2015职称英语综合类概括大意与完成句子原文

第一篇The Making of a Success Story
1．IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer, and the man behind it is Ingvar Kamprad, one of the world's most successful entrepreneurs. Born in Sweden in 1926, Kamprad was a natural businessman. As a child, he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches, seeds, and pencils in his community. When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades. Naturally he used it to start up a business一IKEA.
2．IKEA's name comes from Kamprad's initials (I.K.) and the place where he grew up ('E' and 'A'). Today IKEA is known for its modern, minimalist furniture1, but it was not a furniture company in the beginning. Rather, IKEA sold all kinds of miscellaneous goods. Kamprad's wares included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices2, including watches, pens and stockings.
3．IKEA first began to sell furniture through a mail-order catalogue in 1947. The fUrniture was all designed and made by manufacturers near Kamprad's home. Initial sales were very encouraging, so Kamprad expanded the product line. Furniture was such a successful aspect of the business that IKEA became solely a furniture company in 1951.
4．In 1953 IKEA opened its first showroom in Almhult, Sweden. IKEA is known today for its spacious stores with furniture iti attractive settings, but in the early 1950s, people ordered from catalogues. Thus response to the first showroom was overwhelmiig: people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it. This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive. By 1955, IKEA was designing all its own furniture.
5．In 1956 Kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport. Kamprad was inspired. The man had given him a great idea: flat packaging3. Flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for IKEA and lower prices for customers. IKEA tried it and sales soared. The problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves, but over time, even this grew into an advantage for IKEA. Nowadays, IKEA is often seen as having connotations of
self-sufficiency. This image has done wonders for the company, leading to better sales and continued expansion.
6．Today there are over 200 stores in 32 countries. Amazingly, Ingvar Kamprad has managed to keep IKEA a privately-held company. In 2004 he was named the
world's richest man. He currently lives in Switzerland and is retied from the
day-to-day operations of IKEA. IKEA itself, though, just keeps on growing.
第二篇：The Paper Chase
1．"Running a house1 is a lot like running a business", says Stephanie Denton, a professional organizer based in2 Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on3 organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips:
2．Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. This is perhaps the most important element of a successful system. If you can't devote an entire desk to the task, at least invest in a rolling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to do your work, whether that is the kitchen, office, or family room4.
3．When in doubt, throw it out. The first step toeliminate paper you don't use, don't need, or that you could easily access again elsewhere. Throw out duplicate statements, old catalogs, and all of the coupons, mailings, or offerings you'll never have an opportunity to use or even read.
4．Set aside two days a month to pay bills. If a monthly due date doesn’t fit into your cycle, call up the creditor suggest a more convenient date. Keep two Manila folders5 at the front ofyour system for current bills一one to correspond with each bill-paying day一and file all incoming bills. Keep a list in the front of each folder of what needs to be paid in case6 the invoice never arrives or gets misplaced.
5．Think of your filing system not as a rigid tool, but as a living, breathing system that can accommodate your changing needs. A good filing system is both mentally and physically flexible. Everyone’s needs are different, says Denton, but when devising a filing system, ask yourself: “Where would I look for this?” Create main headings for your filing system, such as Investments, Taxes, Children, and so forth, and file individual folders under the main headings. Never overstuff your files.
第三篇：English and English Community
1．There is no denying that1 English is a useful language. The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with the
exception of speakers of Chinese. Originally they were small tribes of people from northern Europe who settled in England. Their languages became more and more similar to each other. Finally, the language had enough uniformity2 to be used by all speakers in England. The people were united into a speech community through their shared language.
2．A speech community is similar to other kinds of communities. The people who make up the conimunity share a common language. Often they live side by side, as they do in aneighborhood, a village, or a city. More often they form a whole country. National boundaries, however, are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech community. A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.
3．We may say that anyone who speaks English belongs to the English speech community. For convenience3, we may classify the speakers into two groups: one in which the speakers use English as their native language, the other in which the speakers learn English as a second language for the purpose of education, commerce, and so on.
4．English serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language.4 English has been adoptedas the language of air traffic, commerce, as well as international diplomacy. Moreover, English is the language of the majority of published materials in the world so that education has come to rely heavily on an understanding of English.
5．Learning a second language extends one's vision and expands the mind. The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture;5 a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage.
第四篇：Alaska
1．In 1959 Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state1, symbolizing a change of attitude from that held in 1867, when the peninsula was purchased from Russia. Then, most Americans had little interest in 1 ,500 ,000
square kilomete rs "of icebergs and polar bears”一beyond Canada's western borders, far from the settled areas2 of the United States.
2．In those sections of the state which lie above the Arctic Circle, Alaska still is a land of icebergs and polar bears. Ice masses lie buried in the earth3, which is pennanently frozen to a depth of 90 or more meters. From early May until early August, the midnight sun never sets on this flat, treeless region, but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two-thirds of a meter down.
3．Alaska is America's largest state, but only about 325,000 people live there. According to estimates, 800,000 hectares of its land area are fit for plowing but only about 640,000 hectares are being cultivated.
