考研英语模拟试卷313(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语模拟试卷313(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Writing
Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)
Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play?【1】an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets【2】the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to【3】the news. Newspapers have one basic【4】, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to 【5】it. Radio, telegraph, television, and【6】inventions brought competition for newspaper. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication.【7】, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the【8】and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are【9】and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers【10】of the latest news, today’s newspapers【11】and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers’ economic choices【12】advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for very【13】. Newspapers are sold at a price that【14】even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main【15】of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 【16】in selling advertising depends on a newspaper’s value to advertisers. This【17】in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends【18】on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment【19】in a newspaper’s pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information【20】the community, city, county, state, nation, and world—and even outer space.
1．
A．Just when
B．While
C．Soon after
D．Before
正确答案：C
解析：解答本题的要点是符合逻辑的推断出新闻报道和事情发生之间的时间关系，按照常理新闻总是始于事情发生之后，由此可推出答案为C选项。

2．
A．to give
B．giving
C．given
D．being given
正确答案：A
解析：比较四个选项，“are to give”表目的，意为：会提供或给提供；“are...giving”表现在进行，意为：正在提供；“are given”、“are being given”均表被动，意为：被提供、正在被提供。

报纸提供详情是符合逻辑的主动表达，因此newspapers和details间不应用被动，可排除C、D选项；上句说在事件发生不久后，这句如果用一般现在进行时和上句无法搭配也不合文意，因此B选项也可排除。

3．
A．gather
B．spread
C．carry
D．bring
正确答案：A
解析：本题考查可以和宾语news搭配的谓语动词，根据语义判断出答案。

空格所在句子的大致意思为：不管世界上什么地方发生任何事件，记者都会出现在现场______消息。

依据常识，记者出现在事发现场首先是搜集消息，而gather 可以和news搭配，表达的意思就是搜集消息，因此A选项是正确答案。

4．
A．reason
B．cause
C．problem
D．purpose
正确答案：D
解析：本题空格后跟的动词不定式是对空格处需填入名词的解释，空格后的大致句意是“报纸尽可能快地使消息传达……”，比较四个选项，只有D选项意为“报纸的一个基本目的或意图是……”，和后句的意思吻合，因此正确答案为D选项。

5．
A．make
B．publish
C．know
D．write
正确答案：C
解析：空格处所在句子的大致意思为：报纸是尽可能快地从消息源、从制造
新闻的人那里将消息传递给______该消息的人。

依据常识，新闻有两端：新闻的制造者和接受者，回到原句，只有C选项“想知道该消息的人”符合常识，即前后的对应是：from“制造新闻的人”to“想知道该新闻的人”。

6．
A．another
B．other
C．one another
D．the other
正确答案：B
解析：解答本题的要点是辨析什么样的词可以直接修饰复数名词。

空格后的inventions是复数名词，比较四个选项只有other可直接修饰复数名词，因此正确答案是B选项。

本句的意思是：电台、电报、电视以及其他发明给报纸带来了竞争。

7．
A．however
B．And
C．Therefore
D．Furthermore
正确答案：A
解析：空格处需填入的是衔接前后句意的过渡词。

空格前的大致句意是：电台等发明给报纸带来了竞争……；空格后的大致句意是：这种竞争只是促进了报纸的发展。

可见空格前后的两句之间是转折关系，因此表转折的however，即A 选项为正确答案。

8．
A．value
B．ratio
C．rate
D．speed
正确答案：C
解析：解答本题的关键是根据已知句意推断出所缺单词的意思，进而进行单词辨析。

在原文中说的是“他们迅速利用那些更新、更快的通讯手段来改进自身的运作速度”，可见原文指的是相对于价值、成本、质量等因素而言的速度，因此正确答案是C选项。

9．
A．spread
B．passed
C．printed
D．completed
正确答案：C
解析：将A、B、C、D选项放入原文的意思分别为：更多的报纸被传播、更多的报纸被传递、更多的报纸被印刷、更多的报纸被完成，显然报纸被印刷是合理通顺的表达，而且由“read”可知，阅读报纸的前提是印刷报纸，因此正确答案为C选项。

