浙江工商大学微生物学2009年考博专业课初试真题
浙江工商大学3116中级微观经济学2012--2019年考博初试专业课真题
4、应用埃奇沃斯图解释某一点如何表示两个消费者购买的两种产品市场产品组合，并推导 出其中一种产品的供求曲线（20 分）。
5、假设市场需求函数为 Q 500 10P ，成本函数为 c=40Q，试计算完全垄断时的价格产
量，完全竞争时的价格和产量，并计算垄断的消费者福利损失（15 分）
6、简述福利经济学第一和第二定理，并分析福利经济学第二定理对于解决分配和效率问题 的意义（10 分）。
本都为 1。 （1）假设厂商 A、B 是两个古诺厂商，则这两个厂商的反应线分别是什么？求解古诺
均衡时两个厂商的产量和利润（10 分）。 （2）假设厂商 A 是市场的领导者，厂商 B 是市场的追随者，试求解斯塔克博格模型的
均衡解（10 分）。 （3）如果厂商 A 和厂商 B 不清楚谁是领导者，谁是追随者，则第（2）问中的斯塔克
标明古诺均衡点（10 分）。
(2) 试通过求解最优反应函数方程式得出古诺均衡产量和古诺均衡价格（10 分）。
3、假设 A 和 B 两家企业在生产过程中存在外部不经济，一定时期内 A 的生产将导致 B 的 收益下降 α，如果 B 自己处理外部不经济需求投入成本为 β，A 处理投入成本为 γ，外部 效应不存在时双方的收益均为 λ。并且 α>β>γ。试用完全信息静态博弈的方法结合科斯 定理分析可能出现的均衡结果（20 分）。
博格模型结果是什么？请给出你的理由（5 分）。
3、请说明什么是价格歧视？广义上的价格歧视有哪几种类型？各自的内容和产生原因是什 么？试用图形说明不同类型的价格歧视对消费者福利的影响？（20 分）
4、已知某地区一企业的生产函数满足柯布—道格拉斯函数（Cobb-Douglas 函数）：
Y F(K, L) AK L ，其中， 0 , 1并且 A 0 ， 而资本和劳动的要素价格分别为 r 和 。
2000-2009微生物所考研真题
2002002微生物一、名词解释（用中文解释下列名词并说明他们的区别20分）1、羧化体与包涵体2、芽孢与芽孢子3、次生代谢与共代谢4、卫星病毒与阮病毒5、接合孢子与担孢子二、填空题1．L型细菌是指通过自发突变形成的遗传性稳定的（）缺陷菌株2、厌氧菌因缺乏（）所以容易被生物体内的超氧阴离子自由基毒害致死3、两种常用的测定微生物细胞数量的方法是（）和（）4、化能自养菌为还原CO2而需要的A TP和还原力来自（）5、烟草花叶病毒的缩写为（）6、低等真菌包括（）和（）两个亚门7、对一般培养基常采用的灭菌条件是（）8、细菌进行氧化磷酸化的部位是（）9、（）是自然界碳素循环中厌氧生物链的最后一个成员10、青霉素的营养体是（）隔菌丝，无性繁殖产生（）11、植物甘油醚是（）细胞膜的类脂成分12、单细胞微生物生长曲线中稳定期到来的主要原因是（）三．判断题10分1、噬冷菌细胞膜中含有高比例的饱和脂肪酸，从而保证了膜在低温下的半流质态2、大多数放线菌是G+菌，少数是G-菌3、处于整合态的噬菌体核酸成为前噬菌体4、类病毒是一种小片段的RNA分子，没有外壳包裹5、根瘤菌在异形胞中进行固氮作用6、Saccharomycodes ludwigii 的营养体只能以二倍体形式存在7、多糖的抗原性最强，其次是蛋白质8、炭疽病的病原微生物是一种病毒9、支原体是最小的能独立繁殖的微生物10、曲霉的分生孢子梗呈帚状分支四、试写出以下微生物的学名或中文名称1、枯草芽孢杆菌2、啤酒酵母3、Staphalococcus aureu4、Aspergillus flavus5、Neurospora crassa五、问答题50分1、举例说明抗菌素的作用机制2、噬盐菌光合作用的机理是什么3、试述原核生物基因重组的方式4、试述核酸分析在细菌分类中应用的基本原理，应用范围和意义中国科学院微生物研究所2004年硕士研究生入学考试微生物学试题一、名词解释（共40分）1、质粒和类核体2、朊病毒和噬菌体3、内毒素和外毒素4、互生作用和拮抗作用5、古生菌和极端环境微生物6、初级代谢和次级代谢7、操纵子和基因组8、芽孢和分生孢子9、准性生殖和溶原转变10、 O抗原和H抗原二、是非题，请在（）中打“＋”表示是，或“－”表示非。
