国自然中英文摘要模板
国家社科、国家自然基金、教育部等各省部级课题标准英文翻译--资料
凡是获得有关基金资助项目的研究成果，必须严格按规定进行标注，项目结束后所填报的《总结报告》及所附有效论著（标注过的），将作为申请新项目时的评审依据。
标注位置应在学术论著、鉴定证书、技术资料及其他有效证明材料的封面，或书前扉页，或论文首页、致谢部分。
不完全统计表明，国内期刊多习惯于将基金资助项目的信息作为论文首页的脚注，国外期刊则多将其作为“致谢”的一部分标注。
通常情况下只需列出项目的资助号即可，不必标注具体的项目名称。
如: The Project Supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 1234567), the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (Grant No. G2000077405) and the Key Project of Science and Technology of Shanghai (Grant No. 02DZ/5002).对于国家自然科学基金资助项目，通常只需要统一标注“National Natural Science Foundation of China”和项目的资助号即可，不必再分别标“注面上项目”(General Program), “重点项目”(Key Program),“重大项目”(Major Program)等进一步信息。
以下是部分基金资助项目的英文翻译，供各位科研人员参考。
科技部国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划): National High-tech R&D Program of China (863 Program);国家重点基础研究发展规划(973计划): National Program on Key Basic Research Project (973 Program)国家985重点建设项目: Key Construction Progra m of the National “985” Project“九五”攻关项目: National Key Technologies R & D Program of China during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period国家基础研究计划: National Basic Research Priorities Program of China;国家科技攻关计划: National Key Technologies R & D Program of China;国家攀登计划—B课题资助: Supported by National Climb—B Plan国家重大科学工程二期工程基金资助: National Important Project on Science-Phase Ⅱof NSRL教育部国家教育部科学基金资助: Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China教育部科学技术研究重点(重大)项目资助: Key (Key grant) Project of Chinese Ministry of Education国家教育部博士点基金资助项目: Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金: Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (缩写: RFDP)国家教育部博士点专项基金资助: Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China中国博士后科学基金: Supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation国家教育部回国人员科研启动基金资助: Scientific Research Foundation for Returned Scholars, Ministry of Education of China国家教育部留学回国人员科研启动金: Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry (SRF for ROCS, SEM)跨世纪优秀人才计划国家教委《跨世纪优秀人才计划》基金: Trans-Century Training Programme Foundation for the Talents by the State Education Commission国家教育部优秀青年教师基金资助: Science Foundation for The Excellent Youth Scholars of Ministry of Education of China高等学校骨干教师资助计划: Foundation for University Key Teacher by the Ministry of Education of China中国科学院中国科学院基金资助: Science Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院重点资助项目: Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院知识创新项目: Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences;中国科学院“九五”重大项目: Major Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period;中国科学院百人计划经费资助: One Hundred Person Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院院长基金特别资助: Special Foundation of President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院西部之光基金: West Light Foundation of The Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院国际合作局重点项目资助: Supported by Bureau of International Cooperation, Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院上海分院择优资助项目: Advanced Programs of Shanghai Branch, the Chinese Academy of Sciences;基金委国家自然科学基金(面上项目; 重点项目; 重大项目): National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program; Key Program; Major Program);国家杰出青年科学基金: National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars;国家自然科学基金国际合作与交流项目: Supported by Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC海外及香港、澳门青年学者合作研究基金: Joint Research Fund for Overseas Chinese, Hong Kong and Macao Young Scholars其他浙江省自然科学基金：Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China日本科学技术厅科学家交流项目: Japan STA Scientist Exchange Program海峡两岸自然科学基金共同资助: Science Foundation of Two sides of Strait“九五”国家医学科技攻关基金资助项目: National Medical Science and Technique Foundation during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period;核工业科学基金资助: Science Foundation of Chinese Nuclear Industry北京正负电子对撞机国家实验室重点课题资助: BEPC National Laboratory兰州重离子加速器国家实验室原子核理论中心基金资助: Supported by Center of Theoretical Nuclear Physics, National Laboratory of Heavy Ion Accelerator of Lanzhou北京市自然科学基金资助: Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation河南省教育厅基金资助: Foundation of He’nan Educational Committee河南省杰出青年基金（9911）资助: Excellent Youth Foundation of He’nan Scientific Committee黑龙江省自然科学基金资助: Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China湖北省教育厅重点项目资助: Educational Commission of Hubei Province of China江苏省科委应用基础基金资助项目: Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Jiangsu Province.