10．
A．inform
B．be informed
C．to be informed
D．informed
正确答案：D
解析：本题考查使役动词keep后带宾语补足语的用法。

keep意为“使……保持某种(状态、位置或动作等)”时，要在keep的宾语后接补足语，构成复合宾语。

其中宾语补足语通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词和过去分词等充当。

在原句中，因为读者通过报纸等途径获悉消息，所以读者和最新消息间是被动关系，由此应选择表被动的过去分词informed。

11．
A．entertain
B．encourage
C．educate
D．edit
正确答案：C
解析：空格处所在句子的大致意思为：今天的报纸还在政治以及其他重要且严肃的问题方面对读者进行______和施加影响。

按照常识，报纸是政治的喉舌，由此可推知在政治以及其他重要且严肃的问题方面，报纸教育、影响其读者，比较四个选项只有C选项符合要求，故C选项为正确答案。

12．
A．on
B．through
C．with
D．of
正确答案：B
解析：解答本题的关键是判断出报纸影响读者在经济方面的选择和广告之间的关系，进而选择贴切的介词。

显然，报纸是凭借广告对读者在经济方面有影响，空处through与influence搭配，表示“通过(某种手段或途径)”来施加影响，因此B选项符合要求。

13．
A．forms
B．existence
C．contents
D．purpose
正确答案：B
解析：依据下文的提示信息“newspapers are sold at a price...”(报纸售出的价格……)、“...income for most newspapers...”(……大多数报纸的收入……)可推断出本句意指“多数报纸依赖广告的目的是为了生存，由此可知B选项为正确答案。

14．
A．tries to cover
B．manages to cover
C．fails to cover
D．succeeds in covering
正确答案：C
解析：解答本题的关键是推断出报纸售出的价格能否支付其一小部分的生产成本。

由下文提到报纸的收入主要源于商业广告及常识(报纸的售价一般很低)可推断出报纸售出的价格甚至不能支付其一小部分的生产成本，选项中只有C是否定的意思，所以答案是C选项。

15．
A．source
B．origin
C．course
D．finance
正确答案：A
解析：空格所在句子的大致意思为“对于多数报纸而言，其收入的主要______是商业广告”。

通读该句，不难推出四个选项中只有“来源”符合语义，“来源”和income搭配也符合表达习惯，因此正确答案为A选项。

16．
A．way
B．means
C．chance
D．success
正确答案：D
解析：比较四个选项，只有success可与in doing sth．搭配，而另三个词均
不可以；另一方面，只有success放入原句语义通顺，因此D选项为正确答案。

原句的意思是：能够成功地卖出广告位取决于报纸对广告商的价值。

17．
A．measures
B．measured
C．is measured
D．was measured
正确答案：C
解析：本题考查动词measure(估量，判定)的语态，时态用法。

本文是说明文，通篇用的是一般现在时，所以空格处也应用动词的一般现在时，句中的this 指代“这种价值”，按照常识，是发行量衡量价值而不是价值衡量发行量，因此空格处应用被动，从而文中需用measure的一般现在时的被动语态，故C选项是正确答案。

18．
A．somewhat
B．little
C．much
D．something
正确答案：A
解析：解答本题的关键是判断出“发行量取决于发行部的工作……”的程度，依据下旬中的but for the most part...(但在很大程度上……)，我们可以推出空格处应填入的是小于很大程度的词，所以首先可排除C选项，A选项放入原文意思是“在一定程度上……”，完全符合语义，因此A选项是正确答案。

19．
A．offering
B．offered
C．which offered
D．to be offered
正确答案：B
解析：本题考查非谓语动词offer(提供)做后置定语的用法。

句中的services or entertainment后接定语对其修饰，服务或娱乐不可能是自己主动的出现在版面上，因此应用offer表被动的形式，由此首先可排除A选项；而过去分词可做后置定语表被动，因此正确答案为B选项。

