航线ATP Advanced aerodynamics
关于飞机起飞滑跑距离的外文文献
飞机起飞滑跑距离是指飞机从起飞开始到完全离地之间所需的距离。
这个距离受到许多因素的影响，包括飞机的重量、气温、气压、风向和速度等。
飞机起飞的滑跑距离对飞行安全至关重要，因此各国的民航管理机构都对飞机起飞滑跑距离做出了严格的规定和标准。
近年来，关于飞机起飞滑跑距离的研究不断深入，国际上有很多学者和研究机构对此进行了系统的研究。
以下是一些详细的外文文献，它们对飞机起飞滑跑距离的影响因素和计算方法进行了详细的分析和总结。
1. Anderson, John D. "Aircraft performance design." New York: McGraw-Hill (1999).本书对飞机性能和设计进行了全面的介绍，其中包括了飞机起飞滑跑距离的计算方法和影响因素。
该书对飞机的气动性能、发动机性能、重量和平衡等方面进行了深入研究，为飞机起飞滑跑距离的计算提供了重要的理论支持。
2. Roskam, Jan. "Airplane Design: Preliminary Calculation of Aerodynamic, Thrust and Power Characteristics." Lawrence, Kansas: Darcorporation (1990).该书主要介绍了飞机的气动特性、推力和动力特性的初步计算方法。
在此基础上，对飞机起飞滑跑距离的计算进行了详细的讨论，包括了在不同气候条件下的影响因素和修正方法。
3. Clancy, L. J. "Aerodynamics." John Wiley Sons (2005).本书是一本飞机空气动力学的经典教材，对飞机的气动性能进行了系统的介绍。
其中包括了飞机在不同条件下的起飞性能和滑跑距离的计算方法，为飞机设计和运行提供了重要的参考。
4. Torenbeek, Egbert. "Advanced 本人rcraft design: conceptual design, technology and optimization of subsonic civil 本人rplanes." John Wiley Sons (2013).该书介绍了现代飞机的概念设计、技术和优化方法。
ATP机型
共获订货59架，已交付51架。设计特点为使飞机
在BAe超748基础上更加现代化，ATP飞机上采用
了许多新技术。在改进结构设计的同时，对飞机
的气动外形也作了改进。机身加长了5.03米；直流 供电系统改为交
流供电系统；采用民用标准总线，使数据传输系
每副螺旋桨都有6片具有先进气动叶型的复合材料
桨叶。桨叶前缘采用电热除冰。两个机翼整体油 箱，总燃油量为
6364升。右机翼外侧下翼面设单点压力加油口。
座舱增压座舱。新设备，可大大降低驾驶员工作负荷。
客舱内标准布局为64座，每排4座，排距79厘米， 中间设过道。通过调整行
面上使用空调提供能源，并为电池充电，还可用 于发动机
起动及其它工作。机载设备数字式电子设备，使
用ARINC429数据传输设备，史密斯公司SDS-201
电子飞行仪表系统。两套甚高频无线电台、两套
甚高频导航设备，扫描测距设备、无线电罗盘、 空中交通管制应答器
、目视飞行规则设备、飞行数据记录器和数字式
认为，今后10年世界对40～70座支线客机的需要 量为1000架左右
。虽有福克50、ATR42及其加长型ATR72，可能还
有DHC-8的加长型与之竞争，但该公司相信ATP在
投入使用后的10年内，可望在欧洲、美洲及远东
地区售出200～280架。该公司共制造3架试飞用原 型
机。第一架原型机1986年8月6日首次飞行，第二
后掠，平尾不后掠。根据JAR25部要求，方向舵脚
蹬的最大载荷为68千克。一侧发动机发生故障时，
方向舵能自动偏向另一方。方向舵有助力操纵装 置，带弹簧调整片
。每侧升降舵都有调整片。平尾和垂尾前缘有气
航线理论考试（ATPL）最后复习笔记
航线理论考试（ATPL）最后复习笔记（1） 以下是在航线理论（ATPL）考试前最后复习阶段做的笔记，包括一些相关知识总结、难点、容易考到的原文等等。
由于是最后复习的笔记，所以覆盖面有限，另外多为总结性质的，所以没有按章节分类。
其中直接引用《The Aviation Theory Course for Airline Transport Pilot》（民航飞行学院那本英文的航线教材）中的原文或者从原文截取拼凑而成的句子，都以斜体标记。
一些重要名称以加粗标记，容易混淆和忽略信息用下划线标记。
该笔记主要面向航线考试，但与私商仪也有很多重合，可以参考复习。
FAA题的内容没有涉及。
1. RAIM: Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Without RAIM capability, the pilot has no assurance of accuracy of the GPS.也就是说，RAIM既影响位置信息，也影响高度信息。
2. If RAIM is not available:a) Another type of navigation and approaching system must be used;b) Another destination selected;c) Or, the trip delayed until RAIM is predicated to be available on arrival.3. VASI的种类和特点：VASI种类 Three-bar VASI Upwind for high cockpitTri-color VASI Red, green, whitePulsating VASI Below Pulsating redAbove Pulsating whiteon Standing white or alternatingred and white4. 指点标的一些属性：Marker Color Sound Rate Identified with theOM Blue Continuous dashes 2/s First 2 letters of the LLZIM White Continuous dashes 2/sMM amber Alternate dashes and dots6/s Last 2 letters of the LLZ 5. 油量要求：国内航线航程油量 国际航线航程油量备降油量（最远备降场） 备降油量等待油量（45分钟） 等待油量（1500ft等待30分钟）应急油量（航线飞行时间10%的油量）6. 着陆机场无边灯或机长无夜航最低天气标准，着陆时限为：平原：日落前10分钟；丘陵山区：日落前20分钟。
FundamentalsofAerodynamics第六版课程设计 (2)
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics第六版课程设计介绍本文是基于Anderson的《Fundamentals of Aerodynamics第六版》所设计的课程，旨在提供一个深入学习流体力学和空气动力学的机会，同时帮助学生掌握相关领域的基本知识和技能。
课程大纲第一章：流体力学基础本章介绍流体力学的基本知识，包括流体力学的定义、基本假设、运动学和动力学公式以及基本方程。
本章还将讨论质量、动量、能量守恒定律以及连续性方程等基本概念和原理。
第二章：建立流场方程本章将介绍针对不同情况的流场方程的建立，包括欧拉方程、NSE（Navier-Stokes Equation）等。
第三章：飞行力学基础本章将介绍飞行力学的基本知识，包括飞行器的运动学和动力学方程、空气动力学基本原理以及气动力和控制力等。
第四章：气动力学基础本章将讨论气动力学的基本理论和原理，包括气动力学的定义、不同形状的流体对气动力的影响以及绕流等。
第五章：气动力学数值计算方法本章将介绍用于计算气动力学的数值方法，包括CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics）等。
第六章：气动力学的应用本章将介绍气动力学的具体应用，包括飞行器设计、气动优化和空气动力学性能评估等。
课程目标课程的主要目标是：•帮助学生掌握流体力学和空气动力学的基本知识和技能；•培养学生的气动力学分析和设计能力；•提供学生探索流体力学和空气动力学不同应用领域的机会；•帮助学生了解气动力学在工程领域的现状和未来发展趋势。
课程要求课程要求学生：•熟练掌握本课程的基础知识和技能；•参加课程中的讨论和实践活动；•独立完成相关课程作业和项目；•提高自己独立思考和解决问题的能力。
课程评估该课程的评估方式包括以下因素：•期末考试占成绩的40％；•课程项目占成绩的30％；•课堂参与占成绩的20％；•平时作业占成绩的10％。
结论本课程旨在提供一个深入学习流体力学和空气动力学的机会，帮助学生掌握相关领域的基本知识和技能，并探索气动力学在工程领域的具体应用。
航线ATP General Aircraft Avionics
Global Positioning System (GPS) con’t
The GPS receiver needs at least four satellites to yield a three-dimensional position (latitude, longitude and altitude) and time solution. The GPS receiver computes navigational values such as distance and bearing to a waypoint, ground speed, etc., by using the aircraft’s known latitude/ longitude and referencing these to a database built into the receiver. GPS provides two levels of service: Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Precise Positioning Service (PPS). SPS, otherwise known as selective availability (SA), provides horizontal positioning accuracy of 100 meters, or less, with a probability of 95 percent and 300 meters with a probability of 99.99 percent. PPS is more accurate than SPS, and removes the "intentional error" introduced by selective availability. Since SA was turned off in May of 2000, SPS errors have ranged in the area of around 5 to 10 meters, 95 percent of the time. GPS is a U.S. satellite-based radio navigational, positioning, and time transfer system operated by the Department of Defence (DoD). The system provides highly accurate position and velocity information, along with precise time on a continuous global basis to an unlimited number of GPS users. The advantages of GPS over other navigation systems such as LORAN, or LOng RAnge Navigation, is that GPS is unaffected by weather, and more importantly, provides a worldwide reference system. The GPS constellation is comprised of 24 satellites, and is designed so that a minimum of five are always observable by a user anywhere on earth. The way GPS works is that it ranges and triangulates on the satellites in space, which act as precise reference points.
航线ATP General Aerodynamics
What is aeronautics? Aeronautics is typically defined as the art or science of flight, or the science of operating aircraft. This includes a branch of aeronautics called aerodynamics. Aerodynamics deals with the motion of air and the way it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft. Both of these branches are a part of the tree of physical science. Aviation, however, refers to the operation of heavier-than-air craft.
19
The Earth's gravitational pull weakens as objects move farther away from it. Thus we say that objects that are far from the Earth "weigh less" than when they are on the Earth. For objects "on" and "close" to the Earth (we will assume that airplanes fly at altitudes "close" to the Earth) the weight of an object can be considered constant. Weight is the force that measures the effects of gravity.
