CommonMethodsofParagraphDevelopment

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有关于段落展开的方式英语有范文

有关于段落展开的方式英语有范文英文回答：Paragraph development is a crucial aspect of writing that enhances the coherence, clarity, and overall effectiveness of a text. There are several strategies employed to develop paragraphs, each serving a specific purpose and contributing to the writer's intended message.Topic Sentence:A topic sentence is the central idea or main point of a paragraph. It often appears at the beginning, although it can also be placed strategically elsewhere. The topic sentence sets the direction for the paragraph, guiding the reader's understanding of the subsequent sentences.Supporting Sentences:Supporting sentences provide evidence, examples, orexplanations that support the topic sentence. Theyelaborate on the main point by providing specific details, anecdotes, data, or analysis. These sentences work together to build a coherent and well-supported paragraph.Transitions:Transitions are words or phrases that connect sentences and paragraphs smoothly. They indicate relationships between ideas and help readers follow the logical flow of the text. Transitions can show cause and effect, comparison, contrast, addition, or conclusion.Parallelism:Parallelism is a stylistic technique that uses similar grammatical structures or formats to create balance and emphasize key points. It can be achieved through the use of parallel phrases, clauses, or sentences. Parallelism enhances readability and makes the text more memorable.Emphasis:Writers employ various techniques to emphasize important points within a paragraph. This can be done through the use of italics, bold, underlining, or placement within the text. Additionally, using strong verbs, vivid imagery, or sensory details can draw the reader's attention to specific ideas.Paragraph Length:Paragraph length can vary depending on the complexity of the topic and the writer's purpose. However, it is generally recommended to keep paragraphs concise and focused. Long paragraphs can be difficult to read and may lose the reader's attention.Paragraph Unity:Paragraph unity ensures that all the sentences within a paragraph are related to the topic sentence and contribute to the overall meaning. Irrelevant or tangential information should be avoided, as it can distract thereader and disrupt the flow of ideas.Conclusion:Paragraph development is an essential skill foreffective writing. By employing the strategies outlined above, writers can create coherent, well-supported, and engaging paragraphs that effectively convey their intended message to the reader.中文回答：段落展开的方式。

Lecture 3(Paragraph Development 1)

look
glance: take a quick look peek: look quickly and often secretively peer: look closely
stare: look for a long time without blinking
gaze: look for a long time, without realizing it gape: stare with an open mouth squint: look with eyes half shut or turned
Lecture 3
Development by time
Development by time
Narration (叙述法)
(Chronological development)
Process (过程描述法)
Narration
The selection of details
The organization of details
P8 grab: take suddenly splash around: hit or disturb (the water) in a noisy way scrub: rub hard tug: quick and strong pull glide: move silently and in a smooth way jerk: move a short distance quickly and suddenly yell: shout loudly whimper: cry weakly or softly
actions or operations in a chorological

how to develop a paragraph(1)段落的展开法1

To avoid “transitions for transitions” sake
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Example
We enjoyed our visit to Dr. Hassan’s house.The
house was perched high up on a hill. First, we
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2.Order of space
Details are arranged according to their location & their relationship to each other.
Suitable to describe a limited interior, such as a classroom or the inside of submarine; also effective to write about a very broad area, such as the continent of Asia or the solar system.
6. develop by cause and effect
7. develop by classification
8. develop by definition
20199/12./2d8 evelop by a combined way
3
He(the King) got up and stepped out of
one inevitable duty-the duty of prayer-
the daily recognition of the Unseen and
Eternal. His daily devotions were more