20．
A．by
B．with
C．at
D．about
正确答案：D
解析：解答本题的关键是选出的介词和information搭配，使其符合语义。

依据空格处的大致句意，是在讲“关于社区、城市……的信息”，比较四个选项，只有information与about搭配，表示“有关……的消息”，因此D选项为正确答案。

Section II Reading Comprehension
Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)
Before the economy fell apart, it was Britain’s society that was supposed to be in terminal decline, especially in the eyes of the Tories. David Cameron, the Conservative Party leader, was wont to bemoan “broken Britain”, mired in moral degeneracy, with high rates of teenage pregnancy, low rates of marriage and other less quantifiable breakdowns in the civilised scheme of things. Such antediluvian worries were raked over again on July 13th when Iain Duncan Smith, a former Tory leader, called for an official endorsement of marriage. Mr Duncan Smith cites several reasons to encourage wedlock, including family stability (married couples are much less likely to split than cohabiting ones ) and healthier children who do better in later life. There was talk of state-run counselling, pro-marriage propaganda in schools and mandatory “cooling-off”periods before divorces. Mr Duncan Smith favours tax breaks for married couples, something that Labour has long refused to endorse. It is true that marriage is a declining institution. Marriage rates are at their lowest since 1895．But, curiously, those who do marry now stay together for longer. Divorce rates are falling, not rising, and have been for several years. In 2007 11.9 married couples per thousand untied the knot, down from 12.2 the year before and the lowest since 1981．The time that divorcing couples endure each other before flinging back the rings has lengthened too., from 10.1 years in 1981 to 11.7 in 2007．Indifference towards the sacrament of marriage appears strongest among the elderly, not the feckless young. Since 2004, when the overall divorce rate peaked at 14.1 per thousand, over-60s have been the only part of the population whose rates have continued to rise. There are plenty of competing explanations for the diminishing appeal of divorce, and no easy way to discover which are true. Immigration may have helped, since immigrant families often have more conservative attitudes than the degenerate natives. Accountants and divorce lawyers reckon a string of recent big settlements may have acted as a deterrent (although it could equally have encouraged the poorer partners in financially unequal marriages). Falling marriage rates and falling divorce rates could be two sides of the same coin, says Kathleen Kiernan, a professor of social policy at York University. The unpopularity of marriage and the relative ease of divorce has left only a hard core of stable couples bound in wedlock. And the rise in the average age at which people get married (now 36 for men and 33 for women) is
helping too, since older brides and grooms tend to stay together longer in any case. If so, politicians should be cautious about handing out tax breaks. Even if they work (and Ms Kiernan thinks they would have to be enormous to have much effect), chivvying unmarried couples into wedlock is likely to mean more divorces in the future.
21．What does “broken Britain” refer to according to the text?
A．Britain is falling apart with several territories becoming independent.
B．The image of Britain is deteriorated in the world.
C．Britain now is suffering from moral degeneracy.
D．Britain is broken away from European Union.
正确答案：C
解析：本题根据原文即可直接作答，“broken Britain”后面跟着“mired in moral degeneracy，with high rates of teenage pregnancy，low rates of marriage and other less quantifiable breakdowns in the civilised scheme of things”。

这一系列的修饰语，说的都是英国现在面临的道德困境，再结合选项A项说有领土独立，(切不可望文生义选择A)B项说英国的国际形象受损，D项说英国要脱离欧盟，这在文中均没有提及，因此答案为C。

22．Why did Iain Duncan Smith call for an official endorsement of marriage?
A．It would improve family stability and facilitate the upbringing of children as well as people’s future development.
B．Low birth rate has threatened the population of the country.
C．British government did little in the marital affairs of people.
D．Various measures should be adopted by the government to encourage marriages.
正确答案：A
解析：根据第二段作答。