ATPL航线英语考试新题
1 What is the maximum indicated airspeed a reciprocating-engine-powered airplane may be operated within Class B airspace?往复式发动机飞机在B空域飞行的最大指示空速（基本表速）是多少？A: 180 knots. B: 230 knots. C: 250 knots.2 At what maximum indicated airspeed can a B-727 operate within Class B airspace without special ATC authorization? 在B空域中B-727没有ATC授权是的最高指示空速（基本航速）是多少？A: 230 knots. B: 250 knots. C: 275 knots.3 At what maximum indicated airspeed may a reciprocating-engine-powered airplane be operated within Class D airspace?往复式发动机飞机在D空域飞行的最大指示空速（基本表速）是多少？A: 156 knots. B: 180 knots. C: 200 knots.4 What is the maximum indicated airspeed a turbine-powered aircraft may be operated below 10,000 feet MSL?涡轮式飞机在平均海拔低于10000尺的空中飞行的最大指示空速（基本表速）是多少？A: 288 knots. B: 250 knots. C: 230 knots.5 At what maximum indicated airspeed can a reciprocating-engine airplane operate in the airspace underlying Class B airspace?往复式发动机飞机在B空域底层飞行是的最大指示空速（基本表速）是多少？A: 180 knots. B: 200 knots. C: 230 knots.6 Maximum holding speed for a propeller-driven airplane may hold at is:最大的螺旋桨驱动的飞机的保压速度是：A: 265 knots B: 230 knots. C: 156 knots.7 Maximum holding speed for a turbojet airplane above 14,000 feet is涡轮喷气式飞机在高于14000尺的空中的最大保压速度是：A: 210 knots. B: 230 knots. C: 265 knots.8 Maximum holding speed for a civil turbojet aircraft at a joint use airport civil/navy between 7,000 and 14,000 feet is在民用/海军联合机场7000—14000尺空中民用涡轮喷气式飞机的最大保压速度是多少？A: 265 knots. B: 230 knots. C: 200 knots.9 When takeoff minimums are not prescribed for a civil airport, what are the takeoff minimums under IFR for a three-engine airplane?民用机场没有规定最低起飞速度时，IFR规定三发飞机的最低起飞速度是：A: 1 SM. B: 1/2 SM. C: 300 feet and 1/2 SM.10 What minimum ground visibility may be used instead of a prescribed visibility criteria of RVR 16 when that RVR value is not reported?当RVR值没有报出时，规定RVR16可视标准可以由以下哪个最小地面可见度值代替？A: 1/4 SM. B: 3/4 SM C: 3/8 SM.11 The prescribed visibility criteria of RVR 32 for the runway of intended operation is not reported. What minimum ground visibility may be used instead of the RVR value?A: 3/8 SM. B: 5/8 SM. C: 3/4 SM.12 The visibility criteria for a particular instrument approach procedure is RVR 40. What minimum ground visibility may be substituted for the RVR value?一个特殊仪器规定的能见度为RVR40，那么可以用以下哪个最小地面能见度替代RVR值？A: 5/8 SM. B: 3/4 SM. C: 7/8 SM.13 Freezing rain encountered during climb is normally evidence that攀升过程中遇到冻雨通常可以证明：A: a climb can be made to a higher altitude without encountering more than light icing.B: a layer of warmer air exists above.C: ice pellets at higher altitudes have changed to rain in the warmer air below14 What condition is indicated when ice pellets are encountered during flight?飞行过程中遇到冰粒的条件是：A: Thunderstorms at higher levels.B: Freezing rain at higher levels.C: Snow at higher levels.15 What is the result when water vapor changes to the liquid state while being lifted in a thunderstorm?水蒸气转换成液态进入到雷暴中的结果是什么？A: Latent heat is released to the atmosphere.B: Latent heat is transformed into pure energy.C: Latent heat is absorbed from the surrounding air by the water droplet.16 What minimum thickness of cloud layer is indicated if precipitation is reported as light or greater intensity?当报道到有小到中强度冰雹时可以推测云层的最薄厚度为多少？A: 4,000 feet thick.B: 2,000 feet thick.C: A thickness which allows the cloud tops to be higher than the freezing level.17 What is a difference between an air mass thunderstorm and a steady-state thunderstorm?气团雷雨和稳态雷雨之间的区别是什么？A: Air mass thunderstorms produce precipitation which falls outside of the updraft.B: Air mass thunderstorm downdrafts and precipitation retard and reverse the updrafts.C: Steady-state thunderstorms are associated with local surface heating.18 Which type cloud is associated with violent turbulence and a tendency toward the production of funnel clouds?那种类型的云伴有剧烈震荡和产生漏斗云的倾向？A: Cumulonimbus mamma. B: Standing lenticular. C: Stratocumulus.19 What condition is necessary for the formation of structural icing in flight?在飞行中形成结构性结冰的必要条件是什么？A: Supercooled water drops. B: Water vapor. C: Visible water.20 SPECI KGLS 131802Z 10012G21KT 060V1402SM+SHRA SCT005BKN035 OVC050CB24/23 A2980This SPECI report at Galveston (KGLS) indicates which condition?在这个加尔维斯顿的SPECI报告（KGLS）表明出何种情况？A: Wind steady at 100° magnetic at 12 knots, gusts to 21.B: Precipitation started at 57 after the hour.C: 5,000 feet overcast with towering cumulus.21 METAR KMAF 131756Z 02020KT 12SM BKN025 OVC250 27/18 A3009 RMK RAE44.Which weather condition is indicated by this METAR report at Midland (KMAF)?这个份英格兰中部的METAR报告说明了什么样的天气状况？A: Rain of unknown intensity ended 16 minutes before the hour.B: The ceiling was at 25,000 feet MSL.C: Wind was 020° magnetic at 20 knots.22 METAR KSPS 131757Z 09014KT 6SM -RA SCT025 OVC090 24/22 A3005.SPECI KSPS 131820Z 01025KT 3SM +RA FC OVC015 22/21 A3000.Which change took place at Wichita Falls (KSPS) between 1757 and 1820 UTC?在1757年至1820年，威奇塔瀑布市发生了什么变换？A: The rain became lighter.B: Atmospheric pressure increased.C: A funnel cloud was observed.23 METAR KHRO 131753Z 09007KT 7SM FEW020 BKN040 30/27 A3001.SPECI KHRO 131815Z 13017G26KT 3SM +TSRA SCT020 BKN045TCU 29/24 A2983 RMKRAB12 WS TKO LDG RW14R FRQ LTGICCG VC.What change has taken place between 1753 and 1815 UTC at Harrison (KHRO)?1753年至1815年，Harrison发生了什么变化？A: The ceiling lowered and cumulonimbus clouds developed.B: Thundershowers began at 12 minutes past the hour.C: Visibility reduced to IFR conditions.24 A PROB40 (PROBability) HHhh group in an International Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) indicates the probability of国际机场航站楼预测的一个PROB40HHhh组表示的是A: thunderstorms or other precipitation.B: precipitation or low visibility.C: thunderstorms or high wind.25 A severe thunderstorm is one in which the surface wind is在剧烈雷雨中地面风速为A: 50 knots greater and/or surface hail is 3/4 inch or more in diameter.B: 55 knots or greater and/or surface hail is 1/2 inch or more in diameter.C: 45 knots or greater and/or surface hail is 1 inch or more in diameter.26 A squall line is a sudden increase of at least 15 knots in average wind speed to a sustained speed of阵风线（飓线）是指在突然增加的至少15节平均风速持续的速度为A: 24 knots or more for at least 1 minute.B: 22 knots or more for at least 2 minutes.27 A calm wind that is forecast, in the International Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF), is encoded as在国际机场航站楼预测的静风被编码为A: VRB00KT. B: 00000KT. C: 00003KT.28 How may a pilot determine if a LORAN-C receiver is authorized for IFR operations?如何确定一个飞行员LORAN-C接收器授权IFR操作A: Consult the Airplane Flight Manual Supplement.B: A placard stating, "LORAN-C APPROVED FOR IFR EN ROUTE, TERMINAL AND APPROACH SEGMENTS." C: An airframe logbook entry that the LORAN-C receiver has been checked within the previous 30-calendar days.29 Which entry shall be recorded by the person performing a VOR operational check?下列哪一应由人执行VOR操作检查后记录？A: Frequency, radial and facility used, and bearing error.B: Flight hours and number of days since last check, and bearing error.C: Date, place, bearing error, and signature.30 What record shall be made by the pilot performing a VOR operational check?哪项应当由飞行员执行VOR操作检查后记录？A: The date, frequency of VOR or VOT, number of hours flown since last check, and signature in the aircraft log.B: The date, place, bearing error, and signature in the aircraft log or other record.C: The date, approval or disapproval, tach reading, and signature in the aircraft log or other permanent record.31 During a VOT check of the VOR equipment, the course deviation indicator centers on 356°with the TO/FROM reading FROM. This VOR equipment may在用VOR设备进行VOT检查的过程中，…….进程偏差显示器在365°。
航线ATPFlightManagementSystem(FMS)
Deleting waypoints Intercepting radials
– Pilot defined waypoints (i.e. OMN090/50 – OMN01)
Vertical navigation (i.e. 250/1000)
Any Questions?
GPS
– Most accurate – RAIM for monitoring
DME/DME
– Needs at least 2 DME stations – Very accurate
VOR/DME
– 1 VOR radial and the associated DME
Dead Reckoning
VOR/DME
VOR/DME 1
VOR/DME 2
Navigating
Will maintain an active course to the active waypoint
– AUTO sequences to the next waypoint as the active waypoint is passed
– Occurs when no sensor data is available
Basic FMS
Fixing Position VOR/DME
Fixing Position DME/DME
Current Location
LOC/DME 3
Confirmed Possible Location Locations
Will command wings level if the last active waypoint is passed and a discontinuity exists (AUTO to INHIBIT)
atp 词汇
