词性转换、一词多译（英汉）

词性转换、一词多译（英汉）
词性转换：
在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，而有些句子由于英、汉两种语言地表达方式不同，就不能用“一个萝卜一个坑”的方法来逐词对译。

原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使汉语译文通顺自然。

（一）译例解析
第一类：转译为动词
英语和汉英比较起来，汉语中动词用的比较多，例如，在He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job (他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示佩服)句中，英语的谓语动词只有admires一个词，其它用的是过去分词(stated)，动词派生的名词(decision)、不定式(to fight)和介词(for)。

汉语没有词性变化，但可以几个动词连用，因此英语中不少词类，尤其是名词、介词、形容词、副词，在汉译时往往可以考虑转译为动词。

例如：
1. He came to my home for help.
他来到我家，寻求帮助。

2. My admiration for him is growing more.
我越来越敬佩他。

3.Unfortunately, he was also a bit bossy, a nd he wasn’t a very good listener.
遗憾的是，他这个人有一点专横，不太善于听取别人的意见。

4.The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of it properties.
操作机器就需要懂得机器的某些性能。

5. Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

6.He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.
他不抽烟，但他爸爸却一只接一只不停地抽。

7.His mom is a good cook.
他妈妈做饭很好吃。

8.Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.
老人和儿子谈话后，原谅了他过去干的坏事。

第二类：转译为名词
英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。

1．She behaves as if she were a child.
她的举止像个孩子一样。

2．Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth.
玻璃的透明度比塑料布要好。

3. The film “ A Night t o Remember” impresse d me deeply.
电影《冰海沉船》给我留下了深刻的印象。

4．This problem is no less important than that one.
这个问题的重要性不亚于那个问题。

5．Steinbeck defended the poor and the oppressed.
斯坦贝克替穷人说话，为被压迫者申辩
6. The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1.
图一所示的是这种新型机器的简图。

7. Each of thee compounds boils at a different temperature.
这些化合物的沸点各不相同。

8.To them, he personified the absolute power.
在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。

9.Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft.
史蒂文森有口才，有风度，但很软弱。

第三类：转译为形容词或副词：
形容词派生的名词往往转译成形容词。

1. The thought that the child might catch cold troubled the mother.
母亲想到孩子会感冒，便不安起来。

2. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.
独立思考对学习是绝对必须的。

3. He had the honor to attend the conference.
他光荣地出席了这次会议。

4. I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries.
我认识到，通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。

5. He didn’t succeed in ringing her up, for he dialed the wrong number.
他没有给她打通电话，因为他拨错了号码。

6. Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence?
你能确切地把这句话译出来吗？
7. When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.
只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的能力和风趣将这人争取过来。

8. He routinely radioed another agent on the ground.
他和另一个地勤人员进行了例行的无线电联络。

(二) 课堂练习:
1.It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure.
它的主要特点是结构简单。

2.She chirped, blinking her eyes happily.
她唧唧喳喳地叫着，两眼闪出快乐的光芒。

3．He is indiscriminate in reading.
他读书时不加选择。

4．Hospitals are getting more efficient these days.
近日来，医院的效率越来越高了。

5．Edison patented over one thousand separate inventions during his life.
爱迪生一生中得到一千多种发明项目的专利。

6．My little brother is a better teacher of English than I.
我的小弟弟教英语比我教得好。

7．The exchange of views has narrowed their differences.
他们通过交换意见缩小了彼此间的分歧。

(三)课后练习
1. Buckley was in a clear minority. 巴克利显然属于少数。

2. This is sheer nonsense. 这完全是胡说。

3. She looked at me expectantly. 她满怀期待地看着我。

4. I am so grateful to my father for his continuous encouragement during my childhood.
我非常感激父亲，因为在我小时候他总是不断地鼓励我。

5. Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources. 越南战争不断地消耗着美国的资源
6. It was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了许多信息。

7. They taught us the value of an opportunity. 他们教导我们要珍惜每一个机会。

8. He is indiscriminate in reading. 他读书时不加选择。

英汉翻译技巧第三讲：一词多译
很多英语词汇在字典中都会有不止一个义项，那么到底在翻译过程中应该用哪一个义项呢？这就要取决于语境或上下文了。

同一个词在不同的语境中很可能会有不同的翻译。

请看下面的例子：
(一) 译例解析
1．wear dark glasses 戴墨镜
wear leather shoes 穿皮鞋
wear a belt 扎腰带
wear a long beard 蓄长须
wear a happy smile 面带幸福的笑容
wear away one’s time 消磨时光
2．cut wheat 割麦子
cut cake 切蛋糕
cut finger-nails 剪指甲
cut the price 削价
cut the time 缩短时间
cut the wind 挡风
cut classes 旷课
cut sb. in the street 在街上遇见某人不理睬
3．soft wind 和风
soft hat 呢帽
soft music 轻音乐
soft money 纸币
soft answer 委婉的回答
soft record 容易打破的记录
soft intelligence 不充分的情报
soft aboveground launching site
无坚固掩体的地面发射基地
（二）课堂练习：
1．“like”
1) He likes mathematics more than physics. 比起物理学，他更喜欢数学。

2) Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 同性电荷相斥；异性电荷相吸。

3) Like father, like son. （alike）有其父必有其子。

2. “develop”
1.Mary developed bad sleep habits during a period of stress.
有一段时间，玛丽精神紧张，养成了不良睡眠习惯。