注意第二段里的“Smith cites several reasons”，这后面的即是本题的答案。

说到有family stability，healthier children等，结合选项则可以判断出A项正确。

B项说低生育率，这在文中没有提及；C项说政府无所作为，可以说有些联系，但是直接程度不如A项；D项说政府应采取措施，后文是有提及赋税减免，但是只是一项，而不是various，契合度不如A。

23．Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?
A．Marriage rates now are the lowest since 18th century.
B．Divorce rates in 2007 were lower than that of last year.
C．Young people are more inclined to divorce than old people did.
D．Marriage and divorce rates have been both increasing these years.
正确答案：B
解析：A项看第三段，Marriage rates are at their lowest since 1895，是19世
纪而非18世纪，故A项错误。

B项看In 2007 11.9 married couples per thousand untied the knot，down from12.2 the year before，故正确。

C项看over-60s have been the only part of the population whose rates have continued to rise，老人实际上比年轻人更愿意离婚，故C错误。

D项可以根据B项判断出离婚率在下降，故D项错误。

24．According to the text, which of the following is NOT the reason why people do not incline to divorce?
A．immigrant families are more conservative on family.
B．Big settlements in divorce cases have influenced people’s decision.
C．The average age at which people get married is on the rise.
D．People now pay more attention to maintaining their families.
正确答案：D
解析：本题的答案在最后两段。

A项说的是移民潮，可以在Immigration may have helped，since immigrant families often have more conservative attitudes than the degenerate natives这一句中找到印证。

B项是说重大判决案例，可以在a string of recent big settlements may have acted as a deterrent这一句中找到印证。

C项说结婚年龄推后，可以在And the rise in the average age at which people get married(now 36 for men and 33 for women)is helping too这一句中找到印证。

D项说人们更愿意维持家庭，但The unpopularity of marriage and the relative ease of divorce has left only a hard core 0f stable couples bound in wedlock．这一句却说的是相反的意思，故D项错误，因此答案为D。

25．What is Kathleen Kiernan’s attitude towards the policy of handing out tax breaks?
A．Negative.
B．Positive.
C．Cautious.
D．Zealous.
正确答案：C
解析：在最后一段中找到Kathleen Kiellaan对于政府政策的评论，“如果情况真是如此，那政治家们在提供赋税减免政策时就要小心了。

因为即使政策奏效，让未结婚的恋人结婚很可能意味着未来会有更多的离婚案例”。

由此可以看出，其观点是政府应当小心执行，避免出现第二句里面的后果，故答案应该选C。

Many will know that the word “muscle” comes from the Latin for “mouse”(rippling under the skin, so to speak ). But what about “chagrin”, derived from the Turkish for roughened leather, or scaly sharkskin. Or “lens”which comes from the Latin “lentil” or “window” meaning “eye of wind” in old Norse? Looked at closely, the language comes apart in images, like those strange paintings by Giuseppe Arcimboldo where heads are made of fruit and vegetables. Not that Henry Hitchings’s book is about verbal surrealism. That is an extra pleasure in a book which
is really about the way the English language has roamed the world helping itself liberally to words, absorbing them, forgetting where they came from, and moving on with an ever-growing load of exotics, crossbreeds and subtly shaded near-synonyms. It is also about migrations within the language’s own borders, about upward and downward mobility, about words losing their roots, turning up in new surroundings, or lying in wait, like “duvet”which was mentioned by Samuel Johnson, for their moment. All this is another way of writing history. The Arab etymologies of “ saffron “, “crimson” and “sugar” speak of England’s medieval trade with the Arab world. We have “cheque”and “tariff”from this source too, plus “arithmetic”and “algorithm”-just as we have “etch” and “sketch” from the Dutch, musical terms from the Italians and philosophical ones from the Germans. French nuance and finesse are everywhere. At every stage, the book is about people and ideas on the move, about invasion, refugees, immigrants, traders, colonists and explorers. This is a huge subject and one that is almost bound to provoke question-marks and explosions in the margins-soon forgotten in the book’s sheer sweep and scale. A balance between straight history and word history is sometimes difficult to strike, though. There is a feeling, occasionally, of being bundled too fast through complex linguistic developments and usages, or of being given interesting slices of history for the sake, after all, of not much more than a “gong” or a “moccasin”. But it is churlish to carp. The author’s zest and grasp are wonderful. He makes you want to check out everything-” carp” and “zest” included. Whatever is hybrid, fluid and unpoliced about English delights him. English has never had its Acad mie Francaise, but over the centuries it has not lacked furious defenders against foreign “corruption”. There have been rearguard actions to preserve its “manly”pre-Norman origins, even to reconstruct it along Anglo-Saxon lines: “wheel- saddle”for bicycle, “painlore”for pathology. But the omnivorous beast is rampant still. More people speak it as their second language than as their first. Forget the language of Shakespeare. It’s “Globish”now, the language of aspiration. No one owns it, a cause for despair to some. Mr. Hitchings admits to wincing occasionally, but almost on principle he is more cheerful than not.
26．According to the text, which of the following is TRUE?
A．Muscle derives from Italian.
B．Chagrin derives from Turkish.
C．Crimson derives from Persian.
D．Sketch derives from German.
正确答案：B
解析：A项muscle可根据the word “muscle”comes from the Latin for “mouse”判断为拉丁语而非意大利语，故A项错误。

