毕业设计外文翻译齿轮

Gears are vital factors in machinery. One of the first mechanism invented using gears was the clocks. In fact, a clock is little more than a train of study and research have been made on gears in recent years because of their wide use under exacting conditions. They have to transmit heavier loads and run at higher speeds than ever before. The engineers and the machinists all consider gearing the prime element
in nearly all classes of machinery.
齿轮在机械中占有极为重要的作用。

第一个利用齿轮做成的机械装置确实是钟表，事实上，它只只是是用了一系列的齿轮。

关于它能够在严格的条件下的普遍利用，在齿轮上做了大量的学习和研究。

相较过去，它们此刻必需在更高的速度下传递更重的负荷。

工程师和机械操纵工人都以为齿轮在几乎所有的机械的零件中占有首要的因素。

1. Spur gears
Spur gears are used to transmit power and rotary motion between parallel shafts. The teeth are cut parallel to the axis of the shaft on which the gears are mounted. The smaller of two gears in mesh is called the pinion and the larger is customarily Designated as the gear. In most applications, the pinion is the driving element whereas the gear is the driven element.
1.直齿圆柱齿轮
直齿圆柱齿轮用于平行轴之间传递力和回转运动，轮齿被切制成与安装齿轮的轴之轴线相平行。

两啮合齿轮中较小的叫小齿轮，大的适应上叫齿轮，在大多数情形下，小齿轮是主动轮，大齿轮叫从动轮。

2. Helical gears
Helical gears have certain advantages, for example, when connecting parallel shafts they have a higher load-carrying capacity than spur gear with the same tooth numbers and cut with the same cutter.
2．斜齿圆柱齿轮
斜齿圆柱齿轮具有特定的优势，比如，当连接平行轴的用相同刀具切削出来的并齿数相同的斜齿轮比直齿轮具有较高的承载能力。

斜齿轮也能用于连接彼此成任意角度的非平行轴。

Helical gears can also be used to connect nonparallel , non-intersecting shafts
at any angle to one another.
斜齿轮也能用于连接彼此成任意角度的非平行轴。

The maximum gear ratio obtainable with a single pair of gears varies with the type of gear and the application. The following are approximate maxim a for the various type for average load conditions: spur, 8; parallel-shaft helical, 10; straight bevel , 6; spiral bevel, 8;hypoid , 12; and worm , 80. For lightly loaded, instrument, and positioning gears, these rations can be exceeded. Rations as high as 400 or higher can be obtained with gears that resemble tapered worms meshing with hypoid gear. For heavily loaded gear, the given rations may be so high that a reasonable gear size precludes a satisfactory pinion.
一对齿轮能取得的最大传动比随齿轮类型和应用的转变而转变，以下是各类类型的齿轮的平均载荷条件的近似最大化，直齿是8，平行轴斜齿轮是10，直齿锥齿是6，曲线齿锥齿轮8，准双曲面12，蜗轮蜗杆8，关于轻载荷和定位齿轮这些传动比被超出，类似于成锥形的蜗轮蜗杆，和准双曲面齿轮能够取得的传动比高达400 或更高，如此高以至于00 的齿轮尺寸不可能令人中意。

Since the ratio in a single pair of gears is the quotient of the tooth number, and since there usually are limitations on both the minimum and maximum numbers of teeth on the available gears,it follows that the number of ratios obtainable in a single pair is limited. To enlarge the coverage it is necessary to use multiple pairs, or trains. The overall speed ratio in a train is the product of the ratios in each pair. In certain cases an exact ratio cannot be obtained with gears, but by using two or more parts, the desired ratio can be approximated to any degree of precision.
一对齿轮的传动比齿数的商，它们一般是限制在有效齿轮的最大和最小齿数之间，因此，一对齿轮取得的传动比是受限制的，为了扩大范围，用多级齿轮副或系列是必要的，在一个系列中，总速比是每对齿轮产生的传动比。

As a convenience for machine builders and users, packaged speed reducers, following an industry-accepted pattern , are manufactured in a wide variety of types,configurations , speed ratios, and capacities; these consist of a box or housing containing bearings, shafts, lubricant and shaft oil seals. Speed increasers are usually custom build.
在某种情形下，一个确切的传动比不能由齿轮副取得，可是用两对或更多对时，要求的传动比能达到精准品级，为了对机械制造者和利用者方便起见，各类束装式减速器，依照工业通用的试样被大量的多样化的类型的组合的速度比的生产制造，这些由箱子组成或给含有轴承轴润滑剂和轴油封装外罩增速器通常被定别。

