杭州市中考英语 语法复习总结 语篇填空和单词拼写

中考英语语法
--浙江省杭州市16年-19年中考英语真题语篇填空语法重点及单词拼写考点和解题思路
根据以上考点分析，这里会给学生们重点讲解到以下语法知识点
一时态（一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时）及相应的被动语态
二词性（名词n、形容词adj和副词adv及这三类词之间的词性转化，冠词art. 代词pron，介词prep，连词conj，动词v和非谓语动词）
三简单句和定语从句
四名词性从句
且需要了解到以下项
五状语从句
一时态
（一）一般现在时
1 概念
1.表示不受时限的客观存在
eg: I am a teacher. You are a student. She is a doctor.
2.表示现在习惯动作
eg: Peter often goes to his office by subway.
Mary usually learns languages quickly.
频度副词：usually, always , ever , frequently , hardly ever, never, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom, sometimes, etc.
2 肯定句&否定句：
（1）主语+be（am/is/are）+ 其他（表语）
tips：第一人称用am，第二人称和第三人称复数用are,第三人称单数用is
否定表达：主语+be not (am not/is not=isn’t/are not=aren’t) +其他（表语）
例句见上
（2）主语+实义动词+其他（宾语）
tips: 第一，二人称以及第三人称复数用V原形，第三人称复数用v-s
eg:I often go to school by bus. -- I don’t often go to school by bus.
Parents always praise their kids. -- Parents don’t always praise their kids.
He wears the school uniform. --He doesn’t wear the school uniform.
否定表达：主语（第一，二人称以及第三人称复数）+ don’t+ v-原形+其他（宾语）
主语第三人称复数+ doe sn’t + v-原形+其他（宾语）
3 被动语态
主语(动作的接受者）+ am/is/are + done + （by + 动作的实施者）
tips：第一人称用am，第二人称和第三人称复数用are,第三人称单数用is
eg; I am asked to study hard.
The kids are always praised by their parents.
The classroom is cleaned by us.
（二）一般过去时
1.概念
（1）表示过去时间
特定过去时间内一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态
eg: This town was a tourist attraction before.
We visited a factory last Friday.
（2）.表示过去习惯动作
eg: He worked in a bank all his life.
（3）.表示过去的时间词：last …./….ago/before...具体时间：in 1990，yesterday
2 肯定句&否定句：
（1）主语+be（was/were）+ 其他（表语）
tips：第一人称和第三人称单数用was，第二人称和第三人称复数用were
否定表达：主语+be not (was not=wasn’t/were not=weren’t) +其他（表语）
eg：This town wasn’t a tourist attraction before.
You weren’t a junior high school student two years ago.
（2）主语(所有人称）+实义动词的过去式did+其他（宾语）
否定表达：主语（所有人称）+ didn’t + v-原形+其他（宾语）
He didn’t work in a bank all his life.
3 被动语态
主语(动作的接受者）+ was/were + done + （by + 动作的实施者）
tips：第一人称和第三人称单数用was，第二人称和第三人称复数用were
eg：I was shocked by the news.
The kite was made by Peter.
Many houses were washed away in the flood.
（三）现在完成时
1 概念
（1）.过去发生的事情（已完成）对现在有影响
eg: He has turned off the light.
2.过去发生的事情（未完成）持续到现在，可能持续下去，也有可能刚刚结束eg: He has lived here since 2000.(可能继续住着，也可能刚刚搬走）
2 肯定句和否定句
肯定表达：主语+have/has done+ 宾语+其他
否定表达：主语+have not(haven’t)/has not (hasn’t) done+宾语+其他
tips: 第一人称,第二人称和第三人称复数用have/haven’t,第三人称单数用has/hasn’t eg：He has studies in England for two years.
3 常用时间标志词
a. for+一段时间
b. since+时间点或从句
3.连接词ever , already, yet, so far , in the past/ last …. etc.
eg: I have ever gone to Tibet.
He has already finished the homework.
I haven’t finished my paper yet.
He has returned five gold medals so far.
4.It is the first time that-从句
It is the first time that I have watched the movie.
5 被动语态(了解即可)
主语(动作的接受者）+ have/has been + done + （by + 动作的实施者）
eg: Amateurs have made important discoveries in astronomy.
Important discoveries in astronomy have been made by amateurs.