Accelerate-stop distance 加速停止距离(中断起飞距离)Accelerometer 加速度计Acronym 首字母缩写Activation procedure for the particular GPS 激活程序Acidic 酸的，酸性的Aeronautical chart 航图Add/plus 加Addition 和Adequate 足够的Adjustment 调整Adiabatic 绝热的Adjacent 附近Advection fog 平流雾Adverse effect 负面影响Aerodynamic 空气动力的Aerodynamics 空气动力学的Affinity 亲和性Aileron 副翼Airborne weather radar 机载气象雷达Air carrier 航空承运人Air conditioning 空调Air mass 气团Air mass thunderstorm 气团雷暴Airfoil 翼剖面Airplane flight manual 飞机飞行手册Airport reference point 机场基准点Airport Surveillance Radar(ASR) 机场监视雷达Airworthiness 适航性Alcohol 乙醇Allocate 分布Aloft 高空Alphabetical code 按字母顺序编排Alternate airport 备降机场Altimeter mechanism 高度表机构Altimeter setting 高度表拨正值Ambient temperature 大气温度Amended clearance 更正的许可Analyze 分析Anemic hypoxia 贫血性缺氧症Angular 角的Antenna 天线Anti-servo tab 反补偿片Anticyclone 反气旋Anvil 云顶Apparent 明显Apprehensive 忧虑Approximately 大约Aqueous humour 房水Arbitrary 专断的Argon 氩气Arm 力臂Arrowhead 箭头Asterisk 星号Asymmetric 不对称Atmospheric pressure 大气层Aural and visual warning 声响和目视警告Auto-kinesis 自主运动Autonomous 独立地Average 平均Azimuth 方位（角）Back course 反航道Balance and trim chart 平衡配平图Bank 压坡度转弯Basic knowledge elements 基本知识要素Basic operating weight 基本使用重量&& Bearing 方位Before starting checklist 开车前检查单Black hole & white hole 黑洞和白洞Blade 叶片Black and white 黑白Bleed air 引气Blind spot 盲点Bloodstream 血流Blowing obstructions 吹起的视程障碍Blue radial line on the airspeed indicator 空速表上的蓝色径向线Blurring of vision 礼觉模糊Boundary 边界Boundary laye 附面层Brake horsepower 制动马力Breathing rate 呼吸率Bright light 亮光Buffer 余量Cabin differential pressure 座舱压差Caffeine 咖啡因24 calendar months 24个日历月Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Carbon monoxide poisoning 一氧化碳中毒Calibrate 校准Category II 二类Caution zone 警戒区CDI(Course Deviation Indicator) 航道偏离Cell 单体Celsius 摄氏Cent 百分Chain reaction 链式反应Chapter 章节Characteristic 特点Ciliary muscle 睫壮肌Circulation 大气环流务Civilian airport 民用机场Clarification 证实Clear air turbulence 晴空颠簸Clearway 净空道Clockwise 顺时针Clue 暗示，线索Coastal area 海岸区域Cockpit 驾驶舱Coefficient of lift 升力系数Color perception 对光的感觉Detonation 爆震Deviate 偏Diagram 图表Diameter 直径Diffuser 扩散管Dim light 暗光Dimension 尺寸Diminish 消失，消除Direct entry 直加入Disperse 消散Displacement 位移Dispose 布置Distant light source 远处光源Distraction 分散Distribution 分布DIVIDE/OVER 除Dizzy 眩晕Doppler radar 多普罗雷达Downdraft 下降气流Downwash 下洗Dry adiabatic rate rate of temperature change 干绝热递减率Dry operating weight 干使用重量Dual 双的Duration 持续时间Dutch Roll 飘摆Dynamic stability 动稳定性Effective scan pattern 有效的扫视方法Element 要素Eliminate 消除Embedded thunderstorm 隐藏雷暴Empty field myopia 空虚视野近视Endeavor 努力Energy can not be created or destroyed 能量不能凭空产生也不能凭空消失Envelope 包线Equation 公式Equator 赤道Equilibrium 平衡Equivalent shaft horsepower 等效轴马力Erode 使减退Erratic 令人不舒服的Error chain 错误链Exclusively 排外地Exhaust 排气管Extent 程度Even 平顺Expand vt. 膨胀Expansion n. 膨胀Factor 因素Fahrenheit 华氏False horizon 虚度天地线Fast moving cold front 急行冷锋Fatigue 疲劳Featureless 无特征的Feather 顺桨{也有羽毛的意思} Field length 机长Final approach course 五边航迹Fingernail 指甲Flare maneuver 拉平操纵Flight illusion 飞行错觉Flight Log 飞行记录本Flight navigator certificate 飞行领航员执照Flight progress 飞行进程Flight safety 飞行安全Flight spoiler 飞行扰流板Focal length 焦距Focus 聚焦Force 力Formula 公式Fovea 中央凹Freezing rain 冻雨Frictional force 摩擦力Frictional layer 摩擦层Front 锋Front course 正航道Frost 霜Fuel burn 燃油消耗Fuel tank 燃油箱Furnish 提供Fuselage 机身General rule 通用法则Generate 产生Gravitational force 重力Gross 全Ground based facility 地面设备Ground effect 地面效应Ground object 地面目标物Ground-sensing switch 空地电门Gust 阵风Gyro 陀螺Hail 冰雹Heading section 表头Headwind 逆风Height conversion table 高度转换表Helicopter 直升机Heliport 直升机场Hemispheric 半球Hemoglobin 血红蛋白High intensity runway light 高强度跑道灯High-lift device 增升装置Hold-short marking 道外等待标志Horizontally 水平的Hyperbolic 双曲线的Hyperventilation 换气过度Hypoxia 缺氧Hypoxic hypoxia 缺氧性缺氧症Ice crystal 冰晶Ignite 点火Ignition system 点火系统Ignore 忽略Impair 削弱In accordance with 与……相一致Index 指数Indicated airspeed 指示空速Individual 个体Induced drag 诱导阻力Inevitably 不可避免的Infant 婴儿Infinity 无限远Information processing 信息处理Inlet 进气道Insidious 阴险的，危险的Instruct 教育.指导，命令Integrity 整体Intense 强烈的Intensity 强度Interior surface 内表面Interpolation calculation 查值Interpret 把….理解为, 说明Intruder aircraft 冲突航空器Inversion illusion 倒翻错觉Investigation 调查Iris 虹膜Isobar 等压线Isolated thunderstorm 孤立雷暴Jeopardy 危险Jet aircraft 喷气飞机Jet route 喷气航路Jet stream 急流Kinesghetic sense 运动觉Kinetic energy 动能Krueger flaps 克鲁格襟翼Lack of 缺乏Landing checklist 着陆检查单Landing minimum 着陆最低标准Large transport category aircraft 大型运输类飞机Latent heat 潜热Latitude 纬度Layout 布局Leading edge 前缘Lean 倾斜错觉Len 晶状体Level turn 水平转弯Life cycle 生命期Light intensity 光强Lightning 闪电Light-sensitive cell 感光细胞Load factor 过载Loading 装载Loading zone 装载区Load message 载重电报Load sheet 装载表Localizer transmitter 航向道发射机Long Range Navigation System 远程导航系统Lubber line 航向标线Lung，Lungs 肺Mach meter 马赫数表Magnetic course 磁航迹Magnetic dip 磁倾Malfunction 故障Mandatory 强制的Manifold pressure 进气压力Manual mode 人工模式Margin 余量Marine 航海的Marker beacon 指点信标Mature 成熟Mean aerodynamic chord 平均空气动力弦Melt 融化Mesosphere 中间层Metabolize 新陈代谢Microburst 微下击暴流mid-air collision 空中相撞Mileage 里程Military airport 军用机场Minimum equipment list 最低设备清单Misuse 误用Mixed ice 毛冰Modify 变性Moist air 湿空气Moment 力矩Monitor 监控Morse code 摩尔斯电码Mountain wave 山地背风波MULTIPLY/TIME 乘Muscle spasms 肌肉痉挛Muscle tremor 肌肉颤振Nature 性质Navaid 助航设施Negative 负Nerve impulse 神经冲动Net 净Night acuity 夜间视敏度Night myopia 夜间近视Nighttime radiation 夜间辐射Nitrogen 氮气Noise abatement procedures 减噪程序Non-precision approach 非精密进近Normally-aspirated/unsupercharged 非增压的Nose-wheel steering 前轮转弯Not to scale 不按比例Notch 凹口，缺口OAT 外界大气温度Obstruction 障碍物Occluded front 锢囚锋Oculogravic illusion 重力异常错觉Obtain 获得Off-center viewing 偏离中心注视Oil tank 滑油箱Optic nerve 视神经Orient 定位，定向Orientation 定向Original 原始Organ 器官(Static organ 耳石器)Other than 不是Overloaded 超重Overwhelming 无法抵抗的Oxygen 氧气Pallet 货盘Parallel entry 平行加入Parallel to 平行Parasite drag 寄生阻力（废阻力）Parentheses 括号Particle 微粒Participatory 民主的Participate 参与Payload 商载Pellet 冰粒Penalty 处罚Per 每Perceive 感觉Pertaining 与……有关的Phenomenon 现象Pilot’s activity level 飞行员的活动程度Plan view 平面图Pole 极点Positive 正Potable water 饮用水Potential 潜在的，可能的Practical 实际的Precipitation 降水Precision approach 精密进近Predict 预计Preclude 排除，预防，不能(unable) Prescribe 指示Pressure gradient force 气压梯度力Pressure window 气压刻度窗Primary flight control 主飞行操纵Progressive 逐渐的Profile view 剖面图Prolong 延长Proprioceptive 本体觉Provisional 临时的Pulsate 脉动Pupil 瞳孔Quadrant 象限Radar return(echo) 雷达回波Radar vector 雷达引导Radial 径向线Radiate 放射Radiation fog 辐射雾Radio channel 无线电频道Reference line 参考线Regardless of 不论Relative humidity 相对湿度Relative movement 相对运动Relative wind 相对气流Respectively 分别地Representation 代表Retina 视网膜Reveal 显示Reversal 回流Ridge 脊Right angle 直角Rime 雾凇Risk 冒险Rod 视杆细胞Rotate 抬轮Rotor 滚轴状云Rough 粗略，不工整Runway and terrain slope illusion 跑道坡度和地形坡度错觉Runway width illusion 跑道宽度错觉Satellite 卫星Saturated air 饱和空气Scanning technique 扫视技巧Secondary flight control 辅助飞行操纵Sector 扇区Segment 航段Selected heading 预选航道Self-contained 独立的Semicircular canal 半规管(耳内感受平衡的器官)Sensitive to light 对光的敏感度Sensitivity 灵敏度Shear 切变线Shock 激波Side effect 负面影响Side row bar 侧排灯Simultaneous 同时Situational awareness 处境意识Slant range 倾斜的区域Slip 侧滑Sluggish 迟钝的Small sector 小范围Snowflake 雪花Solar energy 太阳能Solar radiation 太阳辐射Solid line 实线Somatogravic illusion 躯体重力错觉Source region 源地Span 翼展Spatial disorientation 空间定向障碍Speed 速度Speed of sound 音速Squall 飑线Square/cubic root 平方/立方根Standing lenticular cloud 静止Static pressure plus dynamic pressure is constant 静压加上动压为常量Static stability 静稳定性Stationary 静止荚状云Steady-state thunderstorm 稳定雷暴Straight-in approach 直线进近Stratosphere 同温层Stressful situation 应激情况Strobe 频闪灯Structural limits 结构限制Structural icing 结构性积水Sublimation 升华Subsonic 亚音速SUBTRACT/MINUS 减Substitute 代替Sufficient 足够的Supercooled 过冷却水滴Supersonic 超音速Supplemental oxygen 供氧Surface map 地面天气图Surplus 过剩的Susceptibility 易感性Suspend 支持Sustain 支持Sweating 出汗SWEPT WING 后掠翼Symbol 符号Symmetric 对称Symptom 症状Synchronized 同步的Tailpipe 尾喷管Tailwind 顺风TAT 总温Teardrop entry 偏置加入Temperature inversion 逆温Temperature lapse rate 温度递减率Tendency 趋势Term 形式Terminal 终端区Terminology 术语Territory 领土Terrestrial 地球上的，陆地上的Textual description 文字说明Thermal anti-icing 热防冰Threshold 入口Thermosphere 热层Throttle opening 油门开度Tiedown 系留Time difference 时间差Time of useful consciousness 有用意识时间Tingle 刺痛Tip vortex 翼尖涡流Tobacco 烟草Tornado 龙卷Torque 扭矩Total drag 总阻力Trailing edge 后缘Transient stall 瞬时失速Transition altitude 过渡高度Transition level 过渡高度层Transonic 跨音速Transverse light bars 横向排灯Triangle 三角Tri-color 三色Trip fuel 航程燃油Tropopause 对流层顶Troposphere 对流层Trough 槽Touchdown zone 接地区Tornado(es)复龙卷风Tudocharging 涡轮增压Tune 调谐Turbine inlet temperature 涡轮进口温度Turbojet 涡喷Turboprop 涡桨Tyre bursting 爆胎Unfeasible 难以实施的Unit 单位Unreliable 不可靠Updraft 上升气流Upper cambered surface 上翼面Upper trough 高空槽Vapor 蒸汽Vaporization 汽化Velocity 速度Vertical component of the lift 升力垂直分量Vestibular illusion 前庭本体错觉Vestibular sense 前庭本体觉Vice versa 反过来也一样Virga 雨幡Visibility restricting phenomena 视程障碍现象Vision in flight 飞行中视觉Visual illusion 视觉错觉Visual meteorological condition 目视气象条件Visual reference 目视参考Visual sense 视觉Vomit 呕吐Vortex generator 涡流发生器Waste gate 废气门Waypoint 航路点Weather system 天气系统Wind draft 偏流Wind shear 风切变Windscreen 风挡Yawn 打哈欠。
Aerodynamics_of_Flight-1_教材[1]
![Aerodynamics_of_Flight-1_教材[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/5732f32f10661ed9ad51f333.png)
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飞行空气动力学 Aerodynamics of Flight 作用在飞机上的力 Forces Acting on the Aircraft
• 推力 Thrust • 阻力 Drag • 重力 Weight • 升力 Lift
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飞行空气动力学 Aerodynamics of Flight
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飞行空气动力学 Aerodynamics of Flight
作用在飞机上的力 Forces Acting on the Aircraft
• 作用于不加速、直线平飞的飞机上的四个力为推力、阻 力、升力和重力。 • The four forces acting on an aircraft in straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight are thrust, drag, lift, and weighmics of Flight
作用在飞机上的力 Forces Acting on the Aircraft
• 升力——抵抗向下的重力，由作用于机翼上的空气的动 力效应产生，作用方向垂直于飞行轨迹，且通过升力中 心。
• Lift - opposes the downward force of weight, is produced by the dynamic effect of the air acting on the airfoil, and acts perpendicular to the flightpath through the center of lift.
