专业英语期末考

卷一
一、短语、单词训练。

将下列词语翻译成汉语(每题0.5分，共20分)
1.English for Science and Technology 科技英语
puter Aided Design:计算机辅助设计
3.Revolution per minute : 转/分
4.methyl aldehyde 甲醛
5.hydroxide ions 氢氧根离子
6.water solution 水溶液
7.atmospheric pressure大气压
8. A .C: alternating current交流电
9.Extreme temperature极限温度
10.a saturated mother liquor 饱和母液
⑪nitric acid 硝酸
⑫absorption and desorption吸附与脱附
⑬Corporation Limited 有限公司
⑭neutralization reaction 中和反应
⑮alkyl group烷基
⑯ a primary alcohol 伯醇
⑰the rule that like dissolves like相似相容原理
⑱tetrame四聚体
⑲macromolecule 高分子
⑳atomic weight: 原子量
21atomic energy 原子能
22tetraethoxysilane 四乙氧基硅烷
23Water－resistance 防水
24thermoplastic 热塑性
25addition polymer 加成聚合物
26made of hard－alloy steels硬合金做成的钢
27condensation polymer 缩聚物
28acetyl chloride 乙酰氯
29acetic anhydride：乙酰酐
30acetamide；乙酰胺
31methyl acetate：乙酸甲酯
32Organosilane：有机硅烷
33pore diameter.孔径
34shorter-chain短链
35Thermal analysis：热分析
36tertiary alcohol 叔醇
37Scanning electron microscopy studies：扫描电镜分析
38carbonyl group羧基
39selectivity选择性
40sp3-hybridized sp3杂化
附加1：Neutralize 中和；salt 盐; Oxidation 氧化; absorption 吸附; desorption 脱附；
steel rusty 钢生锈；molecular structure 分子结构；X-ray diffraction x射线衍射
proton 质子；chemical reactions 化学反应；attractive forces 引力; borax 硼砂
beeswax 蜂蜡；emulsifying power 乳化力；complicated problem 复杂问题；
mechanical energy 机械能；sub-headings 副标题；pump 泵；benzene 苯；
fossil fuels 矿物燃料；slurry 泥浆；electrolyte solution 电解液；non-conductors非导体six-carbon ring 六元碳环；double bond 双键；sulfuric acid 硫酸；sulphonation 磺化；
Engine revolution 发动机转速；Purified hydrogen 纯氢；aromatics 芳香烃；
the desired temperature 要求的温度；solution in the tank 储槽溶液；I-steel 工字钢；
rubber and glass 橡胶和玻璃；kinetic energy and heat energy 动能和热能；x-ray x射线；
an electric current 电流；most organic research 大多数的有机研究；
附加2：P-N-Junction P-N结；N-region N区；P-region P区；direct current 直流电；
v-belt V带；corporation 股份公司；Building 大楼；makeup 化妆品；carbon steel碳钢；
rust-resistance 防锈；by-product 副产物；SOS: Save Our Sols 呼救救命；influenza 流感；
hydrogen 氢；weight losses 重量损失，质量损失；activity 活性；conversion 转化率二、注意名词单复数（下划线）的译法、将下列句子译成汉语，(每题5分，共10分)
• 1 If the unsaturation is due to the presence of a triple bond then the compounds are called alkynes把存在不饱和三键的化合物称为炔烃
• 2 They will mix freely with other organic compounds and are often soluble in organic solvents.
它们能与其他有机化合物自由地混合并能溶于多种有机溶剂中。

三、注意词序转换（下划线）的译法、将下列句子译成汉语，(每题5分，共20分)
•1，By compressing and cooling the mixture you can separate one gas from the other by changing it to a liquid
将该混合物压缩、冷却使其中一种气体变为液体，就能把它与另一种气体分开
•2, Alkanes undergo reactions such as cracking, alkylation, oxidation, halogenation, nitration and so on.
烷烃能够发生裂解、烷基化、氧化、卤化、硝化等化学反应。