二词性讲解
（一）名词
1可数名词[Countable nouns]：本身可以用来计数的，表示具体概念的名词
可数名词单数：表示“一个”的概念，单数名词前使用不定冠词a或an
可数名词复数：表示“两个或多个”的概念，属于复数
可数名词复数变化规律：
（1）一般直接在名词后加s,
eg: a biscuit three biscuits
a watermelon three watermelons.
（2）以字母-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾单词后加es
eg: dish-dishes, bus-buses, fox-foxes, fish-fishes.
（3）特殊的几个以o结尾词加es，
骑着水牛(buffaloes)的黑人(negroes)英雄们(heroes)爱吃西红柿(tomatoes)和马铃薯(potatoes) 其余以o结尾词加s eg: photo- photos piano-pianos video - videos
（4）辅音字母+y结尾的，改y--ies eg: city-cities butterfly-butterflies
元音字母+y结尾的，词尾加-s eg: key-keys soy - soys
（5）以-f或-fe结尾的，少数直接加s,大部分改-f/-fe为-v再加es
eg: leaf-leaves life-lives wife-wives
（6）复合词：改中心词为复数eg: girl student-girl students
三个特例（改复数）
man teacher- men teachers
woman nurse- women nurses
child star- children stars
tips: 可数名词单数，谓语动词一般用单数；可数名词复数，谓语动词一般用复数。

2不可数名词[Uncountable nouns]：本身无法用数目来计算的名词，表示抽象概念的词eg: 液体类tea water coffee
食品类chicken honey chocolate
抽象类work wealth homework
用量词表示数量
eg: a box of milk a bottle of water
常见量词
可数名词不可数名词
a lot of a lot of
plenty of plenty of
some some
a quantity of a quantity of
many much
a few a little
a number of a great deal of
3 某些常见的既可以是可数[CN]也可以是不可数[UN]的词
（二）形容词和副词
1.形容词：做定语放在名词前
位置：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠eg: He lives a happy life.
a pretty small round old yellow French wooden study room
2 副词：作状语多修饰动词交代动作状态
eg:I entirely agree with her.
形容词比较级和最高级
（三）词性转化
通过英语真题分析来看，杭州市初中英语主要考查的是名词转化为形容词，以及形容词转化为副词，加后缀为主
1 常见的形容词后缀
○1名词形容词
A. -al/-ical/ ic/ 带有“ 属性，倾向，相关” 的含义traditional, cultural, agricultural, natural, physical, musical, practical, national, technical, industrial, material, actual, politic, historic, basic, electric, atomic, automatic, plastic, magic, scientific,
-ish foolish, childish, womanish, Spanish, British, English
B. -ar带有“ 属性，倾向，相关”regular, particular,
C. -ary带有“ 属性，倾向，相关”revol utionary, extraordinary, contrary
D. -ly表示“ 相象，类似” 的含义friendly, motherly, brotherly, monthly, weakly, wooly, lovely, lively, lonely
E. -en表示由某种物质形成，制成或生产的含义：wooden, woolen, golden,
F.-ern 表示方向eastern, western, northern, southern
G. -y 表示相像类似cloudy, sunny, shiny, windy, rainy, snowy, lucky, salty, hilly, funny, healthy, sleepy, foggy, dusty, lucky, muddy, wealthy, noisy, easy, dirty, thirsty, angry, hungry, smoky, sandy
H. -ous/-ious 表示充分的dangerous, famous, nervous, poisonous, serious, curious, various, mountainous, humorous
○2动词形容词带有“ 属性，倾向，相关”
-ed excited, learned, tired, interested, surprised, pleased
-ing interesting, moving, exciting, tiring, surprising
-ant/-ent pleasant, constant, excellent,
-ive active, expensive, talkative, comparative, relative
○3其他(名, 动皆可加)：
名词/动词+ able/ible 表示可以能够valuable, reasonable, comfortable, countable, enjoyable, horrible, terrible, responsible
名词/动词+ ful表示“ 充分的” 含义careful, powerful, tearful, beautiful, hopeful, wonderful, fearful, thankful, harmful, useful, frightful
名词/动词+ less表示否定careless, hopeless, useless, harmless, homeless, wireless, endless, selfless, powerless, fearless, valueless
名词/动词+ some带有“ 属性，倾向，相关” handsome, troublesome, tiresome
2 副词后缀
○1形容词＋ly：badly, nearly, mostly, quickly, roughly, quietly, silently, sadly, slowly, commonly, softly, frequently, rapidly, deeply, slightly, lightly, fairly, smartly, certainly, excitedly, curiously, firmly, constantly, seriously, particularly, coldly, suddenly, freely, highly, lately, finely, politely, completely, widely, immediately, unfortunately, surely, closely, truly, wholly, probably, simply, possibly, impossibly, terribly, easily, busily, happily, heavily, angrily, prettily, hungrily, shyly, dryly, carefully, finally, usually, actually, really, naturally, beautifully, dully, fully, scientifically, physically
○2名词／介词＋ward/wards 表示方向：northward, southward, eastward, westward, downward, upward, backward, forward, toward, afterwards
（四）不定冠词 a an 一个
a用于辅音音素前a cup, a book
an用于元音音素前an apple, an engineer an hour
定冠词the 和名词连用表示特指
eg: Take the medicine. the sun the first
零冠词（不加冠词）
1.国名,人名前不加冠词eg: China Bob
2.表示一类人或事物的泛指的复数名词,不加冠词
eg: They are teachers
3.抽象名词表示一般概念,不加冠词
eg: Failure is the mother of success.