3.2 英语文章段落发展模式

When writing a topic sentence, you must bear three points in mind:
1. The topic sentence must be a complete sentence, e.g.
- The process of learning is essential to our lives. - The British attitude towards food is quite different from ours.
• According to the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, every person’s personality can be placed somewhere on a scale running from extreme extroversion (an outgoing personality) to extreme introversion (a withdrawn personality). • The typical extrovert is particularly fond of people and people-oriented activities: he or she is sociable, likes parties, has many friends, needs to have people to talk to, and does not like reading or studying alone.
• While there are minor differences between American English and British English, the two varieties of the English language have much in common. The meaning of most words are, of course, exactly the same. The pronunciation of the consonant sounds, the rhythm, stress, and intonation systems in both American and British English closely resemble each other. In grammar, the similarities are numerous. British English makes a distinction between count and mass nouns, and so does American English. They both have the same verb and tense systems. The grammar of both languages is similar in that they both form and compare adjectives and adverbs in the same way. In fact, the similarities between the two forms of the same language—are such that there is rarely any serious breakdown in communication between an American speaker and a British speaker.

Paragraph Development II

•
•
Examples
Passive Voice: I was a manager of a group of people. Active Voice: I managed a group of people.
Passive Voice: Teachers are accused by many parents of treating students unfairly. Active Voice: Many parents accuse teachers of treating students unfairly.
In the winter, I can bundle up, put on scarves, and wear my favorite sweater.
Best of all, in the winter I can do a lot of activities.
Winter is my favorite season because I like the clothes, the snow, and the activities.
Paragraph Development
Paragraphs
The purpose of a paragraph is to express one topic, idea, or opinion
Example
Topic: Students need free time in order to better focus on lessons in class. • Your paragraph should only talk about this topic and nothing else (unity)

段落发展和衔接

Ways of Developing Paragraphs and the Most Common Connectives段落发展手段和常用衔接词Ways of Developing Paragraphs1. Planning a paragraph (构思)Paragraphs need to be planned. First, think of the topic or theme or main idea, and express it in a complete sentence )topic sentence). Then think of the details or examples or facts that may be used to support or explain the main idea. Arrange then in logical order, and you have a rough plan of the paragraph.On outline may be helpful to beginners. You can list the major points one by one.(1)(2)…..Now you can begin to write.2. Development by timeIn telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time: earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This method is also called chronological sequencing.3. Development by processWhen you have to explain how something is done, you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by-step description. As the steps must occur one after another, the exact order in which they are carried out is most important. In giving instructions, imperative sentences and sentences with the indefinite pronoun you as the subject are often used. The present tense should be used if the instructions are still applicable.4. Development by SpaceBefore we begin to describe a place, whether it is a large country or a small room, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different parts or details. For this we should find out the space relationships between them and arrange our description accordingly. It would only confuse the reader to mention then in a haphazard way.5. Development by ExampleSupporting a topic sentence with examples or illustrations makes a general statement specific and easy to understand. An illustration is a case, a specimen, an instance. Vivid illustrations light up abstract ideas and make them clear, interesting, memorable, or convincing.Illustrations may be a single example or a series of examples.6. Development by Comparison and ContrastStrictly speaking, a comparison points out the similarities between two persons or things of the same class, while a contrast, the differences between them. In practice, however, comparison and contrast often appear together, because people generally compare two things that are similar in certain ways and different in others.By comparing and contrasting we may get a clearer picture of things.There are two major ways of comparison and contrast.Refer to text book page 29-307. Development by Cause and EffectCausal analysis (因果分析) is very common. Sound reasoning or logic is naturally the most important quality of any causal analysis. But it is not always easy to explain causes and effects clearly and logically. One reason for this is that an effect may have many causes and a cause may have many effects. So we must be thorough in our discussion and careful in our selection of details.There are two basic ways of organizing paragraphs developed by cause and effect. The first method is to state an effect and devote the rest of the paragraph to examining the causes. The second method is to state a cause and then mention or predict the effects.8. Development by ClassificationTo classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics. We classify many things: trees, rivers, cities, companies, college students. We group things according to their similarities and differences. If we classify rivers, we separate them into wide ones, narrow ones, long ones, short ones, deep ones, shallow ones. Apples may be classified according to size, place of origin, color, price, or quality.9. Development by DefinitionSometimes, to avoid confusion or misunderstanding, we have to define a word, term, or concept which is unfamiliar to most readers or open or various interpretations.There are three basic ways to define a word or term: to give a synonym, to use a sentence (often with an attributive clause), and to write a paragraph or even an essay. We are using the first method when we say, for instance, “To mend means to repair.” Ink may be defined in a sentence: “Ink is colored water which we use for writing.”But a synonym or a sentence cannot give a satisfactory definition of an abstract term whose meaning is complex. We have to write a paragraph or an essay with example or negative examples ( what the term does not mean), with analogies or comparisons, with classification or cause-and-effect analysis.We should avoid circular definition (Democracy is the democratic process.), long lists of synonyms, or loaded (另有用意的) definitions. Definition should be clear and objective.10. Development by a Combination of Methodswe have discussed quite a few methods for developing paragraphs. Sometimes only one of them is used in a paragraph, but often two or three of them are used in the same paragraph. Writers may find it necessary to use a combination of methods in order to present their ideas in an impressive and convincing manner.常用衔接词（语义标记词）1.AdditionAnother point / A further point I want to / I’d like to emphasize add/mention/discuss is …In addition, …/Moreover,…/Similarly,…/Apart from …What’s more,…/Furthermore,…/…,too./…as well as …/…, and …2. Comparison and contrastInstead,…/Conversely,…/On the contrary,…/In comparison,…/By comparison, …/However,…/By contrast,…/Then,..…,whereas…/…, however,…/(on the one hand), … on the other hand, …3. ConcessionAlthough …/ Nevertheless …/ Despite the fact that …/ In spite of …/Still …/ Yet …/Of course…/ Naturally/ Granted (that)即便Even if /though…4. Order (in order of time, procedure or importance)first, … furthermore, … finally, …one, … two, … three, … , etc.first(ly), … second(ly), … third(ly), … , etc.to begin/start with, … in the second place, … moreover,… and to conclude, …next, … then, … afterwards, … lastly/finally5. Cause and effectThe cause/reason for X is Y.The/One effect/consequence/result of X is Y.Because/As/Since/Now (that) X, Y.X causes/results in/leads to/produces Y.Y as a result of/on account of/owing to/through X.When /If X, (then) Y.cause Therefore/so/as a result/accordingly effectConsequently/because of thisThus/Hence/For this reason/Now6. ConditionIf /Assuming that …Unless …… on condition that …… provided/providing that。