All speed reducers when operating continuously become hot because of friction in the teeth, in the lubricant, in the bearings, and in the oil seals. If the heat is generated at a faster rate than it can be dissipated to the atmosphere, the lubricant may deteriorate and the gear or bearing fail.
所有的减速器当被持续利历时，由于轮齿在润滑剂轴承和油封件的摩擦会变热，若是热量的产生在空气中散逸的速度还快的话，润滑剂不能损坏，而且轴承和齿轮失效。

Worm gear sets are widely used because of the many advantages obtained by their tooth action and load carrying capacity. A large speed reduction or a high increase of
torque can be attained with the worm gear set. Compactness of design is easy to obtain with such a combination, Worm gear drives are quiet and vibration free.
蜗轮装置由于啮合作用和传递载荷能力取得的许多优势而被普遍应用，大量转矩的减速或增速装置由蜗轮装置完成，设计的紧凑，用如此一个结合体是容易患到的，蜗轮是平稳且无振动的。

A worm gear set consists of the worm, which is very similar to a screw, and the worm gear, which is a helical gear. The shafts upon which the worm and the gear are mounted are usually at right angels but not in the same plane. The usual practice is to have the worm drive the worm gear. With same ratios, it is possible to have a gear driver the worm. However, with large ratios, it is impossible for the gear to drive the worm.
一个蜗轮装置由蜗杆——超级类似于螺丝和蜗轮——一个斜齿轮组成的，安装蜗杆和蜗轮的轴通常彼此垂直而不在同一平面中，通常适应上使蜗杆驱动蜗轮。

小的传动比，使一个齿轮驱动蜗杆是有可能的，可是，大的传动比，使一个齿轮驱动蜗杆是不可能的。

The worm can be made with either right-hand or left-hand thread. Also, like a screw, it can be made with single, double, triple, or quadruple thread. A single-thread worm advances the worm gear a distance equal to pitch for each complete worm rotation. The
distance advanced is called the lead. Thus, the pitch equals the lead for a single thread. A double-threaded worm has a lead which is twice the pitch.
蜗杆能够被制成右螺纹或左螺纹，一样像螺丝一样，蜗杆能够被制成单、双螺纹，三重或四重螺纹，单螺纹的蜗杆推动蜗轮等节距前进来完成每一个完整的蜗杆转动，间距的推动称为节距。

因此节距等于单螺纹的螺距，双螺纹的蜗杆螺距是两倍的节距。

The geometry of a worm is similar to that of a power screw. Rotation of the worm simulates a linearly advancing involute rack The geometry of worm gear(sometimes called a worm wheel) is similar to that of a helical gear, except that the teeth are curved to envelop the worm. Sometimes the worm is modified to envelop the gear. This gives a greater area of contact, but requires extremely precise mounting.
蜗杆的几何形状类似于机械螺纹，蜗杆的转动与一个渐开线导轨直线移动是相仿的。

蜗轮几何形状（有时被称为蜗轮）类似于斜齿轮，除包围在蜗轮上的齿是弯曲的之外。

有时把蜗杆齿制成包裹在蜗轮，这就提供了更大的接触面积，但安装精度要求更高了。

A rotary cam is part on a machine which mechanically changes cylindrical motion to straight-line motion. The cam, which is mounted on a shaft, is usually driven by a motor either applied directly to the cam shaft or connected by pulleys or
gears. The purpose of a cam is to transmit various kinds of motions to other parts of a machine.
一个转动的凸轮是机械的一部份，也确实是用机械的方式使回转运动变成直线运动。

凸轮被安装在轴上通常由直接用到凸轮轴或是由皮带轮或齿轮联结成的任一
原动力驱动。

凸轮的目的是传递各类各样的运动到机械的其他部份。

Practically every cam must be designed and manufactured to fit special requirements. Though each cam appears to be quite different from the other, all the cams work in a similar ways. In each case, as the cam is rotated or turned, another part in contact with the cam, called a follower, is moved either left and right, up and down, or in and out. The follower is usually connected to other parts on the machine to accomplish the desired action. The direction the follower move depends upon the position of the framework which attaches the cam and follower to the machine. If the
follower loses contact with the cam, it will fail to work.
几乎每一个凸轮必需被设计和制造以适合特殊的要求，尽管每一个凸轮显现的十分不同于其他凸轮。