浙江工商大学微生物学考研真题试题2009—2019年(缺2013—2016)
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浙江工商大学 2012 年硕士研究生入学考试试卷（B）卷
招生专业：食品科学与工程、生物化工、环境工程、工程硕士
考试科目：827 微生物学 总分： 150 分 考试时间：3 小时
一、 判断题（每小题 1 分，共 15 分，答案写在答题纸上。） 1. 真菌在进行准性生殖时，通过有丝分裂进行基因。
25. 自养细菌中固定 CO2 的场所是（ ） A．类囊体 B. 羧酶体 C. 异染粒 D.淀粉粒
率大大提高。
二、 填空题（每小题 1 分，共 25 分，答案写在答题纸上。）
1. 用
进行酵母活细胞染色，由于
具有较强的氧化还原能力，镜检观察
是
的，而
因无还原能力或较弱的的还原力，故而呈现
。
借此进行酵母菌的死活鉴别
2. 证 明 遗 传 物 质 的 基 础 是 核 酸 的 三 个 著 名 的 经 典 实 验
第 1 页 共 3页
4． 青霉分生孢子头的构造为 、 、 和 四部分。 5．病毒一步生长曲线有三个最重要的特征参数，即 期（包括 期和 期）和 期的长 短以及 的大小。 6． 从整体上来看，细菌适合的 pH 条件是 ，放线菌为 ，真菌为 ，藻类为中酸，原生动 物为近中性。 7．实验室常用的培养细菌的天然培养基为 ，培养酵母菌的天然培养基为 ，培养放线菌的 组合（合成）培养基为 等，培养真菌的组合培养基为 等。
A. 互利共栖关系 B. 偏利共栖关系 C. 拮抗关系 D. 寄生关系
18. 已知 DNA 的碱基序列为 CATCATCAT，什么类型的突变可产生如下碱基序列的改变：
CACCATCAT （ ）
A. 缺失 B. 插入 C. 颠换 D. 转换
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题加答案
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。
浙江工商大学825生物化学2020到2003十八套考研真题
考试科目：825 生物化学 总分：150 分 考试时间：3 小时
一、名词解释（每小题 4 分，共 60 分） 1. 氨基酸的等电点 2. 开环 DNA 3. 多酶复合物 4. 中间产物学说 5. 第二信使 6. 膜周边蛋白 7. 脂酸的 β-氧化 8. 核苷酸的从头合成途径 9. 电子传递链 10. 端粒 11. hnRNA 12. 蛋白质的定向转运 13. 反式作用因子 14. 逆转录 15. 生酮氨基酸 二、问答题（共 90 分） 1. 用阳离子交换柱层析一氨基酸混合液（洗脱剂：pH 3.25, 0.2N 柠檬酸钠），其结果如下图。 1) 各洗脱峰的面积大小或高度有何含义？2) Asp 比 Glu 先洗脱出来的原因是什么？（10 分）
答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效
第 1 页（共 1 页）
浙江工商大学 2012 年硕士研究生入学考试试卷（A）卷
招生专业：食品科学与工程、生物化工、工程硕士（食品工程领域、生物工程领域）
考试科目：825 生物化学 总分：150 分 考试时间：3 小时
一、名词解释（每小题 4 分，共 60 分） 1． 同源蛋白质 2． 氧化磷酸化 3． 酶的共价修饰 4． 鸟氨酸循环 5． 亲和层析 6． 磷酸戊糖途径 7． 核小体 8． G 蛋白 9． 回补反应 10．转录因子 11．脂肪动员 12．质子泵 13．拓扑异构酶 14．糖异生 15．RNA 干扰 二、问答题（共 90 分） 1．论述三羧酸循环是如何沟通糖类、脂类和蛋白质三大有机物的代谢？（15 分） 2．简述 DNA 重组技术的步骤及其应用？（10 分） 3．同工酶作为一个重要生化指标，主要用于哪些研究领域？请具体举例说明。（10 分） 4．1 分子含有 20 个碳原子的饱和脂肪酸（C20）经 β-氧化彻底分解共产生多少分子 ATP？写出计算过程。
2014-2015年浙江工商大学考研初试真题825生物化学
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微生物学2011