4．Arctic AJsi, icsi has been the home of Eskimos for countless centuries. It is believed that the Eskimos moved there from Mongolia or Siberia, probably crossing Bering Strait4, named for Vitus Bering, the Danish sea captain who discovered Alaska on his voyage for Russia in 1741.The Eskimos are the state's earliest known inhabitants5. Russian fur traders established settlements but, by the time Alaska was sold to the United States, most of the traders had departed.
5．In 1896 gold was discovered near the Kiondike River in Canada just across the Alaskan border. Thousands of Americans rushed to the region on their way to Klondike; some never returned. Alaska was never completely cut off again, although even today transportation is a major problem. There are only two motor routes from the US mainland, and within the state, every town has its own airfield. Planes fly passengers, mail and freight to the most distant villages.
6．The gold that changed life so suddenly for Alaska was soon ended, and although many stories about mining camps have become part of American literature, the gold from Alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from Alaskan waters. The fish caught in a single year range in value from $80 million to $90 million. Fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams, and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. After fishing, the state's chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. In recent years, Alaska's single most important resource has become oil. The state also has large deposits of coal, copper, gold and other minerals.
第五篇：US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty
1.The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions.
2.The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly, including the United States, last year. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.
3.For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.
4.The impact of the treaty could be huge. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year.
5.The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. So far, 109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.
第六篇How We Form First lmpression
1．We all have first impression Of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about Someone without really knowing anything about him or her -aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.
2．The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes，ears，nose，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as differene1.In fact，your brain continuously process incoming sensory information- the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against2 a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals " mean" .
3. If you see someone you know and like at school3，your brain says "familiar and safe. " If you see someone new，it says，"new-potentially，threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other " known" memories. The height ，weight，dress ，ethnicity ，gestures ，and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics ，the more your brain may say，This is new. I don't like this person". Or else，"I'm intrigued" . Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes，ethnicity，gestures-like your other friends;
so your brain says: "I like this person" . But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong4
4．When we stereotype people，we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history，interest，values，
strengths，and true character - we categorize them as jocks，geeks，or freaks.
5．However，if we resist initial stereotypical impressions，we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person，hear about his or her life，hopes，dreams，and become aware of the person's character，we use a different，more mature style of thinking- and the most complex areas of our cortex，which allow us to be humane.
第七篇How to Argue with Your Boss
Before you argue with your boss，check with the boss s secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast，it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the boss's secretary，they are keys to timing：don't approach the boss when he s on deadline; don't go in right before lunch，when he is apt to be distracted and rushed; don't go in just before or after he has taken a vacation.
If you're mad，that will only make your boss mad. Calm down first. And don't let a particular concern open the floodgates for all your accumulated frustration. The boss will feel that you think negatively about the company and it is hopeless trying to change your mind. Then，maybe he will dismiss you.
Terrible disputes can result when neither the employer nor the employee knows what is the problem the other wants to discuss. Sometimes the fight will go
away when the issues are made clear. The employee has to get his point across clearly in order to make the boss understand it.
Your boss has enough on his mind without your adding more. If you can't put forward an immediate solution，at least suggest how to approach the problem. People who frequently present problems without solutions to their bosses may soon find they can't get past the secretary.
To deal effectively with a boss，it s important to consider his goals and pressures. If you can put yourself in the position of being a partner to the boss，then he will be naturally more inclined to work with you to achieve your goals.
第八篇Screen Test
1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey （调查）published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.
2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial（有争议的）, partly because the radiation（辐射）brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue（组织）is denser.
3.Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calcula te the number of extra cancers this would cause.
4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.
5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of canc ers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.
6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation
could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimize the technique” for breast cancer screening.
7. “There is a trade-off（平衡）between the diagnostic（诊断的，判断的）benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current （目前的）data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme.”
第九篇Transport and Trade
1 Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce，transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer，the better for trade. When there were no railways，no good roads，no canals，and only small sailing ships，trade was on a small scale.
2 The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand，for instance. Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business，drawing supplies from，and selling goods to，all parts of the globe. Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.
3 Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally. Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.
4 By moving fuel，raw materials，and even power，as，for example，through electric cables，transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can
concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes，the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.
5 Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication，like telephones，cables and radio，send information about prices，supplies，and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way，advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.
第十篇Washoe Learned American Sign Language
1.An animal that nituenced sicntine thought has died .A enimpaues named Washoe and born in Africa died of nature causes late month at the age of 42 a research center in the American state of Washington .Washoe had become know in the scientific communtiy’ and around the world for her ability to use American Sign Language .She was said to be first non-human to learn a human language .Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language.
2. Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966,the Gammers described Washoe’s progress in a scientific report.The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words.For example ,Washoe spread ,many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research .The whole direction of primate research changed.
3.However,crities argued Washoe only learnd to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachets.They said she had never developed true language skills .Even now,there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign sign language only by memory ,and perform the signs only for prizer .Yet Washoe’s keepers disagree ,Roger fouts is former student of the Gardner. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg ,Washington.There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees,which are still alive.
4.Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workimgs of chimpanzees Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps.Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time.
5.Debate contimeus about chimps’ understanding of human
communication .Yet,one thing is sure --Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.。