B项Chagrin可根据“chagrin”，derived from the Turkish判断为土耳其语，则B项正确。

C项Crimson 根据The Arab etymologies of “saffron”，“crimson”and “sugar”判断为阿拉伯语而非波斯语，故C项错误。

D项Sketch可以根据just as we have “etch”and
“sketch”from the Dutch判断为荷兰语而非德语，故D项错误。

27．What is the trend in the English language that this book emphasizes?
A．The English language is becoming assimilated with other languages.
B．Differences between languages are more and more obvious.
C．The English language is always absorbing words from other languages and turning them into its own.
D．The English language is gradually losing its linguistic vitality.
正确答案：C
解析：本题根据第二段中的一句话作答，即That is an extra pleasure in a book which is really about the way the English language has roamed the world helping itself liberally to words，absorbing them，forgetting where they came from，and moving on with an ever-growing load of exotics，crossbreeds and subtly shaded near-synonyms．，说的是英语在使其自身不断自由地转变、吸收外来词，忘却来源，演变为不断新增的外来词汇，并且和外来词互相交汇，以至于变为极为相似的同义词。

那么再看选项，A是英语正在与其他语言同化，B是语言之间的区别正愈加明显，C是英语吸收其他语言的词汇并收为己用，D是英语正在失去其活力。

综合判断，可以得出C项正确。

28．Why does the author quote the paintings by Giuseppe Arcimboldo?
A．Language is like vegetables and fruits.
B．Language is composed of various colourful elements.
C．Language can be seen as various pictures.
D．Most words in languages have their origins in vegetables or fruits.
正确答案：B
解析：本题需要回到原句Looked at closely，the language comes apart in images，like those strange paintings by Giuseppe Arcimboldo where heads are made of fruit and vegetables，该句是说“仔细看的话，会发现语言的组成是千姿百态的，就像是阿奇姆波尔多那些奇怪的画一样，画中人物的头都是由水果和蔬菜组成的”。

其强调的应该是语言组成部分的丰富多彩。

因此再结合选项，A项据常识判断明显错误，B项符合句意，C项说语言被视为图画，也不正确，D项文中未提及，依常识判断也是错误的。

29．Which of the following may NOT be the reason of language integration according to the text?
A．Cultural communication.
B．International trades.
C．Colonism, emigration and immigration.
D．Internal motivation of languages.
正确答案：D
解析：本题可以参照第三段最后一句，At every stage，the book is about people
and ideas on the move，about invasion，refugees，immigrants，traders，colonists and explorers．。

