AcademicWriting[6]英语专业论文写作
研究生学术英语6-9单元作文
研究生学术英语6-9单元作文Academic writing is a fundamental aspect of the research student experience, as it allows for the clear and concise communication of complex ideas and findings. In the context of research student academic English, units 6-9 focus on various elements of effective academic writing, including the organization and structure of research papers, the use of appropriate language and tone, and the effective incorporation of sources and citations.One of the key elements covered in these units is the structure and organization of a research paper. A well-structured paper can help to guide the reader through the author's argument and findings, making the content more accessible and easier to understand. Unit 6 explores the typical structure of a research paper, including the introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and discussion sections. Students learn how to effectively structure each section to present their research in a logical and coherent manner.The introduction section is particularly important, as it sets the stage for the rest of the paper. In this section, the author must clearlyarticulate the research question or problem being addressed, provide relevant background information, and outline the scope and objectives of the study. Effective introductions are concise yet informative, and they help to engage the reader and pique their interest in the research.The literature review section is another crucial component of a research paper. In this section, the author must demonstrate their familiarity with the existing body of research on the topic and identify any gaps or limitations in the current understanding. This section requires the careful selection and synthesis of relevant sources, as well as the ability to critically analyze and evaluate the existing literature.The methodology section is where the author outlines the research methods and procedures used in the study. This section must be detailed and precise, providing the reader with a clear understanding of how the research was conducted and the rationale behind the chosen methods. Effective methodology sections also address any potential limitations or biases in the research design.The results section is where the author presents the findings of the study. This section must be organized in a clear and logical manner, with the use of appropriate visual aids such as tables and figures to help the reader understand the data. The author must also bemindful of the language and tone used in this section, ensuring that the presentation of the results is objective and impartial.Finally, the discussion section is where the author interprets the findings of the study and discusses their implications. This section requires the author to critically analyze the results, identify any limitations or alternative explanations, and situate the findings within the broader context of the existing literature. Effective discussion sections also suggest avenues for future research and highlight the practical or theoretical significance of the study.Throughout the research paper, the author must also be mindful of the language and tone used. Academic writing requires a formal and objective style, with the use of appropriate vocabulary and sentence structure. Unit 7 explores the use of academic language, including the use of precise and concise language, the avoidance of colloquialisms and contractions, and the appropriate use of passive voice and hedging language.The effective incorporation of sources and citations is another key element of academic writing. Unit 8 focuses on the use of in-text citations and reference lists, providing guidance on the appropriate use of different citation styles (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago) and the effective integration of source material into the text. Proper citation and referencing not only demonstrate the author's familiarity withthe existing literature but also help to ensure the integrity and credibility of the research.Finally, unit 9 explores the importance of proofreading and editing in the academic writing process. Effective proofreading and editing can help to identify and correct errors in grammar, spelling, and punctuation, as well as improve the overall clarity and coherence of the writing. This process is essential for ensuring that the final research paper is of the highest quality and effectively communicates the author's ideas and findings.In conclusion, the research student academic English units 6-9 provide a comprehensive overview of the key elements of effective academic writing. By mastering these skills, research students can develop the necessary competencies to produce high-quality research papers that effectively communicate their ideas and findings to the academic community. Through a focus on organization, language, citation, and proofreading, research students can enhance their academic writing abilities and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.。
学术英语essay范文
学术英语essay范文As an AI language model, I am tasked with assisting you in writing an academic English essay. Academic writing requires attention to detail, organization, and critical thinking skills. It is essential to carefully analyze the topic, conduct research, and present your ideas in a clear and coherent manner. Writing essays in English can be challenging for non-native speakers, but with practice and diligence, one can improve their writing skills.作为一个AI语言模型，我的任务是帮助你写一篇学术英语论文。
学术写作需要注意细节，组织和批判性思维能力。
仔细分析话题，进行研究，并以清晰连贯的方式提出观点是至关重要的。
对于非英语为母语的人来说，在英语写作方面可能有挑战，但通过练习和努力，可以提高写作技能。
When writing an academic essay, it is important to structure your paper in a logical and coherent manner. Begin with an introduction that clearly states your thesis or main argument. Follow this with body paragraphs that provide evidence and analysis to support your thesis. Finally, conclude your essay by summarizing your main points and restating your thesis. This structure helps to guide the readerthrough your argument and ensures that your ideas are presented effectively.在写学术论文时，重要的是以逻辑和连贯的方式构建论文结构。
academic writing 范文
academic writing 范文Academic Writing: An IntroductionIntroduction:Academic writing is a crucial skill that students need to develop throughout their educational journey. It entails the ability to present well-researched and well-structured arguments in a clear and coherent manner. This article aims to provide an overview of academic writing and its key elements.1. Purpose of Academic Writing:The primary purpose of academic writing is to communicate ideas, theories, and research findings to a specific audience. It is crucial to understand the purpose of your writing before starting a project. Academic writing can serve various purposes such as informing, persuading, or arguing a specific point of view.2. Structure of Academic Writing:Academic writing follows a specific structure that helps readers navigate the information efficiently. Most academic papers consist of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction provides background information and states the research question or thesis statement. Body paragraphs present evidence, arguments, and analysis to support the main idea. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the key points and provides a final perspective on the topic.3. Use of Formal Language:Academic writing requires the use of formal language. This means avoiding contractions, slang, jargon, and colloquial expressions. Instead, writers should aim for precision, clarity, and objectivity. Using an appropriate tone and diction helps maintain the credibility and professionalism of the writing.4. Research and Citations:A fundamental aspect of academic writing is the integration of research and citations. Academic papers should be based on substantial evidence from credible sources such as scholarly articles, books, or reputable websites. Citations should follow a specific referencing style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, to give credit to the original authors and avoid plagiarism.5. Critical Thinking:Academic writing requires critical thinking skills. It is not simply about summarizing information but rather about analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing ideas. Critical thinking helps writers develop a well-informed perspective on a given topic and allows them to present balanced arguments and counterarguments.6. Coherence and Cohesion:Academic writing should have logical coherence and cohesion. This means that ideas should flow smoothly from one paragraph to another, and there should be clear connections between sentences and paragraphs. Transitional words and phrases can help achieve this flow and ensure that the writing is easy to follow.7. Editing and Proofreading:After completing the initial draft, it is crucial to edit and proofread the academic writing thoroughly. This involves checking for grammatical errors, sentence structure, spelling mistakes, and overall clarity. Editing helps improve the overall quality of the writing and ensures that the message is effectively conveyed to the audience.Conclusion:Academic writing is a skill that is essential for students in various fields of study. It requires a structured approach, formal language, critical thinking, and proper research. By mastering academic writing, students can effectively communicate their ideas and contribute to the academic community.。
学术写作英文作文
学术写作英文作文英文：Academic writing is a crucial skill for any student or researcher. It involves the ability to communicate complex ideas and research findings in a clear and concise manner.In this essay, I will discuss the importance of academic writing and provide some tips on how to improve your skills.Firstly, academic writing is important because itallows you to communicate your ideas to a wider audience. Whether you are writing a research paper or a thesis, your work will be read by other scholars in your field. Therefore, it is essential that you are able to expressyour ideas clearly and effectively.Secondly, academic writing is important because ithelps you to develop critical thinking skills. When you are writing an academic paper, you need to analyze and evaluate the evidence that you have gathered. This process requiresyou to think critically about the information that you have and to draw logical conclusions.To improve your academic writing skills, there are several things that you can do. Firstly, you should read widely in your field. This will help you to understand the conventions of academic writing and to develop your own style. Secondly, you should practice writing regularly. This will help you to develop your skills and to identify areas where you need to improve. Finally, you should seek feedback from others. This will help you to identify your strengths and weaknesses and to improve your writing accordingly.In conclusion, academic writing is an essential skill for anyone who wants to succeed in their studies or research. By following the tips outlined in this essay, you can improve your writing skills and become a more effective communicator.中文：学术写作是任何学生或研究人员的重要技能。
论文写作2(Academic Paper Writing)
relation of equivalence.
ST≈TT or
TT≈ST
This is an approach that has close links with
contrastive linguistics and puts language system
rather than texts on either side of the relation:
We define research broadly as a systematic investigation towards increasing the sum of knowledge. Innovation is vital if a discipline is to grow and prosper.
These models are attempts to construct images of the object of study, images that hopefully make it easier to visualize, understand and analyse. In your own research project, you might take a ready model and simply use its framework and concepts unchanged or you might adapt a given model to your own purposes. Translation Studies has traditionally used three basic types of models.
• Comparative Models
The earliest theoretical model of translation was
学术论文写作-Unit6
• To understand the importance of summarizing in academic writing;
• To be skilled in paraphrasing in academic writing; • To be able to restate your thesis statement; • To be able to write a logical conclusion.
II. Sample Reading
2. What verb tenses are mainly used in this conclusion section? Which voice is predominant in this section, the active voice or the passive voice?
II. Sample Reading
1. Read the concluding section of the sample text to identify the information elements in the following table. Then discuss their functions.
III. Language Focus
A. Summarizing
There are three ways to include source material in academic writing: summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting. Each of these strategies capitalizes on different types of information that can be useful. To summarize is to bring out in your own words a shortened version of written or spoken material, stating the main points and leaving out anything that is not essential. Summarizing is more than retelling; it involves analyzing information, distinguishing important elements from unimportant ones.
academic writing 学术英语写作
学术英语写作是学术界中常用的书面语言，主要用于发表研究论文、学术论文、会议论文等。
学术英语写作需要遵循一定的规范和格式，包括文献引用、语言表达、逻辑结构等方面。
学术英语写作要求清晰、准确、严谨地表达学术观点和研究成果，同时要遵守学术道德和规范，避免抄袭、剽窃等行为。
学术英语写作需要具备一定的学术素养和英语语言能力。
作者需要具备相关领域的学术背景和专业知识，能够准确理解和阐述研究问题、实验结果和结论等。
同时，作者需要具备较高的英语语言水平，能够清晰、准确地表达学术观点和研究成果，并能够正确使用相关的学术术语和表达方式。
学术英语写作需要注重逻辑性和条理性。
在写作过程中，作者需要遵循一定的逻辑结构和表达方式，确保文章思路清晰、条理分明。
同时，作者需要注重推理和论证的严密性，确保结论和观点的正确性和可靠性。
总之，学术英语写作是学术界中非常重要的技能之一，对于学术研究和成果的传播都具有重要意义。
作者需要不断提高自己的学术素养和英语语言能力，掌握学术英语写作的规范和技巧，才能写出高质量的学术论文和研究成果。
英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法
英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及写作方法Academic paper writing is an essential skill that every student and researcher should possess. It allows individuals to explore specific topics, present their findings, and contributeto the expansion of knowledge in their field of study. Thisarticle will discuss the requirements and methods of writing an academic paper.1. Requirements of Academic Paper Writing:a. Clarity and coherence: A good academic paper should be clear, well-organized, and easy to understand. The writer should present their arguments and ideas in a logical and coherent manner to guide readers through the paper.b. Research-based: An academic paper should be grounded in extensive research. This involves conducting a literature review, gathering data, and analyzing relevant sources to support the arguments made throughout the paper.c. Originality and contribution: A strong academic paper should present novel insights or contribute to existing knowledge. It should offer a unique perspective or provide additional evidence to enhance the understanding of the topic.d. Proper citation and referencing: To maintain academic integrity, all sources used in the paper must be properly cited.This prevents plagiarism and allows readers to verify the information presented.e. Structure and format: Academic papers typically follow a specific structure, including an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Adhering tothis structure helps readers navigate through the paper more effectively.2. Methods of Academic Paper Writing:a. Identify a research question: Begin by choosing aresearch question or topic that is interesting and relevant to your field of study. Make sure the research question is specific and focused, allowing for in-depth exploration.c. Develop an outline: Create a clear outline that organizes your thoughts and ideas. This helps maintain a logical flow and ensures that all essential points are addressed.e. Present your methodology and research findings: Clearly explain the methodology used for your study and present your findings. Use graphs, tables, and other visuals to enhance the presentation of data.f. Analyze your results and discuss their implications: Interpret and analyze your research findings, discussing their implications in relation to previous studies. Identify any limitations or further areas of research.g. Write a concise conclusion: Summarize your main findings and highlight their significance. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.h. Revise and edit: Proofread your paper for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your ideas flow smoothly and logically.i. Cite your sources properly: Use the appropriate citation style (such as APA, MLA, or Chicago) to reference your sources accurately throughout the paper.In conclusion, writing an academic paper requires clarity, research-based content, originality, proper citation, and adherence to a defined structure. By following these requirements and methods, students and researchers can effectively contribute to their field of study and advance knowledge in their chosen area.。