4.物质名词表示一般概念时通常不加冠词
eg: Man can not live without water.
5.季节,月份,节日,假日,日期,星期等表示时间的名词不加冠词eg: Monday in April
6.表示称呼,官衔,职位名词前不加冠词
eg: General Lee, uncle Sam
7.三餐，球类运动，娱乐运动名词前不加冠词
eg: have breakfast, play chess, play basketball
8.当两个或两个以上名词连用时，常省略冠词
eg：I can’t write without pen or pencil.
9,by后加交通工具，中间不用冠词
eg: by bus, by train
10.某些个体名词不用冠词，表示深层含义: school, college, prison, market, hospital, bed, class, town, church, court etc.
eg: go to school 去上学go to hospital 住院
go to the school 去学校go to the hospital 去医院
11.序数词前不加冠词:
a 序数词前有物主代词eg: my first mobile phone
b 序数词作副词eg: He came first in the race.
c 固定词组eg: at first, first of all
（五）代词pron
（六）介词prep
1 方位介词
在…里面in/inside
into 进入…里面eg: Throw it into the fire.
在…外面outside
out of 从…里面出来eg: He walked out of the room and left.
表示由于因为eg: He opened the box out of curiosity.
above 在…斜上方（无接触）
over 在…的正上方（无接触）跨越到物体的另一面
on 在…上面(有接触)
onto 到…之上eg: The child climbed up onto his father’s shoulders.
under 在…正下方below 在…斜下方
beneath 紧贴在…的下方eg: The boy found a football beneath a pile of leaves.
在…旁边beside/by
在…前面in front of 在…外部的前面in the front of 在…内部的前面(before)
在…后面behind
在…附近near/close to
紧挨着next to
around 围绕
from 从…（起点）来from…to
across 横过…. 在（街河）的对面eg: My house is just across the street.
through 透过穿过eg: Water will be pumped through a pipe.
along 沿着eg: I was walking along the street when I saw a tailor’s shop.
between 在…之间between A B and C 多用于两者之间，也可用于三者之间A B C不同
eg: It’s a secret between you and me.
among 在…之间among AAA 三者或三者以上之间相同的事物
eg: She is the youngest among the three sisters.
辨析：at & in 表示地点
at 指较小的地方或概念名词at my home. at the airport
in 指较大的地方in Hong Kong
2 时间介词
in + 年份月份季节世纪年代朝代上午下午晚上
eg: in 2020, in January, in Spring, in the morning/afternoon/evening
on + 日期/星期/具体某一天的上下午/一般的节日
on December 25th, on Thursday, on Monday morning, on National Day
at + 时刻、具体的时间点
at 12 o’clock, at noon, at that time, at dawn
固定表达: at Easter at Christmas
before 在…之前
after 在…之后
from + 时间点从…开始eg: My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five. for + 时间段eg: Mr Brown has lived in the village for 15 years.
since + 时间点eg: Mr Brown has lived in the village since 15 years ago.
during + 某个时间段eg: He swims every day during the summer.
through + 在…期间从…开头到结尾eg: Tom was brave through his father’s illness.
over 在（做）…期间, 贯穿（一段时间）eg: We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.
by 表“在…之前不迟于…”eg: You must arrive at school by seven o’clock.
till/until 直到eg: I shall wait until ten o’clock. / I didn’t go to sleep until midnight.
