毕业设计__on the differences of table manners between chinese and westerns countries论文 定稿

Subject：On The Differences of Table Manners BetweenChinese and Westerns CountriesContent INTRODUCTION…………………………….….错误！未定义书签。

1. Chinese Table Manners and Characteristics (2)2. Western Table Manners and Characteristics (3)3. The differences of Chinese and Western table manners3.1Dining time concepts3.2 Different notion4. Taboos of Chinese and Western Table Manners4.1 Taboos during the meal4.2 Banquet menu taboosConclusionReferenceAcknowledgement摘要俗话说“民以食为天”，在当代吃不仅仅是解决饥饿，从中体现得更多的是文化内涵。

餐桌是展示优良礼仪的一个重要的地方,是生活的缩影，优雅的餐桌礼仪可能带来友谊甚至成功。

显然地, 吃已经渗透到人们社会生活的方方面面，点点滴滴中流露出一个国家和民族的文化底蕴。

看看现在蓬勃发展的餐饮业，琳琅满目的各式餐厅酒店，标新立异的异国风味，别出心裁的特色菜肴，每天越来越多的人聚集到餐桌旁，开怀畅饮，谈笑风生。

餐桌礼仪作为一种社会习俗，由民族文化所决定，在世界各地存在着一定的差异。

中国作为文明古国自然有着深邃久远的餐桌礼仪，西方国家也在民族融吅和现代化进程中形成了自己的餐桌礼仪。

中国和西方的餐桌礼仪存在着很多差异，研究它有益于帮助人们学习语言文化同时改善跨文化的沟通能力。

关键词: 餐桌礼仪不同点禁忌AbstractThere is an old saying:" Food is the most important for people" which is not only deal with hunger at present, but also contains more cultural meanings. The dining table is one of the most important places where good manners are displayed. Elegant manners at the table may bring friendship and even success. Obviously, It is clear that eat have infiltrated into every aspect of social life, bit by bit in a show of national and ethnic cultural background. Now look at the booming restaurant industry, the dazzling variety of hotel restaurants, the maverick exotic, try to be different characteristics of the dishes, every day more and more people gathered to the table, happily drinking, laughing. Table manners as a social custom, the decision by the culture around the world, there are some differences. China has a natural deep as the ancient civilization of the ancient table manner, Western countries are also national integration and modernization in the process of forming their own table manners. There are many differences in table manner between China and the West，Researching it will help people to learn the language culture and improve the ability of communication in cross-culture practice.Keywords: table manners, difference, taboosIntroduction:Manners are important in society. They help us to be civil to one another. Because a person who minds his manners knows how to act in every circumstance, he tends to feel comfortable in unfamiliar surroundings. Nowhere are manners more important than at the table. Table manners prevent diners from being sloppy, offensive and boorish. They help to communicate respect to hosts and guests alike. Table manners are not hard and intensive rules; rather they are helpful guidelines in our social relationships. Generally, people consider that having meal is very simple, but there are lots of culture and rules in it. For example, some cultural differences reflected in table manners between Chinese and the West.Chinese Table Manners and Characteristics1.1 In China the host is very warm and modest to their guestsBefore the coming of guests, the host would prepare a sumptuous feast. There are dainties of every kind preparing on the table. The rich usually eat shellfish and crab, while the common people eat chicken, duck, fish, etc. When the feast starts, host urges guests to drink and eat more and pick up food for their guest frequently with their own chopsticks. In thehost's opinion, the aim to entertain is to let guests drink and eat to their heart's content. While the host urges their guests to drink and eat more, they always say:" There is little to eat, please make this do for eating," or "these dishes are not so good, enjoy yourself." A feature in China must be mention: People eat together. It means that people use their own chopsticks to pick up food in one plate; the others also pick up food in the same plate. However, the host often use him own chopsticks to pick up food for guests. This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness. When the feast is finished, the host will invite their guests to drink tea. It has been a custom in China. They chat when they drink tea. The host urges guests to drink tea but not overdo it. In the past, Chinese urged guest to drink tea repeatedly. It hints to guest that they should go now. Furthermore the host arranges the seats in advance in order to write the names of these people who join the banquet on their marks. Then the guests are seated in good order. The arrangement of seats embodies respect for guests.Where a guest is seated depends on his age, social status and so on. "Taking the left for upper", it is the traditional custom in China. It means the left seat is higher than the right one. The guest of honor should be arranged on the left of the host. In the past, Chinese advocated south, east and the left. With the time's going, the view of position has changed. Itdoes not only inherit the tradition, but also use some views of