Types of Semantic Change(英语词义的变化方式)

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• The names of proper nouns
1. It usually comes from the name of the inventor.
E.g. “shrapnel” was invented by a British general shrapnel.
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2.Someone for the first or find an event to fame, after into a common noun.
• Change : • from negative to positive • from derogatory to appreciative • from neutral to appreciative • from unimportant to important
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Elevation of meaning
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原义
扩展后的意义
1:bribery
给乞丐的残羹剩饭
行贿；受贿
2:economy
家庭料理
经济
3:influence
古代星占学家用来指一种从
影响
强大物质星际降入人间
4:holidays
专指圣诞节、复活节等节日
任何假日
5:sanctuary
圣所、圣殿
避难所、庇护所
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2:Specialization(词义的缩小)
E.g. “sandwich” was derived from a count.
In order to save the time of gambling, he used a piece of meat to eat bread clip.
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3.A famous figure in the novel, as a result of the obvious characteristics of the person referred to the general.
A lot of common nouns are evolved from proper nouns. This process is also called “antonomasia”.
E.g. “Don Juan” is a Spanish aristocracy. Now we called the person “a Don Juan”, it means “a philanderer”.
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• The place proper nouns (It from the features of local naming)
E.g. “copper” from the "Cyprus“. Because the area is famous for its copper production.
E.g. “Proposition” means “suggested” or “offer”. But this word can also be used to refer to people. It means “Difficult to deal with”.
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Common words from proper names.
Meaning:
“Specialization”is also a term of Latin origin
referring of meaning.
“deer”
原义:animal
缩小后的意义 :deer
“artillery”
原义:munitions of war 缩小后的意义: mounted guns
• The specific meaning The abstract meaning
E.g. “Threat” means “army” at first. Later extended to "threat".
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• The abstract meaning The specific meaning
Examples Marshall
Originally Horse servant
Meaning after elevation
Minister
Craftsman shrewd
a person good at cheating
wicked; malicious
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a worker in a skilled trade
keen-witted; Clever or sharp
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Degeneration of meaning
• Definition :It is a process by which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come be used in derogatory sense
Lexicology
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Types of Semantic Change
(词义的变化方式)
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1：Generalization(词义的扩展)
又称：extension
Meaning:
The word “generalization” is a term of Latin origin referring to the stretching of meaning .
(2)Subjective and objective two kinds of meaning.
Objective meaning
e. g “hateful” former meant “full of
hate ” as well as “odious” latter meant “odious”
“picture”
原义词:only a painted . 扩展后的意义 :a drawing ,a photograph and so on.
“thing”
原义词:a political or judicial assembly .
(治会议或审判大会)
扩展后的意义: as a ting an eventually this meaning of “matter”.
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Thank you
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(军需品)
(安装枪)
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原义 缩小后的意义
1:hangar
棚
飞机棚、飞机库
2: garage
安全地方
汽车间
3:stink
任何一种气味
臭气
4: poison
饮料
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Elevation of meaning
• Definition :Elevation refers the process by which words rise from humble beginning to position of importance
E.g. We use "Tartuffe" to say “hypocritical people”.
It is from the playwright moliere's comedy character the same name.
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• The title of proper nouns or movie name
Examples Villain
Originally A farm labor
Meaning after degeneration
Scoundrel
Boor Knave
A farmer
Boy
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A rough ,illmannered person Dishonest person
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The use of the abstract for the concrete or vice versa.
e . g Knowledge, theory ,feeling A profound professor
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2
Objective meaning
Subjective meaning
e .g “feeling sorrows” ＆ “sorrows that are deeply felt”
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(1)Subjective meaning.
objective meaning
e . g “Shame kept him silent”
＆ “shameful treatment ”
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(3) Objective meaning
(2)Subjective and objective two kinds of meaning.
• Change : • from positive to negative • from appreciative to pejorative • from neutral to negative • from important to unimportant
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Degeneration of meaning
E.g. “radical chic” is the title of Tom Wolfe's works.
Now we also used to refer to "associate with radical fashion"
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Transference of meaning
The process by which the difference has occurred in the development of a language is called transference of meaning