.
•3, The presence of a substituent group in benzene exerts a profound control over both orientation and the ease of introduction of the entering substituent..
苯环上的取代基对进入苯环上的新取代基的位置和容易程度有很大影响。

4，Many industrial operation can be carried out in either of two ways which may be called batch and continuous operations
许多工业操作可用间歇操作或连续操作来完成
四、将下列句子译成汉语，注意被动语态（下划线）的译法(每题5分，共20分)
• 1 Besides voltage, resistance and capacitance, an alternating current is also influenced by inductance..
除受电压、电阻和电容影响外，交流电也受电感的影响。

•2, As for salt,they may also be formed by the replacement of hydrogen from an acid with a metal.
金属取代酸中的氢就生成了盐.
3，Since methane is its first member ,it is also known as the methane series 因为甲烷是该系列的第一个成员，因此该系列也被称为甲烷系
4，we learn that sodium of any its compounds produces a spectrum having a bright yellow double line by noticing that ther is no such line in the spectrum of light
when sodium is not present ,but that if smallest quantity of sodium be throwm into the flame or other sources of light, the bright yellow line instantly appears 我们注意到，如果把非常少量的钠投入到火焰或其他光源中时，立即出现一条亮黄色的双线，当钠不存在时，光谱中就没有这样的双线。

由此我们真的钠或钠的任何化合物所产生的光谱都带有一条亮黄色的双线
五、任选题，英译汉（以下三选二，每题10分，，共20分）
1，Volumetric analysis is one of the most useful and accurate analytical techniques. It is fairly rapid. In this paper, the types of titrations that can be performed are described and the principles applicable to all are given, including the principles and requirements of a titration and standard solutions. Calculations in volumetric analysis are given. in a titration, the test substance reacts with a reagent added as a solution of known concentration. This is referred to as a standard solution, and it is generally added from a buret.。

The added solution is called the titrant. The volume of titrant required to just completely react with the analyte is measured, since the concentration is known and since the reaction between the analyte and the reagent is known, the amount of analyte can be calculated. The requirements of a titration are as follows: (1) The reaction should be stoichiometric. That is, there should be a well-defined and known reaction between the analyte and the titrant. In the titration of acetic acid in vinegar with sodium hydroxide, for example, a well-defined reaction takes place；(2) The reaction should be rapid. Most ionic reactions, as above, are very rapid. (3) There should be no side reactions, and the reaction should be specific. If there are interfering substances, these must be removed. In the above example, there should be no other acids present.
•容量分析是最有用和最准确的分析方法之一，这种测定法快速、准确。

本文描述了滴定类型及应用原理，包括滴定原理和标准溶液配置，同时给出了容量分析的计算方法。

在滴定中，试验物质（被分析物质）同所加的已知浓度的溶液试剂起反应，这个溶液试剂称为标准溶液，一般添加于滴定管中。

这种所加的溶液称为滴定剂。

由于与被测物刚好进行完全反应的滴定剂可以算出，加上滴定剂浓度和被分析物质和试剂均为已知，因此，被测物的量可以计算出来，滴定的要求如下：•（1）反应必须是化学计量式的。

也就是说，要明确知道被分析物质与滴定剂之间的反应。

比如，醋酸与氢氧化钠之间的反应是十分清晰的；（2）反应速度必须非常快，上述大多数离子反应都很迅速。

•（3）反应一般要求无副反应，且必须专一性。

如果有副反应，必须除去掉。

比如在上述例子中，没有出现别的酸。

2 A standard solution is prepared by dissolving an accurately weighed quantity of a highly
pure material called a primary standard and diluting to an accurately known volume in a volumetric flask3'. Alternatively, if the material is not sufficiently pure, a solution is prepared to give approximately the desired concentration, and this is standardized by titrating a weighed quantity of a primary standard. For example, since sodium hydroxide is not sufficiently pure to prepare a standard solution directly, it is standardized by titrating a primary standard acid, such as potassium acid phthalate (KHP). Potassium acid phthalate is a solid that can be weighed accurately. A primary standard should fulfil these requirements：(1) It should be 100.00% pure, although 0.01 to 0.02% impurity is tolerable if accurately known. (2) It should be stable to drying temperatures, and it should be stable indefinitely at room temperature. The primary standard is always dried before weighing. (3) It should be readily available. (4) Although not necessary, it
should have a high formula weight. This is so that a relatively large amount of it will have to be weighed to get enough to titrate 。

