GRSP/2013/117Figure 4H. Conclusion and proposal16. Hence, the proposal is to consider the particular circumstances of 48 V systems in UN Regulation No. 100 by ensuring the safety of the system without being forced to fullfill the insulation resistance requirement. Such a system, as described above, shall fullfill the high voltage requirements only for the part that operates on high voltage if it responds to the above specified voltage and chassis connection characteristics.17. The proposed modification will effectively limit the voltage between the phases as well as the phases and chassis of 48 V systems. When the voltages are limited as proposed, such a design cannot be used for designing high voltage systems which are currently in the scope of UN Regulation No. 100 without protection. The proposed modification will not reduce the level of safety of high voltage EVs or HEVs because such systems will not fall under the modification, as voltage between phase and chassis would be at high voltage level. It will simply remove unnecessary constraints on 48 V systems and enable the development of this high potential technology.18. Since the design of 48 V is less complex than high voltage hybrid- or electric vehicle systems, a new Part 3 of Annex 6 is proposed to be added to the UN Regulation to take into account the essential characteristics of the 48 V systems. For example: (i) a 48 V system cannot be equipped with a fuel cell system, (ii) for a 48 V system a 30 minutes maximum net power is not meaningful and (iii) the design of a 48 V battery is (even if it fulfils the requirements of the Part 2 of this UN Regulation) not comparable to the design of a huge and heavy pure electric vehicle battery with an electric range of 150 km or more.Indirect contactDirect contact。

模拟联合国会议流程

模拟联合国会议主要流程一、会议成员1.主席团（Dais）一个委员会由一个主席团（Members of the Dais）负责。

∙主席(Chair)：主席（The Chair）主持会议，主席的任务是按照联合国正式的程序规则监督并推动会议进程(Oversees Debate and Guides Delegates Through the Rules of Procedure)。

∙会议指导(Director)：观察会议，掌控会议方向、进程；审批文件。

∙主席助理(Rapporteur)：记录会议；负责点名、录入发言人名单(Speakers' list)、投票等环节。

2.代表（Delegate）∙概念：一个国家派出参加会议的人，代表这个国家的形象与立场。

∙职责：维护国家利益；展示国家形象；参与国际事务讨论。

∙称呼：代表要牢记自己的身份，发言时的主语要用国家名，而不是“我”。

3.志愿者（Volunteer）∙职责：负责传递意向条；负责相关会务，为代表提供方便。

二、解读模拟联合国会议规则流程1.点名（Roll Call）∙点名的作用：确定到场国家总数，由此计算简单多数（1/2多数）和三分之二多数。

这些数据决定了表决通过的标准。

∙点名的方式：主席助理按照国家名单上的顺序点名，点到的国家高举国家牌(Placard)（并答“到(Pres ent) ”。

主席助理重复“某某国代表出席”，并在电脑屏幕上标示出席情况，最终计数。

E.g. The rapporteur: Honorable delegates, now we are going to have the roll call. Thosecountries called please raise your placards and answer PRESENT. Afghanistan......2.设定议题（Setting the Agenda）∙本次会议将会有两个议题供代表们选择，代表们通过讨论、投票，确定出要首先讨论的议题。

模拟联合国写作指导（PP,WP,DR,SC）

模联会议之立场文件（Position paper）立场文件是表达某个国家或组织在某个特定议题上的立场概要的文件。

它在会议进行前就需要提交，以供代表互相了解立场，更有针对性地准备会议。

在会议中，它也可作为代表正式发言的主要的参照材料。

一、立场文件的内容一份出色的立场文件应该有理有据、语言精准，并且鲜明、准确、有力地阐述本国针对某一议题的立场。

广而言之，立场文件顾名思义，就是阐述本国的立场；具体来讲，一份出色的立场文件需要包含以下方面的内容：1.本国在该议题中的基本立场与态度；2.本国赞成及签署的与该议题相关的国际协议，本国参与的与该议题相关的国际合作和行动；3.本国与该议题的相关程度，对于解决该问题在国内曾经采取过的重要行动、通过的重要法案；4.本国对于解决该问题所提出的相关建议（包括国内措施和国际行动）；5.本国领导人及政要发表的有关该议题的重要讲话；6.本国在该议题中的相关利益总结及立场底线总结。

