语言学-第三章PPT课件
合集下载
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
现代英语语言学概论现代英语语言学概论modernenglishlinguisticsenglishlinguistics运城学院英语系运城学院英语系运城学院英语系运城学院英语系chapterthreemorphologylexicalchangeshasuniversalintuitiverecognitionnativespeakerswhetherwrittenform
-
13
(2) In terms of meaning:
Grammatical/Function words (express grammatical meanings, linking): conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns.
Lexical/Content words (having lexical meaning, refer to substance, action &quality): nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.
relationship of “a kind of something”, eg scarecrow: not a kind of crow breakneck: not a kind of neck
-
26
Written forms of compounds
Solid: blackboard, teapot, bodyguard Hyphenated: wedding-ring, wave-length Open: coffee table, washing machine Free variation: businessman, business-man, business
Hale Waihona Puke -14(3)In terms of membership:
Closed-class words: New members cannot normally be added, membership is fixed or limited.
prons, preps, conjs, articles, auxiliaries.
the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.
-
22
Inflection
Nominal forms: boys, boy’s
Verb forms: wants, wanted, wanting
Predeterminers: all, both, half, onethird, three-quarters, double, twice, three times
-
18
Central determiners:
this, that, these, those, every, each, some, any, no, neither, my, our, your, his, her, its, their
Post determiners: (include cardinal numbers, ordinal numerals, general ordinals)
next, last, past, other, additional, many, several, few, little, a lot of ,
Adjective/adverb forms: smaller, smallest
-
23
Derivational morphology: the
process of word variation signaling lexical relationships,
compound: two separate
man winebottle, wine-bottle, wine bottle no one, no-one, noone
-
27
Derivation
Class-changing:
N>V: lengthen, hospitalize, discard
N>A: friendly, delightful, speechless
-
9
2. Identification of words
Stability: the most stable linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. chairman, but not *manchair
-
10
Relative uninterruptibility:
Pro-adverb: He hopes to win and I hope so too.
Pro-locative（代处所词）: He went there.
-
17
4）Determiner限定词: all the articles, demonstratives指示词, and quantifiers数量词 that appear before the noun and its modifiers.
Noun compounds: daybreak, playboy, haircut, windmill
Verb compounds: brainstorm, lipread, babysit
Adjective compounds: gray-haired, insect-eating, dutyfree
-
19
when different sub-classes of determiners occur together, they follow the order: predeterminers+centraldeterminers+ post-determiners. Eg. all their trouble
all the five boys
-
20
4. Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed.
-
21
Inflectional morphology:
--Is Jane coming tonight?
--Possibly.
Hi, shit, darling a, the,
-
12
3. Classification of words
(1) in term of variability:
Variable words: (ordered & regular series of grammatically different forms): write, writes, writing, wrote, written; cat, cats. Invariable words (no inflective endings): since, when, seldom, through, etc.
Some new terms: 1) Particle助词: infinitive to, negative not, subordinate units in phrasal verbs “get by”, “look back”, etc. 2) Auxiliary助动词: do, have
Modal verbs: can, will, may, must, etc.
Hello, Everyone!
-
1
A STUDY ON MODERN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS
现代英语语言学概论
第3讲
王金巴 运城学院英语系
-
2
Chapter Three
Morphology
-
3
Focuses: 1. the definition of word 2. classification of words 3. types of morphemes 4. inflection and word-formation 5. lexical changes
Preposition compounds: into, throughout
-
25
Endocentric & exocentric
Endocentric: one element serves as the head, the relationship of “a kind of”; eg
self-control: a kind of control armchair: a kind of chair Exocentric: there is no head, so not a
-
6
However, in casual speech or writing, it often becomes:
Phonological: Orthographic: It’s wonderful.
Are they two words or three?
-
7
(2) both a general term and a specific term:
new elements are not to be inserted into a word
-
11
A minimum free form (Bloomfield):
the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, eg
-
4
1. word?
a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.
a minimal free form: a smallest form that can occur by itself
Open-class words: New members can be added, membership is infinite or unlimited.
nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
-
15
(4)Word class词类: Parts of Speech in traditional grammar. Noun, verb, adj, adv, prep, pron, conj, inter, article.
-
16
3) Pro-forms( 代词形式): substitutes for other terms.
Pronoun: he, she, I, they, everyone
Pro-adjective: Your car is red. So is his.
Pro-verb: He speaks English better than he did.
boy, boys: 1(GT) or2(ST)?
walk, walks, walking, walked: 1 or 4?
-
8
(3) A grammatical unit: the grammar: a set of layers
sentence clause phrase word
morpheme
-
5
Three senses of “word”
(1) A physically definable unit: a
cluster of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks, eg
Phonological:
Orthographic: It is wonderful.
V>N: worker, employee, inhabitant
V>A: acceptable, adorable
A>N: rapidness, rapidity
A>V: deafen, sweeten
words to produce a single form.
derivation: add an affix to an
affix to an already existing form to create a word.