The relative error in weighing a greater amount of material will be smaller than that for a small amount. (5) If it is to be used in a titration, it should possess the properties required for a titration listed above. In particular, the equilibrium of the reaction should be far to the right so that a very sharp end point will be obtained.
•标准溶液配制过程如下：准确称取一定量的高纯物质（也称为基准物）于容量瓶中，将其溶解，并用溶液准确冲释至已知体积。

相反，如果基准物不纯，如要求配制的
溶液浓度与所需的浓度相近，则需要用已知重量的基准物来标定。

例如，直接用纯
度不够的氢氧化钠配制标准溶液，需要用基准酸（邻苯二甲酸氢钾）来标定。

因为
邻苯二甲酸氢钾是可以准确称量的固体。

•基准物一般能满足以下要求：（1）它的纯度应该为100%，但是杂质成分确定，含有0.01~ 0.02%杂质也可以用。

•（2）在干燥温度和室温下必须是稳定的。

因为基准物在称量前一般要先干燥。

•（3）必须是随时可得到的
•（4）尽管不是必须的，但还是要求是一个分子量较大的物质，之所以这样是因为为了用足够的量进行滴定，必须称取相对较大的量。

称取相对较大量的物质比称取
少量物质造成的相对误差较少。

•（5）如果将基准物用于滴定，这必须具备上述列出的要求。

特别要指出的是：化学平衡应处于反应的最右方，以便获得敏锐的终点。

• 3 The synthesis of templated mesoporous silicas with a narrow pore size distribution can be achieved in a water/acetonitrile/n-dodecylamine system. The benefits of using this
system compared to aqueous ethanol to prepare silicas are the much enhanced wall
thickness, leading to greater structural stability, as well as a lack of co-surfactancy from
acetonitrile, which means that the pore size remains constant over a wide range of
solvent compositions. The particles obtained from this route are cylindrical, with partially
aligned mesopores, in contrast to those obtained from aqueous ethanol, which are
spherical and have a wormhole structure. A further major
•advantage is that the amine-functionalised materials, formed by direct co-condensation, are nucleophilic, in contrast to those prepared from aqueous ethanol. This latter feature
allows for the elaboration of these amine functions to attach a range of more complex
functionality, examples of which are given.
•以水/乙氰/正-十二胺为体系，合成了一类孔径分布较窄的胶束中孔二氧化硅新材料。

该体系与水/乙醇体系相比的优势是合成的二氧化硅材料孔壁更厚，因而结构更稳定，并且可减少共表面活性剂乙氰的用量，这就意味着在较宽的溶剂范围内，材料的孔
径可保持恒定。

此方法合成的颗粒是圆柱体的，并有部分是按中孔规整排列的，相
比之下，以水/乙醇体系合成的材料呈球状的蜂窝结构。

更大的优势是以该体系通过
直接-共缩合合成的含有氨基的SiO2材料是亲核，而以水/乙醇为体系合成的则不是。

这个特殊性质能够解释这些氨基官能团能够在一较大范围内负载于SiO2表面，并列
举了实例。

卷二
二、注意名词单复数（下划线）的译法、将下列句子译成汉语，(每题5分，共10分)
1.Extreme temperature causes dramatic changes in the properties of rubber.
橡胶处于极限温度时，其性能会发生惊人的变化。

2.Of course, when an acid loses a proton, a base must be in presence to accept it.
Thus, an acid and a base react in a proton transfer reaction, this reaction is generally known as a neutralization reaction.
当然，当一种酸失去质子，另一种碱必然得到它，因此酸和碱的反应是质子转移反应，一般称为中和反应。