学术作文英文格式
学术作文英文格式英文：Academic writing is a crucial skill for any student, regardless of their field of study. It is a style of writing that is used in academic settings, such as universities and research institutions, to convey information and knowledge to a specific audience. Academic writing is different from other forms of writing, such as creative writing or journalism, in that it requires a more formal and objective tone.One of the most important aspects of academic writing is the use of evidence and research to support your arguments. This means that you need to be able to find and evaluate sources of information, and then use that information to make a compelling argument. This can be challenging, as it requires a high level of critical thinking and analysis.Another key aspect of academic writing is the use of clear and concise language. This means that you need to be able to communicate your ideas in a way that is easy to understand, without using jargon or overly complex language. This is important because your audience may not be familiar with the specific terminology of your field of study.中文：学术写作是任何学生的重要技能，无论他们的学习领域是什么。
英语学术论文写作范文 学术英语写作 范文17篇
英语学术论文写作范文学术英语写作范文17篇Sample 1Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureWhen the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American. Peoples of North America, Native Americans, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans? ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.First of all, native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different Native American languages1words for places in this new land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various Native American languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas,Chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, tobacco, and squash are just a few examples.Although the vocabulary of English is the area that shows the most Native Americaninfluence, it is not the only area of U.S. culture that has been shaped by contact with NativeAmericans. Art if another area of important Native American contributions. Wool rugs woven by women of the Navajo Tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Native American jewelry made from silver and turquoise is also very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native crafts such as pottery, leather products, and beadwork can be found in many homes. Indeed, native art and handicrafts are a treasured2part of U.S. culture.In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area inwhich Native Americans had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from Europe, Africa, and Asia. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the new comers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. schoolchild has heard the story of how Native Americans taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and croprotation. Many of the foods people in the United States eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S. diet.Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that citizens of the United States are also indebted to the native people for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches called “nations”,had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to settle disputes that arose between the various branches. Five of the nationshad joined together in a confederation3called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under th e league, eachnation was autonomous in running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The league kept the Iroquois from fighting among themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations with other tribes. When the 13 colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they had wontheir independence from Britain,someone suggested that they use a system similar to that of the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would join forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆happened. As a result, the presentfrom of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Native American model.In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of Native American influence on our language, our art forms, out eating habits, and our government. The people of the United States are deeply indebted to Native4Americans for their contributions to U.S. Culture.Exercise: Complete the outline by filling in the missing parts.Native American Influences on Modern U.S. CultureI. IntroductionThesis statement:___________________________________________________________ II. BodyA. Native Americans left a permanent mark on the English language.1. Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, and statesa. States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabamab. Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane2. Names of animals and plantsa. Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunkb. Plants: tobacco, squashB._____________________________________________________________1. Navajo rugs2. Silver and turquoise jewelry3.5______________________________________________________________a. Potteryb._____________________________________________________c._____________________________________________________c.______________________________________________________________1. Farming techniquesa._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________2._____________________________________________________a._________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________6D. _1. Iroquois-large tribe with many branches (“nations”) Needed to settle disputes among various branches2. Five nations formed League of Iroquoisa._________________________________________________b. Acted together when dealing with outsiders3. After independence, 13 colonies adopted similar system.a. Each colony (future state) was autonomous in managing own affairs.b.