为了进一步说明立场文件中所应包含的具体内容，下面将举一实例，如裁军与国际安全委员会）的英国（United Kingdom）代表在写作关于反对（Disarmament and International Security Committee）的英国（恐怖主义的国际合作（International Cooperation in Counter-Terrorism）这一议题的立场文件时，应该包含以下的具体内容：1.英国对于恐怖主义问题的态度，对于国际反恐合作的基本立场；2.英国赞成和签署的国际反恐合作条约，英国所参与的国际反恐合作行动；3.英国国内的恐怖主义活动情况以及英国政府所采取的相关措施、为应对反恐所通过的相关法律；4.英国认为国际社会应该如何解决恐怖主义问题，对于国际反恐合作的具体建议；5.英国领导人在正式场合所发表的关于国际反恐的发言和基本立场表态；6.国际反恐合作与英国国家利益的相关程度，英国对反恐问题的立场底线。

模联立场文件范例-Chile

Delegate:Li Yajing ,Zhou ManluSchool:HeNan UniversityCountry:ChileCommittee:World Trade Organization(WTO)Topic:Global Trade under the Crisis of food Safety & SecurityThe extraordinary rise of global food prices in early 2008 posed a major threat to global food and nutrition security and caused a host of humanitarian, human rights, socio-economic, environmental, developmental, political and security-related consequences. In particular, it presented challenges for low income food deficit countries, and severely affected the world’s most vulnerable. It threatened to reverse critical gains made toward reducing poverty and hunger as outlined in the Millennium Development Goals(MDGS).The crisis which caused by the rise of global food prices impelled the United Nations chief executive council to establish a High Level Task Force(HLTF). The High Level Task Force held its ninth meeting on 25 June in New York under the chairmanship of the Secretary-General. Under the first agenda item, HLTF members provided updates on current issues, including prospects for the food security and hunger situation in 2009. In view of an urgently needed increase in investment, HLTF members discussed Advocacy and resource mobilization, financial coordination and monitoring under the second agenda item.Under the third agenda item ‘Country-level coordination for the implementation of the Comprehensive Framework for Action (CFA)’Mr.Nabarro reported that the HLTF Coordination Secretariat has intensified its work at country level, carried out visits in nine countries and engaged with actors at regional level.EDUARDO GALVEZ ( Chile), referring to the impact of the financial crisis on development, stressed the need for solutions to focus on equitable treatment for all members of society as well as environmental sustainability. He put forward that there was a need to help developing countries mitigate the impact of the crisis. Developed countries should swiftly implement their financial commitments. Poor countries could not be kept waiting.On the issue of global food trade,Chile has the following recommendations:a. Expand and improve international collaboration, create an agricultural trading rule that is fair and legitimate. Expand food trading partnership to obtain various import sources. Meanwhile, countries should improve their food safety policy. Joint-stock could be a way to reduce the fluctuation of food price and to make sure that everywhere gets enough food supply.b. United Nations might establish a global grain storage, to fulfill the functions of the World Food Bank, and formulated "especial right for borrowing grain" helping with the least developed countries to cope with the food crisis, the World Food Bank is also able helping those countries which suffers from short-term food scarcity countries for grain with preferential conditions.。

