英语翻译的方法与应用 The Methods and The Applications of English Translation

The Methods and The Applications of English Translation
【Abstract】This paper centers on the problems of English translation in communication and education and discuss what is translation, how to
translate well, what translation can be used to do, the problems of translation
in China today and how to deal with the problems. The idea “translation is
art” is presented. In English translation, we should combine the language
and the situation closely, and try to understand the historical and cultural background and the reading habits of different people in the same period.
【Key words】translation; language; English; Chinese
1. Introduction
With the developing of reform, China contacts with the countries all over
the world in economy, culture, education and politics frequently. As China
have joined in WTO, and Expo Shanghai China was held, most of the countries frequently contact with each other, English is more and more important as a media and information conversion tool, English translation is a practical science, which shortens the distance of people with different languages. According to the statistics in 1986, there are nearly 400 million
people speak English as their mother tongue; almost one of every ten people
speaks English. There are many people speak English in UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other countries. About 20 countries in the world
look English as the official language or second language, a total of about 8
million people. In other words, almost one of every five people understands
English in a way in the world. Because English is the most widely spoken language in the world, English translation is important to us for communicating with others. The university students major in English accept
many courses of English translation, which contributes to their English. So the
society has to pay more attention to English study. Translation becomes a skill
which is needed in society and useful has a large development in recent years.
Since the inception of English, this expression has been engaged in activities.
It affects the English-speaking countries and countries in other languages,
cultures and language development, promotes the communication and conversion between English and other languages, also contributes to the development of English and other languages.The large scale, high level, good
result of translation is unprecedented. The interaction of theory and practice is
the necessary condition of translation. Therefore, the importance of translation in English teaching and socializing stands out gradually. In English translation, we should try to understand the historical and cultural background and the reading habits of different people in the same period. According to incomplete statistics, there is about 35 thousand people work as professional employers, and 100 thousand people works on English translation.
2. What is translation
In our country, there are a lot of literary works give a definition of translation that it is the way to turn the expression of one language into another language. First of all, we can search the meaning of the words we don’t know and analyze the structure of the sentences, and then pro cess and modify the meaning. It is the rule and the skill of conversing the form of language. As we all know, translation is a very important part. If we want to get on well with English, we must find a good way to learn how to turn Chinese into English or turn English into Chinese exactly.
3. How to translate
After understanding the importance of learning English and what is translation, then, how to learn English translation well?
(1) Pay attention to intercultural communication. International distance is shortened greatly because of the frequent intercultural communication, the people live on the earth not only influence each other in politics, economy and many other aspects, but also accept the different cultures of each other gradually. In the trend of cultural globalization, the translation world forms a new school quietly, which is called translation of intercultural communication. What is the translation of intercultural communication? In a narrow sense, it is the cultural factors and problems involved in public communication; in a broad sense, it is a variety of aspects of culture referred to the people from different cultural background in daily communication. And culture exists everywhere, it not only has unity and continuity, but also has differences and variability, every nationality has its own culture. So we must pay attention to it when we translate. There will be many problems if we only learn the language but don’t know the culture, the mistakes in culture are more serious than that in language. For the sake of ideological culture communicating, we must find the methods and the strategies for cultural translation. Literal translation, conversion, annotation, free translation, and transliteration. In order to make the same meaning btween translation and the original article. When we come across large differences in different cultures, literal translation does not work well, the translator should find the corresponding expression in the translation culture to converse the language when necessary.
(2) Master English grammar, which is a basis for English translation. Only learn the basic grammar well, can you understand the meaning of
some words clearly. Understanding is the premise of expression, we can express well by understanding. How to understand the meaning of words? At first, the translator must have a well-knit basic and a good quality of grammar. As a beginner of learning translation, word characteristic and sentence structure should be taken care. Especially the category of noun, number of the noun, usage of the article, passive voice of the verb, virtual usage of the verb, meaning of the conjunction. Some cases in the structure of sentences cause problems in understanding and expressing. For example, IT or THERE is used as guide word, inversion, modified relations, elliptical sentence. What’s more, we should accumulate knowledge in daily life for the basis, to achieve the goal of developing your translation level.
(3) Contact the context; find out the writer’s intention. As to tr anslator, finding out the writer’s intention is necessary. The writer’s intention relates to the words meaning in the article. So we must pay attention to the characters described by the writer, the basic idea of the article and the extended meaning of the article. We should determine the meaning from the whole text by grammatical relations among the words and the sentences in the text, the ideas throughout the text. And pay attention to the differences between proper noun and glossary. Look up the words yo u don’t know in a dictionary, don’t guess the meaning by yourself without any proof.
(4) Look ahead and look back, and make a proper use of reference book. When studying English translation, we should choose the most proper word from the dictionary. View from the topic, the description, and the sentences in the text to make sure whether the word is proper or not. And adjust the wording of the translation to express accurately according to the original words.
(5) Practice makes perfect and comes from real knowledge. As the saying goes, practice makes perfect, translation it is. If you want to translate fast and well, you have to practice more. After a period of time, your translating will be faster with the growing understanding while also learning from the experts.
(6) Obey the standards of English translation. Translation is the bridge between different languages in communication. English Chinese translation is to turn English into Chinese and keep the same meaning; it is the scale to measure the quality of translation, which is the standard of translation. In general, there are two main standards in translation: be faithful and fluent. “Be faithful” means that to be faithful to the original messages, that is to say, it is to express the original information accurately to make the readers get the same information from the original words. “Be fluent” means to make the translation be easy to understand without structural disorder and the phenomenon of the logic unclear. Faithful is the basis of fluent, fluent is the guarantee of faithful. If we are not faithful to the fluency of original words, we will lose their value. If the translation is not fluent, so that readers feel uncomfortable, it will inevitably affect the accuracy of the original
expression, which can be not called faithful. Clearly, the faithful and the fluent is united but opposite. The relationship between the two reflects the consistence of content and form. So, we say that the faithful is the basis of the quality of translation and the assurance of fluent translation.