ABC项的内容在这里都有所体现，但D项的语言内在动力却没有在文中说明，故选择D项。

30．According to the text, what does “Acad mie Francaise” refer to?
A．An institute that aims at protecting the purity of language.
B．An institute established by France to promote French education in the world.
C．An institute of France that have all the renowned scholars in France.
D．An institute of higher education in France, especially famous for its authentic language education.
正确答案：A
解析：本题需要结合全文理解。

首先整篇文章讲的是英语中外来词汇的问题，再看Acad6mie Francaise之后的一句：but over the centuries it has not lacked furious defenders against foreign “corruption”，从不缺乏愤怒的捍卫者抵抗外来的“腐蚀”。

从逻辑上推断，Acad6mie Francaise至少和这个defender应该起着相似的作用。

再结合选项，可以选出A项。

Yamato, the ancient name of Japan, essentially means “big harmony”. To achieve such balance, Japanese society has refined a plethora of cultural traits: humility, loyalty, respect and consensus. In the field of business, however, this often results in a lack of leaders who are willing to stand out from the crowd, promote themselves and act decisively. “The nail that sticks up gets hammered down”is a common Japanese refrain; “the hawk with talent hides his talons” is another. Whereas American and European bosses like to appear on the covers of global business magazines, their Japanese counterparts are comfortable in their obscurity. Business in Japan is generally run as a group endeavor. Such democratic virtues served the country well in the post-war period. But today they hold too many Japanese firms back. Japan boasts some of the best companies in the world: Toyota, Canon and Nintendo are the envy of their industries. But they operate on a global scale and have tentatively embraced some unconsensual American methods. In much of the Japanese economy-especially its huge domestic services sector-managers are in something of a funk. Firms do not give promising youngsters responsibility early on, but allocate jobs by age. Unnecessarily long working hours are the norm, sapping productivity. And there are few women and foreigners in senior roles, which narrows the talent pool. So how pleasing it is to be able to report the success of a business leader who breaks the mould. Young, dynamic and clever, he is not afraid to push aside old, conservative know- nothings. He disdains corporate politics and promotes people based on merit rather than seniority. He can make mistakes (he got involved in a questionable takeover-defence scheme), but he is wildly popular with salarymen: his every move is chronicled weekly. In June he was given the top job at one of Japan’s biggest firms. Kosaku Shima of Hatsushiba Goyo Holdings has only one serious shortcoming: he is not a real person, but a manga, or cartoon, character. For many critics of Japan, that says it all: Mr. Shima could exist only in fiction. In fact there is room for the country’s
managers and even its politicians to learn from him. Most of the lessons are for Japan’s managers. At present, bosses rarely say what they think because it might disrupt the harmony, or be seen as immodest. Their subordinates are reluctant to challenge ideas because that would cause the boss to lose face. So daft strategies fester rather than getting culled quickly. There is little risk-taking or initiative. The crux of the problem is Japanese companies’culture of consensus-based decision-making. Called nemawashi ( literally, “going around the roots”) or ringi ( bottom-up decisions), it helped to establish an egalitarian workplace. In the 1980s Western management consultants cooed that it was the source of Japan’s competitive strength. Sometimes it can be, as in periods of crisis when an entire firm needs to accept new marching orders quickly. But most of the time it strangles a company. Relying on consensus means that decisions are made slowly, if at all. With so many people to please, the result is often a mediocre morass of compromises. And with so many hands involved, there is no accountability; no reason for individuals to excel; no sanction against bad decisions so that there are fewer of them in future. Of course, sometimes the consensus of the Japanese workplace is just a veneer and decisions are still made from on high. But then why persist with the pretence, particularly if it drains a company’s efficiency?
31．What does “their Japanese counterparts are comfortable in their obscurity”in the first paragraph mean?
A．Japanese bosses are more inclined to direct a group endeavor rather than personal accomplishment.
B．Japanese bosses often do not like to appear on magazine covers.
C．It is rather hard to get close to Japanese bosses.
D．Japanese bosses’ images are often obscure in people’s eyes.
正确答案：A
解析：需要将Whereas American and European bosses like to appear on the covers of global business magazines，their Japanese counterparts are comfortable in their obscurity这一句总体来看，是说日本商人不同于欧美商人那样喜欢在全球商业杂志封面上一展英姿，也就是说日本商人不愿意突出个人色彩。