山西省归国人员基金资助: Shanxi Province Foundation for Returness山西省青年科学基金资助: Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Youths上海市科技启明星计划资助: Shanghai Science and Technology Development Funds东南大学基金资助: Foundation of Southeast of University华北电力大学青年科研基金资助: Youth Foundation of North-China Electric Power University华中师范大学自然科学基金资助: Natural Science Foundation of Central China Normal University西南交通大学基础学科研究基金资助: Foundation Sciences Southwest Jiaotong University基金项目英文翻译1 国家高技术研究发展计划资助项目（863计划）（No. ）This work was supported by a grant from the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) （No. ）2 国家自然科学基金资助项目（No. ）General Program(面上项目), Key Program(重点项目), Major Program（重大项目）This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. ）3 国家“九五”攻关项目(No. )This work was supported by a grant from the National Key Technologies R & D Program of China during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period （No. ）4 中国科学院“九五”重大项目(No. )This work was supported by a grant from the Major Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period （No. ）5 中国科学院重点资助项目(No. )This work was supported by a grant from the Key Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. )6 “九五”国家医学科技攻关基金资助项目(No. )This work was supported by a grant from the National Medical Science and Technique Foundation during the 9th Five-Year Plan Period （No. ）7 江苏省科委应用基础基金资助项目(No. )This work was supported by a grant from the Applied Basic Research Programs of Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. )8 国家教育部博士点基金资助项目(No. )This work was supported by a grant from the Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (No. )9 中国科学院上海分院择优资助项目(No. )This work was supported by a grant from Advanced Programs of Shanghai Branch, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. )10 国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(973计划)(No. )This work was supported by a grant from the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program) (No. )11 国家杰出青年科学基金(No. )This work was supported by a grant from National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars （No. ）12 海外香港青年学者合作研究基金(No. )This work was supported by a grant from Joint Research Fund for Young Scholars in Hong Kong and Abroad （No. ）各项基金资助书写格式（中英文对照）浙江省自然科学基金中文标注：浙江省自然科学基金资助项目（项目编号：）英文标注：The Project Supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. )中国科学院基金资助Supported by Science Foundation of The Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院九五重大项目（项目编号：）资助Supported by Major Subject of The Chinese Academy of Sciences（项目编号：）中国科学院院长基金特别资助Supported by Special Foundation of President of The Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院国际合作局重点项目资助Supported by Bureau of International Cooperation, The Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院百人计划经费资助Supported by 100 Talents Program of The Chinese Academy of SciencesSupported by One Hundred Person Project of The Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院知识创新工程重大项目资助Supported by Knowledge Innovation Project of The Chinese Academy of SciencesSupported by Knowledge Innovation Program of The Chinese Academy of Sciences中国科学院西部之光基金（项目编号：）资助Supported by West Light Foundation of The Chinese Academy of Sciences（项目编号：）北京正负电子对撞机国家实验室重点课题资助Supported by BEPC National Laboratory兰州重离子加速器国家实验室原子核理论中心基金资助Supported by Center of Theoretical Nuclear Physics, National Laboratory of Heavy Ion Accelerator of Lanzhou。
最新中英文摘要及关键词格式模板
附件3中文题目（居中）摘要：×××××（摘要内容用小四号宋体字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅）×××××关键词：×××××（关键词内容用小四号宋体字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅；关键词之间用分号相隔。
）×××××注：①格式模板中的说明（红色或蓝色字体表示），在参阅后请删除。
②中文摘要及关键词项目排版要求：中文摘要及关键词项目要求独占一页。
其中，中文大标题（课题题目）用二号黑体字居中书写，上空1.5行，下空1行；摘要两字用四号黑体字顶格书写，摘要内容用小四号宋体字书写，每行与冒号对齐，行距为固定值22磅；关键词三字用四号黑体字顶格书写，关键词内容用小四号宋体字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅。
英文题目（Times New Roman字体）Abstract：abcdefghijk（英文摘要内容用小四号Times New Roman字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅）×××××Keywords：abcdefghijk（英文关键词内容用小四号Times New Roman字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅；关键词之间用分号相隔）×××××注：①格式模板中的说明（红色或蓝色字体表示），在参阅后请删除。
②英文摘要及关键词项目排版要求：英文摘要及关键词项目要求独占一页。
其中，英文大标题（课题题目）用二号Times New Roman字居中书写，上空1.5行，下空1行；Abstract用四号Times New Roman字顶格书写，摘要内容用小四号Times New Roman字书写，每行与冒号对齐，行距为固定值22磅；Keywords用四号Times New Roman字顶格书写，关键词内容用小四号Times New Roman书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅。
国自然中英文摘要模板
Abstract template for NSFC…… plays a crucial/key role in …... (背景)However, …… remains unclear (备选it is unclear that …… / …… is unclear) (科学问题)Our previous studies showed (备选indicated /proved /revealed/demonstrated) that ….... (前期基础)Therefore, we hypothesized that …… (备选Based on the findings, we hypothesized that ……) (假说)We will (备选plan to/intent to) study…… by …… method/technique and explore (备选investigate/examine/prove) the issue of …... (备选We will first, ……; second, ……; third, ……; finally, ……) (研究计划＆研究方法)Our study is of great significance on illustration (备选elucidation/clarification) the mechanism of …… (备选Our study is of great significance on reveal/identity the regulation of ……). The study findings will help to understand (备选provide new ideasfor )…... (研究意义)中文摘要模板疾病现状，……在……过程中起关键作用……但……不清（科学问题），我们前期工作发现……，据此提出（假设）……。
中英文摘要及目录格式模板
（前面与页眉之间空一行）摘□□要（居中，小二号黑体）（空一行）□□施工组织设计是建筑施工组织的核心和灵魂，是对工程建设项目全过程的构思设想和具体安排，用来指导施工项目全过程各项活动的技术、经济和组织的综合性文件。
本施工组织设计是针对汉阳惠民苑经济适用房2号楼工程施工的纲领性文件。
编制时对项目管理机构设置、施工总体部署、施工准备、主要分部分项工程施工方法、工程质量保证措施、安全及文明施工措施、施工现场管理措施等诸多因素尽可能充分考虑，突出科学性、适用性及针对性，是确保优质、低耗、安全、文明、高速完成全部施工任务的重要经济技术文件。
本设计主要包括以下内容：工程施工组织设计、中英文翻译、施工平面布置图。
为确保工期、质量及安全、文明工地，节约成本等条件，编制出针对性的施工组织设计，每个分部分项工程的特点、结构特征、施工难易程度工期和质量要求，编制出切实可行的施工方案。
以指导施工顺利地完成本工程项目的建设，控制工程成本，创建优质工程。