作用在飞机上的力 Forces Acting on the Aircraft
• 飞行中的所有飞机都会受到推力、阻力、升力和重力。 理解这些力如何起作用、了解如何使用动力和飞行操纵 来控制它们对飞行很重要。
航路航线组成部分
DME
VOR/DME 低空和高/低空NDB 高空NDB
无向性信标（NDB）在低空和 高/低空航路图上表示为一系 列的小圆点形成的三个同心圆。 与VOR相同，用于测量任何一 条航迹的磁方位。在高空航路 图上，符号进一步简化了。
§2.2.1.7 巡航高度/高度层说明
通常在航路图背板的底部有一个提醒信息， 说明仪表飞行和目视飞行适合的巡航高度或者飞 行高度层。但如果航路图制图空间受到限制的话 ，巡航高度/高度层说明也可能放在航路图的其他 位置上，并通过航路图注释说明其具体位置。
巡航高度/高度层以带有磁方位角扇区或者真 方位角扇区的巡航高度刻度盘形式来表达。除非 后面跟有“T”字母代表真方位角，否则所有方位 角均为磁方位角。
时区分界线用一系
他航路图都用淡蓝色的
列字符“T”表示。
主要城市轮：廓为线了表方示便。确定
政方府位/国，家很边多界大或城者市或者重
各要州的的地分方界都线包，括在在封面索
封引面图索中引。图属上于都当用前航路图
每一张航路图都包含一个使用说明。在
浅覆绿盖色范的围线内描的述城。市用黑色
这一段文字说明中，为航路图解释了空 域和航路的使用限制。特别是在一些区
的机场改用绿色表示 地表水域的标示使得水陆之间的区别更加显著
§2.2 航路图的基本布局
§2.2.1 航路图的面板和背板
杰普逊航路图中最容易被忽略的部分是前页的 面板和后页底的背板。但是，面板和背板却包含着 大量能够帮助飞行员快速找到重要航图数据的标准 信息，以及其他一些对飞行而言较为关键的数据。
§1.6 入境规定 (Entry Requirements)
航空专业基础词汇
航空专业基础词汇aerobatic英音：[,ɛərə'bætik]美音：[,ɛrə'bætɪk]形容词a. 特技飞行的aerobatics英音：[ɛərəu'bætiks]美音：[eərə'bætɪks]名词n. 特技飞行;特技飞行表演;特技飞行术aerodynamics英音：['ɛərəudai'næmiks]美音：[,ɛrodaɪ'næmɪks]名词n. 气动力学;航空动力学aeronautical(=aeronautic)英音：[,ɛərə'nɔ:tikəl]美音[,ɛrə'nɔtɪk!]形容词a. 航空学的;飞行术的aircraft英音：['ɛəkrɑ:ft]美音：['ɛr,kræft]名词n.航空器airfoil名词n. 【空】机翼,螺旋桨airframe英音：['ɛə,freim]美音：['ɛr,frem]名词n.【空】机身airline英音：['ɛəlain]美音：['ɛr,laɪn]名词n. (飞机的)航线,.航空公司airport英音：['ɛəpɔ:t]美音：['ɛr,port]名词n. 机场;航空站airspace英音：['ɛəspeis]美音：['ɛr,spes]名词n. 上空;空间;领空airspeed名词n.空速air traffic control （ATC）空中交通管制air traffic controller固定词组ph. 空中交通管制员;空中交通指挥员airways英音：['ɛəweiz]美音：['ɛr,wez]名词n.航空公司altimeter英音：[æl'timi:tə]美音：[æl'tɪmətɚ]名词n. 测高仪,高度计[C] altitude英音：['ælti,tju:d]美音：['æltə,tjud]名词n. 高,高度;海拔anti-icing名词n.防冰approach英音：[ə'prəutʃ]美音：[ə'protʃ]名词n.进场，近场(飞行器向目的地机场开始下降的阶段)attitude英音：['ætitju:d]美音：['ætətjud]名词n.飞行姿态（高度）autopilot缩写词abbr.（= automatic pilot）自动驾驶仪,自动操舵装置aviator英音：['eivi,eitə]美音：['evɪ,etɚ]名词n. 飞行员,飞机驾驶员avionics英音：[,eivi'ɔniks]美音：[,evɪ'ɑnɪks]名词n. 1.航空电子学;航空电子技术2.航空电子设备bank名词n.倾斜business aircraft 公务机，商务机business jet公务机；公务喷气式客机captain英音：['kæptin]美音：['kæptɪn]名词n. [C] (飞机的)机长ceiling【空】绝对升限；【气】云幂高度checklist名词n.检查单，检查清单，清单clearance英音：['kliərəns]美音：['klɪrəns]名词n.出入港许可证certificate英音：[sə'tifikit]美音：[sɚ'tɪfəkɪt]证明书;执照certification英音：[,sə:tifi'keiʃən]美音：[,sɝtɪfə'keʃən]名词n. 证明;检定;保证cockpit英音：['kɔkpit]美音：['kɑk,pɪt]名词n. [C](飞机,小艇,赛车等的)驾驶员座舱CVR=cockpit voice recorder 座舱通话机器collision英音：[kə'liʒən]美音：[kə'lɪʒən]名词n. [U][C]碰撞;相撞collision avoidance system固定词组ph.防撞系统compass名词n. 罗盘,指南针control surface 操纵面control tower固定词组ph. (机场)控制塔,塔台copilot英音：['kəu,pailət]美音：['ko,paɪlət]名词n.【空】副驾驶员corporate aircraft 1.公务（飞）机corporate aviation公务航空，商业航空cowling英音：['kauliŋ]美音：['kaulɪŋ]名词n. (飞机引擎上的)整流罩crosswind英音：['krɔswind]美音：['krɔs,wɪnd]名词n. 【气】侧风cruising speed巡航速度deicer英音：[di:'aisə]美音：[di'aɪsɚ]名词n. 防冰器delta wing三角形机翼downwind英音：[,daun'wind]美音：[,daun'wɪnd]形容词a. 顺风的；副词ad. 顺风地;在下风drag阻力;摩擦力;elevator电梯;升降机；【空】升降舵empennage英音：['empinidʒ]美音：['ɛmpɪnɪdʒ]词n. 1.【法】【空】机尾;尾翼面;尾翼empty weight无载重量enroute n.航路FAA=Federal Aviation Administration美国联邦航空管理局(隶属交通部(Department of Transportation), 负责民航的飞行、航空管制和安全管理等) (FAA)FBO=Fixed-base operator 固定基地运营商flap英音：[flæp]美音：[flæp]名词n.【空】(飞机的)襟翼, 阻力板flight attendant 空中服务人员、空乘人员flight data recorder飞行数据记录器fuselage英音：['fju:zilidʒ]美音：['fjuz!ɪdʒ]名词n. 1.【空】机身general['dʒenərəl]形容词adj.一般的,普遍的;通用的general aviation 通用航空General Aviation Manufacturer Association (GAMA) (美国)通用航空厂商协会glide英音：[glaid]美音：[glaɪd]滑动,滑行;滑翔;乘滑翔机飞行glide slope 下滑道gross weight 毛重，总重量hangar英音：['hæŋə]美音：['hæŋɚ]名词n.1.飞机库;飞机棚heading【航】航向headwind英音：['hed,wind]美音：['hɛd,wɪnd]名词n. 顶头风,逆风helicopter英音：['helikɔptə]美音：['hɛlɪkɑptɚ]名词n. 直升飞机helipad英音：['helipæd]美音：['hɛlɪ,pæd] 名词n.直升机停机坪. helicopter pad=helipad名词n.直升机停机坪.holding pattern 等待模式instrument landing system（ILS）仪表着陆系统instrument panel固定词组ph. 1.仪表板jet英音：[dʒet]美音：[dʒɛt]名词n.喷射，喷射式, 喷气式飞机knot英音：[nɔt]美音：[nɑt]名词n. [C]【海】节;海里(相当于每小时1.151英里) landing gear固定词组ph. 1.起落架;起落装置lift [lift] 名词n.升力logbook英音：['lɔgbuk]美音：['lɔg,buk]航空日志maintenance维修,保养nacelle英音：[nə'sel]美音：[nə'sɛl]名词n. 1.(飞机、飞船)的引擎舱;吊舱;气球吊篮nautical mile固定词组ph. 海里;里(合1.852公里)navaid助航，助航系统nose 名词n. 机头oxygen mask固定词组ph. 1.氧气面罩payload英音：['peiləud]美音：['pelod]名词n.收费载重量;商务载重量pilot (飞机等的)驾驶员,飞行员pilot in command机长power plant固定词组ph. 1.动力工场;发电厂2.电动装置;发电机preflight英音：['pri:flait]美音：['pri,flaɪt]形容词a. 1.飞行前的propeller名词n. 1.螺旋桨;推进器[C]pressurization名词n. 1.压力输送;挤压;加压;气密radar名词n. 1.雷达[C]ramp英音：[ræmp]美音：[ræmp]名词n.1.斜面;斜坡;坡道2.(上下飞机用的)活动舷梯range英音：[reindʒ]美音：[rendʒ]名词n.航程rivet英音：['rivit]美音：['rɪvɪt]名词n. 1.铆钉rotorcraft英音：['rəutəkrɑ:ft]美音：['rotɚ,kræft]名词n. 1.旋翼飞机rudder名词n. [C] (飞机的)方向舵run-up英音：['rʌn,ʌp]美音：['rʌn,ʌp]名词n. (为预热或检测)发动机高速运转runway英音：['rʌnwei]美音：['rʌn,we]名词n. [C]1.(机场的)跑道scheduler(或dispatcher)英音：[di'spætʃə]美音：[dɪ'spætʃɚ]名词n. 调度员simulator英音：['simjuleitə]美音：['sɪmjə,letɚ]名词n. 1.模拟训练装置，飞行模拟器skin 名词n.（飞机）蒙皮spin名词n.螺旋旋转，螺旋stabilizer名词n.安定装置;安定翼stall失速stick英音：[stik]美音：[stɪk] 横舵柄;飞机操纵杆tail尾部;尾状物tailwind英音：['teil,wind]美音：['tel,wɪnd]名词n.1.顺风takeoff英音：['teikɔ:f]美音：['tek,ɔf]名词n.起飞taxi英音：['tæksi]美音：['tæksɪ]滑行taxiway英音：['tæksi,wei]美音：['tæksɪ,we]名词n. .飞机滑行道throttle英音：['θrɔtl]美音：['θrɑt!]名词n. [C]1.;油门;风门thrust英音：[θrʌst]美音：[θrʌst]【物】推力,驱动力touchdown【空】着陆;降落transponder英音：[træn'spɔndə]美音：[træn'spɑndɚ]名词n. 1.发射机应答器;询问机trim(船,飞机等)获得平衡；(帆)修正方向turbulence英音：['tə:bjuləns]美音：['tɝbjələns]名词n.湍流；紊流upwind英音：['ʌp'wind]美音：['ʌp'wɪnd]逆风，迎风vector英音：['vektə]美音：['vɛktɚ] n.用无线电引导;为...导航visibility英音：[,vizi'biliti]美音：[,vɪzə'bɪlətɪ]名词n.能见度；可见度，视见度VFR=Visual Flight Rules目视飞行规则waypoint航路点weight and balance 载重平衡wing机翼yoke横舵柄;飞机操纵杆。
aerodynamics的用法总结大全
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航空术语词表(中英对照)口译笔译,航空术语
近日，受聘于2011首届“魅力天使——国际空姐推介大赛”组委会，成为本届空姐大赛首席外语培训师，同时兼任大赛总决赛评委。
深感责任重大，怎么才能提高这些选手的英语实力呢？好吧，先从背词开始吧！邱政政2011.8航空术语词表(中英对照)Accuracy Landing 準确著陆17 Acknowledgment 领知18 Acoustic Velocity (Speed of Sound) 音速19 Acquisition and Tracking Radar 搜索及追踪雷达20 Acrobatic Flight 特技飞行21 Across Wnd Force Spectrum 侧风力分佈谱22 Across Wind Load 侧风负载23 Active Runway 使用中跑道24 Actuating Cylinder 制动缸25 Actuator Motor 制动马达26 Adcock Antenna 艾特可克定向天线27 ADF 自动寻向计28 Adjustable Pitch Propeller 可调变距螺旋桨29 Adjustable Stabilizer 可调式垂直安定面30 Advection 平流31 Advection Fog 平流雾32 Adverse Yaw 反向偏航33 Advisory Area 諮询区域34 Advisory Circulars 民航通告35 Advisory Route 諮询航线36 Advisory Service 飞航諮询服务37 Aerodrome 机场38 Aerodrome Beacon 机场标灯39 Aerodrome Control Service 机场管制服务40 Aerodrome Control Tower 机场管制塔台41 Aerodrome Operating Minimum 机场最低飞航限度42 Aerodrome Rating 机场检定43 Aerodrome Traffic Zone 机场交通带44 Aerodynamic Axis of Airfoil 气动力轴45 Aerodynamic Center(of Wing Section) 气动力中心(翼剖面)46 Aerodynamic Heating 气动热47 Aerodynamics 空气动力学48 Aerodyne 重航空器49 Aeronautical Approach Chart 航空进场图50 Aeronautical Broadcasting Service 航空广播服务51 Aeronautical Chart 航空图52 Aeronautical Fixed Service 航空固定业务53 Aeronautical Function 飞航功能54 Aeronautical Ground Light 航空地面灯光55 Aeronautical Information Publication AIP 飞航指南56 Aeronautical Radio Navigation Service 航空无线电助航服务57 Aeronautical Route Chart 航路图58 Aeronautical Station 通空电台59 Aeronautical Telecommunications Service 航空通信服务60 Aeronautical Telecommunications Station 航空电台61 Aeronautics 航空学62 Aeroplane 飞机63 Aerospace 太空64 Aerostatics 空气静力学65 Aging 时效66 AGT 自动导轨系统67 Aileron 副翼68 Air Brakes 空气减速装置69 Air Bridge 空桥70 Air Cargo Entrepot 航空货物集散站经营业71 Air Cargo Terminal 航空货运站72 Air Cargo, Air Freight 空运货物73 Air Carrier 航空公司74 Air Carrier Airport 民航运输机场75 Air City 航空城76 Air Container 航空货柜77 Air conveyance, Air transportation 航空运输78 Air Corridor 空中走廊79 Air Crew 空勤组员80 Air Defense Identification Zone 防空识别区81 Air Density 空气密度82 Air Envelop 大气层83 Air Express 航空快递84 Air express carrier 航空快递业者85 Air fare 航空运费86 Air Flow 气流87 Air force 空军88 Air Freight Forwarder 航空货运承揽业89 Air Freight Tag 空运货物掛籤90 Air Freighter 货机91 Air hub, Hub airport 空运中心92 Air Lock 气塞93 Air Mass 气团94 Air