跨文化 Unit 4

[英]Social
公与母 male & female
See
table 4.1 Not all animals or birds have specific names that denote different sex. For these animals or birds, “bull” or “cow” and “cock” or “hen” are frequently used to distinguish sex. Also, using the term “male” and “female”, or sometimes “she” with the generic name is acceptable.
西方人的思维是二元对立的，在他们的
世界里只有黑白，对错。很少有灰色地 带。但是我们中国人的思维通常比较辩 证，这样对，但是那样也可以。所以中 国人在和外国人说话的时候，外国人经 常说的是Don't beat round the bush.
Cultural thought pattern
U.S.:
all the fields except the ones in the natural sciences and applied science.
science: covers a smaller area of learning. Political science, economics, history, and sociology.
不同文化下的人的不同思维方式 See figure 4.1
英国人：直接的、线性的、直线式 闪族人：间接相关与半直接相结合 东方人：循环、迂回论证、螺旋式 罗曼人：固守的迂回 俄罗斯人：直接中又带着隐晦和迂回 西方文化多是推论演绎的论证方式 而东方文化更多倾向于把情感带入归纳式论证
people of high academic status, intellectual is not always a complimentary term in the US, and it is sometimes used in a derogatory（贬义） sense.
干部:
Cadre:
Research Question
Different
colors have different associations in different languages. Please make a close study of some color words between Chinese and English.
a small group of trained people who form the basic unit of a military, political or business organization. official/functionary/administrator
[汉]社会科学:
中。 差异体现在，理胜于情， 情胜于理。 合法性， 合情合理。
In
other societies, people think and express in different ways. This means taking one step back from one’s values and cherished beliefs, which is far from easy.
Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns
Read
the story about a African student on
P78.
English
native speakers express their thoughts with facts concerning the main topic.
factual-inductive(ascertain facts, find similarities, formulate conclusions) former Soviet Union: axiomatic-deductive (move from general principle to particulars) Arab : intuitive-affective (facts are secondary to emotions)
实际生活中，出于对于宗教的敬畏，美国人往
往用委婉语“Oh my gosh”。 当提及耶稣基督时，往往不说“Jesus”而改用 “Jeepers”或不说“Christ"而说“Cripes”等近音 词。对“hell” “devil”等与宗教有关的词也会尽 量避讳。所以当你的确感到非常地气愤，想说 “What a hell”时，不妨改换成“What a heck”， 这样更合适。 另外, 偶尔会听到“darn it”或“dang it” “dash it”来代替“damn it”
For
example:
elephant – cow elephant Cock sparrow – hen sparrow Male panda She wolf
Bull
副 /vice,associate,assistant,deputy, lieutenant, under
1磅
=454克=0.454公斤 =0.908斤
What
kind of woman will be concluded as a beautiful woman in our country?
Culturally-Loaded Words
Can
we count on our dictionaries to give us the proper English for a Chinese term, or the proper Chinese for an English word? Is the meaning of equivalent words exactly the same in both languages? Does “dragon” means the same to a Westerner as “龙” to a Chinese?
福建工程学院 外语系 主讲 牛励强 教授
Idiom
“Careful
with fire,” is good advice, we know; “Careful with words,” is ten times doubly so. Will Carleton, The 1st Settler’s Story
做好一
Taboos
中英表达中共同的忌讳：
1. 人类排泄活动相关的词汇。 e.g. shit/屎 2. 与性或性器官有关的词汇。 e.g. ass / pussy 3. 骂人的词汇、脏话。 e.g. f--- / son of bitch Think about it: 我们国家或者是其他国家，还有 什么其他言语上的禁忌吗？
摩西十诫
第三条：
“不可妄称耶和华---以上帝的名；因为妄 称耶和华名的人，耶和华并不以他为无罪。”

"You shall not take The Name of The Lord your God in vain; for The Lord will not hold him guiltless who takes His Name in vain."
Examples in our textbook
龙:
totem with many royal association Dragon: horrible, disgusting monsters
知识分子:
people who have college
education
Intellectual:
“What is a beautiful woman”
For
a desert Arab: 250 pound lovely woman. For an American: slim but big-busted lass. 170 pounds is skinny. For an Italian: 110 pounds is too skinny.
总结起来大家需要知道的：
1、中英词汇及词意并非一一对应。
2、表面看起来相同或相近的词，实际上指的
是截然不同的东西。 3、一种语言中的一词多义和另外一种语言相 近词的一词多义一般是不对应的。 4、有的词或一些固定短语在某种程度上意义 很接近。但究其深层，其意义可能会有所不同。
Cultural Reflections on Proverbs
See
table 4.2 Vice-chairman, vice-president associate professor, associate director assistant manager, assistant secretary deputy director, assistant secretary lieutenant governor, lieutenant general undersecretary (of State, U. S.) 副国务卿
The
proverbs show the similarities of human experiences and observations of both English and Chinese cultures. But we also have some Chinese proverbs without commonly known English equivalents. There are also some English proverbs that do not have exact Chinese equivalents. And some proverbs illustrate differences, although having surface similarities.
Culturally-loaded words
龙：龙颜、龙袍、龙椅、龙心大喜
dragon:
monster 知识分子/intellectual(people of high academic status, e.g. university professors ) cadre/干部(official\functionary\administrator) 社会科学/social science (political science, economics, history, sociology) humanities(language, literature, philosophy etc.)
注意中英习语在深层次上的差异：
一个巴掌拍不响：错误大家都有责任;
件事一个人是不够的。 It takes two to make a quarrel: 只是表达了错误 的责任不在一个人的身上 Gilding the lily – 锦上添花 （贬义） （褒义） Life begins at forty 两种翻译的差异 人到四十五，正如出山虎 （积极的） 潮怕二十，人怕四十 （消极的） 关键差异就在于人对 begin 在这句话中的理解。
Proverbs
may provide interesting glimpses or clues to a people’s geography, history, social organization, social views, etc. 游牧民族- 草原、羊群、豺狼 生活在海边的人- 大海、天气、渔业、航 行 See all the examples on P74-75 思考中英 格言的一些相互关系