Western counties for reference. The guest should be arranged on the right of the host. At present, when people hold meeting or take a group photo, they are affected by this rule. Chinese entertained guest using theEight-Immortal table in tradition. The seat faced to the door is the seat of honor, while the others are seated aside. The older, the guest of honor, the higher-level is seated in the upper seat, and the hosts sit at the lower seat. The other guests are seat in order. When there are more than one table, the host and the hostess seat together in the main table. The distance from the main table determined the position of these people. The shorter the distance is, the more important the guest is. The main table is a standard. The right table is higher than the left one; the close table is lower than the far one. The middle table is higher than the one place aside.1.2 The Chinese meal needsIn addition to these, the Chinese meal needs chopsticks, plate, bowl, scoop, small dishes and so on. The bottle is put in front of plate, while the glass is put on the right. The number of glass is the same with the amount of wine. Napkins may be folded into some beautiful shape or form the rectangle flatting in the center of the plate. Of course, there must be ashtray and toothpick on the table. There is only one rule for a formal table and that is everything must be geometrically spaced: the centerpiecein the actual center, the placed at equal distances and all utensils balanced. In a word, what must match is the quality of everything put on the table.On the one hand, Chinese use bowl to eat. The bowl is used to ladle rice, soup and food. Chinese had used the bowl to eat since the New Stone Age. Chinese bowl is made of china. The traditional style is in blue and white. Chinese don't use the bowl with broken edge. In the past, before a convict was sentenced to death, he would have drunk wine. Then, he broke the bowl and shouted:" I will be a brave man in 18 years." People always associate the imperfect bowl with a convict sentenced to death. So people never use bowl with a little crack.On the other hand, Chinese also use spoon to eat. Spoon is normal tableware. There are arts using it. People usually use the right hand to hold the top of spoon. Forefinger is put above the handle, while the use of thumb and middle finger are propping under the handle. Someone use thumb to press the handle, while the forefinger and the middle finger prop up it. This method is wrong. Spoon is mainly used to ladle out soup. Sometimes, it is used to fill the slippery food, such as nut, bean jelly, pea, steamed egg, etc.Western Table Manners and Characteristics2.1 Before the coming of guestsI n western countries, before the coming of guests, the host never serves more than 6 dishes, soup or fresh fruit cup or melon or shellfish; Fish, only if shellfish is not served as a first course; the entree, or main course, usually meat or fowl, and vegetables; Salad; dessert and coffee. Sometimes, the dishes prepared for guests are extremely simple. The Westerners hope their guests feel joyful. Meanwhile, they think that invitation is just an occasion for intercourse, a chance of the maintenance of friendship. And the most important is to get much useful information by entertainment. Influenced by this idea, entertainment in Western countries hardly attach importance to food, but also have various and free ways of entertainment. They create a relaxed, comfortable and delighted air for their guest in a thousand and one ways. They want to make their guest enjoy that good time freely. When the feast starts, the Westerners are also warm to guests, urge guests to drink and eat, but only once or twice. They consider saying too much would force their views on others. It does not conform to the way one gets along with people. At last, the Westerners like to have some pastries and drink coffee. The coffee spoon is not used to pound the sugar cube into pieces. The spoon is only used tostir the coffee. And don't scoop up coffee dipper by dipper. When people drink coffee, they eat some pastries. They don't take pastry in one hand, and hold coffee in another hand. Drinking doesn’t alternate with eating. Otherwise, people will feel they are greedy. In addition, people do not add sugar to coffee for others. It is impolite to add sugar without knowing others' taste.2.2 Use the rectangle table.On common occasions, the last names are used on the table except when there is more than one guest with the same surname, in which case "Mr. Tom Wolf" and "Mr. Jake Wolf" are written to make the distinction. If there are no place cards, the hostess will tell guests where she would like them to sit. Guests' setting would be arranged with men and women alternating on either side. The host leads the way for the guest. The hostess is always the last to go into the