______________________________________________________III. Conclusion___________________________________________________________百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 2:At the MoviesYou Are Where You Sit: Seating Choice Can Tell a Lot about a Person!71 When he goes to the movies, Ravel Centeno likes to sit on theaisle and stretch his feet out-a fact that by itself speaks volumesabout his personality, according to a new study. The study, commissioned by the British movie theater company Odeon, examined how theater seating habits reflect personality. And as the summer movie season reaches its zenith, the research says you are where you sit. Psychologist Donna Dawson divided moviegoers into four different personality types based on their seating preferences and cited examples of movie characters who fit those types.2 Those who sit on the aisle, like Centeno, are “detached observers”-people who like to have their own space, who are observers and tend to be quieter. “That?s funny, because I?m a writer,” Centeno said Thursday as he waited to see AI. atthe CineplexOdeon at Universal CityWalk. “So that?s what I do (observe people).” One celluloid example of a detached observer, said Dawson, is Jack Nicholson?s Melvin Udall character in As Good as It Gets.3 Other personality types, according to Dawson:4 The “front row film fanatic”: Extroverted, assertive, and8competitive, these are people who like to see movies with others,not on their own. An example from the movies might be Mike Meyers?s Austin Powers or Julia Roberts?s ErinBrockovich.5 The”middle-of-the-roaders”: These are the people wholike to sit in the middle, fittingly. They are people who areflexible and try to get along with others, such as Gwyneth Paltrow?s Emma. Gloria and Tom Candelaria of Redlands say that seems to fit them. “We like the middle because it?s not too far back and not too close to the front,” Gloria Candelaria said as she scanned the marquee at CityWalk. Tom Candelaria said the “middle-of-the-roader” label seems to fit them because “we?re easygoing.”6 The “invisible rebels”: Those who sit far in the back are people who are rebellious and like excitement but don?t necessary seek the limelight, the study said. A typical example is ClintEastwood?s Man with No Name and Sigourney Weaver?s Lt. Ripley in the Alien films. “The back row is,where things happen; it?s an exciting area of danger and lots of passionate smooching,” Dawson said in the Odeon report. “It tends to attract people who are rebellious.”97 For some people, though, sometimes a chair i s just a chair. “I don?t knowwherever there?s an empty seat,” said filmgoer Chris Marshall of Lake Hollywood, when asked where he likes to sit. “That works for me.”Questions About the Organization1. What kind of introduction does this newspaper article have?a. It is a funnel introduction-it begins with a general statement and narrows down to the thesis statement.b. It begins with an example and ends with the thesis statement.c. It explains the reasons for the study and ends with the thesis statement.2. What kind of conclusion does it have?a. It summarizes the four main personality types.b. It gives the writer?s opinion on the study.c. It gives an example that contrasts with the main points.3. What words in the thesis statement indicate that the article uses logical division of ideas as a百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网10,您的在线图书馆pattern of organization?About the Support4. What two kinds of supporting details are used in this article?_________ and _________5. The psychologist who made the study used one kind of support, and the writer of the article reporting the results of the study used another kind. Which person used which kind?a. The psychologist used _b. The writer used _About the Content6. How do we know if the psychologist is correct? Does the article mention the methods she used in her study to match seating preference and personality type, or does it report only the results?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 3Culture ShockMoving to a new country can be an exciting, even exhilarating experience. In a newenvironment, you somehow feel more alive: seeing new11sights, eating new food, hearing theforeign sounds of a new language, and feeling a different climate against your skin stimulate your senses as never before. Soon, however, this sensory bombardment becomes sensory overload. Suddenly, new experiences seem stressful rather than stimulating, and delight turns intodiscomfort. This is the phenomenon known as culture shock. Culture shock is more than jet lag or homesickness, and it affects nearly everyone who enters a newculture-tourists, business travelers, diplomats, and students alike. Although not everyone experiences culture shock in exactly the same way, many experts agree that it has roughly five stages.In the first stage, you are excited by your new environment. You experience some simple difficulties such as trying to use the telephone or public transportation, but you consider these small challenges that you can quickly overcome. Your feelings about the new culture are positive, so you are eager to make contact with people and to try new foods.Sooner or later, differences in behavior and customs become more noticeable to you. This is the second stage of culture shock. Because you do not know the social customs12of the new culture, you may find it difficult to make friends. For instance, you do not understand how to make “small talk,” so it ishard to carry on a casual, get-acquaintedconversation. One day in the schoolcafeteria, you overhear a conversation. You understand all the words, but you do not understand the meaning. Why is everyone laughing? Arethey laughing at you or at some joke that you did not understand? Also, you aren?t always sure how to act while shopping. Is this store self-service, or should you wait for a clerk to assist you? If you buy a sweater in the wrong size, can you exchange it? These are not minor challenges; they are major frustrations.In the third stage, you no longer have positive feelings about the new culture. You feel that you have made a mistake in coming here. Making friends hasn?t been easy, so you begin to feel lonely and isolated. Now you want to be with familiar people and eat familiar food. You begin to spend most of your free time with students from your home country, and you eat in restaurants that serve your native food. In fact, food becomes an obsession, and you spend a lot of time planning, shopping for, and cooking food from home.You know that you are in the fourth stage of culture shock13when you have negative feelings about almost everything. In this stage, you actively reject the new culture. You become critical, suspicious, and irritable. You believe that people are unfriendly, thatyour landlord is trying to cheat you, that your teachers do not like you, and that the food is making you sick. In fact, you may actually develop stomachaches, headaches, sleeplessness, lethargy, or other physical symptoms.Finally, you reach the fifth stage. As your language skills improve, you begin to have somesuccess in meeting people and in negotiating situations. You areable to exchange the sweater that was too small, and you cansuccessfully chat about the weather with a stranger on the bus. Yourself-confidence grows. After realizing that you cannot change your surroundings, you begin to accept the differences and tolerate them. For instance, the food will never be as tasty as the food in your home country, but you are now able to eat and sometimes even enjoy many dishes. You may not like the way some people in your host country dress or behave in public, but you do not regard their clothes and behavior as wrong-just different.14Concluding Paragraph A百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆To sum up, culture shock is a veryreal phenomenon that has been studied for more than 30 years by psychologists and anthropologist$. Its five phases are (1) positive feelings toward the new culture, (2) awareness of small differences, (3) growing discomfort and need for contact with home culture, (4) negativefeelings, and (5) acceptance and adjustment. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five phases. In the end, however, people who suffer culture shock are stronger from having overcome the difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land. Concluding Paragraph BIn conclusion, nearly everyone moving to a new country feels some degree of culture shock. Symptoms may vary, and not all people experience all five stages. Newcomers with a strong support group may feel at home immediately in the new culture, while others may take months to feel comfortable. Staying in touch with friends and family, keeping a positive attitude, and, above all, learning the language as soon as possible are ways to overcome the15difficulties and frustrations of adapting to life in a new land.Exercise:1. Which concluding paragraph best suits the passage and why?2. Which concluding paragraph is a summary of the subtopics? Which one paraphrases the thesisstatement?3. Which concluding paragraph gives suggestions? Which one makes a prediction?