Navigation 空中导航95 Air Navigation Aid 助导航设备96 Air Navigation Chart 航行图97 Air Navigation Service 航空导航服务98 Air network 飞航网路99 Air Operator Certificate AOC 飞航作业许可100 Air Pressure 气压101 Air Pressure Guage 气压表102 Air Priority 空中优先次序103 Air Refueling 空中加油104 Air Report 空中报告105 Air Rescue 空中救护106 Air Resistance 空气阻力107 Air Right 空权108 Air Route 航线109 Air Route Certificate 航线证书110 Air Route Traffic Control Center 航路管制中心111 Air Service Agreement 空运服务协定112 Air Speed 空速113 Air Speed, Calibrated 校正空速114 Air Speed, Indicated 指示空速115 Air survey 空中侦测116 Airport 机场117 Air Traffic 空中交通118 Air Traffic Control ATC 空中交通管制；飞航管制119 Air Traffic Control Clearance 航管许可120 Air Traffic Control Instruction 航管指示121 Air Traffic Control Service 航管服务122 Air Traffic Flow Management 飞航流量管理123 Air Traffic Management 飞航管理124 Air Traffic Radar 空中交通管制雷达125 Flight safety 飞航安全126 Air Transport 空运；航空运输127 AirTransportation Safety, Aviation Safety 航空安全128 Air Vector 空中引导129 Air Way 航路130 Air Waybill 空运提单131 Airbill Label 空运提单标示132 Airborne Lifeboat 航空救生艇133 Airborne Transmitter 空用发射机134 Aircraft 航空器135 Aircraft Accident 飞航失事136 Aircraft Cable 航空缆绳137 Aircraft Equipment 航空器设备138 Aircraft Flight Operation Regulations 航空器飞航作业管理规则139 Aircraft Floor Loading System 飞机甲板装载设施140 Aircraft Icing 飞机积冰141 Aircraft Inspection 航空器检查142 Aircraft Instrument 航空器仪表143 Aircraft Log Book 航空器纪录簿144 Aircraft maintenance 航空器维护145 Aircraft Maintenance Manual 航空器维护手册146 Aircraft Major Repair 航空器大修理147 Aircraft Manufacture 航空器製造人148 Aircraft Marking 航空器标誌149 Aircraft Minor Alteration 航空器小改装150 Aircraft Minor Repair 航空器小修151 Aircraft Noise 航空器噪音152 Aircraft Noise Monitoring Network 航空器噪音监测网153 Aircraft Operator 航空器操作人154 Aircraft Owner 航空器所有人155 Aircraft pallet 空运货盘156 Aircraft pallet net 盘网157 Aircraft Performance 航空器性能158 Aircraft Performance Limitation 航空器性能限制159 Aircraft Registration 航空器登记160 Flight scheduling 飞航排程161 Aircraft Stand 停机位162 Aircraft Structure 飞机结构163 Aircraft Type 机型164 Aircraft type choice 机型选择165 Aircraft Units 飞机用盘柜166 Aircraft Utilization 航空器使用率167 Airworthy 航空器适航168 Airdrome 飞机场169 Airfield 飞行场170 Airfoil 翼面171 Airfoil flutter 机翼颤振172 Airframe 航空器结构体173 Air-Ground Communication 陆空通信174 Airline 航空公司175 Airliner 民航客机176 Airloading 装机177 Airman 飞行员178 Airman Rating Record 飞行员检定纪录179 Airman’s Guide 飞行员指南180 Airmanship 飞行员素养181 Airplane 飞机182 Airplane Flight Manual 飞机飞行手册183 Airport 飞机场；航空站184 Airport Access 机场联外运输185 Airport Advisory 机场飞航諮询186 Airport apron 停机坪187 Airport Beacon 机场标灯188 Airport Capacity 机场容量189 Airport city 机场都巿190 Airport Design 航空站设计；机场设计191 Airport Elevation 机场标高192 Airport Engineering 机场工程193 Airport Freight Terminal 航空货运站194 Airport Ground Access Road 机场联外道路195 Airport Ground Access System 机场联外运输系统196 Airport Landside Service Procedure 机场地勤程序197 Airport Layout Planning and Design 机场佈设规划与设计198 Airport Management 机场管理199 Airport Master Plan 机场主计画200 Airport Noise 机场噪音201 Airport Operation 机场营运202 Airport Reference Point 机场参考点203 Airport Remote Parking 机场远端停车204 Airport Rotating 机场旋转205 Airport Runway 机场跑道206 Airport Surface Detection Equipment 机场场面雷达207 Airport Surveillance Radar 机场搜索雷达208 Airport System Planning 机场系统规划209 Airport Terminal 航站大厦210 Airscrew 螺旋桨211 Airside 空侧212 Airspace 空域213 Airspeed , True 真空速214 Airspeed Indicator 空速表215 Airway 航路216 Airway Beacon 航路标灯217 Airway Course Lights 航向灯218 Airworthiness Certificate 适航证明书219 Airworthiness Directives 适航指令220 Alert Phase 守助时期221 All-Cargo Aircraft 全货机222 Allowable Cargo Load 容许货物负荷223 Allowable Crosswind Component 容许最大侧向风速224 Allowable Engine Operating Time 发动机许可使用时间225 Allowable Gross Takeoff Weight 许可起飞总重226 All-wave Antenna 全波天线227 Alternate Aerodrome 备用机场228 Alternate Communications Facility 备用通信设施229 Altimeter ALT 高度表230 Altimeter Setting 高度表设定231 Altitude 高度232 Altocumulus 高积云233 Altostratus 高层云234 Amphibian 水路两用航空器235 AN Codes 美军编号236 Anchor Light 碇泊灯237 Anemoscope 测风器238 Aneroid Altimeter 空盒高度表239 Angle of Attack 冲角240 Angle of Stabilizer Setting 安定面装配角241 Annealing 退火242 Anodic Treatment 阳极氧化处理243 Antenna 天线244 Antenna Array 天线组245 Antenna Dipole 双极天线246 Anticyclone 反气旋区247 Anti-G Suit 抗G衣248 Antistatic Wire 防静电线249 Apparent Solar Time, Apparent Time 视太阳时；视时250 Approach 进场；近场251 Approach Clearance 进场许可252 Approach Control Position 终端管制席位；进场管制席位253 Approach Control Procedures 进场管制程序254 Approach Control Radar 进场管制雷达255 Approach Control Service 进场管制服务256 Approach Control Unit 进场管制站257 Approach Control Zone 进场管制地带258 Approach Fix 进场点259 Approach Gate 进场入口260 Approach Indicator 进场指示器261 Approach Light 进场灯光262 Approach Light Contact Height 进场灯目视高度263 Approach Light System 进场灯光系统264 Approach Lights 进场灯265 Approach Path 进场路线266 Approach Rating 进场检定267 Approach Sequence 进场管制顺序268 Approach Surface 进场面269 Apron, Ramp 停机坪270 Arctic Fog 北极雾271 Area Control Center 区域管制中心272 Area Control Service 区域管制服务273 Area Navigation System ARNAV 区域飞航系统274 Area Rating 区域检定275 Armature 电枢276 Arrival Messages 到场电报277 ARSR 航路搜索雷达278 Aspect Ratio 展旋比279 Assisted Takeoff 辅助起飞280 Astronautics 太空学281 Athodyd 热气动力管282 Atmospheric Circulation 大气环流283 Atmospheric Gases 大气气体284 Atmospheric Layer 大气层285 Atmospheric Motion 大气运动286 Atmospheric Visibility 大气能见度287 Attention Signal 注意讯号288 Attenuater 衰减器289 Attitude of Fight 飞行状态290 Authorized Frequency 核定频率291 Auto Coordination 转向协调仪292 Autogiro 旋翼机293 Automatic Directional Finder 自动定向仪294 Automatic Mixture Control 自动混合比操纵295 Automatic Pilot 自动驾驶仪296 Automatic Relay 自动中继装置297 Automatic Riveting Machine 自动铆接机298 Automatic Terminal Information Service ATIS 终端资料自动广播服务299 Auxiliary Airport Beacon 航站辅助灯标300 Auxiliary Airway Beacon 航路辅助灯标301 Aviation Gasoline 航空燃油302 Aviation Medicine 航空医药303 Aviation weather 飞航天气304 Aviation weather forecast 飞航天气预报305 Avionics 航空电子学306 Axes of Aircraft 航空器轴307 Axial Flow 轴向流动308 Azimuth Direction 方位角309 B310 Back Course 飞回航路311 Backhaul 回载312 Baffles 折流板（或挡板）313 Balanced Surface 平衡面314 Ballast 压载物315 Band 印字通讯速度单位316 Band Width 频带宽度317 Band-pass Filter 选带滤波器318 Bank 倾斜319 Barometer 气压表320 Barometric Pressure Gradient 气压梯度321 Barometric Tendency 气压趋势322 Beacon 标灯323 Beacon, Radio 无线电信标324 Beading 波纹325 Beam, radio 无线电波柱326 Bearing 方位327 Beaufort Scale of Wind Velocity 蒲幅风速分级法328 Bell Crank 双臂曲柄329 Blackout 黑晕330 Blade Angle 桨叶角331 Blast Pad 喷气防护坪332 Blind Flying 盲目飞行333 Blind Speed 盲速334 Blind Transmission 盲发335 Blind Zone 盲区336 Block Altitude 阻挡高度337 Block Speed 站间速率338 Block Time 全程时间339 Blood Albumen Glue 血质蛋白胶340 Blower 吹风器341 Booster 增压器；啟动磁电机342 Bottom Rudder 下舵343 Boundary Light 边界灯344 Boundary Layer Control 边界层控制345 Boundary Marker 边界标誌346 Brake Horsepower 实马力347 Briefing 提示；任务讲解348 Bubble Point 起泡点349 Bulkhead 隔框350 Buys Ballots Law 白贝罗定律351 C352 Cabin 机舱353 Cabin crew 客舱组员354 Cabin Pressure altitude 舱压高度355 Cable Tension Indicator 钢绳张力指示器356 Cabotage 国内航行权357 Call Sign or Identification 呼号或识别358 Calm 无风（或称静风）359 Calm Wind Run Way 静风跑道360 Camber 线弧361 Candle-power 烛光20362 Captain 机长363 Carburetor 汽化器364 Carburetor Heat 汽化器加温计365 Cargo 货物366 Cargo Compartment 货舱367 Cargo Liner 民用货运机368 Cargo Load 货载369 Cargo Load Factor 载货率370 Cargo Parachute 投物伞371 Cargo Terminal, Freight Terminal 货运站372 Cargo Transportation, Freight Transportation, Goods Transportation 货物运输373 Catapult 弹射器374 Category I Approach Runway 第一类仪降跑道375 Catering Service 空厨业376 Cathedral angle 下反角377 Ceiling 云幕高378 Ceiling Balloon 测云汽球379 Ceiling Projector 云幂灯380 Ceiling Unlimited 云幂无限381 Celestial Navigation 天文航行382 Center of Gravity 重心383 Center of Pressure (of Airfoil) 压力中心（翼剖面）384 Center of Pressure Travel 压力中心行程385 Certificated Aircraft 登记航空器386 Certificated Mechanic 领有证书机械员387 Certificated Repair