预防结直肠癌患者手术部位感染的研究进展
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预防结直肠癌患者手术部位感染的研究进展
谷红晓】,郑月慧2,,张立霞4
(1.南昌大学护理学院,南昌330006;2.江西省生殖生理与病理重点实验室,南昌330006;
3.深圳市中医院生殖健康科,广东深圳518500;
4.邯郸市第一医院检验科,河北邯郸056000)
摘要:手术部位感染是结直肠癌患者术后常见的并发症之一,所导致的再人院率与死亡率逐年增高,给患者、家庭及医疗卫生系统带来沉重的负担.文章从结直肠癌手术部位感染的定义、高危因素及干预措施等方面进行阐述,探究有效的护理措施,以降低结直肠癌患者手术部位感染的发生率,提高患者生活质量及满意度.
关键词:结直肠癌手术;手术部位感染;危险因素;干预措施
中图分类号:R473.74文献标志码:A文章编号:10098194(2021)02-0096-05
DOI:10.13764/ki.lcsy.2021.02.027
Research Progress in Prevention of Surgical Site
Infection in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
GU Hong-xiao】,ZHENG Yue-hui2'3,ZHANG Li-xia"
(1.School of Nursing Nanchang University^Nanchang330006,China; 2.The
Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang330006,China; 3.Department of Reproductive health,Shenzhen
Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital,Shenzhen518500China; boratory
Department,HandanFirstHospital,Handan056000,China)
ABSTRACT:Surgicalsiteinfectionisoneofthecommonpostoperativecomplicationsincolorectal cancer patients.As a consequence,the re-admission rate and mortality rate increase year by year, placing a heavy burden to patients?families and medical and health systems.To reduce the inc-denceofsurgicalsteinfectionandtoimprovethequaltyoflfeandsatisfactionofpatientswith colorectalcancer,thisarticleelaboratesonthedefinitionofsurgicalsiteinfection,high-riskfactors and effective intervention and nursing measures.
KEY WORDS:colorectalcancersurgery;surgicalsiteinfection;riskfactor;intervening measure
结直肠癌是消化系统常见的恶性肿瘤之一,由于人们饮食结构和生活习惯的改变,结直肠癌发病率和死亡率呈逐年递增趋势,有数据⑴显示,目前世界范围内结直肠癌死亡率位居癌症相关死亡率中的第四位.在我国,结直肠癌的死亡率为第五位⑵.目前,手术切除是临床最普遍的治疗方式.手术部位感染(SSI)是结直肠癌术后常见的并发症,其发生率为5.0%〜40.0%3.术后SSI不仅会增加治疗费用,使住院时间延长,还会提高再入院率及死亡率[4].有研究5显示,结直肠癌术后SSI平均住院时间延长6d,住院费用平均增加8654.44美元。
给患者及其家庭带来繁重的经济负担,严重影响患者的预后和远期康复.鉴于其重要的临床意义,制定一系列的预防措施,降低结直肠癌术后SSI的发生率尤为重要.本文从结直肠癌术后SSI的高危因素、手术干预措施等方面进行综述,探究有效的管理模式,以期为临床提供参考.
收稿日期:2020-09-07
作者简介:谷红晓(1993—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事妇产科护理学的研究.通信作者:郑月慧,教授,E-mail:*******************,
1结直肠癌术后SSI定义、诊断标准及病原菌构成
1.1结直肠癌术后SSI定义
SSI是指术后30d内发生的感染归。
美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)和美国外科医师学会国家外科质量改进计划(ACS-NSQIP)根据感染的解剖水平将SSI分为不同的类型⑺,包括浅表切口SSI(仅累及皮肤及皮下组织)、深部组织SSI(累及筋膜、肌肉层等深部软组织)及器官/腔隙SSI.1)浅表切口SSI指术后30d内仅涉及切口皮肤及皮下组织的感染。
并符合以下条件之一:①浅表组织切口引流出脓性分泌物;②从浅表组织切口引流出的脓液或组织中培养出病原体;③有感染的征象,临床表现为局部红、肿、热、痛;④外科医师确诊为浅表切口感染。
2)深部组织SSI指无植入物者术后30d内、有植入物者术后1年内累及深部软组织的感染。
并符合下列条件之一:①从深部组织穿刺出脓液,但排除器官/腔隙所引流出的脓液;②深部组织切口自行裂开或切开,合并有感染症状或体征,包括体温>38°C,局部疼痛或压痛;③经医师直接检查、再次手术探查、病理或影像学检查,发现深部组织脓肿或其他证据证明有感染征象;④外科医师诊断为深部组织切口感染。
3)器官/腔隙SSI指无植入物者术后30d 内、有植入物者术后1年内发生的手术相关的器官或腔隙感染,并符合下列条件之一:①器官/腔隙经穿刺引流出脓液;②从器官/腔隙的脓液、组织中培养出病原体;③经直接检查、手术探查、病理或影像学检查,存在器官、腔隙脓肿或其他感染征象。
1.2结直肠癌术后SSI诊断标准
根据《医院感染诊断标准(试行)»8],诊断标准如下:1)切口处红肿,有脓性分泌物;2)切口自然裂开或由医师切开,局部存在疼痛、压痛,患者体温>38C;3)从深部组织穿刺抽吸到或引流出脓液;4)病原学检测、细菌培养为阳性。
上述诊断标准符合任意一项即可诊断为SSI.