（以上摘要内容，用小四号宋体书写）（空一行）关键词：工程质量：施工组织：安全（关键词顶格四号黑体字书写，后加冒号，空一格用小四号宋体书写词条）：要求：中文摘要400字左右，特殊情况字数可以略多；外文摘要应与中文摘要内容一致；摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，应尽量反映论文的主要信息，内容包括研究的目的、方法、结果和结论，中不宜使用公式、图表、不加注释，具有独立性和完整性。
关键词是反映毕业设计主题内容的名词，关键词一般为3—5个。
版面要求：页边距上下左右均为2.5厘米：页眉距边界2厘米：页脚距边界1.75厘米。
页眉加“武汉科技大学专科毕业设计”，字体为3号隶书，居中，单倍行距。
每页首行文字的段前间距为0.5行。
摘要和目录的页码用罗马字母小五号字，低端居中；正文用阿拉伯数字，小五号Times New Roman 字体，底端居中。
（英文摘要另起一页，与页眉之间空一行）Abstract （Times New Roman字体，小二加粗，居中）（空一行）The construction organization plan is constructs the construction organization's core and the soul, is conceives to the engineering construction project entire process idea with the concrete arrangement, uses for to instruct construction item entire process each activity the technology, the economical and organization's comprehensive document.This construction organization plan is aims at Hanyang Hui Min Yuan the 2# building project construction the Platform. When establishment to the project management organization establishment, the construction overall deployed that the construction preparation, the main branch sub-item project job practice, the project quality safeguard measure, the security and the civilized construction measure, the job location management measure and so on many factors considered fully as far as possible, prominent scientific nature, serviceability and pointed, is guaranteed that high quality, the low consumption, the security, civilized, complete completely the construction work important economical technical paper high speed.This design mainly includes the following content: The project construction organization designs, the Chinese and English translation, the construction floor-plan. In order to guarantee that the time, the quality and the security, the civilized work site, save conditions and so on cost, establishes the pointed construction organization plan, each branch sub-item project's characteristic, the structural feature, the construction difficulty degree time and the quality requirement, establish the practical and feasible plan of construction. Instructs the construction smoothly cost engineering project the construction, the control engineering cost, the foundation high quality project. (小四号Times New Roman字体1.5倍行距)（空一行）key word：engineering quality：construction organization：security（key word：用四号Times New Roman字体，加粗，顶格书写，后加冒号。
5篇国自然中标项目标书中英文摘要
一题目：基于细胞膜纳米囊泡的肝癌疫苗递送系统的设计、构建及性能研究项目类别：联合基金项目申请代码：L02批准年度：2017中文摘要：肝癌死亡率居福建省所有恶性肿瘤之首，外科手术适应症有限且易复发，亟需结合肝癌免疫治疗以提高病人长期生存质量。
设计和构建安全高效的肝癌疫苗递送系统是实现肝癌免疫治疗的关键问题。
本项目拟在课题组创建的细胞膜抗原展示纳米平台基础上，发展新型肝癌疫苗递送系统：采用基因工程方法在细胞膜表面定向表达肝癌抗原多肽；自组装制备纳米囊泡并负载分子影像探针，实现多模态影像监测下的肝癌免疫治疗。
系统揭示纳米囊泡的化学组成、微观结构、稳定性与免疫原性之间的规律，阐明其组装原理和作用机制。
通过对肝癌免疫治疗的无创、实时、多模态成像分析，明确治疗引起的影像学特征的病理学基础及其分子机制，创建免疫治疗监控的分子影像学评估方案并优化纳米囊泡载体系统。
本项目实施可望获得一类具有我国自主知识产权、潜在临床价值的多功能集成肝癌疫苗纳米递送系统，为探索肝癌疫苗纳米递送载体的设计与构建原理并发展具有临床应用价值的肝癌疫苗奠定基础。
英文摘要：The mortality rate of hepatocellular carcinoma is ranked Top one in Fujian province and has received increasing attention. In recent years, immunotherapy has gained renewed interest as an alternative therapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma. Its premise is based on harnessing the power of the host immune system to destroy cancer cells. Development of immune-mediated therapies, such as nanovaccines, and stimulation of host immunity by targeting tumor-evasive mechanisms have advanced hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy. Preclinical and clinical studies with immune-mediated therapies have shown potential benefits in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, cell plasma membrane derived vesicles (CMVs) have attracted lots of attention for their potential roles as drug carriers for immune-mediated therapies. As naturally derived materials, CMVs are completely biocompatible which makes them the idea nanoplatform forimmunotherapy purposes. Here we aim to develop a nanoplatform technology that can solve the challenges in the fabrication and engineering of CMVs for hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy. Specifically, we will fabricate CMVs by self-assembly of purified cell membrane extract, mainly lipid rafts separated from other cellular components using the density gradient. A proof-of-concept study will be performed with antigen peptide and imaging probe co-delivery with CMVs extracted from engineered cells. In addition, studies on mechanisms of immune evasion and using molecular imaging have enhanced our understanding on the immunology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Development of molecular imaging technology for high sensitivity, high-resolution multi-modality imaging will open up a broader application in early response for hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy. We design and prepare a series of novel targeted theranostic CMVs by using unique natural biological of CMVs, genetic expression of antigen peptides on its surface and self-assembly methods to load imaging probes, to achieve multi-modality imaging-guided hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy. We seek to determine and delineate the sophisticated multifunctional theranostic agents with optimized properties for arrange of related applications: efficient nanovaccine delivery, non-invasive quantitative analysis on the distribution of CMVs and early immunotherapy response in vivo. If successful, the proof-of-concept will allow for preclinical and clinical applications of CMVs in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy.二题目：智能诊疗剂的制备及在PET/MRI/PA三模态成像和靶向热疗中应用研究项目类别：面上项目申请代码：E0310批准年度：2015年中文摘要：肿瘤的诊断与治疗分离是肿瘤临床主要问题之一，智能诊疗剂有望解决这个问题。