百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 4: Cause and Effect百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 5: Cause and Effect16百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 6: Comparison百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 7: ComparisonCLASSROOM LEARNING AND INTERNETBASEDTEACHINGSince the late 1990s internet-based teaching (also known as e-education) has emerged as a potential rival to traditional classroom learning. It normally involves having access to a secure site on the internet where a graded series of lessons are available, and which have assignments sent and returned by email. Although on-line courses are now offered by many institutions, it is by no means clear that they offer real advantages compared to classroom education. Little research has been done so far on their effectiveness, but this17essay sets out to examine the arguments on both sides and attemptsto draw conclusions from them.Two main advantages of internet use in education are put forward. Firstly, it is seen as more economical, in that once a course is prepared, it can be used by large numbers of students. The savings made by not having to employ so many teachers should be reflected in cheaper course fees. The second benefit is convenience; instead of having to attend classes at fixed times and places, students are free to study when they choose and progress at their own pace. Furthermore, by studying from home there is no need to travel to the college or university, saving both time and money. A student living in a small town in China, for example, can now study a course at an American college without the worry of travelling, accommodation or homesickness.Despite the considerations mentioned above, classroom learning shows no signs of being replaced by e-learning. It seems that face-to-face contact with a teacher is still widely regarded as the best way for students to make progress, despite the expense and inconvenience involved. Not only the personal contact with a teacher, but also the support and18encouragement gained from being part of a class may be one reasonfor this. Membership of a group may also create a useful spirit of competition, which stimulates learning.Given the increasing pressure on university places in many countries, internet-based teaching is often seen as a convenient development. However, e-learning eliminates personal contact and travel from education, which are possibly the aspects many students value. Sittingat home working on a computer may be economical, but clearly cannot replace the social experience of attending courses. However, there are many people who are unable, either through work or family commitments,or due to lack of funds, to go to classes, and who would clearly find internet learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be used tosupport taught courses, for instance by providing access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of courses are similarto ,universities of the air?, such as Britain?s OpenUniversity, which have developed distance learning so successfullyin the last 40 years.Faced by growing demand for university places, more institutions are likely to develop on-line courses, but the apparent benefits of e-learning may be less than are19generally believed. Students seem to value the personal contact ofthe classroom highly, despite its cost andinconvenience. There may be a role for internet-based courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly for people with other commitments they will be the only practical option. There is an urgentneed for research on the effectiveness of this type of learning, which should help maximise its advantages in the future.(Approximately 550 words)百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 8: Argument百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Now complete the outline of the model essay:Separating the Sexes, Just for the Tough YearsI. Introduction (explanation of the issue)Thesis statement:20_______________________________________II. BodyA. Opposing argument 1Opponents of single-sex education claim that test scores show that there is no advantage to all-girl or all-boy classes.Rebuttal to argument 11. Research is inconclusive-show opposite results2. Other results that cannot be calculateda. Girls____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ____b. Boys____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ______B. Opposing argument2____________________________________________________________21Rebuttal to argument 2_________________________________________________________a. Settling squabbles with siblingsb. Negotiating with opposite-sex parent百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆C. Opposing argument 3_________________________________________________________Rebuttal to argument 3___________________________________________________________a._______________________________________________________b. Teachers call on boys more oftenIII.Conclusion1. Same-sex classes provide a better learning environmentReasonsa. Boys and girls___________________________________________________22_____________________________________________________________________________ ______ b.Girl________________________________________________________________ _____ c. Boys____________________________________________________________________2.____________________________________________________________________ __3.____________________________________________________________________ _____百度搜索“就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网,您的在线图书馆Sample 9A major change that has occurred in the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce;23nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997).An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society,is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanationsfor the …divorce phenomenon? and also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be arguedthat the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do notnecessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married24couples with …access to a legal solution to pre-existentmarital problems? (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of changes inthe legal system. The problem with this type of explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place.It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society.Another type of explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart?s explanation cannot account for all cases of divorce - for example, marital breakdown is liable to occur25in families where only the husband is working. Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change.The two explanations described above have very differentimplications for social policy,especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and hence would see the solutions also beingdetermined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this riseis to make them less obtainable. This approach, oneimagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to the problems of marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes.Furthermore, the百度搜索”就爱阅读”,专业资料,生活学习,尽在就爱阅读网26,您的在线图书馆experience of social workers,working in the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple?s access to divorce would in some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). In those cases where violence is involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favoured by Australians. (Harrison, 1990).Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economic system and their resultant effect on the roles of men and women. It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable inthe present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families27(McDonald, 1993). This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and security for these types of families. It is little cause foroptimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind.It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is even more difficult to find solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in this essay, the most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broadersocio-economic one.Finally, it is worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of。