可是所有的凸轮都以类似的方式工作。

在任何情形下，与凸轮转动或旋转时，与凸轮接触的另一部份成为从动件，向左或向右，向上或向下，向里或向外移动。

从动件通常联结机械的其他部份以完成要求的运动，从动件运动的方向取决于结构的位置也确实是在机械中联结凸轮和从动轮。

若是从动件与凸轮不接触，它将不能工作。

The faster the cam turns, the more rapid is the motion of the follower. The motion of the follower caused by rotating the cam is exactly the same for each complete turn of the cam.
凸轮旋转越快，从动轮的运动越迅速，从动件的运动是由凸轮转动致使的而且这种运动与每一个凸轮整个旋转运动是正好相反。

Belt drives offer a maximum of versatility as power transmission elements. They allow the designer considerable flexibility in location of driver and driven machinery,and
tolerances are not critical as is the case with gear drives. Another advantage of belt drives is that they reduce vibration and shock transmission. Furthermore, belt drives are relatively quiet.
皮带传动装置作为传递动力的元件用途极广。

这种装置使设计人员在确信主动机械与从动机械的位置时有相当大的灵活性，而且公差要求也不像齿轮传动装置那样严格。

皮带传动另一个优势是能够减少振动及其传播。

不仅如此，皮带传动噪声也比较小。

Large flat leather belts were in general use many years ago, when the usual practice was to use one large engine to driver several different pieces of machinery. Some leather belts are in use at this time as well as flat steel, rubber, plastic, and fabric belts. Light, thin flat belts are practical on high speed machinery where vibration may be a problem
用皮革制成的大的平皮带在许连年前曾用得很普遍，那时，一般是用一台大功率的发动机驱动好几台不同的机械。

此刻，除平钢带、橡皮带、塑料带和布带外，一些皮革做的皮带还在利用。

轻质薄型平皮带在高速机械上很有效，因为那个地址振动可能是一个问题。

V belts are probably the most common means of transmitting power between electric motor and driven machinery. Conventional V belts are made of rubber. Most often, both driver and driven pulleys lie in the same vertical plane, and the speed ration is constant.
三角皮带可能是在电动机与从动机械之间传递动力的最为一般的手腕。

一般的三角皮带用橡皮制造。

通常，主动轮与从动轮位于同一个垂直面上，速比是恒定的。

Smooth flat belt and V belts depend on friction on the pulleys and some slippage is Inherent in their operation. Therefore, speed ratios are not precise. Most heavy duty
pulleys are made of cast iron or formed steel.
平皮带和三角皮带依托在皮带轮上的摩擦进行传动，因此在传动中老是有一些滑动，因此，速比就不精准。

大多数大的皮带轮是用铸铁和型钢制造的。

Note that the capacity of the belt drive is determined by the angle of wrap on the smaller pulley, and that this is particularly critical for drives involving pullets of greatly differing size,special closely together.
Screws have been used as fasteners for a long time . As indicated in the section on single machine, a screw acts with a wedging action and consists of a circular cylinder (or truncated cone) with a helical Groove in it. When used for fastening, all screws are provided with means for applying a torque(twisting moment) to them; this may consist of a square of hexagonal head for a wrench, a head with a slot or a cross-shaped recess for a screwdriver, a cylindrical head with a recess fitting a special wrench, or a slot or recess on one end fitting a screwdriver or special wrench and no head.
螺钉已经被用来作为一种长期有效的紧固件。

如本章的机床剖视图，螺钉的功能类似于一种楔紧作用，由具有螺纹的圆柱体（或圆锥体）组成。

当用于固定作历时，所有的螺钉都提供了一种施加扭矩的方式，这些方式有效于扳手的等边六角形，用于改锥的一字槽或十字槽，用于配合特殊扳手的圆头凹槽，或乃至没有螺钉头但配合特殊改锥或特殊扳手的槽或凹坑。