论文中英文摘要
论文中英文摘要作者姓名：陈建业论文题目：壳内软弱层特征：实验研究及数值模拟作者简介：陈建业,男，1983年9月出生，2006年09月师从于中国地震局地质研究所杨晓松研究员，于2009年7月获硕士学位。
中文摘要壳内软弱层对于理解中国大陆现今岩石圈结构、板内造山动力学以及强震孕育背景具有十分重要的意义。
本文针对壳内软弱层的岩石物理性质、动力学特征进行了高温高压试验、相似材料实验以及数值模拟研究，得到如下认识：对来自青藏高原聂拉木群高喜马拉雅结晶岩系的二云母片麻岩进行了一系列高温高压条件下波速测量。
结果显示在低温段(<600ºC)，样品波速随着温度和压力的变化呈现为很好的线性关系。
在高温段，波速随着温度和压力的关系呈现为明显的非线性。
对白云母脱水（熔融）和α石英高温软化导致波速的非线性快速下降有了新的认识，该结果对于认识高地温梯度地区和加厚酸性地壳地区，中上地壳速度结构的反转有指示作用。
由白云母脱水和石英高温软化形成的低速层与α-β相变导致波速的快速上升形成鲜明的对比，为高热流地区类似波速探测结果的理解提供重要的价值。
另外，波速-深度在不同地温梯度下的测量给出了地壳内出现“波速反转”以及α-β相变附近波速快速上升的直接结果，为地球物理探测结果的解释提供直接证据。
青藏高原深部地壳具有很强的地壳各向异性，造岩矿物的LPO不足以解释青藏高原地壳中所观测到的各向异性强度。
模拟计算表明低度熔体的定向分布能够显著地强化岩石的各向异性，并且MPO引起的各向异性强度可以比由LPO导致的各向异性强度大数倍。
因此，如果地壳中存在部分熔融机制，则定向分布的熔体对各向异性的贡献应该被充分地考虑。
相似性材料的实验结果表明，定向分布的熔体可以显著的强化介质的各向异性。
在低度熔融的条件下熔体诱发的各向异性强度可以到达原固态介质各向异性强度的1~2倍。
众多研究资料显示，青藏高原-川滇西部地壳中区域性分布的低速层与低度部分熔融关联。
如何写中英文摘要
Introduction
• • • • • 看似简单，不容易写好 1. 介绍研究课题 2. 陈述对于该课题已有的研究成果 Methods： 把握好‘度’：描述所用的材料、方法、 模型、步骤；提供恰到好处的细节，过于 简单或繁琐都不可取。注重’新‘’先进 ‘方法
Results
• 如实汇报结果、数据即可，无需加入自己的解释。 简介、清晰、完整、逻辑 • Discussion • 重要的部分，难写的部分。提炼原理、揭示关联， 进行归纳；解释结果与作者的分析之间的联系， 渗入作者的观点和思想，注意时态和语气 • Conclusion
用分光光度法分别测定了锦鸡儿属植物小叶锦鸡儿南口锦鸡儿树锦鸡儿青海锦鸡儿扁刺锦鸡儿鬼箭锦鸡儿不同部位的总黄酮含量发现总黄酮含量最高的部位为花接近3根中各部位的总黄酮含量较低不足1黄酮等化学成分的研究有助于锦鸡儿属植物资源的可持续利用和生态环境的保护
• 论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它 是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充 解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。 • 科研论文的摘要，是一篇独立于全文而存在的短 文。不管是中文还是英文摘要，均不能只是做了 什么、分析了什么…，更重要的是：要写出研究 的结果（不仅仅得出结论）。也就是说，摘要应 具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主 要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。
Ví ctor N. Suárez-Santiago a,¤, Maria J. Salinas a, Núria Garcia-Jacas b, Pamela S. Soltis c, Douglas E. Soltis d, Gabriel Blanca a
Abstract
Section Willkommia (Centaurea, Compositae) is endemic to the east-central portion of the Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa.The section has been included with sections Acrolophus and Phalolepis in the informal subgroup Acrolophus. We have used a molecular phylogenetic approach to test the hypothesis proposed by earlier authors that the diversiWcation of section Willkommia involved a schizoendemic process from an ancestral syngameon. Comparative analysis of the transcribed spacer sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS and 3‘ETS) regions reveals the presence of three diVerent types of ribosomal sequences in the Acrolophus subgroup (referred to here as the Willkommia, Acrolophus–Phalolepis and Simulans ribotypes) which show a sectional-independent geographic structure. This evidence, together with the presence of additive polymorphic sites in the Willkommia sequences which agree with the geographic distribution of the taxa, suggests that members of section Willkommia and the western Mediterranean taxa of sections Acrolophus and Phalolepis Wt a reticulate evolution model.
《2024年中英文自然科学论文摘要翻译策略研究》范文
《中英文自然科学论文摘要翻译策略研究》篇一摘要：本文旨在探讨中英文自然科学论文摘要翻译的有效策略。
通过对当前翻译实践的深入分析，结合自然科学领域的特点，提出一套科学、系统的翻译策略。
首先，论文介绍了自然科学领域摘要翻译的重要性和复杂性。
接着，文章探讨了不同翻译策略的优势与局限性，并结合实际案例进行分析。
随后，基于多年来的研究成果和实践经验，提出了针对性强的翻译方法与策略。
本文所提出的策略包括对关键信息的识别、语义准确性的保持、文体和语言风格的适配，以及专业术语的精准翻译等方面。
通过科学严谨的翻译过程，确保原文的学术价值和研究成果在译文中的准确传达。
最后，本文对未来自然科学论文摘要翻译的发展趋势进行了展望，并提出了相应的建议和改进方向。
一、引言随着全球化的推进和学术交流的日益频繁，自然科学论文摘要的翻译质量显得尤为重要。
中英文自然科学论文摘要的翻译不仅要求准确传达原文信息，还要考虑到文化背景、语言习惯和学科特点等因素。
因此，研究有效的翻译策略对于提高翻译质量和促进学术交流具有重要意义。
二、当前翻译策略分析在当前的翻译实践中，常见的翻译策略包括直译、意译和译述相结合的方法。
直译能够保持原文的结构和表达方式，但可能因文化差异造成理解上的困难；意译则更注重目标语言的表达习惯，但可能损失原文的部分信息；而译述相结合的方法则是在保持信息准确性的同时，对原文进行适当的改写和调整。
这些策略各有优劣，需要根据具体语境和内容进行选择。
三、关键翻译策略与方法1. 关键信息识别：在翻译过程中，首先要识别摘要中的关键信息，包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论等，确保这些信息在译文中得到准确传达。
2. 语义准确性：在保证语言流畅的同时，要确保译文的语义准确性，避免因文化差异或语言习惯造成的误解。
3. 文体与语言风格适配：自然科学论文摘要通常具有客观、严谨的语言风格，翻译时要保持这种风格的一致性。
4. 专业术语的精准翻译：对于自然科学领域中的专业术语，要采用公认的译法，确保译文的准确性。
国自然引文的格式-概述说明以及解释
国自然引文的格式-范文模板及概述示例1:国自然引文的格式主要参考的是《国家自然科学基金委员会指南》，在撰写科研论文中必须遵守该格式要求。
下面是国自然引文的基本格式：1. 学术期刊文章：[编号] 作者. 文章标题[J]. 期刊名, 年份, 卷(期): 起始页-结束页.示例如下：[1] 张三, 李四. 一种新型材料的研究[J]. 材料科学与工程, 2020,10(2): 45-54.2. 会议论文：[编号] 作者. 论文标题[C]. 会议名, 会议地点, 年份: 起始页-结束页.示例如下：[2] 王五. 无线通信技术的发展与应用[C]. 2019国际通信技术研讨会, 北京, 2019: 32-38.3. 学位论文：[编号] 作者. 论文标题[D]. 学位授予单位, 年份.示例如下：[3] 李明. 电动汽车充电桩的设计与研究[D]. XX大学, 2021.4. 专利：[编号] 专利权人. 专利名称: 专利号[P]. 发布日期.示例如下：[4] 张三. 一种新型灯具: 中国专利CN201910123456.X[P].2019-03-15.5. 报告及其他文献：[编号] 作者. 文献名称[R]. 出版地: 出版者, 年份.示例如下：[5] 王五. 互联网发展报告[R]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2018.需要注意的是，在撰写引文时，应根据具体文献的情况进行相应的调整，确保引文的准确性和严谨性。
此外，国自然引文格式中编号一般是根据引文在文中出现的顺序进行标注的，可以使用中括号将编号括起来，以便于读者识别。
总之，国自然引文的格式是一种应用于科研论文的引文格式要求，根据不同类型的文献进行相应的引用格式，以提供准确的引证信息，便于读者查找相关文献。
示例2:国自然引文格式是国家自然科学基金委员会要求科研人员在科技论文中使用的引文格式。