学术论文写作报告(英文版)
学术论文写作报告（英文版）Title: Strategies for Effective Academic Writing1. IntroductionAcademic writing plays a crucial role in the dissemination of research findings and the development of knowledge in various disciplines. To produce high-quality academic papers, researchers and students must employ effective writing strategies. This report aims to discuss key strategies for successful academic writing, including proper planning, researching, organizing, and revising.2. PlanningEffective academic writing begins with careful planning. Before starting the writing process, it is essential to identify the purpose and audience for the paper. Clearly outlining the research question or thesis statement is crucial, as it provides direction for the entire paper. Additionally, creating a timeline or schedule for each writing phase enables efficient progress.3. ResearchingThorough research is vital for academic writing. Researchers should review and analyze relevant literature to gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic. This involves searching scholarly databases, reading academic journals, and consulting reputable sources. Taking diligent notes during the research process helps organize ideas and prevent plagiarism.4. OrganizingProper organization is essential for coherent academic writing. Structuring the paper using headings and subheadings helps to communicate ideas clearly and streamline the flow of information.A logical progression of ideas and arguments ensures that readers can easily follow the author's thought process. Arranging information in a way that supports the research question or thesis statement is key to maintaining focus and coherence.5. Writing Style and ToneAcademic writing requires a formal and objective tone. Use of clear and concise language is crucial, avoiding jargon or unnecessary technical terms. Sentences should be well-constructed, with proper grammar and punctuation. Active voice is preferred over passive voice, as it makes the writing more engaging and direct.6. Citations and ReferencingAccurate citations and proper referencing are fundamental to academic writing. Researchers must acknowledge the ideas and works of others by citing them appropriately. Following a consistent citation style, such as APA or MLA, ensures credibility and respect for intellectual property rights. Careful attention should be paid to in-text citations and the compilation of a comprehensive reference list.7. Revision and EditingEffective academic writing involves multiple rounds of revision and editing. After completing the initial draft, it is crucial to review and refine the content for clarity, coherence, and conciseness. Editing for grammar, punctuation, spelling, and formatting is equally important. Seeking feedback from peers or mentors can help identify areas for improvement and ensure the overall quality of the paper.8. ConclusionIn conclusion, effective academic writing requires careful planning, thorough research, proper organization, adherence to writing conventions, and meticulous revision. Engaging in these strategies can contribute to producing high-quality academic papers that effectively communicate research findings and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in various disciplines. Researchers and students alike can benefit from understanding and implementing these strategies to enhance their academic writing skills and achieve success in their scholarly pursuits.9. Clarity and CoherenceClarity and coherence are key elements of effective academic writing. Clear and concise writing helps readers understand the research findings and arguments without confusion. It is essential to use simple and precise language, avoiding unnecessary jargon or complex terminology that may alienate readers who are not experts in the field. Using clear and well-structured sentences and paragraphs helps convey ideas logically and coherently.To ensure clarity, it is important to define key terms and concepts,especially if they are specific to the research topic. This provides readers with a solid understanding of the subject matter and prevents any potential misunderstandings. Additionally, providing clear explanations and examples can enhance comprehension and allow readers to follow the researcher's line of reasoning.Coherence refers to the logical flow and connection between different ideas and sections of a paper. Transitions between paragraphs and sections should be smooth and seamless to guide readers through the argument. Using appropriate linking words and phrases, such as "however," "in addition," or "for example," helps establish these connections and maintain the overall coherence of the paper.10. Avoiding PlagiarismPlagiarism is a serious offense in academic writing and can lead to severe consequences, including losing credibility and facing disciplinary actions. To avoid plagiarism, researchers must properly cite and reference all sources used in their paper. This includes both direct quotes and paraphrased information. A citation should be provided whenever a researcher uses someone else's ideas or words, regardless of whether the source is a published work, an interview, or an online resource.Using a consistent citation style throughout the paper is crucial for maintaining accuracy and consistency. Common citation styles include MLA, APA, and Chicago. Each style has specific guidelines for in-text citations, reference lists, and formatting, so it is important to familiarize oneself with the chosen style and followits rules diligently.Properly acknowledging the contributions of others not only prevents plagiarism but also demonstrates intellectual integrity and respect for the work of fellow researchers. By providing accurate citations and references, researchers contribute to the scholarly conversation and build upon existing knowledge in a responsible and ethical manner.11. Proofreading and EditingProofreading and editing are essential steps in the academic writing process to ensure a polished and error-free final product. After completing the initial draft, researchers should review their work for language, grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. It is also crucial to check for consistency in formatting and citation style.Proofreading involves carefully reading the paper to identify and correct any errors or typos. Paying attention to sentence structure, word choice, and clarity helps improve the overall quality of the writing. Reading the paper aloud can also help identify awkward or unclear sentences that may need revision.Editing goes beyond proofreading and involves critically evaluating the content and organization of the paper. Researchers should consider the logical flow of ideas, the effectiveness of arguments, and the overall coherence of the paper. This may require revising, reordering, or expanding sections to enhance clarity and strengthen the argument.Seeking feedback from peers, mentors, or professional editors can provide valuable insights and improve the overall quality of the paper. Fresh eyes can often catch errors or inconsistencies that the author might have missed. Taking the time to carefully proofread and edit the paper demonstrates the researcher's commitment to producing