9．某些厌氧梭菌利用氨基酸进行发酵产能，这就是Stickland反应。
10．硫酸盐呼吸是一种同化性硫酸盐还原作用。
11．磺胺是细菌生长因子对氨基苯甲酸的代谢类似物，故它对各种细菌性病原体有抑制作用。
12．促进扩散可以实现营养物从外界环境中逆浓度梯度输入到细胞内。
7．实验室常用的培养细菌的天然培养基为，培养酵母菌的天然培养基为，培养放线菌的组合（合成）培养基为等，培养真菌的组合培养基为等。
三、选择题（每题1分，共10分，答案写在答题纸上）
1.有一种细菌的（ ）可用于提取代血浆的原料――右旋糖苷。
A．细胞壁B．细胞膜
C．糖被D．细胞质
2.细菌芽孢的抗逆性是多方面的，但最突出的是（ ）
9．（ ）是某些化能自养微生物的双功能营养物
A．H2B．CO
C．NH4＋D．Fe2＋
10．EMB培养基对大肠菌群有显著的鉴别力，主要是依据了（ ）原理
A．发酵蔗糖产酸B．发酵乳糖产酸
C．伊红、美蓝分别显色D．伊红、美蓝结合后显色
四、名词解释（每题4分，共20分，答案写在答题纸上）
1.感受态2.氧化磷酸化3.生长限制因子4.同步生长5.内毒素
A．抗热B．抗干旱
C．抗化学药品D．抗辐射
3.有一种芽孢杆菌可产生具有杀虫作用的伴孢晶体，这种细菌称为（ ）
A．地衣芽孢杆菌B．苏云芽孢杆菌
C．蕈状芽孢杆菌D．凝结芽孢杆菌
4.在某些蓝细菌中，会分化出一种能固氮的特殊细胞，称作（ ）
A．静息孢子B．链丝段
C．内孢子D．异形胞
5.在真菌菌丝尖端的细胞中，细胞核常（ ）
浙江工商大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试卷（B）卷
招生专业：食品科学与工程、生物化工、环境工程、工程硕士
高考生物试题12套(解析版) 2009浙江解析.doc
2009年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试理科综合能力测试（生物部分）一、选择题（在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。
）1．用动、植物成体的体细胞进行离体培养，下列叙述正确的是A．都需用CO2培养箱B．都须用液体培养基C．都要在无菌条件下进行D．都可体现细胞的全能性解析：植物组织培养中不需要CO2培养箱，一般用固体培养基，所以A、B错误；动物细胞培养获得的是细胞株或细胞系，没有获得新的个体，所以没有体现细胞全能性，D错误。
答案：C。
2．破伤风梭状芽孢杆菌侵入了人体深部的组织细胞并大量繁殖，下列关于细菌的细胞呼吸类型和消灭该菌首先要通过的免疫途径的叙述，正确的是A．无氧呼吸和体液免疫B．无氧呼吸和细胞免疫C．有氧呼吸和体液免疫D．有氧呼吸和细胞免疫解析：题目中明确阐述“人体深部的组织细胞并大量繁殖”，所以细菌的细胞呼吸类型为无氧呼吸（若为皮肤表层可以看作有氧呼吸）；并且病原体已经侵入细胞内部，所以必须借助细胞免疫的过程使靶细胞裂解。
答案：B。
3．下列关于基因工程的叙述，错误的是A．目的基因和受体细胞均可来自动、植物或微生物B．限制性核酸内切酶和DNA连接酶是两类常用的工具酶C．人胰岛素原基因在大肠杆菌中表达的胰岛素原无生物活性D．载体上的抗性基因有利于筛选含重组DNA的细胞和促进目的基因的表达解析：载体上的抗性基因主要起着标记基因的作用，有利于筛选含重组DNA的细胞，并不能促进目的基因的表达。
答案：D。
4．下列关于植物光合作用和细胞呼吸的叙述，正确的是A．无氧和零下低温环境有利于水果的保鲜B．CO2的固定过程发生在叶绿体中，C6H12O6分解成CO2的过程发生在线粒体中C．光合作用过程中光能转变成化学能，细胞呼吸过程中化学能转变成热能和ATP D．夏季连续阴天，大棚中白天适当增加光照，夜晚适当降低温度，可提高作物产量解析：水果的保鲜在零上低温、低氧条件更有利；CO2的固定过程的确发生在叶绿体中，但是C6H12O6分解成CO2的过程可以是有氧呼吸的过程，也可以是无氧呼吸的过程，有氧呼吸的第一阶段和无氧呼吸的全过程均在细胞溶胶中进行；细胞呼吸过程中化学能转变成热能和ATP中不稳定的化学能（A TP是物质），所以A、B、C均错误。