该格式要求对参考文献进行统一的格式化，以便读者能够准确地找到相应的文献信息。
国自然引文格式包括以下几个要素：1. 作者姓名：按姓、名的顺序罗列，多个作者之间用逗号分隔，若超过3个作者，只列出前3个作者，后加"等"字样。
中英文摘要写作要求及格式
中、英文摘要写作要求及格式1．摘要写作要求摘要的内容要包括研究的目的、方法、结果和结论。
计量单位一律换算成国际标准计量单位。
除特殊情况外，数字一律用阿拉伯数字。
中、英文摘要的内容应严格一致。
2．中文摘要中文摘要前打印毕业论文（毕业设计）的标题。
主标题一般不超过20个汉字。
如有副标题，应另起一行（副标题前加破折号），副标题（包括破折号在内）同样不得超过20个汉字。
中文主标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文中文主标题”，或手动设置（黑体，三号，居中，段前1行、段后0行，单倍行距）。
中文副标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文中文副标题”，或手动设置（楷体_GB2312，四号，居中，段前0.5行，段后0行，单倍行距）。
中文标题下空一行为摘要。
“摘要：”格式：首行缩进2字符，黑体，小四。
“摘要：”后紧接摘要正文。
字数在200字左右。
中文摘要正文格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“中文摘要正文”，或手动设置（楷体_GB2312，小四，行距为固定值20磅）。
中文摘要正文后空一行，另起一行列出3－5个关键词。
“关键词：”格式：首行缩进2字符，黑体，小四。
“关键词：”后紧接关键词。
关键词之间用分号间隔，最后一个关键词末尾不加标点。
中文关键词格式：楷体_GB2312，小四，行距为固定值20磅。
3．英文摘要中文关键词下空两行打印毕业论文（毕业设计）的英文标题。
英文主标题首字母大写，标题中其他单词实词首字母大写，其他均为小写。
英文主标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文主标题”，或手动设置（Times New Roman，四号，加粗，居中，段前段后均为0行，单倍行距）。
英文副标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文副标题”，或手动设置（Times New Roman，小四，加粗，居中，段前0.5行，段后0行，单倍行距）。
英文标题下空一行为英文摘要。
“Abstract：”格式：首行缩进2字符，Times New Roman，小四，加粗。
《中英文自然科学论文摘要翻译策略研究》范文
《中英文自然科学论文摘要翻译策略研究》篇一摘要：本文旨在探讨中英文自然科学论文摘要翻译的有效策略。
首先，本文将介绍当前翻译工作的背景与重要性，特别是在科学交流领域内的重要性。
随后，分析自然科学论文摘要的独特性及其翻译过程中所面临的挑战。
接着，通过实证研究方法，探讨并总结出有效的翻译策略和技巧，如语言适应策略、文化敏感度策略和科学术语的精准翻译策略等。
最后，结合具体案例，评估这些策略的实际应用效果，并就如何进一步提高翻译质量提出建议。
一、引言随着全球化的推进和科学技术的飞速发展，中英文自然科学论文摘要的翻译工作显得尤为重要。
这不仅关乎学术交流的顺畅进行，也直接影响着科研成果的国际传播与认可。
然而，由于中英文在表达习惯、文化背景和科学术语等方面的差异，翻译过程中的难点和挑战也随之增加。
因此，研究有效的翻译策略和技巧，对于提高自然科学论文摘要的翻译质量至关重要。
二、自然科学论文摘要的特点与挑战自然科学论文摘要具有专业性、精炼性和跨文化性等特点。
其中所涉及的术语和概念往往具有高度专业性，需要译者具备深厚的学科知识和语言表达能力。
同时，中英文在表达习惯上的差异也增加了翻译的难度。
例如，中文强调意合，而英文更注重形合；中文常用动态词汇，而英文则更倾向于使用名词化结构。
这些差异要求译者在翻译过程中灵活运用各种策略。
三、翻译策略与技巧针对上述挑战，本文提出以下几种有效的翻译策略：1. 语言适应策略：根据目标语的语言习惯和表达方式，对原文进行适当的调整和重构，以使译文更加符合目标语的表达习惯。
2. 文化敏感度策略：了解并尊重两种语言所承载的不同文化背景，避免因文化差异造成的误解或歧义。
3. 科学术语的精准翻译策略：对于专业术语的翻译，应采用权威的术语表或专业词典，确保译文的准确性。
四、实证研究与案例分析通过实证研究方法，本文对上述翻译策略进行了验证。
通过收集一定数量的中英文自然科学论文摘要作为样本，运用上述策略进行翻译，并邀请专家对译文进行评估。
中英文摘要及关键词格式模板
附件3中文题目（居中）摘要：×××××（摘要内容用小四号宋体字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅）×××××关键词：×××××（关键词内容用小四号宋体字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅；关键词之间用分号相隔。
）×××××注：①格式模板中的说明（红色或蓝色字体表示），在参阅后请删除。
②中文摘要及关键词项目排版要求：中文摘要及关键词项目要求独占一页。
其中，中文大标题（课题题目）用二号黑体字居中书写，上空1.5行，下空1行；摘要两字用四号黑体字顶格书写，摘要内容用小四号宋体字书写，每行与冒号对齐，行距为固定值22磅；关键词三字用四号黑体字顶格书写，关键词内容用小四号宋体字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅。
英文题目（Times New Roman字体）Abstract：abcdefghijk（英文摘要内容用小四号Times New Roman字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅）×××××Keywords：abcdefghijk（英文关键词内容用小四号Times New Roman字书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅；关键词之间用分号相隔）×××××注：①格式模板中的说明（红色或蓝色字体表示），在参阅后请删除。
②英文摘要及关键词项目排版要求：英文摘要及关键词项目要求独占一页。
其中，英文大标题（课题题目）用二号Times New Roman字居中书写，上空1.5行，下空1行；Abstract用四号Times New Roman字顶格书写，摘要内容用小四号Times New Roman字书写，每行与冒号对齐，行距为固定值22磅；Keywords用四号Times New Roman字顶格书写，关键词内容用小四号Times New Roman书写，每行与冒号对齐；行距为固定值22磅。
国家自然科学基金项目 英语
国家自然科学基金项目英语The National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) is an important organization dedicated to funding scientific research projects in various fields of natural sciences. With its mission to promote the uncompromised development of science and technology in China, the NSFC has been supporting numerous groundbreaking projects that have made significant contributions to scientific knowledge and technological advancement. In this essay, I will discuss the significance of the NSFC, its funding principles, and the overall impact of its projects on China and the global scientific community.The NSFC plays a crucial role in advancing scientific research in China by providing financial support to prominent scholars and research institutions. It funds research projects across a wide range of disciplines, including physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology, earth sciences, information science, and engineering sciences. These projects encompass both theoretical and experimental research, aiming to explore the fundamental laws of nature, solve practical problems, and improve people's living conditions. The NSFC selects projects through a rigorous peer-review system, ensuring the highest standards of quality and relevance.One distinguishing feature of the NSFC's funding principles is its emphasis on originality and innovation. The foundation encourages researchers to propose novel ideas and pioneer new approaches, with the aim of pushing the boundaries of scientific knowledge. This principle not only encourages researchers to think outside the box but also promotes interdisciplinary collaborations, fostering a vibrant scientific community in China. The NSFC's support notonly enables Chinese researchers to conduct cutting-edge studies but also attracts international scholars to collaborate with their Chinese counterparts, promoting global scientific exchange and collaboration.The impact of NSFC-funded projects goes beyond the advancement of scientific knowledge. Many of these projects have direct