2.He seems to be developing an illness.
他好像在生病。

3.Trouble develops in the engine when pressures are too high.
压力太高，发动机就会产生故障。

4.When the motor car became more and more popular, different types of accommodations
developed in the U.S.
在美国，随着汽车越来越普及，各种各样的汽车旅馆便应运而生了。

5.The area near the North Pole has not been developed and may never be developed.
北极附近地区尚未开发，也许永远得不到开发。

6.The lab is a place where the students develop their power of observation.
实验室是培养学生观察能力的地方。

7.Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, arrived at this theory through
mathematics.
爱因斯坦创立了相对论，他是通过数学推导出这一理论的。

8.One of the first steps is to develop ways of reusing our water.
首先采取的一个步骤就是研究出重新利用水的方法。

3. “but”
1.What I need is nothing but a good rest.
我只需要好好休息一下。

2.The machine tool is anything but old.
这台机床一点儿也不旧。

3.I never see you but I think of my brother.
我没有一次见到你不想起我的兄弟来。

4.I cannot but laugh to hear such a story.
听到这样的故事，我禁不住大笑起来。

5.But for the rain, we would go jogging.
要不是下雨，我们就去跑步了。

6. I should have started but that the weather was so bad.
若不是天气太坏，我就已经出发了。

7. No one is so old but he may learn.
没有人因为太老而不能学新的事物。

8.He all but did these experiments.
他几乎做完了这些实验。

4. “last”
1) He is the last man to come.
他是最后来的。

2) He is the last man for such a job.
他最不适合干这个工作。

3) He should be the last man to consult with.
根本不宜找他商量。

4) This is the last place where I expected to meet you.
我怎么也没想到会在这个地方见到你。

英汉翻译技巧第四讲主语的变换
由于英汉语习惯以及结构的差异，主语的选择也存在很大的差异。

只有注意到这些差异，才可能能避免“翻译腔”，译出地道的汉语。

（一）译例解析
【例1】There is not a moment to be lost.
误译：没有一分钟可以浪费。

分秒必争。

【例2】There is a mounting awareness on the part of the public of the gravity of corruption.
误译：关于腐败的严重性的意识越来越高。

公众越来越意识到腐败的严重性。

【例3】Her panic gave place to anger and a burning humiliation.
误译：她的惊慌让步于愤怒和火辣辣的羞辱感。

她由惊恐转为愤怒，心中羞愧万分。

【例4】National frustration ushered in the Reagan administration.
误译：民众的失望引发了里根政府。

美国民众对上一届政府大失所望，里根政府应运而生。

【例5】The idea grew with him as he grew into manhood.
误译：这个想法一直伴随他长大成人。

他长大成人，这个想法也日趋成熟。

【例6】The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.
误译：厚厚的地毯掩盖了我的脚步声。

我走在厚厚的地毯上，声息全无。

【例7】His action was prompted by the fear of being attacked.
误译：他的行为是由于对恐惧的害怕而引发的。

他这样做是因为害怕受到攻击。

【例8】Also said for being under consideration is a rise in salary.
误译：据说涨工资正在考虑之中。

据说还考虑要涨工资。

（二）课堂练习
1. There is more to the incident than meets the eye.
这个事件不像看上去那么简单。

2. Dawn met him well along the way.
黎明时分，他已走了一大段路了。

3. Night fall found him many miles short of his appointed place.
黄昏时分，他离目的地还有好多英里呢。

4. Never have the times held more promise for their economic construction.
他们经济建设形势一片大好，这是前所未有的。

5. His addition completed the list.
添上他，名单就齐全了。

6. That night sleep eluded him.
那晚上他一宿没合眼。

7. The thought that she would be separated from her husband during his long and dangerous journey saddened Mrs. Brown.
布朗太太想到要和丈夫别离在即，又想到他此行前路漫漫，凶险莫测，不禁悲从中来。

8. His progress in the language naturally made his work more easy and pleasant.
他在语言方面有所进步，工作起来自然得心应手，胜任愉快。

9. In the 1960s there was a change in fashion in favor of small cars.
20世纪60年代，时尚发生了变化，小汽车受到人们的青睐。

10. Henry Ford did not invent the automobile, but he was the first man to mass-produce it, and this made it available to the ordinary man.
亨利·福特没有发明汽车，但他率先批量生产汽车，从而使汽车进入寻常百姓家。

11. Only one name can possibly suggest itself to him: that of William Shakespeare.
他只可能想到一个人，那便是威廉·莎士比亚。

12. His real interests lie outside work in his love of music.
他最喜欢在工作之余，尽情欣赏音乐。

13. The aesthetic satisfaction is that of seeing something happening effectively, of seeing decisions correctly made.
看到事情进展顺利，看到所做的决定准确无误，是在是一种美的享受。

14. You follow the simple instructions step by step and,
before you know where you are, the finished article stands before you, complete in every detail.
指令间接明了，你只要一步一步照着做，面前就会呈现完美无缺的作品，而你自己还不知道是怎么做出来的。

15. Just as necessary for us as knowledge are social experiences.
对我们来说，和知识同样必须的是社会经历。

16. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
农村因为地处偏僻，交通不便，与外界隔绝。

而通讯工具的缺乏，使农村更为闭塞。

17A careful comparison of the two forms of transport will show riding bicycle is more convenient. 仔细比较这两种交通工具便可发现骑自行车更方便。

18. A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memories.
从他的办公室望出去，华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念堂尽收眼底。