《英语语言学概论》配套习题(三)(填空题)

《英语语言学概论》配套习题（三）（填空题）
Chapter 1 Introduction to Linguistics
nguage, broadly speaking, is a means of _________ communicaiton.
2.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be
combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ___________.
nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This
function is _______.
4.Linguistics is the scientific study of ______.
5.Modern linguistcs is _________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover
what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.
6.The description of a language as it changes through time is a _______ study.
7.Saussure put forward two important concepts. _________ refrs to the abstract
linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
8.Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s _______. Chapter 2 Phonology
1.__________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the
sounds of speech.
2.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.
These movemnts have an effect on the ______ coming from the lungs.
3.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are
brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing ______.
4.The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _____ and the lips.
5.consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without _______.
6.In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of
the two phonemes /f/-/v/. This is an example for illustrating ________.
7.In English there are a number of ______, which are produced by moving from one
vowel position to another through intervening positions.
8.________ is the smallest linguistic unit.
Chapter 3 Morphology
1.Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ______ and ______ root.
2.An _________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an ________ is pronounced as
a word.
3.Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _______.
4.All words may be said to contain a root ________.
5.______ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.
6.________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its
inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa. 7.words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _______
level.
8. A word formed by derivation is called a _______, and a word formed by
compounding is called a ________.
Chapter 4 Syntax
1. A _________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of
words to form a complete statement, question or command.
2.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _____ rules, whose
operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.
3. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands
strucutrally alone is known as a ______ clause.
4.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is
commonly termed ________ structure.
5._______ construciton refers to two or more words, phrases or clauses having
quivalent syntactic status.
6.IC analysis emphasizes the _____ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of
word groups first.
7.XP may contain more than just X. e.g. the “NP”the girl who is watering the
flowers” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the ____, N the head, and s the complement.
8._____ relaitons refers to the strucutreal and logical funcitonal relations between
every noun phrase and sentence.
Chapter 5 Semantics
1._________ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
2.“Charge” and “accuse” are said to be _____ synonyms.
3._______ opposites may be een in terms of degrees of quality involved.
4.Predication analysis is to break down predicaitons into their constituents:_____
and _____.
5.______ sentences express judgment.
6.we call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as ______.
7.We call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as ______.
8.The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _____.
Chapter 6 Pragmatics
1.In making conversation, the genral principle that all participants are expected to
observe is called the ______ Principle proposed by J. Grice.
2. A ____ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying
literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
3._______ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
4.______ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some
future course of action.
5. A _____ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.
6.________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect
successful communication.
7._________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were
not verifiable.
8.All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same
______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.
Chapter 8 Language and Society
1. A speech _________ is a group of people who share the same language or a
particular variety of language.
2.
3.The ______ language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.
4. A _________ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a
native language in some speech community.
5. A linguistic ________ refer to a word or expression that is prohibited by the
“polite” society from general use.
6.Taboo and ______ are two faces of the same communication coin.
7.Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on _______.
8.In terms of sociolinguistics, ________ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a
person’s language.
9.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more
than one language. As a characteristic of societies, ________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.
Chapter 10-11 Language Acquisition
1.In learning a second language, a learner will subconsciously use his L1 knowledge.
This process is called lanugage _______.
2.Such errors as “teached” and “womans” are caused by _____.
3.The __ of the learner’s interlanguage is believed to be a major source of incorrect
forms resistant to further instruction.
4.In second language learning, instrucmental motivation occurs when the learner;s
goal is functional, and _____ motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.
5.The description of a language development at some point in time is _____ study.
6.______ holds that where two languages are similar, positive transfer would occur;
where they are diffferent, negative transfer, or interference, would result.
7._________ Denativization an d____ are both thought to be the causes for the
interlanguage variation.
8.____ holds L1 can be viewed as a kind of “input from the inside”, thus transfer is
not “interference” but a cognitive preocess.
Chapter 12 Language and Brain
1.The localization of cognitive and perceptual function in a particular hemisphere of
the brain is called ___________.
2.The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the
______ cortex.
3.Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve
cells called _________.
4.Psychological research suggests that the two hemispheres difer in the manner in
which they treat incoming stimuli, the right hemisphere processing stimuli ______ (as wholes) and the left _____ (by parts).
5.The acts of comprehending and producing language are performed within the
constraints of our information processing system. This system consists of three structural components: sensory stores, _____ memory, and ______ memory, along with a set of contro processes that govern the flow of information within the system.
6.Of particualr importance to speech and language funciton is the massive
transverse fiber tract called the _____, by means of which the two hemispheres are able to communicate with each other in the form of electrical impulses.
7.When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may
regard thought as “_________ speech,” and speech as “over thought.” In such a case speaking and thingking take place simultaneously.
8.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: linguistic ______ and linguistic
____________.。