Screws with screwdriver slots have heads of several shapes, such as flat, oval round, and fillister(cylindrical with a round top). Wood screws are tapered, and self-tapping screws have tapered ends and a variety of special points. The latter are usually hardened and cut or form a mating internal thread when screwed into the proper size
with hexagonal heads are usually known as cap screws . Screws with other types of heads are also known as cap screws in the larger sizes and as machine screws in the small sizes. All of these screws are used to clamp machine parts together when one of the parts has an internal thread. If neither part is threaded ，a bolt must be used: this consist of screw with a hexagonal head, a Nut (hexagonal ring with an internal thread), and usually a washer(flat 扁ring).
带有六角形顶端的螺钉通常称为有头螺钉。

这种螺钉用于当零件之一有内螺纹时把机械的零件加紧在一路。

若是零件上未切出螺纹，那么必需利用螺栓。

螺栓由带有六角形顶端的螺钉、螺母（是一个有内螺纹的六角环）、通常还有一个垫圈组成。

In operation, shafts are subjected to a shearing stress , whose magnitude depends on the torque and the dimensions of the cross section. This stress is a measure of the resistance that the shaft material offers to the applied torque. All shafts that transmit a torque are subjected to torsional shearing stress .
轴在转动时经受剪应力，其大小取决于扭转和断面的尺寸。

那个剪应力是轴的材料对作用扭矩所产生的抗力的一种量度。

所有传递扭矩的轴都经受扭转剪应力。

In addition to the shearing stresses, twisted 扭曲shafts are also subjected to shearing distortions. The distorted state is usually defined by the angle of twist per unit length, ., the rotation of one cross section of a shaft relative to another cross section at a unit distance from it.
轴的某一截面相关于距离一个单位长度的另一截面的旋转角度。

除剪应力之外，传递扭转的轴还会产生剪切变形。

扭转的状态通经常使用每单位长度的扭转角来
表示，
即用轴的某一截面所转过的角度来表示。

A coupling is a device for connecting the ends of adjacent shafts. In machine construction, couplings are used to effect a semipermanent connection between adjacent rotating shafts. The connection is permanent in the sense that it is not meant to be broken during the useful life of the machine, but it can be broken and restored in an emergency or when worn parts are replaced.
联轴器是一种联接两根相邻轴结尾的装置。

机械构件中，联轴器能够用来实现相邻两根旋转轴的半永久性联接。

在机械的正常利用周期内，联轴器通常没必要拆开，在那个意义上能够说联轴器的联接是永久性的，而在紧急情形下或需要改换已磨损的零件时，可先把联轴器拆开并从头联接上。

There are several types of shaft couplings; their characteristics depend on the purpose for which they are used. If an exceptionally long shaft is required for a line shaft in a manufacturing plant or a propeller\shaft on a ship, it is made in sections that are coupled together with rigid couplings. A common type of rigid coupling consists of two mating radial flanges(disks) that are attached by key-driven hubs to the ends of adjacent shaft sections and bolted together through the flanges to form a rigid connection. Alignment of the connected shafts is usually effected by means of a rabbet joint on the face of the flanges, ., a short cylindrical projection on the face of one flange fits snugly in a circular recess on the face of the other flange。

联轴器有几种类型，其特性随其用途而定。

若是制造厂中或船舶的螺旋桨需要一根专门长的轴时，能够分段制造，然后采纳刚性联轴器将这些轴联接起来。

经常
使用的刚性联轴器包括两个匹配的径向法兰（盘），他们是通过靠键传动的轮毂来连接到相邻两轴的两头，然后用螺栓穿过法兰联接起来形成了刚性联接。

彼此联接的两轴是靠法兰面上的槽口来对准的，也确实是说，在其中一个法兰面上的短圆柱上的凸起部份与另一个法兰面上的圆形凹进部份彼此紧贴。

In connecting shafts belonging to separate devices (such as an electric motor and a gear-box), precise aligning of the shafts is difficult and a flexible coupling is used. This coupling connects the shafts in such a way as to minimize the harmful effects of shaft couplings also permit the shafts to deflect under their separate systems of loads and to move freely (float) in the axial direction without interfering with one another. Flexible couplings can also serve to reduce the intensity of shock loads and vibrations transmitted from one shaft to another.
在把两个属于不同设备（如电机和变速箱）的轴联接起来时，要把这些轴精准对准是很困难的，因此能够采纳弹性联轴器。