Station 领有证书修理厂388 Certification Service 航空器认证389 Channel (Radio) 频道（无线电）390 Channel Light 水道灯391 Characteristic Curves (of Airgoil) 特性曲线（翼剖面）392 Charter Flight 包机393 Check Sheet 检查表394 Checkpoint 校对点395 Chord 弦396 Chord Component 弦分力397 Chord Length 弦长398 Chord Line 弦线399 Chord Load 弦载荷22400 Chronometer 航行錶401 Circular Polarization 圆极化402 Circular Taxiway 圆形滑行道403 Cirrocumulus 卷积云404 Cirrostratus 卷层云405 Cirrus 卷云406 City Fog 城市雾407 Civil （Mean Solar）Time 民用（平均太阳）时408 Civil Aeronautics Administration CAA 交通部民用航空局409 Civil Air Service 民用航空业410 Civil Air Transport Enterprise 民用航空运输业411 Civil Aircraft 民用航空器412 Civil and Military Airport 军民合用机场413 Civil aviation 民用航空414 Civil Aviation Law 民用航空法415 Clear for Take-off 准许起飞416 Clear Ice 坚冰417 Clear to Land 准许落地418 Clear to Taxi 准许滑行419 Clearway 清除区420 Clear Zone 清除地带421 Clear（or Cleared）准许422 Cleared Area 清除区423 Climate 气候424 Cloud 云425 Cloud Amount 云量426 Cloud Banner 云麾427 Cloud Cap 帽状云428 Cloud Height 云高429 Cockpit 座舱；驾驶舱430 Cockpit Flight Signal 机内飞行讯号431 Cockpit Inspection 座舱检查432 Cockpit voice recorder CVR 座舱通话纪录器433 Code Beacon 信号灯标434 Code Share 共用班号435 Coder 臺号发送机436 Cold Wave 寒潮437 Collision 碰撞438 Color Position Light Signal 方位色灯号誌439 Communication COM 通讯440 Communication Navigation Surveillance/Air Traffic Management 通讯、导航、监视与飞航管理441 Compass 罗盘442 Compass Heading 罗向443 Compass Locater 定位臺444 Compass Locator Outer Marker 外定位信标臺445 Compass North 罗北446 Compass Rose 罗盘标度面447 Composite Powerplant 复合发动机448 Compression Pressure Ratio 压缩压力比449 Compression Rate 压缩比（内燃机）450 Compression Stall 压缩机失速451 Compulsory Reporting Point 强制报告点452 Computer Reservation Service 电脑订位服务453 Conditionally Unstable Air 条件性不稳定空气454 Cone of Silence 锥形无声区455 Console 控制台456 Constant Speed propeller 恆速螺旋桨457 Contact Flying, Pilotage 地标飞行458 Contact Navigation 地标飞航459 Contour 等高线460 Contour Interval 等高线间距461 Control Area 管制区域462 Control Flight into Terrain 操控下接近地障463 Control Slash 管制目标464 Control Station 主臺465 Control Surface 操纵面466 Control Tower 塔臺467 Control Yoke 控制秆468 Control Zone 管制地区469 Controllability 操纵性470 Controllable Pitch Propeller 变距螺旋桨471 Controlled Airdrome 管制机场472 Controlled Airport 管制机场473 Controlled Airspace 管制空域474 Controller Air Traffic Control Specialist 飞航管制员475 Convection 对流476 Convention On International Civil Aviation 国际民用航空公约477 Coordinated Turn 协同转向478 Co-pilot, First-officer 副驾驶479 Copy 抄收480 Coriolis Effect 柯氏效应481 Coscant Squred Beam 餘割平方波柱482 Course 航线483 Course Bend 无线电航轨弯曲484 Course Corrections 航线修正485 Course Error 航线误差486 Course Light 航路灯487 Course Line 航线488 Course Line Computer 航线计算器489 Course Line Deviation 航线偏差490 Course Selector 航道选择钮491 Course Separation 航向隔离492 Coverage 涵盖493 Cowling 整流罩494 Crankshaft 曲轴495 Crash 毁机失事496 Crash Landing 毁机落地497 Crew Member 组员498 Critical Altitude 临界高度499 Critical Angle of Attack 临界冲角500 Critical Speed 临界速度501 Cross-country Flight 越野飞行502 Cross-feed valve 交输瓣503 Crosswind 侧风504 Cross-wind Force 侧风力505 Cross-wind Landing 侧风落地506 Crosswind Leg 侧风边507 Cross-wind Take-off 侧风起飞508 Cruise 巡航509 Cruise Control 巡航操纵510 Cruise Control Chart 巡航操纵图511 Cruising Altitude 巡航高度512 Cruising Level 巡航空层513 Cruising Speed 巡航速度514 Current Flight Plan 现行飞航计划515 Cyclone 气旋516 Cylinder 汽缸517 D518 Damping Moment 减振力距519 Danger Area 危险区520 Dangerous Goods 危险货品521 Dashboard 仪表板522 Dead Reckoning 推测航行523 Dead-stick Landing 滑翔著陆524 Debarkation 卸载525 Debarkation Point 卸载点526 Decision altitude DA 决定高度527 Decision height DH 决定实际高度528 Decoder 解密机529 Decompression Sickness 减压病530 Deicer 除水器531 Delta Wing 三角机翼532 Departure Message 离场电报533 Depot Maintenance 工厂维护修理534 Depot Overhaul 工厂翻修535 Depression 低气压536 Depth Perception 深度知觉体537 De-registration on Aircraft 航空器登记证之撤销538 Descent 下降539 Deviation 偏向540 Deviation of Wind 风偏向541 Dew point 露点542 Dielectric 介质543 Diffuser 扩散器544 Dihedral Angle 上反角545 Dinghy 救生筏546 Direct Channel 直通波道547 Direct Flight 直航548 Direction-finding System 定向系统549 Dispatcher 签派员550 Distance-measuring Equipment DME 测距仪551 Distress Call 遇险呼救552 Distress Phase 遇险时期553 Distress Radio Frequency 遇险无线电频率554 Distress Signal 遇险信号555 Ditching 水上迫降556 Ditching Procedure 水上迫降程序557 Diurnal-Heating 每日加温558 Diversion 转移559 DME Separation 测距仪隔离标準560 Domestic airway 国内航路561 Doppler Effect 杜卜勒效应562 Doppler Shift 杜卜勒偏移563 Down-draft Carburetor 下向汽化器564 Downwash 下向气流565 Downwind 顺风566 Downwind Leg 顺风边567 Drag 阻力568 Drift 偏流569 Drone 无人飞机（或靶机）570 Drop Ramp 活动斜臺571 Duralumin (Dural) 硬铝572 Dust Strip 沙质起落道573 Dynamic Balance Stand 动力平衡试验架574 Dynamic Lift 动升力575 Dynamic Load 动力负荷576 Dynamometer 功率表577 Dynamotor 电动发电机578 E579 Elevator Trim 升降舵配平580 Emergency Escape Ramp 紧急滑行道581 Emergency Locator Transmitter ELT 求救定位讯号发设器582 Enhanced Ground Proximate Warning System EGPWS 加强型接近地面警告系统583 Entrance Taxiway 入口滑行道584 Equiphase Zone 等相区585 Equisignal Beacon 等信号信标586 Equisignal Station 等信号臺587 Equisignal Zone, Sector 等信号区588 Equivalent Flat Plate Area 等值平板面积589 Error Signal 误差讯号590 Estimated Elapse Time 预计航程时间591 Estimated Time Over 预计通过时间592 Estimated Time of Arrival 预计到达时间593 Estimated Time of Departure 预计离场时间594 Evans Skyloader 伊文斯装货架595 Executive Aircraft 公务航空器596 Expected Approach Time 预计进场时间597 Expected Further Clearance Time 预期次一许可时间598 Express Handling Unit 快递货物专区599 F600 Factor of Safety 安全因数601 Fade 消失602 Fairing 整流片603 False Targers（Primary Radar）假目标（初级雷达）604 False（Fake）Cone of Silence 假锥形无声区605 Fan-type Marker 扇形标誌606 Faraliax 视差607 Fatigue 疲劳608 Feathering Propeller 顺位螺旋桨609 Federal Aviation Administration FAA 美国联邦航空总署610 Federation Aeronautique International 国际航空联盟611 Feeder Line 馈电线路612 Field of Vision 视界613 Fifty-hour Inspection 五十小时检查614 Fin 直尾翅615 Final Approach 最后进场616 Fineness Ratio 细度比617 Finger System 指状式系统618 Finger-Pier System 指状凸堤式系统619 FIR, Flight information region 飞航情报区620 Fire Wall 防火壁621 First aid kit FAK 急救箱622 First Point of Aries 春分点623 Fix 定位624 Fixed-base Operation 普通航空业机场业务625 Fixed-pitch Propeller 定距螺旋桨626 Fixture 固定模架627 Flap 襟翼628 Flare 平飘629 Flares 火焰630 Flashing Sequence Light 顺序闪光灯631 Fleet scheduling 机队调度632 Flight 飞航633 Flight accident 飞航失事634 Flight arc 航次节线635 Flight Check 飞航查核636 Flight Crew Member 飞航组员637 Flight Data Position 飞航资料席位638 Flight Data Recorder 飞航资料纪录器639 Flight delay 班机延误640 Flight duty period 执勤时段641 Flight Engineer 随机机械员642 Flight Forecast 航线预报643 Flight frequency 航次频数644 Flight Information Center 飞航情报中心645 Flight Information Region 飞航情报区646 Flight Information Service 飞航情报服务647 Flight Level 飞航空层648 Flight Line 停机线649 Flight Log 飞行记录表650 Flight Manual 飞航手册651 Flight Monitoring 飞行监护652 Flight Operation Manual 航务手册653 Flight Path 飞行路线（航跡）654 Flight Path Deviation 飞行路线偏差655 Flight Performance 飞行性能656 Flight Plan 飞航计画657 Flight Plan Departure Messages 飞航计画起飞电报658 Flight Plan Messages 飞航计画书659 Flight Progress Strips 飞航进度纪录条660 Flight Recorder 飞航纪录仪661 Flight Safety 飞行安全662 Flight Scheduling 飞行排程663 Flight Segment 航段664 Flight Simulation 飞行模拟665 Flight Simulator 飞航模拟机666 Flight time 飞航时间667 Flight Training Device 飞航训练器668 Flight-Line Maintenance 停机线维护669 Float 浮筒670 Flood Lights 照明灯671 Flow, Laminar 分层流动672 Flow, Streamline 稳定流动673 Flow, Turbulent 扰流674 Flutter 振动（或颤动）675 Flying Boat 飞船676 Flying Equipment Maintenace 飞行设备维护677 Flying Fatigue 飞行疲劳678 Flying height 航高679 Flying Operation Cost 飞行成本680 Flying Range 飞行距离（航程）681 Follow-me Vehicle 引导车682 Forced Landing 强迫降落683 Forecast Folder 预报手摺684 Four Cycle Engine 四冲程发动机685 Four-Course Radio Range 四航路无线电导航臺686 Four-stroke Cycle principle 四冲程循环原理687 Fracto Stratus 碎积云688 Freedom of The Airspace 天空自由第15页共36页航空全名简称英文行号中文689 Freeing Mist 冰冻雾690 Frequency 频率691 Frequency Modulation 调频692 Frequency Range 