3 表工具、手段、方式的介词
表示交通工具一般用by eg: by bus by plane
特殊的特指的交通工具in my car, on this plane,
步行，骑马，骑骆驼均用on: on foot, on a horse, on a camel
表示手段、方式
with + 有形的工具，身体的某些器官
eg: We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.
in + 语言原料颜料钢笔铅笔等
eg: Please answer me in English.
The artist writes in pencil.
一些固定短语：on / over the telephone/radio
in this/that way, by this/that means/ with this/that method
4 其他常考介词和固定搭配
(1)表比较than more than
(2) with 和…一起
随着具有带着（表示伴随）
(3) by 在…之前/不迟于
由于凭借
按照根据
(4) for 为了（表示目的）对...而言
由于因为
买换取（等价交换）
(5) 固定搭配
The answer to the question
The key to (the door)
The introduction to (the book)
The ticket to (the concert)
The invitation to (the party)
（七）连词conj
并列连词
（一）表示并列的and和表示选择的or
And 和又且eg: Mary is a doctor and her sister is a teacher.
Or 或eg: You can walk up or take the cable car.
（二）表示转折、对比关系的并列连词：but while yet
But 但是表转折eg: It’s an old car, but it’s very reliable.
While 然而eg: Some experiments are difficult while others are easy.
Yet 然而但还eg: It is very good, yet it can be better.
（三）表示因果关系的并列连词：so for
So + 结果eg: The shops were close, so I didn’t get any milk.
For + 原因eg: It must have rained last night, for it is wet all over.
（八）动词v和非谓语动词
1谓语动词
助动词(aux.) do/have/be
实义动词: 及物动词(vt) I want some food.
不及物动词(vi) 无被动语态I wait for you.
系动词(link verb):be/get/感官类动词(smell, feel, sound, look, taste, listen)
情态动词(modal verb)：
常用情态动词其他
can could must cannot have to
may might be able to
shall should ought to
will would need dare
tips: 助动词do以及情态动词后面都跟动词原形
2 非谓语动词
不能做谓语的动词
（1）异同
相同点：除了谓语，可以用于句子中的主，宾，表，定，状等其他成分（不讲）
不同点：
○1从时间上讲：
to do 带有将来的含义eg: She had no plans to retire from her position. (表将来和主动) 现在分词doing带有正在进行的含义
eg: Not knowing where to go, she goes to the police for help. (表主动和进行,伴随状语)
过去分词done带有完成的含义eg: Written in a hurry, this article was not good. (表完成) ○2从主语和动作的关系上讲：
to do/doing 表示主动例句同上
done 表示被动eg: Given another hour, I can also work out this problem (表被动).
○3从非谓语动词和句子本身的关系来讲
to do 表示目的，结果等
You don’t have to run fast or for long to see the benefit. (表目的)
doing/done表示伴随eg: The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.
Some students came into the lab, following the teacher.
○4动名词doing是名词，表示习惯性动作，作主语居多，句型：doing …+ V
to do不定式做主语可以表示具体的动作
eg: Playing with fire is dangerous. (playing泛指玩火)
To play with fire will be dangerous. (To play指玩火这个动作会发生危险)
（2）动词后面跟to do 不定式和doing的固定搭配
Verbs+ to do
(decide, determine, learn, want, expect, hope, wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask, beg, help) + to do
Verbs + doing
(suggest, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay, put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep, keep on, practice, deny, finish, enjoy, appreciate, imagine, risk, can’t help, mind, escape)
Verbs + to do/doing 都可
to do sth 忘记要做某事
forget
doing sth 忘记做了某事
to do sth 记得要做某事
remember
doing sth 记得做了某事
to do sth 停下来做某事
stop
doing sth 停止做某事
to do sth 很遗憾要做某事
regret
doing sth 后悔做过某事
to do sth 努力做某事
try
doing sth 试着做某事
to do sth 打算做某事
mean
doing sth 意味着做某事
sb to do sth
allow/permit/forbid/advise/consider
doing sth
三简单句和定语从句
（一）简单句
1 主谓SV
eg: I see. I arrived at 10:00.
2 主谓宾SVO
eg: Mary bought a book.
3 主系表SVlinkP
eg: This dish tastes delicious.
4 主谓双宾SV IO DO
eg: His father bought him a bike.