applications and contribute to solving crucial societal challenges. For instance, in the field of medicine, NSFC-backed projects have led to the development of novel therapies for diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's, improving the quality of life for millions of people worldwide. In the field of renewable energy, NSFC-funded projects have advanced the understanding of solar cell technology and energy storage systems, offering viable solutions to tackle climate change and promote sustainable development.Furthermore, the NSFC's funding support has played a pivotal role in cultivating and nurturing young scientific talents in China. It provides funding for early-career researchers, enabling them to establish their own research teams, purchase necessary equipment, and conduct independent, innovative studies. This support not only accelerates the career development of young scientists but also promotes the retention of top talents within China's scientific community.In conclusion, the National Natural Science Foundation of China plays a vital role in advancing scientific research in China and promoting global scientific collaboration. Through its funding principles that prioritize originality and innovation, the NSFC hassupported numerous groundbreaking projects that have made significant contributions to scientific knowledge and technological advancement. Its impact goes beyond academic achievements, extending to the practical applications of these projects in addressing societal challenges. The NSFC's support has also played a crucial role in cultivating young scientific talents and ensuring a vibrant scientific community in China.。
国自然英文格式
国自然英文格式English:The National Nature Reserve system in China serves as an essential tool in conserving the country's unique and diverse natural landscapes, as well as its rich biodiversity. These reserves are established to protect natural and ecological resources, preserve rare and endangered species, and promote scientific research and environmental education. The National Nature Reserves also play a significant role in supporting sustainable development and promoting ecotourism, providing opportunities for people to appreciate and connect with the natural environment. Additionally, these reserves contribute to enhancing the resilience of ecosystems and mitigating the impact of climate change. With over 2,500 National Nature Reserves covering more than 147 million hectares of land, China's commitment to environmental conservation through the establishment and management of these reserves is crucial for the protection of its natural heritage and the well-being of its people.中文翻译:中国的国家级自然保护区系统是保护国家独特和丰富自然风景以及丰富生物多样性的重要工具。
国自然申请书英文摘要对齐
国自然申请书英文摘要对齐Here is a draft of an English abstract for a National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) application, adhering to the provided requirements:Firstly, we delve into the intricacies of a groundbreaking theory in the field of quantum computing. Our proposed research aims to unlock the potential of this theory in realizing more efficient algorithms for complex computations. The implications of this work are vast, ranging from advancements in cryptography to breakthroughs in materials science.In another vein, our team is exploring the ecological impacts of climate change on fragile ecosystems. Through field studies and modeling, we hope to gain a deeper understanding of how these ecosystems respond to environmental stressors. Ultimately, our research could contribute to the development of conservation strategies and mitigation measures.Turning to a more applied domain, we are investigating novel materials for energy storage. With the ever-increasing demand for renewable energy, efficient energy storage solutions are crucial. Our research focuses on developing materials that exhibit superior charge retention and cycling stability, thus enabling the integration of renewable energy sources into the existing grid infrastructure.Finally, our group is engaged in a cross-disciplinary study that bridges the gap between neuroscience andartificial intelligence. We aim to draw inspiration from the brain's complex neural networks to design more intelligent and adaptive AI systems. This research could lead to significant advancements in areas such as robotics, autonomous vehicles, and healthcare.Each of these research directions holds immense promise and the potential to transform our understanding of the world. We believe that our combined efforts will yieldgroundbreaking results, contributing significantly to the scientific community and society at large.。
国自然申请书模板中文摘要
项目名称：基于XX技术的XX疾病早期诊断研究一、研究背景随着社会的发展和人们生活水平的提高，XX疾病已成为威胁我国人民健康的重要疾病之一。
早期诊断对于XX疾病的治疗和预后具有重要意义。
目前，临床上用于XX疾病早期诊断的方法众多，但存在一定的局限性。
因此，开发一种准确、高效的XX疾病早期诊断方法具有重要的临床应用价值。
二、科学问题本项目旨在研究基于XX技术的XX疾病早期诊断方法，探讨XX技术在XX疾病早期诊断中的应用前景。
主要科学问题包括：1）XX技术在XX疾病早期诊断中的敏感性和特异性；2）XX技术在临床应用中的可行性；3）XX技术在XX疾病早期诊断中的作用机制。
三、研究目标本项目的主要研究目标是：1）优化基于XX技术的XX疾病早期诊断方案，提高诊断准确性；2）验证基于XX技术的XX疾病早期诊断方案的临床应用价值；3）探讨XX技术在XX疾病早期诊断中的作用机制。