频率范围693 Frontal Weather 锋面天气694 Fuel 燃料695 Fuel Consumption Rate 燃油消耗率696 Fuel Pump 燃料泵697 Full Rudder 全舵698 Fuel System 燃料系统699 Fuel Tank 油箱700 Fundamental Frequency 基频（电磁波）701 Fundamental or Natural Frequency 基本频率（或自然频率）702 Furnishing 机内陈设703 Fuselage 机身704 G705 Galling 磨损706 Gas Lift 气体昇力707 Gas Weld 气焊708 Gate 登机门709 Gate Assignment 机门指派710 Gate Lounge 内候机室711 Gauge 仪表712 General Aviation 普通航空业713 General Aviation Airport 普通航空业专用机场714 Generator 发电机715 Geographical Meridian（True Meridian）地理子午线716 Geographical Poles 地极717 Geographical Separtion 地理隔离718 Glider 滑翔机719 Glide Path 下滑航线720 Glide Path Angle 下滑角721 Glide Path Intercept Altitude 下滑高度722 Glide Path Station 下滑线电臺723 Glide Path Width 下滑航道宽度724 Glide Siope 下滑台725 Glide 滑翔726 Global Navigation Satellite System 全球卫星导航系统727 Global Positioning System 全球定位系统728 Go Around 重飞729 Goniometer 测向器730 Governor 调速器731 Great Circle Course 大圆航线732 Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治平均时733 Greenwich Sidereal Time 格林威治恆星时734 Gross Weight 总重735 Ground Check 地面查核736 Ground Clutter 地面混乱737 Ground Controlled Approach 地面管制进场738 Ground Controlled Approach System GCA 地面进场管制设备739 Ground Effect 地面效应740 Ground Equipment 地面设备741 Ground Handling Service 地勤业742 Ground Lock 地面卡锁743 Ground Operation Expenses 地面勤务费用744 Ground Power Unit 地面发电机745 Ground proximate warning system GPWS 接近地面警告系统746 Ground Speed 地面速度747 Ground Temperature 地面温度748 Ground Time 地面时间749 Ground Visibility 地面能见度750 Gust Load 阵风载荷751 Gust Velocity 阵风速度752 Gyro Horizon 陀螺地平仪753 Gyro Pilot 自动驾驶仪754 Gyroscope, Directional 方向陀螺仪755 H756 Hail 雹757 Hangar 棚厂758 Hardstand 硬面地坪759 Hardstart 外力起动760 Hatch 舱门761 Haze 霾762 Head Wind 逆风763 Heading 航向764 Heading Indicator 航向指示器765 Heat Treatment 热处理766 Heavier-Than-Air Aircraft 重航空器767 Height 实际高度768 Helicopter 直升机769 Heliport 直升机飞行场770 HF 高週率771 High Octane fuel 高辛烷油料772 High Pitch（Prop）高螺距773 High Speed Taxiway 快速滑行道774 High-lift Devices 高升力装置775 Hinterland 腹地776 Hold Your Position 原地等待777 Holding 等待778 Holding Apron 等待机坪779 Holding Fix 等待点780 Holding Pattern 等待航线781 Holding Point 等待点782 Holophanc Light 何洛凡灯783 Homing 归航784 Homing Beacon 归航信标785 Homing Mechanisms 归航设备786 Homing Station 归航臺787 Horizon 地平线788 Horizon, Artificial 人工地平仪789 Horizontal Displacement Wind 横风790 Horizontal Stabilizer 水平安定面791 Horsepower 马力792 Horsepower Available 可用马力793 Horsepower Required 需要马力794 Horsepower-Thrust Ratio 推力马力比795 Hours of Darkness 黑夜时间796 Hours of Day Light 白昼时间797 Hovering 悬飞798 Hovering Ceiling 悬飞升限799 Hub 转运中心800 Human Engineering 人体工程学801 Humidity 溼度802 Hurricane 颶风803 Hydraulic Accumulator 液压蓄积器804 Hydraulic pump 液压泵805 Hydraulic System 液压系统806 Hydraulic Test Bench 液压试验臺807 Hydrofoil, Hydrovane 著水板808 Hyperbolic Navigation System 双曲线导航系统809 I810 ICAO Circuit Numbers 国际民航电路代号811 Ice Rain 冰雨812 Identification Beacon 识别信标813 Identification Friend（or Foe）IFF 敌我识别器814 Identification Light 识别灯815 Identification Panel Code 识别板符号816 Idling 慢车817 IFR Clearance 仪器飞行许可818 IFR Flight 仪器飞行819 Ignition Harness 点火线装置820 Ignition System 点火系统821 Impedance 阻抗822 Inaugural Flight 首航823 Inboard（Stabilizing）Float 内浮筒824 Inclination of the Wind 风向倾角825 Inclinometer 倾斜仪826 Indicated Airspeed 指示空速827 Indicated Pressure Altimeter 指示气压高度828 Inducted Drag 诱导阻力829 Inertial Navigation System 惯性导航系统830 In-flight Refueling 空中加油831 In-flight Shutdown 空中关车832 Initial Approach 最初进场833 Initial Training 新进训练834 Inner Marker IM 内信标台835 Insignia 标誌836 Inspection Window 检查窗837 Institute of The Aeronautical Science 航空科学学会838 Instrument Meteorological Condition 仪器飞行天气情况839 Instrument Approach 仪器进场840 Instrument Approach and Landing Operations 仪器进场及落地作业841 Instrument Approach Chart 仪器进场图842 Instrument Approach Procedure 仪器进场程序843 Instrument Check 仪器检核844 Instrument Flight Rules 仪器飞行规则845 Instrument Landing 仪器降落846 Instrument Landing System ILS 仪器降落系统；仪降系统847 Instrument Light 仪表灯848 Instrument Panel 仪表板849 Instrument Rating 仪器飞行检核850 Instrument Runway 仪降跑道851 Instrument Take-off 仪器起飞852 Integral Tank 併体箱853 Intersection 航路交叉点854 Interchangeability 互换性855 Intercom 对讲电话856 Interference 干扰857 Interline Baggage 转运行李858 Intermediate Approach 中期进场859 Internal Combustion Engine 内燃机860 International (Domestic) Air Routes 国际(国内）航线861 International Aeronautical Radio 国际航空无线电通讯862 International Air Services Transit Agreement 国际航空业务过境协定863 International Air Traffic Rights 国际航权864 International Air Transport Agreement 国际航空运输协定865 International Air Transport Association IATA 国际航空运输协会866 International Air-Navigation Conversion 国际航空公约867 International airport 国际机场；国际航空站868 International Candle 国际烛光869 International Civil Aviation Convention 国际民用航空公约870 International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO 国际民航组织871 International courier service 国际快递872 International Date Line 国际换日线873 International Morse Code 国际摩氏电码874 International Standard Atmosphere 国际标準大气875 International Tape Relay Network 国际全自动通讯网876 International Telecommunications Union ITU 国际电信联合会877 Interphone System 通话系统878 Interrogator 询问器879 Inversion 逆增880 Isobar 等压线881 Isogonic Chart 等磁差图882 J883 Jamming 扰乱884 Jamming Device 扰乱装置885 Jet Engine 喷射发动机886 Jet Engine Aircraft 喷射式航空器887 Jet fuel 喷射机燃油888 Jet Stream 喷射气流889 Jet-fan 喷射扇890 Jig 样板891 K892 Keel 龙骨893 Kilocycles 千週894 Klystron 调速管895 Knot 浬/时(节)896 L897 Lambert Projection 蓝伯投影898 Laminar Flow 层流899 Landing 落地（降落）900 Landing Aid 降落辅助设备901 Landing Approach 降落进场902 Landing Area 降落区域903 Landing Beam 降落电波904 Landing Chart 降落区状况图905 Landing Check 落地前检查906 Landing Clearance 落地许可907 Landing Direction Indicator 落地方向指示灯908 Landing Distance 降落距离909 Landing fee 降落费910 Landing Field 降落场911 Landing Flare 降落用照明灯912 Landing Gear 起落架913 Landing Interval 降落间隔914 Landing Light 著陆灯915 Landing Load 著陆负荷916 Landing Mat 降落垫板917 Landing Minimums 落地最低天气标準918 Landing Pattern 落地航线919 Landing Strip 起落地带920 Landing Tee 降落T字布921 Landmark Beacon 地形标灯922 Landmark Navigation 地标航线923 Landside 陆侧924 Large aeroplane 大型航空器925 Lateral Axis 横轴926 Lateral Separation 左右隔离927 Lateral Stability 横向安定性928 Latitude 纬度929 Leading Edge 前缘930 Leeward 下风931 Leeway 风压角932 Left Hand Engine 左发动机933 Left Hand Propeller 左转螺旋桨934 Life Preserver 救生装置935 Life raft 救生筏936 Life Vest 救生衣937 Lift 升力938 Lift Capacity 空运能量939 Light aircraft 轻航机940 Light Beacon 标灯941 Light Gun 通信灯942 Line Inspection (of Aircraft) 飞行线检查943 Line of Position 位置线944 Line of Sight Transmission 直线传播945 Line operating experience 线上（实际）操作经验946 Link Trainer 林克教练机947 Liquid Cooled Engine 液冷式发动机948 Listing watch 听音守候949 Litter Aircraft 担架航空器950 Load Adjuster 装载计算尺951 Load Center of Gravity Extremes 负载重心极限952 Load Factor 承载率953 Load Message 装载电报954 Load Waterline 载重水线955 Loaded Limit 载重限度956 Loading and Unloading Apron 装卸停机坪957 Loading Chart 装载图958 Loading Ramp 装卸机坪959 Local Apparent Time 地方视时960 Local Delivery 当地传递961 Local Mean Time 地方平均时962 Localizer LOC 左右定位臺963 Localizer Course Width 左右定位臺航轨宽度964 Locator 定位台965 Log 纪录簿966 Long Distance Aids 长程助航设备967 Long Range Navigation Chart 长程航行图968 Long Range Weather Forecast 长期天气预报969 Longeron 纵樑970 Longitude 经度971 Longitudinal Axis 纵轴972 Longitudinal Separation 前后隔离973 Longitudinal stability 纵向安定性974 Loop Antenna 环状天线975 Loop-type Radio 环型天线导航臺976 Loran 长程无线电导航(或称洛兰)977 Loran Chain 洛兰连锁电臺978 Loran Chart 洛兰航图979 Loran Station 洛兰电臺980 Loran Triplet 洛兰鼎力臺981 Low Frequency（简称LF）低频982 Low pitch 低螺距983 Lubrication Oil 润滑油984 Lubrication System 润滑系统985 Lumen 流明986 M987 Mach 马赫值988 Mach Angle Cone 马赫角锥989 Mach number 马赫数990 Mach Number, Critical 临界马赫值991 Machmeter 马赫表992 Magnaflux Test 磁流试验993 Magnetic Azimuth 磁方位994 Magnetic Bearing MB 磁方位995 Magnetic Compass 磁罗盘996 Magnetic Course MC 磁航线997 Magnetic Heading 磁航向998 Magnetic North Pole 磁北极999 Magnetic variation 磁差1000 Magneto 磁电机1001 Main Float 主浮筒1002 Maintenance Hangar 飞机维修棚厂1003 Major Damage 重大损坏1004 Major Overhaul 大翻修1005 Maneuverability 可操纵性1006 Maneuvering Area 操作区1007 Manifest 运（舱）单1008 Manifold 歧管1009 Map Overlay 覆盖地区。