5 主谓宾补SVOC
eg: He likes to watch the boys playing football.
（二）形容词性从句：定语从句
1 概述
eg: He is a naughty boy.
形容词作定语，前置
He is the boy who damaged the vase.
句子作定语，后置
先行词: 被修饰的名词或代词
关系词：1 在从句中重复指代先行词，2 连接主句和从句，3 在定语从句中作一定成分的连接词定语从句：放在名词或代词之后，由关系词(关系代词和关系副词)引导的从句。

2 关系词的分类
（1）关系代词: who whom which that whose 在定语从句中充当主语，宾语或定语（whose）（2）关系副词: when where why 在定语从句中充当状语。

eg: He is the man who told me the news.
I shall never forget the day when we first met.
3 关系代词
（1）Who: 指代人，在定从中作主语或宾语
eg：The boys who are playing football are from class one. (作主语）
You needn’t talk to the people who you don’t like talking to. (作宾语）
（2）Whom 指代人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略
eg: The man (whom) you met just now is my old friend.
Mr Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
（3）Whose表示人或物的所有关系，在定从中作定语
eg: I visited a scientist. His name is known all over the country.
>>I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.
I lost a book. The book’s cover is blue.
>>I lost the book whose cover is blue.
（4）Which指代物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略
eg: Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (作主语）
The film (which) they went to see last night was not interesting at all.
（5）that既可指人，也可指物，指人可用who替代，指物可用which替代
eg: They are the boys that I went to school with.
可换成who
eg: He drives a car that can travel 150 miles an hour.
可换成which
4 在下列情况下关系词只能用that，而不能用which指物
（1）当先行词既有人又有物时，关系词只能用that
eg: They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school.
（2）先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，用that
eg: This is the best film that I have ever seen.
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
（3）当先行词为指物的all none little few some much 或不定代词(everything, anything, something, nothing etc.)时，用that
eg: All that live must die.
Have you ever taken down everything that Mr Li said?
（4）当先行词被every all any some no little few much, the very(正是), the only, the right, the last等成分修饰时，用that
eg: He looked up some information in the library that he needed to write the paper.
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.
（5）当先行词是who或which引导的主句中的成分时, 用that：
eg：Who is the man that is standing by the gate?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
（6）当主句以There be…结构开头时，或关系代词在there be…结构中作实义主语，且先行词为物时，用that
eg:There is a seat in the corner THAT is still free.
There are two books on history THAT are for you.
5 在下列情况中，关系词中只能用who指人,而不能用that指人，
（1）先行词是one, ones或anyone时;先行词为those 或被those修饰，指人时
eg: One who does not work hard will never succeed.
Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
She is the only one of the students who has been to the USA.
Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
（2）在以there be…的句子中，先行词为人时
eg: There is a comrade outside who wants to see you.
（3）当定语从句中又有定语从句,且先行项都为人时
eg: The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard.
（4）当指人的先行项被一些指物的名词修饰时
eg: There is only one student in the school who I want to see.
Do you know the woman in blue with a baby on her back who is working in the fields?
（5）定语从句中有插入语时, 且先行项为人时
eg: Jackson is a man who I believe is honest.
（6）在非限制性定语从句中指人
eg: I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from America.
6关系副词
（1）When在从句中作时间状语，其先行词必须是表示时间的词，如day year time
eg: I remember the morning when he first came to school.
（2）where 在从句中作地点状语, 先行词表示地点
eg: This is the place where they fought against the enemy.
Hangzhou is the city where I live now.
当先行词是situation, occasion, point, case 等表示“情况,境地,场合”时，在从句中作状语，常用where来引导
eg: Sometimes you will find yourself in a situation where you felt very embarrassed.
He has reached a point where nobody can compare with him.
（3）why在定从中作原因状语, 先行词是reason等表示原因的词
eg: The reason why he was punished was unknown.
I don’t know the reason why he look s unhappy today.
7介词+关系代词用法
（1）关系副词可以用介词+关系代词
When=in/at/on which
Where=in/at/on which
Why=for which
eg: I shall never forget the days when (on which) we worked on the farm.
I have been to the places where (in which) the Indians live.
Can you tell me the reason why (for which) the car broke down?
（2）关系代词在定从中作介词宾语时，常用介词+关系代词来指代
eg: The school which/that he once studied in is very famous.
= The school in which he once studied is very famous.