4.段落的发展方法

A． chronological arrangement
• We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o’clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours ----- it must have been close to noon ---- the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was four o’clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day. • Signal words for time ＂rose“,＂not to miss breakfast＂, ＂ closing at nine o’clock＂)，then ＂close to noon＂，and＂ By nine--“.

新编商务英语写作The Development ot the Paragraph

Sample 1:
The U.S. Census Bureau has estimated that the population of the United States could approach 300 million in 2000 and will be 400 million in 2020. And the U.S. Department of Commerce estimates that the average U.S. per capita income will increase from $3,400 in 1969 to the equivalent of $8,500 (assuming a 1967 price level ) in the year 2000, 2.5 times as much as that of 1969.
This sample gives readers a specific figure of the seven biggest petroleum consumers.
In both cases, the cited statistics help make the essays much more convincing.
Assignments: Ex1 & Ex2
Key
4.Development by Citing Statistics
The technique of developing a paragraph by citing statistics is commonly used in research papers or similar writings .When properly used, statistics will lend credibility to our arguments.

Ways of Developing paragraphs

• Sample 1 • Moving house is a major upheaval in people’s lives. Before the men come to actually move the furniture, many things must be done in preparation. All the toys, normally strewn around the house, must be gathered together and put into large boxes for easy transportation. All books too must be put away in an orderly fashion so as not to be damaged in transit. Drawers and wardrobes should be emptied and their contents carefully packed. Pictures should be taken down from the walls and wrapped with proper cloth. And lastly, don’t forget to take down all the curtains and blinds. Soon everything is prepared and the removal men arrive. All the boxes and furniture are loaded into the lorry. A quick check is necessary to make sure the flat is empty and the lorry is off on its way to the new flat.