四、研究内容1. 收集临床样本，包括XX疾病患者和健康对照组的血液、尿液或其他相关样本。
2. 利用XX技术对样本进行检测，分析XX疾病早期诊断的敏感性和特异性。
3. 优化基于XX技术的诊断方案，包括诊断指标的选择、诊断阈值的确定等。
4. 进行临床验证实验，评估基于XX技术的诊断方案在临床应用中的可行性。
5. 探讨XX技术在XX疾病早期诊断中的作用机制，深入研究其分子生物学基础。
六、技术方法本项目采用的技术方法包括：1）XX技术；2）样本收集与处理；3）数据分析；4）临床验证实验；5）分子生物学方法。
七、研究基础本研究团队在XX领域具有丰富的研究经验，已成功开发出多种基于XX技术的诊断方法。
此外，我们已经建立了完善的数据分析平台，可为本项目提供有力支持。
八、研究意义本项目的研究成果将有助于提高XX疾病早期诊断的准确性，为临床医生提供有力依据，从而提高XX疾病的治疗效果和预后。
此外，本项目的研究还将为XX技术的应用提供新的思路和方向。
九、预期成果1. 建立一种基于XX技术的XX疾病早期诊断方法，具有较高的敏感性和特异性。
国自然endnote格式
国自然endnote格式English answer.1. General requirements for references in NSFC applications.1. All references should be listed in alphabetical order by the first author's last name.2. References should be formatted according to the following style:For journal articles:Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Title of journal, volume(issue), pages.For books:Author(s). (Year). Title of book. Publisher, location.For conference proceedings:Author(s). (Year). Title of paper. In Title of conference proceedings (pp. pages). Publisher, location.3. In the text, references should be cited by the author's last name and year of publication (e.g., Smith, 2000).4. If a reference has more than two authors, the first author's last name should be followed by "et al." (e.g., Smith et al., 2000).5. References should be double-spaced.2. Specific requirements for EndNote.1. EndNote is a reference management software that can be used to format references in NSFC applications.2. To format references in EndNote, follow these steps:Open the EndNote library containing the references you want to cite.Select the references you want to cite.Click on the "Format Bibliography" button.Select the "NSFC" style from the drop-down menu.Click on the "OK" button.3. EndNote will then format the references according to the style you selected.中文回答：1. 国家自然科学基金申请书参考文献的总体要求。
国自然 英语文献格式
国自然英语文献格式Title: The Nature of China: English Literature FormatIntroductionIn recent years, the concept of “国自然” or “the nature of China” has been gaining popularity among environmentalists, scholars, and policymakers alike. This concept refers to the unique natural landscapes, ecosystems, and biodiversity that can be found across China. In this paper, we will explore the various aspects of “国自然” and discuss how it is represented in English language literature.The Diversity of China’s NatureChina is home to a diverse range of natural landscapes, from the towering peaks of the Himalayas to the lush forests of Yunnan province. The country’s vast size and varied topography have given rise to a wide array of ecosystems, each with its own unique flora and fauna. From the Siberian tiger in the northeast to the giant panda in the southwest, China is teeming with biodiversity.The Cultural Significance of China’s NatureIn Chinese culture, nature has always held a special place. The country’s rich tradition of poetry, painting, and philosophy is replete with references to the natural world. From the Daoist concept of harmony with nature to the Confucian emphasis on the transformative power of the natural world, China’s cultural heritage is deeply intertwined with its natural environment.Representations of “国自然” in English LiteratureIn recent years, a number of English language authors have begun to explore the concept of “国自然” in their work. Barbara Demick’s book “Besieged by Nature” offers a vivid portrait of the impact of China’s rapid economic development on its natural environment. Through a series of interviews and firsthand observations, Demick paints a stark picture of the challenges facing China’s fragile ecosystems.Another notable work is Peter Matthiessen’s “The Snow Leopard,” which chronicles the author’s journey through the Himalayas in search of the elusive snow leopard. Through lyrical prose and vivid descriptions, Matthiessen captures the beauty and majesty of China’s mountainous regions, as well as the threats they face from climate change and habitat destruction.ConclusionIn conclusion, the concept of “国自然” is a rich and multifaceted one that holds immense significance for China and the world at large. By exploring this concept through the lens of English language literature, we gain a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between humans and the natural world. As China continues to grapple with the challenges of environmental degradation and climate change, it is more important than ever to preserve and protect the unique ecosystems that make up the “nature of China.”References:1. Demick, Barbara. “Besieged by Nature.” New York: Random House, 2015.2. Matthiessen, Peter. “The Snow Leopard.” New York: Viking Press, 1978.。
国自然万能模板参考范例
国自然万能模板参考范例报告正文（一）立项依据与研究内容1、项目的立项依据XXX疾病及其研究进展XXXX疾病（XXXXXX，XXX英文名称）是XXX系统(消化、呼吸、神经等等)常见的一种疾病类型，多数是由于XXXX出现功能紊乱以及XXXX功能失调等所诱发，主要表现为XXXX（临床症状或者临床特征），致使XXX组织或者器官发生XXXX等症状，可以引起XXXX、XXXX以及XXXX等严重后果。
同时，XXXX（该疾病）也是导致其他类XXXX相关疾病的主要原因之一。
目前的研究表明，XXX疾病主要是由于XXXX所引起的（或者说跟XXX有关，也可以说关于该疾病的发病机制还没有研究清楚），对于该疾病的治疗，目前尚没有有效的治疗方法或者药物（或者目前已有药物有哪些不足，存在哪些问题）。
近年来，随着xxxx的改变，我国XXX疾病的发病率呈现逐年上升且年轻化的趋势。
大量的基础和临床研究表明，导致XXX疾病的危险因素主要包括：XXXXXX等。