-
24
Compound
Two or more free roots combine to make a new word.
-
13
(2) In terms of meaning:
Grammatical/Function words (express grammatical meanings, linking): conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns.
Lexical/Content words (having lexical meaning, refer to substance, action &quality): nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.
relationship of “a kind of something”, eg scarecrow: not a kind of crow breakneck: not a kind of neck
-
26
Written forms of compounds
Solid: blackboard, teapot, bodyguard Hyphenated: wedding-ring, wave-length Open: coffee table, washing machine Free variation: businessman, business-man, business
Hale Waihona Puke -14(3)In terms of membership:
Closed-class words: New members cannot normally be added, membership is fixed or limited.
prons, preps, conjs, articles, auxiliaries.
the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.
-
22
Inflection
Nominal forms: boys, boy’s
Verb forms: wants, wanted, wanting
Predeterminers: all, both, half, onethird, three-quarters, double, twice, three times
-
18
Central determiners:
this, that, these, those, every, each, some, any, no, neither, my, our, your, his, her, its, their
Post determiners: (include cardinal numbers, ordinal numerals, general ordinals)
next, last, past, other, additional, many, several, few, little, a lot of ,
Adjective/adverb forms: smaller, smallest
-
23
Derivational morphology: the
process of word variation signaling lexical relationships,
compound: two separate
man winebottle, wine-bottle, wine bottle no one, no-one, noone
-
27
Derivation
Class-changing:
N>V: lengthen, hospitalize, discard
N>A: friendly, delightful, speechless
-
9
2. Identification of words
Stability: the most stable linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. chairman, but not *manchair
-
10
Relative uninterruptibility:
Pro-adverb: He hopes to win and I hope so too.
Pro-locative（代处所词）: He went there.
-
17
4）Determiner限定词: all the articles, demonstratives指示词, and quantifiers数量词 that appear before the noun and its modifiers.
Noun compounds: daybreak, playboy, haircut, windmill
Verb compounds: brainstorm, lipread, babysit
Adjective compounds: gray-haired, insect-eating, dutyfree
-
19
when different sub-classes of determiners occur together, they follow the order: predeterminers+centraldeterminers+ post-determiners. Eg. all their trouble
all the five boys
-
20
4. Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed.
-
21
Inflectional morphology:
--Is Jane coming tonight?
--Possibly.
Hi, shit, darling a, the,
-
12
3. Classification of words
(1) in term of variability:
Variable words: (ordered & regular series of grammatically different forms): write, writes, writing, wrote, written; cat, cats. Invariable words (no inflective endings): since, when, seldom, through, etc.
Some new terms: 1) Particle助词: infinitive to, negative not, subordinate units in phrasal verbs “get by”, “look back”, etc. 2) Auxiliary助动词: do, have
Modal verbs: can, will, may, must, etc.
Hello, Everyone!
-
1
A STUDY ON MODERN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS
现代英语语言学概论
第3讲
王金巴 运城学院英语系
-
2
Chapter Three
Morphology
-
3
Focuses: 1. the definition of word 2. classification of words 3. types of morphemes 4. inflection and word-formation 5. lexical changes
Preposition compounds: into, throughout
-
25
Endocentric & exocentric
Endocentric: one element serves as the head, the relationship of “a kind of”; eg
self-control: a kind of control armchair: a kind of chair Exocentric: there is no head, so not a
-
6
However, in casual speech or writing, it often becomes:
Phonological: Orthographic: It’s wonderful.
Are they two words or three?
-
7
(2) both a general term and a specific term:
new elements are not to be inserted into a word
-
11
A minimum free form (Bloomfield):
the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, eg
-
4
1. word?
a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.
a minimal free form: a smallest form that can occur by itself
Open-class words: New members can be added, membership is infinite or unlimited.
nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
-
15
(4)Word class词类: Parts of Speech in traditional grammar. Noun, verb, adj, adv, prep, pron, conj, inter, article.
-
16
3) Pro-forms( 代词形式): substitutes for other terms.
Pronoun: he, she, I, they, everyone
Pro-adjective: Your car is red. So is his.
Pro-verb: He speaks English better than he did.
boy, boys: 1(GT) or2(ST)?
walk, walks, walking, walked: 1 or 4?
-
8
(3) A grammatical unit: the grammar: a set of layers
sentence clause phrase word
morpheme
-
5
Three senses of “word”
(1) A physically definable unit: a
cluster of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks, eg
Phonological:
Orthographic: It is wonderful.
V>N: worker, employee, inhabitant
V>A: acceptable, adorable
A>N: rapidness, rapidity
A>V: deafen, sweeten
words to produce a single form.
derivation: add an affix to an
affix to an already existing form to create a word.
-
24
Compound
Two or more free roots combine to make a new word.