high-quality and professional work.12. Practice and PerseveranceLike any skill, academic writing requires practice and perseverance to improve. Researchers and students should consistently engage in writing activities, such as drafting research papers, writing literature reviews, or submitting conference abstracts. Through practice, writers become more familiar with the conventions of academic writing, enhance their critical thinking skills, and become more confident in expressing their ideas.It is important to remember that academic writing is a process that involves multiple stages, including planning, researching, organizing, writing, and revising. Each stage requires attention to detail and dedication to producing the best possible work.Developing good writing habits, such as setting aside dedicated time for writing, seeking feedback from peers or mentors, and continuously learning and honing writing skills, can contribute to becoming a more effective academic writer.13. ConclusionIn conclusion, effective academic writing involves careful planning, thorough research, proper organization, adherence to writing conventions, and meticulous revision. Clarity and coherence are essential elements for effectively communicating research findings and arguments. Avoiding plagiarism through proper citation and referencing is crucial for maintaining academic integrity. Proofreading and editing ensure the paper is error-free and polished. With practice and perseverance, researchers and students can enhance their academic writing skills and produce high-quality papers that contribute to the scholarly discourse and advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.。
academic writing 学术写作指南
academic writing 学术写作指南学术写作是指在学术领域中撰写论文、报告、研究成果等文献形式的写作方式。
它不同于其他形式的写作，要求语言准确、结构严谨、逻辑清晰，旨在传达研究成果和知识。
在进行学术写作前，首先需要进行充分的研究和调研。
这包括查阅相关的文献、书籍、期刊论文等，了解当前研究的进展和研究领域的现状。
通过这些调研，可以确定自己的研究方向，并收集相关的数据和实证资料。
学术写作的目的是传达作者的观点和研究结果。
因此，写作内容应该清晰、准确，并且有条理。
文章应该包含引言、方法、结果和讨论等部分。
引言部分主要是提出研究问题、背景和目的。
方法部分详细描述了研究设计和数据收集方法。
结果部分展示了研究的主要结果。
讨论部分对结果进行解释和分析，并提出对未来研究的建议。
科学写作中的语言应该精确、明确。
避免使用模糊的表达方式，而要使用具体、准确的词汇和句子结构。
特别是在描述研究方法和结果的部分，要使用清晰、准确的语言，确保读者能够理解和重复实验。
除了语言的准确性，学术写作中还要注意文体的规范。
学术写作通常采用正式、客观的语言风格。
避免使用口语化的表达方式，如俚语、缩写、非正式的对话词汇。
另外，要确保使用正确的引用格式，并标注文中参考文献的来源。
学术写作的最终目的是为了与其他学者分享研究成果，促进学术交流和学科的发展。
因此，在写作过程中要做到客观、科学、有助于他人理解。
要善于引用他人的研究成果，避免抄袭或不当引用。
同时，在写作完成后，还需要经过同行评审的过程，接受其他学者对文章的评判和修改建议。
总之，学术写作是一种特殊的写作方式，它要求准确、清晰、有条理。
在进行学术写作时，需要进行充分的研究和调研，使用准确、明确的语言，遵循文体的规范。
学术写作的最终目的是与他人分享研究成果，促进学术交流和学科的发展。
通过不断的实践和学习，我们可以提高学术写作的水平和质量。
英专生作文议论文模板
英专生作文议论文模板Title: The Importance of English Major Students in Academic Writing。
Introduction。
The field of English major students in academic writing is an essential aspect of the education system. These students play a significant role in producing high-quality research papers, essays, and other academic documents. In this article, we will discuss the importance of English major students in academic writing and their contribution to the scholarly community.Body。
1. Language Proficiency。
English major students are well-versed in the English language, which makes them proficient in academic writing.They have a strong command of grammar, vocabulary, and syntax, which are crucial elements in producing well-written academic papers. Their language proficiency allows them to effectively communicate their ideas and arguments in a clear and concise manner, which is essential in academic writing.2. Critical Thinking Skills。
学术英语作文万能模板范文
学术英语作文万能模板范文Title: A Universal Template for Academic English Writing。
Academic writing is an essential skill for students and scholars in various fields of study. Whether it is for a research paper, a thesis, or a journal article, having a solid understanding of academic English writing is crucial for effectively communicating ideas and findings. In this article, we will discuss a universal template for academic English writing that can be applied to different types of academic papers.Introduction。
The introduction is the opening section of an academic paper where the writer introduces the topic, provides background information, and presents the research question or thesis statement. It is important to grab the reader's attention and provide a clear roadmap for the rest of the paper. The introduction should be concise, engaging, and informative.Literature Review。
学术论文写作-Unit6
II. Sample Reading
Conclusion should be the best part of your paper which normally serves the following functions. The first is to summarize and bring together the main areas covered in the writing. Summarizing is more than retelling; it involves analyzing information, distinguishing important from unimportant elements. The second is to analyze and evaluate your main points for readers. Strive for answers to questions that readers logically raise. Show your readers why this research is important. In addition, you have to point out the general implications and possible limitations of your research in conclusion. Finally, your conclusion may also include making recommadations for improvement and speculating on future directions. Looking to the future can emphasize the importance of your paper or redirect readers' thought process. It may help them see things more globally. It manifests the value of your research as well as your understanding of the material that you have presented.
大学英语第六章批驳性作文
大学英语第六章批驳性作文In the realm of academic writing, the sixth chapter of College English textbook often delves into the intricateart of critical writing, a skill that involves analyzing, evaluating, and ultimately disputing a given argument. This chapter is not just about refuting opposing viewpoints;it's about understanding the subtleties of logical fallacies, understanding perspectives, and presenting a balanced yet persuasive argument.The foundation of critical writing lies in the careful examination of evidence. It's about asking questions, probing deeper, and challenging assumptions. This isn't merely a matter of disagreeing for the sake of disagreeing; it's about using logic and reason to unpack the complexities of an argument and to present a well-reasoned alternative.In this chapter, we learn that a strong counterclaim doesn't just oppose a view; it offers an alternative explanation or solution. It's about finding the balance between being too conciliatory and being too combative.It's about understanding that every argument has its merits, even if you ultimately disagree with it.Moreover, critical writing demands that we are not just consumers of information but active interpreters of it. We must be able to identify biases, understand hidden agendas, and separate facts from opinions. This is a crucial skillin the age of information overload, where it's easy to be swayed by opinions and half-truths.The art of critical writing also lies in the ability to communicate effectively. It's not just about having theright ideas; it's about packaging them in a way that's clear, concise, and engaging. This means using languagethat's both precise and accessible, employing examples that resonate with readers, and structuring arguments in alogical flow.In summary, the sixth chapter of College English textbook teaches us that critical writing is not just atool for disputing opinions; it's a powerful means for understanding the world more deeply and for contributing to meaningful discourse. It's about asking questions, seekingtruth, and using reason and logic to shape our understanding of the world.**批驳性写作的力量与技巧**在大学英语教材中，第六章往往深入探讨了批驳性写作这一精妙艺术，它涉及到分析、评估和最终驳斥某一观点的过程。
学术英语写作Unit 6 Notice of Abstract or Paper Acceptance
example 1
1. The SOSP program committee has completed its work of selecting the papers for the 15th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. 2. I am pleased to inform you that, based on the submitted draft, your above referenced paper has been accepted for presentation at the UKSIM 04 Conference.