采纳这种联轴器联接两轴时，能够把由于轴联接中轴线不重合所造成的损害降到最小。

弹性联轴器还可许诺被联接的轴在各自载荷系统中偏斜和在轴向上自由移动（浮动），而不彼此干扰。

弹性联轴器还能用来减小从一根轴传到另一根轴的冲击载荷和振动强度。

A clutch is a device for quickly and easily connecting or disconnecting a rotatable shaft and a rotating coaxial[kEu5AksEl] shaft. Clutches are usually placed between the input shaft to a machine and the output shaft from the driving motor, and provide a convenient means for starting and stopping the machine and permitting the driver motor or engine to be started in an Unloaded state.
聚散器是一个用来使从动轴与位于同一轴线上的主动轴进行快速和顺利的联接
或脱开的装置。

聚散器通常位于机械的输入轴和驱动电机的输出轴之间，以提供一个方便地启动和停止机械的手腕，并使得
驱动电机或发动机在无荷载的状态下启动。

The rotor (rotating member) in an electric motor has rotational inertia, and a torque is required to bring it up to speed when the motor is started. If the motor shaft is rigidly connected to a load with a large rotational inertia, and the motor is started suddenly by closing a switch, the motor may not have sufficient torque capacity to bring the motor shaft up to speed before the windings in motor are burned out by the excessive current demands. A clutch between the motor and the load shafts will restrict the starting torque on the motor to that required to accelerate the rotor and parts of the clutch only.
电机中的转子有转动惯量，当电机启动时需要一个转矩带动其运转。

若是电动机的轴与具有专门大转动惯量的负载刚性地联接在一路，当合上开关使电动机突然启动时，有可能在电动机没有来得及产生足够的扭矩，使电动机的轴达到应有的转速之前，电动机内的线圈就会因为过大的电流而被烧毁。

电机和负载轴之间的聚散器会限制电机的启动转矩只到所需要的加速转子和聚散器部件的数值。

On some machine tools, it is convenient to let the driving motor run continuously and to start and stop the machine by operating a clutch. Other machine tools receive the power from belts driven by pulleys on intermediate shafts that are themselves driven by belts from long line shafts that
serve a group of machine. Two pulleys that can be connected to the intermediate shaft by clutches, and driven in opposite directions by open and crossed belts from the line shaft, can provide forward and reverse rotation for the machine.
在某些机床上，通过操作聚散器使驱动电机持续运转、启动和停止是超级方便的。

其他机床上，机床是通过皮带取得动力，这些皮带是由中间轴上的滑轮来驱动，而中间轴又是通过总轴上的皮带来驱动，驱动这些中间轴的总轴同时还驱动其他的机械。

两个滑轮能够通过聚散器联接到中间轴上，通过总轴的开口式或交叉式皮带驱动使得两滑轮以相反的方向转动，同时还能为机床提供正向和反向转动。

Basically, brakes are devices for controlling the flow of motion in machine, and in this respect they resemble clutches; clutches start the flow while brakes arrest the engagement of a clutch or a brake, one of the two members in the device is moving while the other is stationary; after the engagement of a clutch both members are moving at the same speed,while after the application of a brake the moving member is either slowed down or stationary. In both cases the desired effects are produced by devices that are so alike,structurally, that they can sometimes serve in either capacity.
大体上，制动器是一种操纵机械中运动部件运动状态的装置，在那个方面，它与聚散器类似，聚散器激发运动，而制动器阻止其运动。

在聚散器或制动器啮合之前，连接的两个部件中其中一个在移动而另外一个维持不动，在聚散器啮合后，两个部件就以相同的速度移动，但利用制动器后，移动的部件要么减速下来，要么静止不动。

不论哪一种情形，由制动器或聚散器在结构上产生的成效如此相似，以至于他们有时能够执行任意一种功能。

的。

由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。

具体操作过程如下：
1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；
2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；
3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。

另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。

四大工具：
1、Google翻译：
google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。

我利用它是这样的。

一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。

回到我自己说的翻译上来。

下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧
比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，
首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。

在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。

大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google 里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。

2、CNKI翻译：
CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。

主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。

估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。

网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。

3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：、有道在线翻译：翻译时的速度：
这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，。