含有介词的动词短语不拆开, 介词不能提前
eg：This is the watch which/that I’m looking for.
This is the watch for which I’m looking. ×
（3）介词在关系代词前,关系代词指人时, 只能用whom; 指物时,只能用which
eg: The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbor.
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.
（4）介词+关系代词前可有some any none all both neither many most each few 等代词或数词eg: He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
Up to now, he has written ten stories, most of which are about country life.
（5）以the way作先行词由in which/that引导,或省略
eg: The way in which/that / you answered the questions was admirable.
8限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
eg: He has a daughter who works in a hospital.
He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.
My brother who is 18 years old is a college student.
My brother, who is 18 years old, is a college student.
形式区别:限定性定语从句中,先行词和关系词不用逗号隔开,非限定性定语从句,先行词和关系词要用逗号隔开
意义区别:限定性定语从句: 用于对一个名词提供必要的信息,若去掉从句, 则主句部分的含义不明确，或意义不完整
非限定性定语从句:用来提供附加而非必要的信息, 只是对先行词做进一步的解释说明, 去掉此从句, 不会引起误解和歧义
非限制性定语从句关系词
指人who/whom
eg: The driver, who was very young, had just gotten his license.
指物which
eg: This book, which only appeared a year ago, has already gone through several editions.
所有格whose
eg: The girl, whose father is a policeman, is in class three.
地点where 时间when 原因why
9关系词AS
（1）引导限定性定语从句, 用于固定结构such as , the same as, as … as
eg: He is such a clever boy as can learn everything quickly.
He is a clever boy who can learn everything quickly.
I am reading the same book as he bought yesterday.
As many members as were present agreed to the plan.
（2）引导非限定性定语从句,表示正如, 这一点,先行词多为句子,从句位置较灵活
eg: As we all know, the earth is round.
She has been late again, as was expected.
（1）在句子中起名词作用(主、宾、表、同位语)的从句（2）三类: 陈述句一般疑问句特殊疑问句
2陈述句作名从
if & whether:
if 一般只引导宾语从句; whether可引导宾从在内的其他名词性从句Whether可和… or not 连用; if 不能
4 特殊疑问句作名从
引导词:
疑问代词who whom what which 从句中作主语, 宾语或表语
whose 从句中作定语
疑问副词when where why how 从句中作状语
5主语从句拓展
It 作形式主语位于句首,真正的主语位于句末
句型: It is + v-ed +that从句
eg: It is reported that… it is said that….
It is believed that… it is noticed that…
It is + adj. + that
It is important that… it is necessary that…
It is clear that…
It is+ 名词短语+ that 从句
eg: It is a pity that…
It is no won der that…
It is + vi + that 从句
eg：It seems that… it happens that…
It turns out that…
主语从句与强调句
It is my old friend that I met at school yesterday.
It is exciting that I met my old friend at school yesterday.
6宾语从句拓展
1 动宾结构
eg: I’ve learned that one can d epend on self only.
2 介宾结构
eg: He will have to pay for what he has done.
3 宾语补足语
主+谓+it+宾补+that 从句
eg:I think it certain that she will do well in her exam.
五副词性从句：状语从句
（一）概念: 状语修饰动词，形容词，副词或者全句，说明方式，因果，条件，时间，地点，让步，方向，程度，目的等
eg: The boy really needs a pen.
In the classroom, the boy needs a pen.
状语从句: 当充当状语部分的是一个从句时，即状语从句，分类：
1 时间 6 方式
2 地点7 比较
3 原因8 让步
4 结果9 条件
5 目的
（二）状语从句分类
1关联词：
（1）当…的时候when, while, as,
eg：When people had to hunt for food, they moved from place to place.
While the students are doing their exercises, the teacher enters the classroom.
People starts eating more instant foods as their lives becomes busier.
（2）在…之前、之后before, after,
eg: Before people moved to cities, they planted most of their own food.
After I graduated from university, I became a teacher.
其他关联词：as soon as, since, till, until, no sooner…than
2 地点状语从句
常用关联词where
其他：wherever, anywhere, everywhere.
eg: Where there is a will there is a way.
Wherever you go, you should work hard.
3 原因状语从句
关联词: because, since, as (语气上由强到弱）
eg: Because it is raining, we just stay at home and go nowhere.
Since you are free today, you had better help to do chores.
He can not go to school today as he is ill.
4 结果状语从句
（1）so…(adj./adv.) that…
eg: Susan’s cookie business is so successful that she hired three new employees last week.