2009级攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题.doc
2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（请在答题纸上做答，试卷上做答无效，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：微生物生化(含工业微生物学、生物化学)适用专业：生物化工，发酵工程，生物制药共 3 页一、填空题(每个空1 分，共35 分)1．侵染寄主细胞后暂不引起细胞裂解的噬菌体称为（）。
2. 芽孢是芽孢细菌的（）器官。
3．某些酵母在繁殖过程中,芽体不脱落,并相连接成藕节状,形似菌丝称（）。
4．根瘤菌可与（）植物共生固氮。
5. 荚膜的主要化学成分有（）和（）等，常采用（）方法进行荚膜染色。
6．微生物的培养基按用途通常分为基础培养基、完全培养基、（）、（）、（）五大类。
7．Lipopolysaccharides(LPSs) contain both lipid and carbohydrate, and consist of threeparts: （）, （）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)8．Genetic recombination occurs in eucaryotes through sexual reproduction. In bacteria, recombination occurs through the processes of （），（）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)9．The multiplication cycle of bacteriophages, like that of all viruses, can be divided intofive distinct stages: （）, （）, biosynthesis of viral components, （）, and （）. (此题要求英语做答)+10．TCA循环中，α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶催化的反应需要的辅因子有：NAD 、TPP 、（）、（）、（）和（）。
11. 腺嘌呤环上的第（）位氮原子与戊糖的第（）位碳原子相连形成（）。
浙江工商大学2017考研真题之827微生物学
浙江工商大学2017 年全国硕士研究生入学考试试卷 C A）卷考试科目：827 微生物学总分：(150 分〉考试时间z 3 小时一、填空题（每空1分，共20 分〉1. 在微生物学发展史上，组装了第一架单式显微镜的人是荷兰的一一’ 所以我们称他为“微生物学的先驱者”。
2. 首先对“杂居混生” 的微生物实现纯种分离培养的是以德国医生一一为代表的团队，因此他被称为细菌学（医学微生物学）的奠基人。
3. 以曲颈瓶试验为标志，推翻自然发生说，并确立生命来自生命的“胚种学说”，被称为微生物学奠基人的是法国科学家一一一。
4.人类难以认识微生物的四大障碍分别是个体微小、外貌不显、一一一和一一o5.非细胞类微生物包括病毒和亚病毒，其中亚病毒包括一一、一一和一一一。
6. 由于微生物学的发展，人类地球上第一个被消灭的烈性传染病是'7. 细菌的外形基本上为球状、杆状和一一一。
8. 细菌的特殊构造包括鞭毛、芽抱、、菌毛和性菌毛。
9. 疯牛病的病原体是亚病毒因子中的一种，为一一一一病毒。
10. 对于光能异养型微生物而言，它的能漉是一一一－11. 化能自养微生物还原C02 所需要的ATP 和还原力［H］是通过获得的。
12. 固氮酶中的固二氮酶的功能是，固二氨酶还原酶的功能是13. 获得同步生长的微生物有两类方法，它们是和14. 良好的饮用水，其细菌总数应15. 常用于原核微生物分类鉴定的经典分类系统纲要是二、判断〈每题1分，共20 分〉l. ( ）黄曲霉和青霉的菌丝都有横隅。
2. ( ）干扰素是高等动物细胞在病毒等干扰素诱生剂剌激下产生的一种具有高活性和广谱抗病毒等功能的小分子特异性糖蛋白。
3. ( ）“吸收多，转化快”是微生物最突出的特点。