其中XXX的失调/XXX功能紊乱/XXXX异常等是引起该疾病的主要原因所在。
所以，调节XXXX方面的功能是目前治疗和预防XXXX疾病发生和发展的主要关注途径。
如针对XXX疾病主要动因的药物羟XXXX、XXXX以及XXXX等已经逐渐成为该疾病的主要药物。
但是该类药物目前存在XXXX方面的缺点（成本高、副作用大等等），所以开发新的治疗该类疾病的靶向药物显得至关重要。
注：该部分主要内容是提出临床问题，可以是某一个疾病、或者某一个疾病过程中的一个问题等等，所以该段最好按照以下顺序来写：1、临床现象某某疾病是怎么回事（疾病简介），或者在某疾病的治疗或者发生、发展过程中观察到的某个临床现象。
2、该临床现象的症状、危害及严重性主要描述该临床现象（一般是某种疾病）的临床症状、严重程度、危害性或严重性等。
3、提出临床问题即在目前某种临床现象（疾病）存在哪些不足或者未解决的问题急需解决。
XXXX分子及其介导的信号通路在XXX疾病中的作用已有的研究的发现，XXXXX分子及其所介导的XXX信号通路在XXX疾病发生和发展的过程中发挥着非常关键的作用。
中英文摘要格式
平顶山学院2008届本科生毕业论文 HPGe γ谱HPGe γ谱摘 要 给出了HPGe γ 谱仪系统死时间校正的一种实用方法。
用强源干扰找到了HPGe γ从而解决了放射性定量测量中的一些困难。
Experimental study on the method of deadtimecorrection For HPGe γ spectrometer systemA practical method of deadtime correction for HPGe γ spectrometer system was given.The relationbetween the percent deadtime and the correction of counting rate losses for HPGe γspectrometer system was found by using a strong γ source. Therefore ,the activity measurement can be finished at very high countrate,with this γ注意：如果摘要内容较多，一页排不下，则中文摘要（含关键词）单独占一页，英文摘要（含关键词）单独占一页。
如下所示：α-取代甲苯定向硝化的理论研究摘要运用密度泛函理论(DFT), 研究了吸电子氟基和供电子羟基在取代甲苯的α-H 以后, 其邻、间、对各位次进行硝化反应的速控步骤, 在B3LYP/6-311G**水平上, 计算了该速控步骤基元反应各反应驻点(反应物、过渡态和中间体)的优化几何、电子结构和能量性质, 并首次给出了目标硝化反应速控步骤的IR 谱学的动态特征及解析, 从微观层面上验证了反应坐标C—N的形成和C—H的断裂是非协同的, 从而无一级动力学同位素效应的实验事实. 通过对目标硝化反应速控步骤的微观动态计算, 验证了氟基对甲基定位的影响. 氟基的电负性大, 吸电子能力强, 取代甲苯的α-H 以后对硝酰阳离子的进攻有抑制作用, 活化能较取代前高, 但比较苄基氟各位次硝化活化能的相对大小得知, －CH2F 仍为邻、对位定向基团. 而供电子羟基取代甲苯的α-H 以后, 则对硝酰阳离子的进攻有促进作用, 因而各反应驻点络合物的稳定化能较α-H 取代前甲苯的有所增大, 且邻、对位硝化的活化能较间位低, 故－CH2OH 为邻、对位定位基. 但对位因硝化活化能低, 反应放热多, 空间位阻小, 为亲电试剂NO＋最有利的进攻位；而邻位则因羟基取代甲苯α-H 后多了2一个氧原子, 增大了邻位进攻的空间位阻, 使得其络合物的能量比相应对位的高.关键词：苄基氟，苄醇，α-取代，取代基效应，速控步骤Theoretical Study on Selectivity for Nitration of α-Substituted Toluene with NitroniumAbstractThe rate-determining steps of isomeric ortho, meta and para nitrations of benzyl alcohol and benzyl fluoride have been theoretically investigated at B3LYP/6-311G** level. Stationary points of the step involving reactant, transition state and intermediate complexes were successfully located and characterized without any restriction on the internal coordinates. Their molecular geometries, electronic structures, IR spectra, and the FMO symmetries of two initial aromatic compounds and the nitronium ionNO+have2been studied. The vibrational shifts of C—N and C—H stretches from TS to INT at the rate-determining step of target aromatic nitrations show up that the formation of C—N and the cleavage of C—H are not con-cerned but stepwise to provide an explanation, on a microscopic scale, for the experimental fact of the absence of kinetic isotopic effect in the nitration process for the first time. Also, the influence of introduced fluorine on the orientation effect was figured by calculating the microscopic and kinetic properties of the rate-determining step of concerned aromatic nitrations. TheNO+attack to the benzyl2fluoride was deactivated because of high electronegativity and strong electron withdrawal of fluorine atom. The activation energy af ter α-substitution of methyl group by a fluorine atom became higher. Yet the CH2F group was still an ortho-para directive, since the activation energies of ortho and para nitrations were relatively lower than that of meta nitration. Contrarily, the introduction of electron-donating substituent OH onto the methyl accelerated theNO+attack. Consequently the stabilization energies of complexes were droped even 2lower than before the α-substitution occurred. The activation energies of ortho and para nitrations, however, were also quite lower than the energy of meta nitration. Therefore, the CH2OH is an ortho-para directing group. Compared to the ortho, the para position is the most favorable due to theNO+to approach, for its low steric hindrance effect and high2exothermicity. Attack at ortho, however, became even more crowd since one more O atom has been introduced after the α-substitution onto the methyl group. Hence, the energy of ortho nitrobenzyl alcohol complex is higher than the energy of para one.Key words：benzyl fluoride; benzyl alcohol，α-substitution，substituent effect，rate-determining step。
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Abstract template for NSFC
…… plays a crucial/key role in …... (背景)
However, …… remains unclear (备选it is unclear that …… / …… is unclear) (科学问题)
Our previous studies showed (备选indicated /proved /revealed
/demonstrated) that ….... (前期基础)
Therefore, we hypothesized that …… (备选Based on the findings, we hypothesized that ……) (假说)
We will (备选plan to/intent to) study…… by …… method/technique and explore (备选investigate/examine/prove) the issue of …... (备选We will first, ……; second, ……; third, ……; finally, ……) (研究计划＆研究方法)
Our study is of great significance on illustration (备选
elucidation/clarification) the mechanism of …… (备选Our study is of great significance on reveal/identity the regulation of ……). The study findings will help to understand (备选provide new ideas
for )…... (研究意义)
中文摘要模板
疾病现状，……在……过程中起关键作用……但……不清（科学问题），我们前期工作发现……，据此提出（假设）……。
我们将用……方法（手段）进行……研究，探索/证明……问题，对阐明……机制/
揭示……规律有重要意义，为奠定实验基础/提供……思路。