（2）such…(n.) that …
eg: He is such a diligent boy that he gets the first prize in the contest.
常见关联词:
so that (以便) , in order that (为了以便),
in case (以防) , for fear that (恐怕以免)
eg: The boss asks the secretary to arrange files quickly so that he can sign them.
He works hard in order that his family live happily.
He left early in case he should miss the train.
He explained it again for fear that the audience could not understand.
6 方式状语从句
（1）引导词as 正如
eg: We mixed the chemical exactly as our teacher had told us to.
（2）引导词as if, as though 好像
e g: The bus’s engine sounds as if/as though it is going to fall at any moment.
7比较状语从句
（1）引导词while, whereas 然而
eg: Paper book sales have fallen, while e-book sales have grown.
Hangzhou is cold in winter, whereas Xiamen is generally not.
（2）as + adj. / adv. + as
eg: The tutor asks us to fill out the form as carefully as we can.
（3）从句: the + 比较级, 主句: the + 比较级
eg: The harder he worked, the more he got.
8 让步状语从句
（1）引导词though/although 尽管虽然
eg: Although I had studied all night, I failed the test.
（2）引导词even if/even though 即使尽管
eg: Our house is very comfortable even if/even though it is small.
9 条件状语从句
1 Type I (表示现在的真实条件句）
If+一般现在时, 主句+一般现在时
eg: If you pour oil into water, it floats. （表示一般事实）
If I make a promise, I keep it. （表示现在的习惯动作）
注: 当表示过去习惯动作时，可用if + 一般过去时，主句+ 一般过去时eg: If I made a promise, I kept it.
2 Type II(表示未来的真实条件句）
If +一般现在时, 主句+一般将来时（主将从现）
eg: If you go to England, you will have to learn English.
3 Type III(非真实条件句，与现在事实相反）
If + 一般过去时, 主句+ would do
eg: If Paul were not so lazy, he would get better grades.
注: 此用法有以下变形(作了解)
eg: If we were to miss the 10 o’clock train, we wouldn’t get there till after lunch.○2If + would do, 主句+ would do (表示不太可能完成的意志)
eg: If you would cook the dinner, I would do the washing up afterwards.
4 Type IV(非真实条件句，与过去事实相反）
If + 过去完成时, 主句+ would have done
eg: If I had worked hard in school, I would have been an expert, too.
注: 变形（作了解）
If + were to + have done, 主句+ would have done（同样表示与过去事实相反）eg: If you were to have asked me, I would have been willing to help you.
中考英语语篇填空解析
杭州市的中考英语语篇填空通常是6道有提示词，4道无提示词
一解题步骤
有提示词
先看提示词，其次判断填空内所填单词词性
1 提示词为动词，先考虑时态和语态，再考虑词性转化
do 原形/does第三人称单数
doing 现在分词/did一般过去式/done过去分词
被动语态
2 提示词为名词，先考虑名词单复数，再考虑词性变化
3 提示词为形容词先考虑比较级和最高级，然后考虑转化为副词，再考虑其他形式
4 提示词为副词考虑比较级和最高级
5 提示词为数词先考虑序数词，再考虑基数词
6 提示词为代词考虑主宾格物主代词反身代词不定代词
无提示词
根据填空前后判断，一般为
1 冠词通常后接形容词或名词，a an the
2 介词通常为固定搭配
3 代词通常考查前后一致，重点考宾格，反身代词，及it作形式主语
4 连词通常是并列，转折，选择关系，and but or not only...but also however
5 从句关系词, 尤其是that what which whose where等
中考英语单词拼写解题思路
浙江省中考英语卷单词拼写部分主要是首字母填空题
一解题步骤
1 根据句意确定词意
2 瞻前顾后，确定单词词性，
3 确定单词正确形式
名词：单数复数所有格
动词：时态，do 原形/does第三人称单数
doing 现在分词/did一般过去式/done过去分词
形容词：-ing形式/-ed形式，比较级和最高级
副词：比较级和最高级
数词：基数词/序数词/月份/星期
代词：人称代词（主格宾格），物主代词，反身代词，不定代词，疑问代词冠词：不定冠词 a an，定冠词the
连词：句子的并列，转折，因果，选择关系
介词：通常看搭配
Tips: 如果一时无法确定词意，可以先看2 & 3步作为线索，然后再确定词意。