饼干制造工艺介绍及饼干分类

饼干制造工艺介绍及饼干分类
饼干的制造工艺及饼干的分类
饼干一词来自打丁语panis bisoctus，指经过两次烘制的面包，也指远自欧洲中世纪以来为船员制作的干面包片。

面团烘烤后在另一个温度较低的烘炉中烘干。

早期的烤炉都烧煤，但是移动式烤炉首先使用过热蒸汽通过管道沿炉长运行进行加热。

最早的一些饼干采取了低脂低糖薄脆饼干的形式。

原料的可和到性及其处理对工业的发展有很大的影响。

在实现简单饼干的机械化生产后不久，装饰和二次加工的机械化也实现了。

1903年产生了最高的巧克力涂层饼干。

饼干在早期用桶或白铁罐包装，食品店再将其分装在纸袋里，因此其新鲜度是一个问题。

后来采用了方便的大小合适的包装，结果销量猛增。

包装薄膜大多用腊纸，防水性不是很好。

包装为手工包装。

饼干生产是食品工业中最早实现机械化的，由于减少了所需劳动力，加快了生产过程，饼干生产有效连续的进步。

根据工艺的特点对饼干的分类有两种方法:首先是以原料的配比来分，有粗饼干、韧性饼干、酥性饼干、甜酥性饼干和发酵(苏打)饼干;第二是以产品的结构和造型来分，有冲印饼干、辊印饼干、辊切饼干、挤压饼干、挤条饼干和挤浆饼干、挤花饼干等。

目前，我国已对饼干分类制定了一个统一的标准，具体分类如下:
一、酥性饼干
以小麦粉、糖、油脂为主要原料，加入膨松剂和其他辅料，经冷粉工艺调粉、辊印或辊切成形，烘焙而成的造型多为凸花;断面结构呈多孔组织，口感疏松的焙烤食品。

酥性饼干配方中的油、糖比较一般为1:(1.35-2)左右，因为其要求有较高的膨胀率，一般应用强力粉。

此类产品与其他产品的区别在于其面团缺乏延伸性和弹性。

小麦粉或其他一些
谷类粉料是主要原料，面团中所含脂肪和糖溶液的数量使面团产生可塑性玫粘结性，形成最少的面筋网络。

酥性配方中脂肪和糖的数量相对较高。

二、韧饼饼干
以小麦粉、糖、油脂为主要原料，加入膨松剂、改良剂及其他辅料，经热粉工
艺调粉，辊压或辊切、冲印成形，烘焙而制成的造型多为凹花;外表光滑、平整;一般有针眼;断面结构有层次、口感松脆的烘焙食品。

韧性饼干配方中的油、糖比较
一般为1:2.5左右，因为其要求有较高的膨胀率，一般应用强力粉。

它们的特征是面团都含有充分扩展的面筋网络，但是随糖和脂肪含量的增加，
面筋的弹性降低，延伸性增加。

口感介于坚硬和脆弱之间。

三、发酵饼干
planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation,
and first built Hou split" of principles, insisted big community planning, and large district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries, optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction, formed new community live building, and
intensive with ground project, and enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years (2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ... Library district all "pick hat" and "five-ten", ... ... All the rural poor out of poverty,
stability to achieve "two worry about three". To accomplish these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A) to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate? ' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household, persons, County, town, and village books, card
以小麦粉、油脂为主要原料，以酵母为膨松剂，加入各种辅料，经调粉、发酵、辊压成形，烘焙而成的松脆且具有发酵制品特有香味的烘焙食品。

四、薄脆饼干
以小麦粉、油脂为主要原料，以酵母为膨松剂，加入各种辅料，经调粉、成形、烘焙而制成的薄脆的烘烤食品。

五、曲奇饼干
以小麦粉、油脂、糖、乳制品为主要原料，加入其他辅料，经调粉并采用挤注、挤条、钢丝切割方法中的一种形式成形、烧焙而制成的具有立体花纹或表面有规则波纹的酥化焙烤食品。

饼干的生产工艺:
饼干生产的基本工艺过程为:
原辅材料的预处理面团调制面团辊轧成型烘烤冷却整理包装入库
但是，各种类型的饼干生产工艺中的配方、工艺、投料顺序与操作方法均有所不同。

一、原辅材料预处理:
将本产品所有和的原辅材料领入车间，过筛后备用;
二、面团的调制
这是比较关键的一步，一般饼干制造工艺中，原料的选择占决定是否成功的50%的因素。

其次，调粉操作占25%，焙烤占20%，而其它辊轧、成型只占5%。

因
为面团的调制不仅决定了成品的风味、口感、外观、形态和色泽，而且还直接关系到下一道工序是否能够正常进行。

1、酥性面团的调制(包括曲奇)
酥性或甜酥性面团俗称冷粉，这种面团要求具有较大程度的可塑性和有限的黏弹性，成
品为酥性饼干。

由于这种饼干的外形是用印模冲印或辊印成浮雕关斑纹，所以不仅要求
面团在轧制成面团时有一定的结合力，以便机器连续操作和不黏辊筒、模型，而且还要
求成品的浮雕式图案清晰。