TenPatternsofParagraphDevelopment

Ten Patterns of Paragraph Development 1Develop paragraphs in a variety of patterns that reflect your thinking about the material. As you write the topic sentence and its supporting sentences, look for ways to structure your thinking. Where one author advances his or her material by narrating a series of events, another undertakes a physical description, and another undertakes an analysis of the topic. These patterns of paragraph development usually emerge in the process of revision. More than one pattern of development may be used in a series of paragraphs. The following story is my attempt to pull together all ten patterns of development. The attendant diagrams, lists, and tables should help you to plan out your strategy. NarrationAround 2 a.m. something woke Charles Hanson up. He lay in the dark listening. Something felt wrong. Outside, crickets sang, tree-frogs chirruped. Across the distant forest floated two muffled hoots from a barred owl. It was too quiet. At home in New Jersey, the nights are filled with the busy, comforting sounds of traffic. Here, even starlight failed to penetrate the 80-foot canopy of trees the camper was parked beneath. It was the darkest dark he had ever seen. He felt for the flashlight beside his bunk. It was gone. He found where his pants were hanging and, as he felt the pockets for a box of matches, something rustled in the leaves right outside the window, inches from his face. He heard his wife, Wanda, hold her breath; she was awake, too. Then, whatever was outside in the darkness breathed, and the huge silence of the night seemed to come inside the camper, stifling them. Charles suddenly decided to pack up and go to a motel.ACTIONTIME1 The idea and some of the text of this worksheet came from Gerald Grow, PhD Division of Journalism Florida A&M University © 1999. /ggrow/modes.htmlExemplificationThis family was a victim of a problem they could have avoided-a problem that hundreds of visitors suffer each year. Even though many other visitors had found their stays enjoyable, they picked the wrong kind of park to visit. For instance, the hikers camped next to them loved the wild isolation of the wilderness around them. The youth group across the river had enjoyed a rousing midnight flashlight game. A botany expedition from the local community college had found amazing examples of rare and exotic flowers. But it just wasn't the kind of place the couple from New Jersey had in mind when they decided to camp out on a trip through Florida. If they had known about the different kinds of parks in Florida, they might have stayed in a place they loved.Definition"Park" is difficult to define in Florida, because there are so many kinds of parks. Basically, parks are where families and friends go to have fun in the outdoors- to swim, picnic, hike, camp, walk the dog, play tennis, paddle a canoe, and, in some places take rides in miniature trains or swish down a waterslide. Florida has a rich variety of parks, ranging from acres of RVs ringed around recreation halls, to impenetrable mangrove wilderness. To make things more complicated, not all of them are called "parks," and even the ones called "parks" come in several varieties, so here are some guidelines. An X is a Y that Z… ex: a dog is a canine that’s domesticatedClassification and DivisionParks in Florida are classified primarily under one categorization, the type of camping and lodging that is available. Many of the aspects of various parks follow from this category. For instance, the most prestigious park, Edward Ball, in Wakulla Springs is the only state park in Florida with lodges. Cabin camping can be had in all areas of the state, the north-east and west, south-east and west, and central regions. Cabins tend to be well-maintained and easy to access, with standard facilities, often including ovens and microwaves. “Bring your own” cabin camping, otherwise known as RV camping is next, with water and electric hookups. Finally, there is “classic” tent camping, which ranges from full facility (washrooms and pools) to primitive (dirt and rocks). There are three further divisions, depending on whether one intends to bring pets, large groups, or a youth-only group. These various types of parks can adapt to almost any vacation needs.Comparison and ContrastTwo “parks” that indicate Florida’s range of park offerings would be appropriate for very different