Number of accepted abstracts or papers
• The purpose of telling the author the number of accepted papers is to suggest that they strictly observe the instructions given by the committee.
Why is a letter of acceptance written?
• To extend best wishes or regards to the writer. • To inform the writer that his abstract or paper has been accepted by the conference committee and he is expected to attend the conference if possible.
example 4
We received 153 full paper submissions and 41 short paper submissions. Of these, 21 were accepted as full papers, and 15 were accepted as short papers, so you should take this as validation of your research efforts.
学术作文英文格式
学术作文英文格式Studying academic writing is important for students. It helps them to develop critical thinking skills and improve their ability to analyze and synthesize information. Academic writing also allows students to communicate their ideas and research findings in a clear and organized manner, which is essential for success in higher education and beyond.When writing an academic paper, it is important to use formal language and adhere to the conventions of academic writing. This includes using appropriate vocabulary, maintaining a formal tone, and citing sources properly. Additionally, academic writing requires careful attentionto structure and organization, as well as the use of evidence to support arguments and claims.One of the key challenges of academic writing is avoiding plagiarism. This involves properly citing sources and using quotation marks when directly quoting from asource. Additionally, it is important to paraphrase information in a way that accurately represents theoriginal source while also adding value to the student's own work.In academic writing, it is important to consider the needs and expectations of the audience. This includes understanding the conventions of the specific discipline or field of study, as well as the preferences of theinstructor or audience for whom the paper is being written.Overall, academic writing is an essential skill for students to develop. It allows them to communicate their ideas effectively, engage with complex information, and contribute to the ongoing scholarly conversation in their field of study. By mastering the conventions of academic writing, students can position themselves for success in their academic and professional endeavors.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Contents
1. Importance of Note Taking
2. Evaluation of Source Materials 3. Technique of Note Cards 4. Methods of Note Taking
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Importance of Note Taking
Methods of Note Taking
B. Writing summary notes Write a brief sketch of your material without great concern for style or expression. To this end, extract significant facts by focusing on essentials: select the key information, summarize it, and get on with other matters. Remember, however, that even a summary needs documentation of author and page number.
Evaluation of Source Materials
C. Quote the best scholars Influential authorities on a topic are usually mentioned often in various sources, whatever the field. It will pay you to look at their work. You may discover the key people in one area by the following methods: (1) ask your supervisor or instructor; (2) watch for certain names that reappear in scholarly materials.
Evaluation of Source Materials
B. Use reliable source materials Beware of biased reporting, both in the writing of others and in your own drafts. In general, journals offer more reliable evidence than magazines. Many organizations publish biased articles to promote their viewpoints. There’s nothing wrong with the practice, but you should be aware of any biases.
To aid memory To facilitate paper-writing To avoid plagiarism
Evaluation of Source Materials
A. Use recent source materials Scientific and technical topics especially require up-to-date research. Learn to depend on monthly and quarterly journals as well as books. Remember too that recent publications review previous works in the field. A recent overview of literature on a topic will cite recognized, reliable sources for you to add to your working bibliography
Evaluation of Source Materials D. Use relevant source materials Evaluating a book requires that you check several items: (1) The complete title with subtitle indicates the books’ relevance. (2) The table of contents helps you discover chapters that touch directly or indirectly on the topic. (3) The preface or introduction serves as a critical overview of the entire book. (4) The index of a book gives names and terms with page numbers for all items mentioned within the text. (5) The bibliography and endnotes suggest new sources for later investigation.
Evaluation of Source Materials
G. Getting the author’s idea When faced with an article, read the abstract, if one is possible. That is the quickest way to ascertain if the piece will be of use to you. If no abstract is available, read the opening paragraph for clues to the writer’s purpose. With a book, skim the author’s preface to find a statement of purpose.
Evaluation of Source Materials
E. Examine the book reviews Whenever one book serves as a cornerstone for research, test its validity and critical reputation by reading a review or two in journals and/or magazines.
Methods of Note Taking
D. Condensing sources with précis notes Condense the original with precision and directness. Reduce a long paragraph into a sentence, tighten an article into a brief paragraph, and summarize a book into a page. Preserve the tone of the original. Limit your quotation of the original by writing the précis in your own language. Provide documentation by locating the source of your material.
Methods of Note Taking
C. Writing review notes and plot notes Another type of card reviews the contents of an article or a book. This note is especially useful for writing an annotated bibliography. The third type of note is plot note. It is widely used in literary criticism to summarize the plot of a novel, short story, play, or similar literary work.
Methods of Note Taking
A. Building a set of personal note cards Learn to write notes to yourself during research reading. When you start writing the rough draft, the contents should be your thoughts and ideas interspersed with and supported by your sources. If you have no personal notes, then your writing will develop slowly.
Technique of Note Taking
Use ink Use index cards One item per card Write on one side of card List the source (e.g. Ellis, 1985: 221) Label each card Write a full note Keep everything (date, age, page number, or full name)
Evaluation of Source Materials
F. Understanding what you read Some student researchers do more copying than thinking. Yet the quality of your analysis outweighs the number of source materials, and the content of your finished paper is more important than how many note cards you accumulate. Your thinking comes first. To that end, keep your thesis and outline headings firmly in mind as you open books and leaf through articles. In many instances you may borrow only one idea that you rephrase into your own words.