4. ( ）通常用于表示病毒大小的计量单位是µm。
5. ( ）肤聚糖是真细菌细胞壁中的特有成分。
6. ( 〉放线菌是一类原核微生物。
7. ( ）机体通过接种疫苗获得的特异性免疫称为人工被动获得性免疫。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学联考动物生理学与生物化学真题2009年_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学联考动物生理学与生物化学真题2009年(总分150, 做题时间180分钟)动物生理学一、单项选择题1.离体条件下对心室肌细胞动作电位的研究属于( )。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA 细胞水平研究B 分子水平研究C 器官水平研究D 整体水平研究该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:A2.参与体液免疫反应的白细胞是( )。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA 嗜酸性粒细胞B 嗜碱性粒细胞C T淋巴细胞D B淋巴细胞该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D3.内源性凝血过程的启动因子是( )。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA Ⅲ因子B Ⅴ因子C Ⅹ因子D Ⅻ因子该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D4.产生促红细胞生成素的部位是( )。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA 脾脏B 肝脏C 肾脏D 骨髓该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C5.心室肌细胞动作电位时程最长的时期是( )。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA 0期B 1期C 2期D 3期该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C6.消化道中能吸收维生素B12的部位是( )。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA 十二指肠B 空肠C 回肠D 结肠该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C7.下列消化液中不含消化酶的是( )。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA 唾液B 胃液C 胰液D 胆汁该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:D8.当环境温度高于机体皮肤温度时，机体的散热方式是( )。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA 对流散热B 蒸发散热C 传导散热D 辐射散热该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B9.机体运动时的主要产热部位是( )。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA 脑B 骨骼肌C 内脏D 皮肤该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:B10.可被阿托品阻断的受体是( )。
SSS_SINGLE_SELA α受体B β受体C M受体D N受体该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:C11.骨骼肌受外力牵拉时，引起受牵拉肌肉收缩的反射活动称( )。
2009年浙江大学食品微生物考研真题及参考答案