travelers. Forests and the Santa Fe River dominate O'Leno State Park. In sharp contrast, Lloyd Beach State Recreation Area, near Fort Lauderdale, is dominated by the oily bodies of sun-worshippers who crowd into it every summer weekend. Where O'Leno gives so much quiet one can hear the leaves whispering, Lloyd Beach is a place of boisterous activity. Travelers can walk a few yards in O'Leno and pass beyond every sign of human civilization. When walking at Lloyd Beach, they have to be careful to step over the picnic baskets, umbrellas, jam boxes, and browning bodies. At night, O'Leno wraps itself with the silence of crickets and owls. Lloyd Beach is busy with fishermen till well past midnight. If fishing near town, or diving into the busy bustle of an urban beach is appealing, Lloyd Beach is the place to go. But if you want to stand at the edge of civilization and look across time into an older natural world, O'Leno is the park to visit.DescriptionO'Leno is a good example of a pet-friendly, “classic” tent camping state park in Florida. Surrounded by the tall, shaded woods of a beautiful hardwood forest, the Santa Fe River disappears in a large, slowly swirling, tree-lined pool. After appearing intermittently in scattered sinkholes, the river rises three miles downstream in a big boil, then continues on to meet the Suwannee and the sea. Nearby, stands of cypress mirror themselves in the still waters, walls of dense river swamp rise before the willing traveler, sudden sinkholes open in the woodlands-rich with cool ferns and mosses. Farther from the river, expanses of longleaf pinelands stretch across rolling hills. In the midst of this lovely setting are 65 campsites, 18 rustic cabins, and a pavilion for group meetings. A diving platform marks a good place to swim in the soft, cool waters of the Santa Fe, and canoeing up this river is like traveling backwards in time towards original, frontier Florida.AnalogyThe fascinating history of O’Leno state park is a tale of seasons. In 1824, “Springtime,”John Bellamy, a wealthy plantation owner, built the first federally funded Florida roadthrough the area. Like the Santa Fe River after a hurricane, the road carried floods oftravelers from Pensacola to St. Augustine, which set up campsites like the buds of May.In 1840, “Summertime,” one of these campsites grew into a “wildflower” along the river.Almost immediately the pests of frontier America began infesting the town, as riverboatmen called Henry Matier’s pioneer town “Keno,” for its riotous gambling district. Thetown came into season in its “Autumn” period in 1870 when Keno had a general store, ahotel, clinic, blacksmith and public livery stable. But signs of winter came in 1876, whena post office for the town was denied because of the gambling, and a name change toLeno convinced few. The “Winter” came in 1889, when nearby Mikesville prospered with churches, an academy, and several schools. The frost came in 1894, when the railroadfrom Lake City bypassed the town. “Leno” became farmland by 1900. However, a new “Spring” came in the 1930’s, when the CCC carved out “O’Leno” state park, where nowall of the seasons are enjoyed by thousands of visitors yearly.1824 -1839 1840-1969 1870-1888 1889-1900 Spring Summer Autumn WinterCause and EffectAs previously mentioned, O’Leno State Park has an unusual river, the Santa Fe, which completely disappears into a large sinkhole and flows underground, reappearing threemiles downstream in River Rise Preserve State Park. This strange phenomenon iscaused by several factors. First of all, the Santa Fe River is and unusually slow-flowingriver, which causes the river to meander, following the flow of the landscape. Second,the large sinkhole is especially well-suited to conveying water, consisting primarily ofbasaltic granite worn down by time into a perfect channel. Third, because theunderground caves naturally lead downstream, water does not seep into the ground and dissipate. Finally, the river rise area is a swampy lake, with many channels for water tospread. This slow flow cause some of the Santa Fe’s other unusual characteristics.Abundant leaf-drop from nearby trees, especially Bald Cypress, makes the river water avery dark-brown. Numerous springs flow up along the river, which spawn beautifulriverside fauna. The slow-moving nature of the water makes the river suitable forbeginner-level canoeists and kayakers, and because of the