那么结合选项，A是更加倚重团队努力，B是不喜欢上杂志封面，C是日本商人很难接近，D是人们对日本商人的印象很模糊。

可以判断A项为正确答案。

32．Which of the following is not the fault caused by consensual Japanese method according to the text?
A．Jobs are allocated by age.
B．People all work unnecessary long hours,
C．Female and foreign senior roles are scarcely seen.
D．Many Japanese firms are operating on a global scale.
正确答案：D
解析：A项按年龄分配工作，文中对应的是Firms do not give promising youngsters responsibility early on，but allocate jobs by age．，故A正确。

B项是加班过多，对应Unnecessarily long working hours are the norm，故B正确。

C项是高级职员中外国人和女性比较少，对应And there are few women and foreigners in senior roles，which narrows the talent pool，故C正确。

D项是日本公司都是发展为世界级的，文中也有提及，但这并非所带来的坏处而是好处，故选择D项。

33．Why do the critics say Mr. Kosaku Shima could only exist in fiction?
A．He is a cartoon figure.
B．His way of managing a company breaks all the existing norms of Japanese business circle.
C．Many managers are afraid that his existence will disrupt the existing harmony.
D．People cannot learn from his way of operating a company.
正确答案：B
解析：首先需要看准这一句Kosaku Shima of Hatsushiba Goyo Holdings has only one serious shortcoming：he is not a real person，but a manga，or cartoon，character，这也是与选项A对应的，但再顾及前面所说的他不同常规的做法之后，可以看出，这个是卡通人物仅仅是一个表面原因，更深层次的原因在于他打破了几乎所有的行规，故B项原因更为根本。

34．Which of the following best illustrates the meaning of nemawashi?
A．An important decision is made by the boss himself.
B．An important decision is made by the boss and senior managers.
C．An important decision is made by all the salarymen in the company.
D．An important decision is made by the boss with the points of view of all the members being directed into consensus.
正确答案：D
解析：关键点在于这两句The crux of the problem is Japanese companies’culture of consensus-based decision-making．Called nemawashi(literally，“going around the roots”)or ringi (bottom-up decisions)，it helped to establish an egalitarian workplace。

根据前后文判断，重点是“consensus-based decision-making”(共识决策)和“bottom-up decisions”(自下而上的决策)。

结合选项，可以判断出答案为D 项。

35．What is author’s opinion on the consensus of Japanese workplace?
A．It helps companies accept new marching orders quickly.
B．It helps companies make decisions more rationally and effectively.
C．It drains companies’ effectiveness already.
D．It is a unique sign of Japanese enterprise culture.
正确答案：C
解析：了解作者的观点一般可以看文章的最后一句。

本文的最后一句是But
then why persist with the pretence，particularly if it drains a company’s efficiency?(此种做法已是妨碍了公司效率，又为什么要自欺欺人?)，可以看出作者认为它已经拖累了公司的效率。