1.3结直肠癌术后SSI病原菌构成
研究显示,引起结直肠癌SSI的病原菌多为革兰阴性菌,约占65%,以产超广谱卜内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌为主[910];其次为革兰阳性菌,以金黄色葡萄球菌多见[11];另外,大肠埃希菌为肠腔内正常菌群,术中侵入性操作使肠内容物外溢,肠道菌群异位定植亦可引起SSI[12].
2结直肠癌术后SSI高危因素
结直肠癌患者术后SSI主要包括患者相关因素、手术相关因素、环境因素及其他因素等危险因素。
1)患者相关因素[13-19]:年龄、吸烟、糖尿病史、肺病史、贫血、肥胖、体重指数(BMI)较高、血清白蛋白过低、营养不良、使用类固醇或免疫抑制剂、围术期输血等;2)手术相关因素[13-16'18,0]:缺氧、肠道准备、术中出血量、手术时间过长、手术方式、手术切口类型、急诊手术、缝合方式、缝线材料、术前未预防性使用抗菌药物等;3)环境因素[18]:医院病房条件、手术设备、手术器械质量等;4)其他因素[14,8]:住院时间较长、癌细胞转移、肿瘤分期、是否造口等。
3结直肠癌术后SSI预防措施
对结直肠癌患者进行围术期干预能有效降低术后SSI的发生,缩短住院时间,减少治疗费用,提高患者满意度,促进患者的早期康复。
依据时间的不同可分为术前、术中、术后干预。
3.1术前干预措施
3.1.1肠道准备
对于消化道手术,术前进行肠道准备可有效降低SSI的发生率。
但对于使用何种肠道准备方式尚存在争议。
WHO一项全球性指南指出,不推荐单独使用机械性肠道准备(MBP)[21],因其可能会导致电解质紊乱、肾脏损害及吻合口痿的风险增加[22]0 MBP联合口服抗生素可显著降低SSI的发生率。
MALEK等[23]对227名结直肠癌手术患者进行回顾性分析,与MBP相比,联合口服抗生素可将SSI 发生率由13.8%降低至3.4%。
VO等[24]研究结果也表明,MBP联合口服抗生素患者整体SSI发生率低于仅接受MBP的患者。
DUFF等[25]研究显示, MBP联合抗生素可使SSI的发生率降约50%.
3.1.2预防性使用抗菌药物
在美国,14.5%的大手术中预防性使用抗菌药物时间<12h,40.7%手术中使用抗菌药物时间C 1d[26].预防性使用抗菌药物可显著降低术后SSI 的发生率,具体使用时间目前尚无明确规定。
有研究[2门表明,与手术切皮前相比,切皮后使用抗菌药物发生SSI风险明显增加。
在切皮前不同时间间隔使用抗菌药物同样会影响SSI的发生,有研究[28]表明,切皮前60min内给予抗菌药物,能最大限度地保证血液及组织内的血药浓度,降低SSI感染率。
最新一项指南[旳指出,切皮前0〜30min给药效果优于切皮前30~60min的给药效果。
3.1.3应用益生菌
肠道菌群在SSI及其他手术相关并发症的发病机制中发挥重要作用,多项研究[3031]显示,益生菌的应用可降低SSI发生的风险。
一项荟萃分析[32]证明,在结直肠癌手术中,益生菌与抗菌药物联合应
用可有效降低SSI及其他并发症的发生,缩短抗菌药物使用时间并降低耐药性.
3.1.4皮肤准备
预防SSI指南[3]指出,除外手术部位毛发会干扰手术视野,否则不应去除.剃除手术部位毛发发生SSI的风险高于剪除毛发,可能与剃刀所造成皮肤上的微小伤口相关[4].术前进行充分的手术部位皮肤消毒可降低SSI的发生,但消毒剂的选择尚不明确.有研究[5]显示,与聚维酮碘相比,氯己定有更强的抗菌作用,且抗菌时间更长.一项荟萃分析中对6997名手术患者应用氯己定与聚维酮碘进行皮肤消毒的效果比较,结果显示应用氯己定的患者SSI发生率较低.因此,氯己定可作为术前皮肤消毒准备的首选.
3.2术中干预措施
3.2.1严格无菌操作
加大手术人员无菌知识的培训力度,同时,手术过程中严格遵循无菌操作规范进行手术,降低结直肠癌SSI风险.
3.2.2缝合材料
缝合时任何异物的存在会使感染风险增加.据报道[37],就产生感染所需金黄色葡萄球菌数量而言,使用丝线缝合远低于可吸收缝线缝合.一项病例对照研究[8]显示,使用可吸收缝合线与丝线缝合的结直肠癌患者SSI发生率分别为13.9%和22.4%,可吸收缝线组SSI感染率显著低于丝线组.