springs, water temperature isalways around 72 °F. These characteristics make it a perfect habitat for rare animalssuch as black bear, Florida panther, bobcat, and even manatees.Slow-flow meandering good for canoeists Natural springs water temp+ leaf-drop dark-brown water beautiful plants wildlife Sinkhole of basalt granite Disappearing river River rise swamps+ Slow-flowCa use EffectProcess AnalysisGetting to O’Leno State Park is just as much an adventure as being there, if you stay off the highways. From the old city center in Jacksonville, Florida, go north on John T Alsop Jr. Bridge, driving through historic neighborhoods until you get to the US-90 turnoff at E Beaver Street. Go left and continue on Highway 90 for a little less than an hour. This is a scenic roadway, one of the original trading routes from colonial times. Turn left at State Route 121 and follow it for 30 minutes. Here, you can see the best of Florida agriculture on either sides of the road. Take a slight right at State Route-238, where you will see green for the next 20 minutes. Then turn left onto US-441, and your destination, the verdant O’Leno State Park is only ten minutes away.(numbered driving directions)EnumerationSo O’Leno State Park has many aspects to offer willing travelers:Natural night-time noises,A variety of fellow travelers,Safe, affordable family fun,Dog and cat-friendly facilities,Amazing, rugged, natural vistas,A colorful, interesting history,Diverse flora and fauna, andEven a pleasant drive to get there.AnalysisIf you intend to find an ideal family vacation,understand where your greatest fun occurs.Happiness in travel comes almost when youleast expect it, and being near Disney World The Unexpectedmay not guarantee a good time for the kids.Enjoying the RV parks is almost assured,but it’s a different type of fun than what youfind in the forest primeval. As mentionedbefore, many parks are available, and theyhave characteristics that are bound to suit Travelalmost any disposition, but it’s important to Near An RVhave self-knowledge in addition to outside Disneyworld Park descriptions. Find out what to expect at, but to find what bringsyou happiness may be the purpose of yourjourney, not your destination.How did it happen?In narration you develop the topic as a story, with important events usually arranged chronologically (as they occurred in time): for instance, an exciting basketball game.How does it look, sound, feel, smell, taste?In description you use sensory details to give a clear impression of a person, place, thing, or feeling, such as a friend, a favorite room, a building, or an experience.What are examples of it or reasons for it?The pattern of illustration or support suggests development with a few examples of the topic (three television soap operas) or with reasons for doing something (majoring in English).What is it? What does it encompass, and what does it exclude?These questions lead to definition: specifying what the topic is and is not to give a precise sense of its meaning. Abstract terms, such as justice or friendship, especially need defining.What are its parts or characteristics?Using the pattern of division or analysis, you separate a subject into its elements and examine the relations between elements.What groups or categories can it be sorted into?Classification involves separating a large group (such as cars) into smaller groups (subcompact, compact, and so on) based on characteristics of individual items (size of car).How is it different or similar to another thing?With comparison and contrast you point out the similarities and differences between ideas, objects, people, places, and so on: the differences between two similar computer systems.Is it comparable to something more familiar to readers?This question leads to analogy, an extended comparison of unlike subjects. Analogy is often used to explain a topic that may be unfamiliar to readers (for instance, the structure of a government) by reference to a familiar topic (the structure of a family).Why did it happen, or what results did it have?With cause-and-effect analysis, you explain why something happened or what its consequences were or will be, or both: the causes and effects of a change in the climate.How do you do it, or how does it work?In process analysis you explain how something happens (how a plant grows)Taken from - Fowler, H. and Aaron, J. The Little, Brown Handbook (2002) pp. 46-48.。