浙江大学二00九年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目食品微生物编号851注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效一、名词解释（20分，每题4分）1、菌落和菌苔2、荚膜和沾液层3、D值和Z值4、天然培养基和合成培养基5、互生和拮抗二、填空题（20分每空1分）1、细菌要1A、1B和1C三种形态。
2、细菌名一般采用双命名法，此命名法中，前面的词一般是指2A，后面的词一般是指2B 。
3、证明核酸是主要的物质的三个经典实验室3A、3B和3C。
4、根据微生物生长对温度的要求，微生物可以分成4A、4B和4C三种类型。
5、食品的微生物污染主要有5A、5B、5C、5D。
6、微生物连续培养的方法主要有6A和6C两种。
7、根据培养基的用途可将培养基分为7A、7B和7C三种类型。
三、选择题（20分每题2分）1、G+杆菌脱壁后，原生质体呈何种形状？若进行革兰氏染色后镜检，又呈现何种颜色？A 杆状、紫色B 球形、红色C杆状、红色 D 球形、紫色2、孢子着色方式为辐射状的菌属为A 毛霉B 根霉C 曲霉D 青霉3、检查细菌运动性的方法有A 悬滴法B 染色C 生化D 划线4、霉菌生长优先利用的糖类是A 淀粉B 单糖C 纤维素D低聚糖5、C/N 比是指。
A 提供C源、N源两种物质的重量之比B提供C源、N源两种物质的摩尔比C C、N重量比D C、N摩尔比6、鲜奶室温贮存期间，由于微生物的活动将使得奶中pH值变化A 先下降后上升B 先上升后下降C 先上升后下降再上升D不变7、细菌的下列哪项特性一般不用作对细菌进行分类的依据A 球菌的直径B 杆菌的宽度C 球菌的分裂及排列D杆菌的分裂及排列8、工业生产中，微生物生长的最适培养基与其代谢产物合成的最适培养基，通常是。
A完全不同 B 有差别 C 相同的 D 同一种培养基9、是金黄色葡萄球菌。
A B. circulansB Staphylococcus auresC B. cereusD B.subtilis10、是红曲菌。
2009年604微生物学
江西农业大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题适用学科、专业微生物学考试科目代码、名称 604微生物学注意事项：答案一律在答卷纸上填写，答在草稿纸或试卷上一律无效。
题目部分，(卷面共有104题,150.0分,各大题标有题量和总分)一、选择题(30小题,每小题1.0分,共30.0分)分别在每小题A、B、C和D四种选项中仅选择一项，将选择项的A或B或C或D填写在答卷中，多选无效。
1.革兰氏染色法的步骤是：A.碘液初染 结晶紫媒染 沙黄复染 乙醇脱色，B.结晶紫初染 沙黄复染 碘液媒染 乙醇脱色；C.碘液初染 结晶紫媒染 乙醇脱色 沙黄复染；D.结晶紫初染 碘液媒染 乙醇脱色 沙黄复染。
答：（）2.下列哪类细菌形成的菌落十分光滑、并呈透明蛋清状、形态较大。
A.产芽孢；B.球状；C.具鞭毛；D.具荚膜。
答：（）3.能产生大量分枝和气生菌丝的放线菌菌落，与培养基的结合，往往具有如下特征：A.较松、极易挑取；B.较松、不易挑取；C.较紧、容易挑取；D.较紧、易不挑取。
答：（）4.迄今能由严格厌氧菌大规模生产的发酵产物只有一种，这就是：A.乙醇发酵；B.丙酸发酵；C.乳酵发酵；D.丙酮丁醇发酵。
答：（）5.移码突变的诱变剂是：A.亚硝酸；B.烷化剂；C.5-溴尿嘧啶；D.吖啶类化合物。
答：（）6.下列有一种诱变剂是间接引起碱基对置换的诱变剂，它就是：A.亚硝酸；B.亚硝基胍；C.吖啶橙；D.5－溴尿嘧啶。
答：（）7.自然界中的细菌细胞，细菌外毒素等物质均属于：A.类属抗原；B.半抗原；C.完全抗原；D.交叉反应抗原。
答：（）8.Mu噬菌体在寄主细胞染色体上A.只有一个特定整合位点；B.有多个特定整合位点；C.没有一定的整合位点；D.没有整合位点。
答：（）9.在鉴别性EMB培养基上，在反射光下大肠杆菌菌落呈现的颜色是：A.棕色；B.粉红色；C.绿色并带有金属光泽；D.无色。
答：（）10.烟草花叶病毒粒子所含有的核酸是：A.±RNA；B.+RNA；C.－RNA；D.+DNA。
(整理)全国博士考试病生真题.
