newmark翻译理论
合集下载
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第七页，共29页。
• Faithful translation
• A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual
meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It ‘transfers’ cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical ‘abnormality’ (deviation from SL norms) in the
(Newmark, 1981: 6).
• The American philosopher C. S. Peirce, the founder of
semiotics, for communicative translation
• The meaning of a sign consists of all the effects that
theory and practice.’ (Newmark: 1981: 38).
• The purpose of the change in this period is to
narrow down the gap between SL and TL orientation by moving down one level towards the converging tip of the V diagram.
第十页，共29页。
• The apparent triumph of the ‘consumer’ is, I think,
illusory. The conflict of loyalties, the gap between
emphasis on source and target language will always remain as the overriding problem in translation
• References
• Data analysis
第三页，共29页。
1.The philosophical foundation of Newmark’s thinking on translation
• Philosophy is a fundamental issue in translation theory.
idiomatic
semantic/communicative
(Newmark, 1988:45)
第六页，共29页。
The 8 translation methods
• Word-for-word translation • This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with
• Literal translation
• The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their
nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
at all.
第九页，共29页。
• Idiomatic translation
• Idiomatic translation reproduces the ‘message’ of
the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original. (Authorities as diverse as Seleskovitch and Stuart Gilbert tend to this form of lively, ‘natural’ translation.)
• Communicative translation • Communicative translation attempts to render the
exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
• SL bias
TL bias
literal
free
faithful
idiomatic
semantic/communicative
(Newmark, 1981:39)
• SL emphasis
TL emphasis
word-for-word
adaptation
literal
free
faithful
• One of the basic differences between S-T
and C-T is on constative and performative. (Newmark, 1981: 23)
第五页，共29页。
2. Newmark’s e TL immediately below the SL words. The SL wordorder is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of a wordfor-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
第八页，共29页。
• Adaptation
• This is the ‘freeest’ form of translation. It is used mainly for
plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having a play or poem literally translated and then rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have ‘rescued’ period plays.
translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL writer.
• Semantic translation
• Semantic translation differs from ‘faithful translation’ only in as far as it must
concessions to the readership. The distinction between ‘faithful’ and ‘semantic’ translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while
the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translator’s intuitive empathy with the original.
• the British philosopher J. Austin’s
distinction between constative and performative sentences
• Translation is a craft consisting in the
attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. (Newmark, 1981:7)
take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural
sound) of the SL text, compromising on ‘meaning’ where appropriate so that
may conceivably have practical bearings on a particular interpretant, and which will vary in accordance with the interpretant. (Newmark, 1981: 5)
第四页，共29页。
第一页，共29页。
第二页，共29页。
Table of contents
• 1. philosophical foundation • 2. theoretical development
• 3. distinction between Newmark and
Nida
• the 8 translation methods
第十一页，共29页。
The 1st change from 1981 to 1988
In 1981, Newmark’s definition of S-T: S-T = to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. In 1988, he gave the above definition to faithful translation and added one more element to S-T:
• Free translation • Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or
the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a
paraphrase much longer than the original so-called ‘intralingual translation’, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation
no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalent and it may make other small
• Faithful translation
• A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual
meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It ‘transfers’ cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical ‘abnormality’ (deviation from SL norms) in the
(Newmark, 1981: 6).
• The American philosopher C. S. Peirce, the founder of
semiotics, for communicative translation
• The meaning of a sign consists of all the effects that
theory and practice.’ (Newmark: 1981: 38).
• The purpose of the change in this period is to
narrow down the gap between SL and TL orientation by moving down one level towards the converging tip of the V diagram.
第十页，共29页。
• The apparent triumph of the ‘consumer’ is, I think,
illusory. The conflict of loyalties, the gap between
emphasis on source and target language will always remain as the overriding problem in translation
• References
• Data analysis
第三页，共29页。
1.The philosophical foundation of Newmark’s thinking on translation
• Philosophy is a fundamental issue in translation theory.
idiomatic
semantic/communicative
(Newmark, 1988:45)
第六页，共29页。
The 8 translation methods
• Word-for-word translation • This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with
• Literal translation
• The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their
nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
at all.
第九页，共29页。
• Idiomatic translation
• Idiomatic translation reproduces the ‘message’ of
the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the original. (Authorities as diverse as Seleskovitch and Stuart Gilbert tend to this form of lively, ‘natural’ translation.)
• Communicative translation • Communicative translation attempts to render the
exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.
• SL bias
TL bias
literal
free
faithful
idiomatic
semantic/communicative
(Newmark, 1981:39)
• SL emphasis
TL emphasis
word-for-word
adaptation
literal
free
faithful
• One of the basic differences between S-T
and C-T is on constative and performative. (Newmark, 1981: 23)
第五页，共29页。
2. Newmark’s e TL immediately below the SL words. The SL wordorder is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of a wordfor-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
第八页，共29页。
• Adaptation
• This is the ‘freeest’ form of translation. It is used mainly for
plays (comedies) and poetry; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having a play or poem literally translated and then rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have ‘rescued’ period plays.
translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL writer.
• Semantic translation
• Semantic translation differs from ‘faithful translation’ only in as far as it must
concessions to the readership. The distinction between ‘faithful’ and ‘semantic’ translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while
the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translator’s intuitive empathy with the original.
• the British philosopher J. Austin’s
distinction between constative and performative sentences
• Translation is a craft consisting in the
attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. (Newmark, 1981:7)
take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural
sound) of the SL text, compromising on ‘meaning’ where appropriate so that
may conceivably have practical bearings on a particular interpretant, and which will vary in accordance with the interpretant. (Newmark, 1981: 5)
第四页，共29页。
第一页，共29页。
第二页，共29页。
Table of contents
• 1. philosophical foundation • 2. theoretical development
• 3. distinction between Newmark and
Nida
• the 8 translation methods
第十一页，共29页。
The 1st change from 1981 to 1988
In 1981, Newmark’s definition of S-T: S-T = to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. In 1988, he gave the above definition to faithful translation and added one more element to S-T:
• Free translation • Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or
the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a
paraphrase much longer than the original so-called ‘intralingual translation’, often prolix and pretentious, and not translation
no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalent and it may make other small