9. Ways of Paragraph Development 段落展开

9 Ways of Paragraph Development
• • • • • • • • • Development by Time Development by Space Development by Process Development by Example and Generalization Development by Comparison and Contrast Development by Cause and Effect Development by Classification Development by Definition Development by a Combination of Methods
Hale Waihona Puke Study the following paragraph that is developed by time. Try to find out the chronological signals.
• The life of Grandma Moses proves that a person is never too old to develop his or her talents. As a child, Anna Moses loved to draw; she often made pictures with berry juice when paint颜料 was scarce稀少. When she eventually married and had a large family, she found little time to paint. Years later, with her children grown, she began to knit编织 pictures with yarn, but her fingers ached, and she returned to her first love, painting. She was seventy years old! An art dealer商人 saw her pictures in a local drugstore药房 and bought them. Grandma Moses, as she was called, soon became famous, with her paintings of simple country life exhibited展出 throughout the world. She continued to paint until her death at 101.

段落发展方式为混合法的英语作文

段落发展方式为混合法的英语作文The art of effective communication lies in the skillful blending of various paragraph development techniques. In this essay, I will explore the power of the mixed paragraph approach, where different methods are seamlessly combined to create a cohesive and engaging piece of writing.One of the core components of the mixed paragraph approach is the use of descriptive writing. By painting vivid pictures with words, we can transport the reader to the heart of the narrative, immersing them in the sights, sounds, and sensations of the moment. Consider the following example:The bustling city street was a cacophony of sights and sounds. Towering skyscrapers reached up towards the heavens, their glass facades glimmering in the mid-day sun. The sidewalks teemed with a diverse tapestry of pedestrians, each with their own story etched into the lines of their faces. The air hummed with the rhythmic pulse of traffic, punctuated by the occasional honk of a horn and the laughter of passersby. It was a sensory overload, yet one that captivated thesenses and ignited the imagination.In this paragraph, the use of descriptive language paints a vivid picture of the city scene, allowing the reader to envision the setting in rich detail. This approach can be particularly effective in setting the stage for a narrative, providing the necessary context and atmosphere to immerse the reader in the story.Alongside descriptive writing, the mixed paragraph approach often incorporates the use of comparison and contrast. By drawing parallels or highlighting differences between ideas, concepts, or experiences, writers can deepen the reader's understanding and provide a more nuanced perspective. Consider the following example:The rural countryside and the bustling city are like two sides of the same coin, each offering its own unique charm and appeal. In the countryside, the pace of life is slower, with a sense of tranquility and connection to the natural world that is often lost in the urban jungle. The rhythmic sway of the wheat fields, the gentle babble of a nearby stream, and the birdsong that fills the air provide a soothing balm for the soul. In contrast, the city pulses with a vibrant energy, a never-ending dance of activity and opportunity. The towering skyscrapers, the neon-lit streets, and the constant buzz of human interaction can be exhilarating, offering a sense of possibility and discovery that the countryside may lack.By drawing a clear comparison between the rural and urban environments, the writer is able to highlight the distinct advantages and experiences that each setting offers. This approach can be particularly useful in exploring complex topics, where the mixed paragraph approach allows for a more comprehensive and balanced exploration of the subject matter.Finally, the mixed paragraph approach often incorporates the use of cause-and-effect analysis, where the writer explores the underlying reasons for a particular phenomenon or the consequences that stem from a specific action or decision. This technique can be particularly powerful in persuasive or argumentative writing, where the writer seeks to sway the reader's opinion or encourage a particular course of action. Consider the following example:The rise of social media has had a profound impact on our society, transforming the way we communicate, connect, and consume information. On the one hand, these platforms have facilitated the rapid exchange of ideas, allowing people from all corners of the globe to engage in meaningful dialogue and share their perspectives. This has led to a greater understanding of diverse cultures and perspectives, and has empowered marginalized communities to have their voices heard. However, the ubiquity of social media has also given rise to a concerning trend of misinformation and echochambers, where individuals are increasingly exposed to content that reinforces their existing beliefs and biases, rather than challenging them. This has led to a polarization of public discourse, where nuance and critical thinking are often overshadowed by the need for quick, attention-grabbing headlines and sound bites.In this paragraph, the writer explores the complex and multifaceted impact of social media, highlighting both the positive and negative consequences of its rise. By using a cause-and-effect approach, the writer is able to present a more balanced and nuanced perspective on the issue, allowing the reader to consider the broader implications and complexities involved.In conclusion, the mixed paragraph approach is a powerful tool in the writer's arsenal, offering a versatile and dynamic way to communicate ideas, explore complex topics, and engage the reader. By seamlessly blending descriptive writing, comparison and contrast, and cause-and-effect analysis, writers can create a rich and multifaceted tapestry of ideas that captivates and enlightens the reader. Whether crafting a narrative, a persuasive argument, or an informative essay, the mixed paragraph approach provides a flexible and effective means of conveying one's message with clarity, depth, and impact.。