3.2.3手术方式
随着微创技术的发展,腹腔镜的应用逐渐广泛.众多研究[3940]显示,与传统手术相比,腹腔镜术后的SSI发生率较低.KAGAWA等研究表明,在结直肠手术中,当腹腔镜手术占比>50%时,与传统开腹手术相比,腹腔镜手术将成为降低SSI风险的重要因素之一.一项荟萃分析[幻显示,腹腔镜手术可降低结直肠癌患者术后SSI的风险,缩短住院时间.
3.2.4皮肤缝合
目前,针对最佳皮肤缝合方式尚存在争议. KOBAYASHI等凹对1264例结直肠癌患者应用皮肤缝合与皮肤吻合器的随机临床研究发现,两者SSI发生率分别为8.7%.9.8%,差异无统计学意义.一项回顾性分析[3]指出,采用皮肤缝合与皮肤吻合器的结直肠癌患者SSI发生率分别为3.1%、10.4%,IMAMURA等[4]的随机对照试验表明,应用缝线缝合与皮肤吻合器降低术后SSI风险方面无明显差异.因此,综合考虑医疗资源及手术时间,具体皮肤缝合方式应视患者及手术情况而定.
3.2.5切口负压治疗
与标准无菌敷料相比,负压治疗在降低结直肠癌患者术后SSI、切口裂开等方面具有明显优势[5]一项荟萃分析[6]显示,将切口负压治疗应用于外科手术,SSI发生率降低58%,切口裂开发生率从17.4%下降至12.8%。
POEHNERT等[7]的一项观察性研究显示,切口负压治疗可以减少术后SSI 的发生率,改善患者生活质量,提高社会经济效益,3.2.6术中核心体温控制
术中体温过低会影响机体免疫功能,促使患者体内儿茶酚胺释放,血管收缩,导致伤口周围组织血供减少,增加SSI的发生率[48].有研究[9]显示,患者机体核心温度每降低2°C,使SSI的发生率增加3倍,住院时间延长20%,同时体温过低会降低机体内白细胞的吞噬能力、细胞介导的免疫防御功能和周围组织的氧气供应.
3.2.7其他
由于结直肠癌手术部位感染因素众多,部分研究者还进行了其他干预措施的探究,以降低SSI的风险.GOI等[0]研究显示,在关闭腹腔前,生理盐水高压冲洗同时进行皮下组织擦洗能显著降低SSI 的发生率.有研究[1]对比使用与未使用切口边缘保护器的结直肠手术患者SSI情况,发现使用切口边缘保护器的患者SSI发生率降低20%.
3.3术后管理
结直肠癌患者术后体温、白细胞计数、C反应蛋白及伤口的评估是发现早期SSI的重要途径,但特异性差,TAKAKURA等[幻研究显示,血清降钙素原(PCT)可作为结直肠癌术后早期诊断SSI的实验室指标,可靠性强.对于术后停用抗菌药物时间也存在争议,PARK等[6]对327例接受结直肠癌手术的患者进行回顾性分析显示,术后24h以上与术后24h以内停用抗菌药物对SSI的发生率无明显影响.为减少耐药的发生,无特殊情况下,提倡术后早期停用抗菌药物.
4集束化管理模式对结直肠癌患者SSI的影响
集束化护理是指一系列遵循循证依据的护理干预措施应用于护理实践,其目的在于为患者提供优质化护理服务,改善治疗效果[3].由于影响结直肠癌SSI的危险因素众多,单一措施不足以控制SSI,故集束化护理模式被临床广泛应用.CONNOLLY 等[4]通过实施基于证据的护理措施,包括术前控制血糖、进行肠道准备、预防性使用抗菌药物、术中进行切口保护等,结直肠癌SSI发生率下降41%。
WAITS等[5]通过实施集束化干预措施,包括围术期血糖控制、MBP联合口服抗生素、腔镜手术、缩短
手术时间等,术后SSI发生率降至2%.GUZMAN-PRUNEDA等实施基于循证的五项预防策略,包括术前沐浴、剪除手术区毛发、应用氯己定进行皮肤消毒、MBP联合口服抗生素、预防性使用抗菌药物,结直肠癌术后SSI的发生风险明显降低.
5小结
结直肠癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤,早期治疗以手术切除为主,由于结直肠肠腔内细菌繁多,菌群复杂,术后极易发生SSI,给治疗及护理带来一定的难度,也给医疗卫生系统造成一定的经济负担.目前,关于预防结直肠癌SSI尚缺乏高级别循证证据及大样本试验研究,特别是在肠道准备方式、皮肤缝合及抗菌药物的使用时间等方面存在争议,需要进一步探究,提供高质量证据予以支持。
临床针对结直肠癌术后SSI的干预已经从单一护理转向集束化护理,效果显著.医护人员应探索更加优化的管理模式,以期进一步降低结直肠癌SSI的发生率.
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