milankovitch cycles and glaciation托福阅读解析

milankovitch cycles and glaciation托福阅读解析Milankovitch cycles are geological phenomena that have significant impacts on Earth"s climate, particularly in relation toglaciation.Understanding these cycles is crucial for students preparing for the TOEFL reading section.In this document, we will delve into the details of Milankovitch cycles and glaciation, providing a comprehensive analysis that will help you excel in your TOEFL reading comprehension.Milankovitch Cycles and Glaciation: TOEFL Reading Analysis1.Introduction to Milankovitch CyclesMilankovitch cycles refer to the long-term variations in Earth"s orbit and axial tilt.These cycles are named after Serbian geophysicist Milutin Milankovitch, who proposed the theory in the early 20th century.The three main components of Milankovitch cycles are:a.Eccentricity: This cycle describes the changes in the shape of Earth"s orbit around the Sun, which occurs over a period of about 100,000 years.b.Obliquity: Obliquity refers to the tilt of Earth"s axis, which varies between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees over a period of approximately 41,000 years.c.Precession: Precession is the wobbling motion of Earth"s axis, which completes a cycle every 26,000 years.2.Impact on GlaciationMilankovitch cycles play a crucial role in the formation and retreat of ice sheets, which are major contributors to glaciation.The cycles affect the distribution and intensity of solar radiation received by Earth, leading to changes in climate.a.Eccentricity and Glaciation: Higher eccentricity results in greater differences in the distance between Earth and the Sun during different seasons.This can lead to more extreme climate conditions, favoring the growth of ice sheets during certain phases of the cycle.b.Obliquity and Glaciation: A higher tilt (obliquity) increases the seasonal contrast in solar radiation, affecting the distribution of ice sheets.A higher tilt favors glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere, while a lower tilt has the opposite effect.c.Precession and Glaciation: The precession cycle influences the timing of Earth"s seasons.When the Northern Hemisphere experiences summer during perihelion (the point in Earth"s orbit closest to the Sun), it receives more solar radiation, leading to increased glaciation.3.TOEFL Reading StrategiesTo effectively answer questions related to Milankovitch cycles and glaciation on the TOEFL reading section, consider the following strategies:a.Focus on cause-and-effect relationships: Understanding how the different components of Milankovitch cycles influence glaciation is key to comprehending the passage.b.Pay attention to detail: Look for specific examples and data that support the relationship between Milankovitch cycles and glaciation.c.Skim and scan: Skim the passage to get a general idea, then scan for specific information to answer the questions.4.Practice QuestionsTo reinforce your understanding, practice answering the following sample TOEFL reading questions:a.According to the passage, which component of Milankovitch cycles has the shortest cycle period?b.How does obliquity affect the distribution of ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere?ConclusionMilankovitch cycles and glaciation are complex topics that require careful attention to detail.By understanding the key concepts and applying effective reading strategies, you can improve your comprehension and perform well on TOEFL reading questions related to this subject.Remember to practice with sample questions and continue studying to enhance your knowledge of Earth"s fascinating geological processes.。

江苏省2024年自学考试英语二作文是啥

江苏省2024年自学考试英语二作文是啥Title: What is the English II essay for the self-study exam in Jiangsu Province in 2024?In 2024, the English II essay for the self-study exam in Jiangsu Province focused on the topic of climate change and its impact on the environment. Students were required to discuss the causes of climate change, the effects it has on the planet, and possible solutions to address this global issue.The essay prompt began by providing background information on the current state of climate change, including rising global temperatures, melting ice caps, and extreme weather events. Students were then asked to analyze the various factors contributing to climate change, such as carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial pollution.Next, students were tasked with examining the consequences of climate change on the environment and society. They were encouraged to consider the impact on ecosystems, wildlife, agriculture, and human health. Additionally, students were prompted to discuss how climate change exacerbates existing social inequalities and disproportionately affects vulnerable populations.In the final part of the essay, students were challenged to propose and evaluate potential solutions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This included suggestions for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, implementing sustainable land management practices, and promoting climate resilience in communities.Overall, the English II essay for the self-study exam in Jiangsu Province in 2024 aimed to not only assess students' language proficiency but also to cultivate their critical thinking skills and environmental awareness. By addressing a pressing global issue like climate change, students were encouraged to engage with real-world problems and explore innovative solutions for a sustainable future.。