三、注意词序转换（下划线）的译法、将下列句子译成汉语，(每题5分，共20分)
1，By compressing and cooling the mixture you can separate one gas from the other by changing it to a liquid
将该混合物压缩、冷却使其中一种气体变为液体，就能把它与另一种气体分开2，X-ray will show the doctor clearly how the lung suffers
X射线会清楚地把肺部损害的程度显示给医生
3，It has long been the practice to attempt the synthesis of natural products in the laboratory once their structures had been determined.
一直以来，一旦天然产物的结构被确定，人们都想在实验室合成之
4，Alkanes undergo reactions such as cracking, alkylation, oxidation, halogenation, nitration and so on.
烷烃能够发生裂解、烷基化、氧化、卤化、硝化等化学反应
四、将下列句子译成汉语，注意被动语态（下划线）的译法(每题5分，共20分)
1，The laws of thermodynamics will be discussed in the next articles
热力学定律将在下文予以讨论
2，Batch operations are frequently found in experimental and pilot-plant operations 间歇操作常见预试验操作及中试操作
3，Purified hydrogen is passed over a liquid metal halide
让纯化氢气通过液态金属卤化物
4，we learn that sodium of any its compounds produces a spectrum having a bright yellow double line by noticing that ther is no such line in the spectrum of light when sodium is not present ,but that if smallest quantity of sodium be throwm into the flame or other sources of light, the bright yellow line instantly appears
我们注意到，如果把非常少量的钠投入到火焰或其他光源中时，立即出现一条亮黄色的双线，当钠不存在时，光谱中就没有这样的双线。

由此我们真的钠或钠的任何化合物所产生的光谱都带有一条亮黄色的双线
五、任选题，英译汉（以下三选二，每题10分，，共20分）
1、忽略
2、21世纪，化学制造业和化工产品在全球范围内将会有根本性的变化，传统的石油资源将会逐渐地被再生资源所取代，这些资源来自自然界的树、植物、食品及生物炼制废弃物。

对环境有害的化学品也会被替代。

这种独特的环境为我们提供了一个发现和应用绿色化学来应对可持续发展挑战的机会。

为此，我们研究了一系列新的绿色化学技术，如对环境友好的非均相催化技术、高效节能的微波技术、超声活化工艺、应用超临界萃取技术从植物中提取有价值的化学品以及从生物质中开发新型材料。

约克大学绿色化学中心最近取得的突破是：从麦秆中分离出有附加值得化学品、水相中有机化学反应新型催化剂的设计（包括将食物废弃物的发酵转化）以及将淀粉和纤维素转化为高附加值得聚合物，期中包括一类有巨大应用潜力的新型碳族材料。

3、同卷一
预防性（期中考的作文）：
S i 02负载磷钨酸催化合成乙二醇单乙醚醋酸酯,
黄展郭建维梁红冬
(广东工业大学广州51 0090)
摘要：以醋酸和乙二醇单乙醚为原料，硅胶负载磷钨酸作为催化剂，合成乙二醇单乙醚醋酸酯。

实验结果表明，当磷钨酸负载量为30％，催化剂活化温度为1 50℃，n(醋酸)：n(醇醚)：1．3：1，反应时间为60min，催化剂用量为醇醚质量的8％，带水剂甲苯用量为反应物质量的15％，反应收率可达96％以上。

关键词：乙二醇单乙醚乙二醇单乙醚醋酸酯硅胶磷钨酸
Synthesis of Ethylene Glycol Monoether Acetate Catalyzed by Phosphotungstic Acid Supported on silica gel
HUAN zhan，GU0 Jianwei LIAN Hongdong
(Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 51 0090)
Abstract：Ethylene glycol monoether acetate were synthesized from acetic acid and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether with supported phosphotungstic acid catalyst and SiO2 was used as support. The proper conditions for esterification were：the loading amount of phosphotungstic acid，30％; baking temperature，150℃；molar ratio of acid to alcohol ether，1.3 ：1，mass ratio of catalyst to alcohol ether，8：1 00; mass ratio of toluene to reactants，1 5：1 00; the reaction time 60min, and the yield reached over 96％．The catalyst can be used repeatedly.
Keywords：ethylene glycol monoether acetate；phosphotungstic acid silica gel。