How to develop the expository paragraph

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Process analysis过程分析 analysis过程分析
Chronological sequence/temporal order（按时间顺序说明） order（按时间顺序说明） Locationa instructions （位置指引）（位置指引） Operational instructions （操作程序说明） Cause and effect
How to develop it into description
“… Here is a piece of …” describe a piece of symphony or a kind of music in detail 详细描写某个乐曲的音韵、意境。
How to develop it into a narration
To develop it into an exposition
For example: pop music; rock and roll; jazz; classical music,etc. 如爱听哪些音乐，或者某日听了某个乐曲后得到的感受和效果。
To develop it into an argumentange the tone of the para. like this: “…. But some people don’t think so. They say that listening to music makes one either too excited or rather depressed…”接着以自己的观点说服对方， depressed…”接着以自己的观点说服对方，同时介绍一下在不同情况下选听不同音乐的经验。
“…. In fact, I began to be interested in music at the age of four when one day my parents took me to a concert…” 然后逐步说明怎样随着年龄的增加越来越爱好音乐。

(2)Waysof developing paragraph

• 3. concluding sentence
• It can restate the topic sentence, make comment of the description
or be omitted.
• 4. Development by example or generalization
• <Task 2> Underline all the features of the place described in this paragraph.
• Oxford is an exceptionally old university town, on the River Thames, about 60 miles from London. Oxford’s center is the university; and all around the crossroads at the very heart of Oxford, Carfax, there are gray stone Colleges and other university buildings. In the center you can also find interesting old pubs and paved passages. There are a lot of churches, and one or two really large and interesting buildings, such as the Ashmolean Museum, the “round library”, the Bodleian and the Radcliffe Camera, with its domed roof. Like all English towns, there are parks, and one, “the Parks”, is the leafy home of university cricket in the summer months. As you leave the center and go towards the outskirts of Oxford you can see industrial estates and a car factory in one direction; and in another, attractive suburbs. There is, in fact, quite a lot of industry in Oxford.

因果关系cause and effect教学提纲

Useful Sentence Patterns
The explanation for the phenomenon of the rising teenage suicide rate involves many complicated factors. Some attribute the rise to an overemphasis on early success, others point to mounting peer pressure, and still others to confusion over changing social values. 对上升的少年自杀率的解释涉及很多复杂的因素。有的人把上升的原因归结为过分强调少年时期的成功，有的人指出是因为不断增长的同伴之间的压力，还有人认为是对不断变化的社会价值的迷茫造成的。
Sample 3
The two-day weekend is sincerely popular with college students. It offers students more leisure time for their hobbies and entertainments, which help them relax completely after five-day hard work. It also relieves the pressure on them from too many courses and assignments. Therefore, many students try to enjoy themselves in many interesting ways such as going camping and having a potluck party.(effect-causes-effect)

托福议论文写作中段落的发展方式

托福议论文写作中段落的发展方式托福议论文写作中段落的发展方式议论文是托福考试写作中常考的题型，考生要掌握正确的方式在中段落部分做好发展方法。

以下是店铺为大家整理了托福议论文写作中段落常用的发展方式，一起来看看吧!托福议论文写作中段落的发展技巧在应试型托福议论文写作中，通常遵循introduction- body-conclusion(引言段-主体段-结论段)的“三步曲”。

Body(主体)段落提供了论证观点的理由，是整个文章的主体，在评分中占有很大的比重。

例如一篇满分的雅思作文(9分)必须“presents a fully developed position in answer to the question with relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas”。

这里的“fully extended / well supported”，必须通过主体段来体现。

1.Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topic sentence should relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraph will be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not support the thesis statement you have written, revise your thesis statement or reconsider your topic sentences.(每个主体段都必须有一个明确的'主题句)2.Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence for each paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic sentence.(支持句必须围绕主题句展开)新托福满分作文(5分)也要求“is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details”，同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现。