2009年全国医学博士入学考试专业基础（病理生理学）一、选择题（1分X40）A型30道，B型5道，X型5道二、简答题（5分X4）1、左心衰竭出现夜间阵发性呼吸困难的机制。
2、ARDS出现I型呼吸衰竭的机制。
3、肾性贫血的机制。
4、产科意外导致DIC的机制。
三、论述题（10分X4）1、一位流感病人体温39.7C，试述其发热的基本机制。
2、缺氧的类型以及各型的血氧指标的变化。
3、病例分析题，考水、电解质、酸解平衡紊乱的。
4、假神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用。
09病生1. 恶性肿瘤发生过程中有哪些细胞调控障碍？原因？2. 细胞信号转导异常的环节有哪些？3. 低钾血症对机体的影响？4. 自由基在缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？5. 血液性缺氧的原因及血气变化？6. 何谓抑癌基因？举例说明其失活机制。
7. 肝功能异常时血氨升高的原因？8. 原发性高血压中有哪些离子转运障碍？有什么结果？9. DIC引起休克的机制？10. 患者车祸后，表情淡漠，面色青灰，血压70/50mmHg，脉快，补液后尿量≤30ml/24h。
该患者处于哪一时期？发生机理？08病生1.哪些因素可以引起细胞信号转导异常？2.何谓水中毒？产生机制与对机体的影响？3.呼酸的发生原因基对机体的影响？4.低张性缺氧的原因血氧变化特点?5.DIC的主要临床表现？产生机制？6.钙超载在心肌缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？7.主要细胞癌基因的致癌机制?8.心衰使兴奋-收缩偶偶联障碍机制?9.女，65岁，支气管哮喘15年，近来呼吸困难加重，且出现嗜睡等表现，血气PaCO2 75mmHg ，PaO2 50mmHg。
试述患者发生上述临床表现的机制？10.男，22岁，因胆囊炎滴注庆大霉素4周后出现少尿，恶心，呕吐等症状，PH7.25 BE-15mm ol/l PaCO2 28mmHg, SB 18 mmHg, K 6.8 mmol/l ,BUN 25.8 mmol/l.试述该患者有哪些病理生理过程，是怎样发生的？南方医科大学2005年病理生理学（博士）一、简答题：4题×5分_1.简述gaba在肝性脑病中的作用2.为什么部分肺泡通气/血流比例下降只导致低氧血症，而不会导致paco2升高？:3.简述dic时出血的机制TY M6P"_Ep4.肾性高血压的发病机制二、论述题：1.一患者，血压波动于160/100近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，，请分析其发病机制（15分）2.试述休克i 期微循环变化的特点、机制和代偿意义（10分）3.一肺心病患者，入院呈昏睡状态，查：ph 7.26，paco2 65.5, hco3－30,cl－92, na＋145,试分析患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱？根据是什么？并分析期昏睡的机制？（15分）2009年病理生理题目：简答题：1．肾性贫血发病机制2．产科意外导致DIC机制3．阵发性夜间呼吸困难的发病机制4．ARDS发生1型呼吸衰竭的机制问答题：1．感染发热的机制2．缺氧的类型以及血液氧指标的变化3．病例分析（酮症酸中毒），写出该病例的水、电介质、酸碱平衡混乱的类型及机制4．假性神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用2009年中山大学博士入学考试病理生理学专业基础真题！一、名词解释（5分一个）1、paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea2、SIRS3、stress disease4、renal tubular acidosis二简答题（20分一个）1、DIC引起出血的发病机制。