(7) Learn according to the application. As we discussed earlier English is a tool, then, in learning, we must know your purpose of learning English first. Is a literary creation, or a practical work? I believe that most people learn English for the needs of work; English is just a tool to communicate with Western countries, and learn from Western technology. In the past, English education in China based on a lot of literature, in facts; its disadvantages are more than advantages for the beginners in English. For example, a flight attendant, what she has to know is to ask the needs of the guests, or to report the information of local weather. Reading literature can be no use to her work. Before studying English, we should repeatedly stress that English is a tool, and what will we do by this tool. Always determine the contents and the methods of learning according to the specific needs. If your occupation is flight attendant, then obviously, you do not need to read the works of Shakespeare.
4. The problems of translation in China
“In general, the translation industry in China is in the early stage, it hasn’t been mature.” Huang Youyi said. He thinks there are 3 outstanding problems in our translation industry. The first one is that the professionals are far behind other countries, especially, shortage of Chinese English translators is a serious problem. Most translation agencies and professional schools are lack of the courses of translation in professional fields. Such as legal and medical documents, terminology management, translation project management, and translation technology. Second, although there are a large number of companies with translation services in china, most of them are small, the service is poor and marketing is limited, which is less than other services in systems and mechanisms. Therefore, in competition with international counterparts are often at a disadvantage. Third, there is not a government department head translation in China. A unified, complete, system low has not been put in place. In western countries, the translation industry has some policy guidance of government.
5. Solving strategies
Facing the problems, Chinese translation industry started to enter the specifications, and increased the intensity of training.
The former State Ministry of Personnel of the community develops a “translation of professional qualifications (level) Provisional Regulations on Examination”. Since 2003, the national translation professional qualifications (level) exam was carried out. Now the second, third test of translation and interpretation have been opened. So far a total of 66,000 people have taken part in the exam, of which 1.1million people received certificates. In order to
regulate the functions of the market and expand the industry, General Administration of Quality Supervision puts out the “Translation Services Regulation”, so customers have an objective criterion of choosing translation service. In 2006, ministry of education formally approved the establishment of the undergraduate college of professional translation, decided to set up 15 undergraduate courses. At present, China has basically formed the complete teaching system including Undergraduate degree, Master, and Doctor.
“In order to keep Chinese translation industry healthy, orderly and more mature, we must intensify its efforts in three areas in the future.” Huang Youyi said. The first is to make efforts to training the translators. It is necessary to attach importance to high-quality, basic personnel and focus on training professionals of translation practice. The second is to vigorously promote the translation of the market access system and pay attention to raising the overall level of the translation market. The third is to vigorously promote the professional ethics, strengthen self-discipline. He also said that the foreign education market of translation is developed. How to jointly promote the development of China’s translation market will be one of the focuses for future work. For example, with the communication of International Federation and Translation Association, we can bring in their advanced materials and mature experience, to accelerate the cultivation of talents for Chinese translation and so on.
6. Integrated application
Every language has its own stylistic; there are significant differences in different language stylistic. Although most of words can be used for every kinds of stylistic, a few words are only used for some specific stylistic. Some words are used in written language while some are used in spoken language. In addition, because of different roles, occasions and contents of communication, there are so many differences in phrasing. As to translation, it is benefit that to learn and understand the differences between written language and spoken language and between formal language and informal language, in order to phrase properly. Although the basic grammar and the words of every language which is called “common core”can be understand and used by most of people, different areas have different jargon. Translation is a whole, which can not mixed by spoken language and written language. In a word, when translating, translator has to pay much attention to the register of the original text and the translation text, to make sentences appropriate to the text.
It is true that the development of linguistics explores new ideas for the development of translation. On one hand, from the linguistic point of view, translators have a deeper and a broader understanding to the phenomena of language by the comparison of two languages, so you can master the relative law of some language consciously in translation; on the other hand, many people who work on translation studies describe the phenomena of language
by the view of linguistic and the application of terminology. We can summary systemic experience, and achieve some goals. These all depends on the language applications of translation. But that is to know, translation is art, which is not regular. There are not only one way to translate a sentence, which is decided by different people. So translation is not as science of which law can be summarized accurately used by people all over the world. Only understand English and Chinese or be experienced on different languages in translation, can we discuss the real and the common phenomena in translation. In this sense, there are no people who only understand one language can build a right idea of translation. Countries with different languages and different nationalities should establish and develop translation theory by the features of their own languages. The development of world’s culture is not unified, it is diversified.
In recent years, translation has changed from the previous government and public institutions to become professional. As a new modern service industry, translation services are becoming the cultural economy, which is a new industry. According to statistics, the national professional translation of more than 3,000 registered enterprises. In Beijing alone, there are more than 100 registered companies of translation. In addition, the translation services market rapidly rises in output value.
7. Conclusion
In conclusion, English is an important communication tool in international politics, military, economic, technological, cultural, trade, transportation and other fields. With the continuous expansion of China, scientific and technological advances, rising of international status, the theory of translation in our country will be taken out to the world, but we can’t change the characteristics of our language and use the concept of the West blindly. Instead, we should advance something by our own special culture, which will be worldwide. The original theory is still as the basis for absorbing different knowledge. Thinking of that we have a lot of differences with westerners in culture, way of thinking and language, learning step by step is benefit to us for making progress. We can improve our translation level by learning the advantages of other theories and enriching our ideas. I believe we can communicate well with the countries all over the world by mastering English, and then our country will get the further development step by step.。