面筋的形成会使面团弹性和强度增大，可塑性降低，引起成
型饼坯的韧缩变形，而且由于面筋形成的膜会使焙烤过程中表面涨发起泡。

2、韧性面团的特点(包括薄脆)
与酥性相比，韧性面团有如下特点:
A、糖油比较低，调粉时面筋易形成
B、要求产品体积质量较小，口味松脆，即胀发率要大，且组织呈细致的层状
结构
C、因成本的性状要求，加工工艺与酥性不同，如:要经多次压延操作，采用冲印成型 planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation, and first built Hou split" of principles, insisted big community planning, and large district transformation, break administrative
divisions boundaries, optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction, formed new community live building, and
intensive with ground project, and enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years (2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ... Library district all "pick hat" and "five-ten", ... ... All the rural poor out of poverty, stability to achieve "two worry about three". To accomplish these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A) to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate? ' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household, persons, County, town, and village books, card
根据以上特点，韧性面团特点应是:面团的面筋不仅形成充分，要有较强的延
伸性、可塑性，适度的结合力及柔软、光润的性质，强度和弹性不能太大。

三、苏打饼干的调制
在饼干的制作中，有时为了提高发酵的效果，先把一部分面粉和水再加上酵母
和其它添加物调成面团(称为中种)，进行较长时间的发酵。

然后再加进剩余的面粉和辅料，进行正式调粉。

最后进行发酵、整形和饧发。

苏打饼干中多采用这种中种
发酵的方法，目的是为了通过较长时间的静置，使酵母在面团内得到充分的繁殖，以增加面团发酵潜力。

在发酵的同时，野生发酵的代谢产物:乳酸、醋酸及酵母发
酵产生的酒精，会使面团筋溶解和变性。

发酵时产生的二氧化碳使面团体积膨松，而使面筋网络处于伸张状态，当继续膨胀时，面筋网络则因膨胀力超过了它的抗张极限而断裂，使面团又塌陷下去，这种发酵气体的张弛作用也促使面团面筋的性质发生变化，最终使面团弹性降低到理想的程序。

产品执行标准:GB/T 20980(2007)
planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation,
and first built Hou split" of principles, insisted big community planning, and large district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries, optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction, formed new community live building, and
intensive with ground project, and enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years (2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ... Library district all "pick hat" and "five-ten", ... ... All the rural poor out of poverty, stability to achieve "two worry about three". To accomplish these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A) to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General
Secretary noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate? ' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household, persons, County, town, and village books, card
饼干工艺流程图
原料、辅料验收
原料分类入库保管
配方设计调粉2分钟，面粉温度
18-28度
仓库领料
辅料预混
原辅料过筛
调粉
落地料废弃
芝麻、糖、盐等
辊印成型(酥性) 表面处理(撒料机) 辊切成型
剩余面团储存烘烤 200-300度 3.5-4.5分钟
起酥油、糖、香料、色素喷油粉碎
夹心料调制冷却辅送成品料储存
夹心(夹心) 整理返回成品料
包装物料验收称重定量包装
金属探测
装箱
入库
运输销售 planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation, and first built Hou split" of principles, insisted big community planning, and large district transformation, break administrative divisions boundaries, optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction, formed new community live building, and intensive with ground project, and enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief and development work in
this battle the mission objectives for poverty alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years (2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village
and ... ... Library district all "pick hat" and "five-ten", ... ... All the rural poor out of poverty, stability to achieve "two worry about three". To accomplish these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A) to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary noted
that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate? ' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household, persons, County, town, and village books, card planning, and government financing, and whole village relocation,
and first built Hou split" of principles, insisted big community planning, and large district transformation, break administrative
divisions boundaries, optimization town spatial structure, speed up new Community construction, formed new community live building, and
intensive with ground project, and enterprise tax insurance running, and Expand employment and improve people's livelihood shed changed economic chain. The second, on poverty relief and development work in this battle the mission objectives for poverty alleviation in the file are already quite clear, was the previous two years (2016-2017) concentrated hard, three years after (2018-2020), consolidation and improvement, by the end of 2017, the County ... ... A poor village and ... ... Library district all "pick hat" and "five-ten", ... ... All the rural poor out of poverty, stability to achieve "two worry about three". To accomplish these tasks, win the battle for poverty alleviation, the key is to find out the way, selecting the right breakthrough, effectiveness in order to work on. (A) to accurately identify objects for poverty alleviation. XI General Secretary noted that the critical time of poverty lies in precision. How to do accurate? ' first task is to do basic work solid. Total demand is down to village, household, persons, County, town, and village books, card。