再结合选项，A项没有论及；B项可能是正确的，但这并非作者的观点；C项与句子对应；D项是事实，但是并不是作者观点。

故选择C。

The Southdale shopping centre in Minnesota has an atrium, a food court, fountains and acres of parking. Its shops include a Dairy Queen, a Victoria’s Secret and a purveyor of comic T-shirts. It may not seem like a landmark, as important to architectural history as the Louvre or New York’s Woolworth Building. But it is. “oh, my god!” chimes a group of teenage girls, on learning that they are standing in the world’s first true shopping mall. “That is the coolest thing anybody has said to us all day. “In the past half century Southdale and its many imitators have transformed shopping habits, urban economies and teenage speech. America now has some 1,100 enclosed shopping malls, according to the International Council of Shopping Centres. Clones have appeared from Chennai to Martinique. Yet the mall’s story is far from triumphal. Invented by a European socialist who hated cars and came to deride his own creation, it has a murky future. While malls continue to multiply outside America, they are gradually dying in the country that pioneered them. Southdale’s creator arrived in America as a refugee from Nazi-occupied Vienna. Victor Gruen was a Jewish bohemian who began to design shops for fellow immigrants in New York after failing in cabaret theatre. His work was admired partly for its uncluttered, modernist look, which seemed revolutionary in 1930s America. But Gruen’s secret was the way he used arcades and eye-level display cases to lure customers into stores almost against their will. As a critic complained, his shops were like mousetraps. A few years later the same would be said of his shopping malls. By the 1940s department stores were already moving to the suburbs. Some had begun to build adjacent strips of shops, which they filled with boutiques in an attempt to re-create urban shopping districts. In 1947 a shopping centre opened in Los Angeles featuring two department stores, a cluster of small shops and a large car park. It was, in effect, an outdoor shopping mall. Fine for balmy southern California, perhaps, but not for Minnesota’s harsh climate. Commissioned to build a shopping centre at Southdale in 1956, Gruen threw a roof over the structure and installed an air-conditioning system to keep the temperature at 75°F (24℃)—which a contemporary press release called “Eternal Spring”. The mall was born. Gruen got an extraordinary number of things right first time. He built a sloping road around the perimeter of the mall, so that half of the shoppers entered on the ground floor and half on the first floor-something that became a standard feature of malls. Southdale’s balconies were low, so that shoppers could see the shops on the floor above or below them. The car park had animal signs to help shoppers remember the way back to their vehicles. It was as though Orville and Wilbur Wright had not just discovered powered flight but had built a plane with tray tables and a duty-free service.
36．According to the text, which of the following is TRUE?
A．Southdale will be closed soon.
B．Shopping malls are flourishing all over the world.
C．After long time of prosperity, shopping malls in US is gradually declining.
D．Shopping mall is an American creation.
正确答案：C
解析：A项Southdale很快会关闭，文中并未提及，故错误。

B项购物中心在全世界流行，请注意文中这一句“While malls continue to multiply outside America，they are gradually dying in the country that pioneered them”，可以看出在美国并非如此，故B错误。

C项说美国的购物中心正在衰落，这与前面那一句话对应，故正确。

D项说购物中心是美国人发明的，注意文中这一句“Invented by a European socialist”，故D错误。

37．Which of the following is not the impact that shopping malls exert on daily life in US?
A．People’s shopping habits have been largely transformed.
B．Urban economy has been boosted and thus operated on large scale.
C．A new pop culture has been fostered by shopping malls.
D．Shopping malls completely replaced traditional groceries and alike.
正确答案：D
解析：本题关键在于“In the past half century Southdale and its many imitators have transformed shopping habits，urban economies and teenage speech”这一句，再结合选项，A是购物习惯，B是城市经济，C是年轻人口头禅，分别与句子对应，而D是说完全取代了之前的杂货店，文中并未提及，故答案为D。

38．Why did critics complain that Gruen’s “shops were like mousetraps”?
A．Gruen designed his shops in a way capable of luring customers in.
B．Gruen designed his shops with an appearance of mousetrap.
C．Gruen’s shops were famous for the mousetraps they sold.
D．Gruen’s shops sold things much more expensive than that of other ones.
正确答案：A
解析：关键点在于这一句“But Gruen’s secret was the way he used arcades and eye-level display cases to lure customers into stores almost against their will”，通过多个拱廊和平视展示柜引诱消费者进店，可以看出选项中A项最为契合。

B项说外形像老鼠夹，C项说卖老鼠夹而出名，D项说卖的东西比别家贵，这在文中都没有相关的对应语句。

39．Which of the following is not the extraordinary thing Gruen got for the first time?
A．Sloping road around the perimeter of the mall.
B．Free shipping services.
C．Low balconies of the shops.。