航线运输驾驶员执照理论考试ATPL-南京航空航天大学民航学院
航线运输驾驶员执照理论考试（ATPL）差异培训班应有关航空公司ATPL差异理论培训的需求,南京航空航天大学民行学院作为经中国民航局批准的ATPL理论培训机构(证书编号No.G3），常年定期举办ATPL差异理论培训班。
一、培训对象在国外完成飞行驾驶训练和ATPL理论培训，且通过飞行训练所在国民航局组织的ATPL理论考试的各类飞行学员。
二、培训内容培训课程按照中国民航局飞标司审定批准的ATPL差异理论培训教学计划组织实施，教学时数为40学时。
三、考试及颁证各类飞行学员完成ATPL差异理论培训课程后，均应参加由南京航空航天大学民航学院组织的培训结业考试。
ATPL差异理论培训结业考试形式为笔试，满分100分，分数达到80分者为合格通过.ATPL差异理论培训结业考试合格通过者，由南京航空航天大学民航学院颁发中国民航局认可的《ATPL理论培训证明》合格证书。
ATPL差异理论培训结业考试不合格者，不颁发《ATPL 理论培训证明》合格证书，不安排补考，相关学员必须重新接受ATPL差异理论培训。
四、培训及考试地点南京航空航天大学明故宫校区。
五、时间安排培训时间：每月举办一次。
六、培训报名飞行学员报到时，需出示个人身份证、国外航校结业证书和国外ATPL理论考试成绩单,并交纳上述证件的复印件1套、2寸彩色标准证件照片1张.七、培训费用ATPL差异理论培训费1300元/人,包括培训费、教材费和资料费。
南航大民航学院协调安排食宿，费用自理。
培训费用请于报到时交纳现金或报到前汇款至南京航空航天大学.八、联系方式联系人：金老师，白老师联系电话：025-********;139********；139******** 传真：025-********南京航空航天大学民航学院培训中心2010年5月差异理论课程教学计划第一周的教学计划第二周的教学计划。
平衡跑道飞行术语
平衡跑道飞行术语
平衡跑道飞行术语包括以下内容：
1. 空中交通管制（ATC）：利用技术手段对飞行进行监视和控制，以保证安全和有秩序的飞行。
2. 空域：根据飞行训练和作战的需要而划定的一定范围的空间。
3. 塔台或称控制塔：一种设置于机场中的航空运输管制设施，用来监看以及控制飞机起降的地方。
4. 航线：飞机飞行的路线称为空中交通线，简称航线。
5. 复飞：指飞机在下降着陆过程中，遇到某种特殊情况时，立即中止下滑着陆，重新转入正常上升状态的过程。
6. 备降：指当飞机不能或不宜飞往预定着陆机场或在该机场着陆，而降落在其他机场。
7. 航向：飞机飞行的方向。
8. 驾驶：操纵飞机进行飞行。
9. 预计到达时间（ETA）：飞机预计到达的时间。
10. 航迹角误差（TKE）：航迹角与预定航线的偏差。
11. 偏航距离（XTK）：飞机偏离预定航线的距离。
12. 地速（GS）：飞机相对于地面的速度。
以上内容仅供参考，如需更全面准确的信息，可查阅航空航天方面的专业书籍或咨询该领域的专家。
ATPL理论考试大纲
航线执照（飞机类）理论考试大纲AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOT LICENCE(AIRCRAFT)AERONAUTICAL KNOWLEDGESYLLABUSATPL理论考试大纲（简版）根据CCAR-61.185的要求，制定本考试大纲。
Section 1 与航线运输驾驶员执照权利、限制和飞行运行有关的中国民用航空规章；Section 2 航行资料汇编、航行通告及咨询材料的使用；Section 3 气象学，包括天气图、气象预报、气象术语缩写和符号，与锋面有关的气旋知识，识别临界天气状态，通过锋区和绕过复杂恶劣气象区的程序，影响航空器活动的天气条件，云的形状，结冰状况和高空风，地形对气象状况和发展的关系及其对飞行操作的影响，气象资料收集和传播的方式方法，从地面和空中观测天气获得气象信息；Section 4 空气动力学和适用于相应航空器的飞行原理，航空器动力装置、各系统的原理和功能及其检查、操作使用；Section 5 导航，包括航图、无线电助航设备和区域导航系统的使用，导航的基本原理，计算方法，仪表飞行规则（IFR）条件下飞行，各种导航设施的使用及机载导航设备的操作；Section 6 航空器安全和高效的运行及空域系统内运行的规则和程序，包括飞行计划和适合于仪表气象条件下运行的程序，防撞、空中交通管制以及无线电通信程序，夜间和高空运行；Section 7 重量和平衡的计算和对飞行特性的影响；Section 8 飞行性能，包括性能图表的使用以及超过性能限制的后果；Section 9 机动飞行操作程序和应急操作；Section 10 航空医学知识；Section 11 载运货物的程序，包括载运危险品；Section 12 人的因素；Section 13 航空决断和判断；Section 14 机组资源管理。
atpl航线考试改革内容
atpl航线考试改革内容
ATPL航线考试改革内容涵盖以下几个方面的内容：
1. 考试内容更新：航线考试将更新为符合国际民航组织（ICAO）最新标准的内容，包括最新的导航设备、通信设备和飞行管理系统等。
2. 考试题型改变：航线考试将采用更加灵活多样的题型，包括选择题、填空题、综合题、案例分析题等，以更好地考察考生对航线飞行操作的理解和应用能力。
3. 考试难度提高：为了提高考试的专业性和技术要求，航线考试将增加更多的考试科目和考试内容，例如增加对飞行监控、飞行计划与性能、航空气象和导航等方面的考察内容。
4. 航线模拟训练要求：航线考试改革将会加强对考生实际操作技能的考察，要求考生完成一定的航线模拟训练并通过实际操纵飞行器完成航线任务。
5. 考试标准更新：航线考试改革将更新考试标准和评分标准，以确保考试的公平性和科学性，同时，将加强对考生飞行安全意识和风险管理意识的考察。
需要注意的是，ATPL航线考试改革的具体内容可能会因国家和地区的相关规定而有所不同。
因此，具体的改革内容应以当地相关民航管理机构或民航学校的规定为准。
ATPL整体课程理论训练ATPL(A)
(3) 5小时在管制塔台机场夜间VFR多发飞机机长时间，10次起飞和全停着陆，且每次包括一次起落航线飞行5 hours in MEA in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 full stop landings (with each landing involving a flight with a traffic pattern)
附录C5
6.4
ATPL整体课程的MCC训练阶段，至少15小时MCC训练15h MCC Training
AC-141-02
7
如果申请商照单发飞机等级，需完成10小时单发复杂飞机训练，10小时单飞If providing single engine complex airplane training
7.1
附录B
5.2
训练器上训练时间不得超过14小时Training hours in FTD≤14 hours
附录B
6
商照训练阶段
ATPL整体课程商照训练阶段应当至少55小时带飞，其中10小时多发飞机带飞训练，60小时机长时间，其中10小时多发飞机机长时间，20小时机长转场时间，训练内容至少包括：
6.1
55小时带飞，其中包括
附录C
7.2
10小时单发飞机单飞10 hours of solo flight training in SEA
(i) 1次3个着陆点的单发飞机转场单飞，其中一个着陆点距离初始起飞点的直线距离为470千米（250海里）One cross-country flight with landings at a minimum of three points, and one of the segments of flight consisting of a straight-line distance of at least 250 NM
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cM,c/4
6
Angle of attack
Angle of attack
7
Increase in Maximum Lift Coefficient – Double Slotted Flap
Cl,max
3.2
Cl,max=1.6[1 + (df /45)]
NACA 641-212 airfoil, t/c =12% .02 Cd .01 2
Slotted supercritical airfoil, t/c 13.5%
Integral supercritical airfoil, t/c =11% 0 .72 M .84
14
0
Normal Force Coefficient of Supercritical Airfoil Compared to NACA Airfoil 1.4 Supercritical Airfoil, t/c=11%
11
Supercritical Airfoils
12
Flow over conventional and supercritical airfoils
Pressure distributions Strong shock wave
13
Supercritical Airfoil Drag Compared to NACA Airfoil Drag
f 0
CL ,max d
f
leading edge slats
CL ,max
c f / c bslat 2 1.28 cos Lc / 4 0.18 be
2
(Note that leading edge flaps are rarely used. See p.251-258 in Torenbeek regarding high lift devices)
23
Summary of Design Lift Characteristics of the Wing
Airfoil Choice
:
Aspect Ratio : Taper Ratio : Flap Type (cf /c) : Spanwise Extent (hi and ho) Rated Area (SWf /S) Configura Flap -tion deflection in degrees
1 M
tan L LE
2
=ct / cr
4n 1 tan L nc A 1
Airfoil lift curve slope:
= cl,a / 2
20
DATCOM Method For Untwisted, Constant-Section Wings from Fig. 4.1.3.4-21a wing maximum lift airfoil maximum lift
27
wing a for maximum lift
Wing lift curve slope
Mach number correction from Fig. 4.1.3.4-21b
21
CL,max in Landing and Take-off Configurations
Condition Take off Landing
NACA 64,-212 (ROOT) NACA 64,-209 (TIP) A = 6.25 l = .333 Fowler, (23%) : 16.4% and 76.0% : 0.53
Slat CL,max CL,max deploymen Low speed cruise t M=0.2 M=0.8
22
CL,max for the Wing with Trailing Edge Flaps trailing edge flaps
CL,max c,max
CL ,max CL ,maxd y b/2
SWf S
KL
K L 1 0.08cos 2 L c / 4 cos3/ 4 L c / 4
1.0
Cn
.4 NACA 641-212
Airfoil, t/c=12%
0 .64 .72 M .84
15
Lift on a Finite Wing
2-D Lift Distribution
b
c 3-D Lift Distribution
16
V
Wing Trailing Vortex System and Associated Downwash Field
Upper surface, cl=0.22
(v/V)2
Lower surface, cl=0.22
x/c
5
Typical NACA Airfoil Data (NACA TR 824)
3 million<Re<9 million; std.roughness at Re=6 million
Split flap dF=60o
Lifting characteristics of the 3-D wing Lift curve slope of the wing
CLa A
2 A tan L c / 2 2 2 1 4 2
2 2 2 1/ 2
Prandtl-Meyer function Sweepback angles: Taper ratio:
CL max
aC
L max
CL max c max CL max c max CL max a 0 a CL max CLa
Mach number correction from Fig. 4.1.3.4-22
(extrapolation to M=0.8 required)
2.8
2.4
2.0
1.6 0 20 40 60 df (degrees)
8
Airfoil with Slat
9
Effect of Slat on Lift
10
High Lift Devices for Maximum Lift Coefficient
Cl,max
Flaps
Slat
Plain airfoil
Cruise
Take-off Landing
0
25 40
no
yes yes
1.23
1.64 1.92
0.99
24
Horizontal Tail Sizing lh
0.05MAC
Vh=Shlh/S(MAC) Volume coefficient of the horizontal tail Sh, horizontal tail planform area
leading-edge slats
Lle root chord, cr
outboard aileron
tip chord, ct
trailing edge flaps
mean aerodynamic chord, MAC
19
half-span, b/2
A=b2/S is selected, thereby determining b
3
Airfoil Configuration Characteristics
Mean camber line Upper surface
Trailing edge Chord line Leading edge Lower surface
4
Velocity ratio over upper and lower surfaces
Bound Vortex
Trailing Wingtip Vortex
Downwash
Trailing Wingtip Vortex
17
Boeing 727 Trailing Vortex Flight Test
18
Wing configuration with high-lift devices Wing area S is found in the engine selection process inboard aileron centerline
Typical Flap Deflection (in degrees) 15<dTE<25; dLE<20 40<dTE<50 or 60; dLE<20
airfoil with trailing edge flaps
c max k1k2k3 c max base
(clmax)base is the section maximum lift increment for 25 percentchord flaps at the reference flap-deflection angle from Fig. 6.1.3.7a, k1 is a factor accounting for flap-chord-to-airfoil-chord ratios other than 0.25 from Fig. 6.1.3.7b, k2 is a factor accounting for flap deflections other than the reference values from Fig. 6.1.3.8a, and k3 is a factor accounting for flap motion as a function of flap deflection from Fig. 6.1.3.8b.