dining room. Men should hold chairs for the women on their right. The male guest of honor, even though he has escorted the hostess in, seats the lady on his right and the man on the hostess's left seats her. Women sit down as soon as they find their place, even though the hostess remains standing until everyone is at his or her chair. Men do not sit down until the hostess is seated. When there is more than one table, the host should sit at one table and the hostess at another. A good friend may be asked to act as surrogate host at anothertable and see that wine is served or plates refilled. Furthermore, husbands and wives are usually separated at a dinner. Since they have the opportunity to talk together all the time, having a different dinner partner offers the chance for comfortable conversation with people other than their own spouses.2.3 At a formal dinnerAt a formal dinner, everything at the table should be symmetrically and evenly spaced. And there is an ideal distance when tableware is placed: About two feet from plate center to plate center is ideal, particularly when chair backs are high. If the chairs have narrow and low backs, people can sit much closer together, especially at a round table, there should be at least 6 inches of space between the chairs.For a formal table setting, the napkins are placed in the center of the service plate with the monogram, if any, facing the diner. They are put at the left side only when a first course is put on the table before the guests are seated.For a formal place setting, there is less of everything. There are fewer courses served, so fewer pieces of silver are set out. The topical place setting for a formal three-course dinner includes:2.4 Basic position when eating western foodEating Western food basic position is that the right hand with a knife, fork left-handed, at this time of the dorsal fork should be up. In addition to meat, other dishes to eat as much as possible should not vertical the position appears to be beautiful.Take the right knife: according to the index finger in the back handle. Feast on the correct posture with a knife was "hand-hold handle, according to the thumb side of the handle, index finger down on the handle back." Some people will be out of the index finger on the Blade, this method is not correct. In addition to be forced to cut off the root of the dishes, knives or too blunt, not out of the index finger on the Blade. Some would extend the little finger with a knife, especially women. Perhaps the only party that such a graceful posture, in fact, wrong.To knife clenched in order to operate the way. Similarly, fork and spoon clenched need only operate when the knife most in need of hard, it takes a more minimal amount of financial support; the second knife used in dishes set on a fork. Such as beans, cooked rice dishes, such as minor, that is, to use a knife to gather, pushed on to the fork. If the tip surface encountered, the move will be noise, the tip must keep a distance from the plate.Another noted that the cross back up to be placed. Because, no matter what fork to eat when they take law, the inside fork is put up after the meal, said. At the same time, towards the ins ide tip is one of courtesy.Falling knife and fork on the ground, mostly in the hands of time and not get down, but put at risk, inadvertently touched by the drop. This time to be born up call service, and you have to replace a clean, truly in line with the Western table manners. "Own fault should be responsible for them" theory will not work here. In addition, the exploration into the skull under the table, thi s position is very indecent.Complete meal that is meant: a knife and fork side by side trading. In general, the front fork towards the top left, toward the lower right corner handle while tilt time, place in the side of the fork, knife in the lateral. If there is a spoon, put on the inside. Use a fork just assume, but have a knife, the knife should be placed in the same disk. But also to North Korea where they are needed most, a fork (spoon) tied up inside. Although it is generally tilt knife and fork side by side on the disk.2.5 Follow the points while using napkinsWhile using napkins, we must bear in mind the following points: one is the placement of the napkin. Napkin should be flat on his feet close together on the thigh. Square napkin should be folded isosceles triangle, right-angle towards the direction of the knee; rectangle will have to foldnapkins, I break out in the shop legs.The other is the use of napkins. Dinner, the napkin is playing an important role. Hostess napkins and napkin spread on the table at each meal marks the beginning and end. Guests will put my napkin seat on thesurface of the chair and then leave, the show would also like to comeback to eat.The differences of Chinese and Western table manners3.1 Dining time conceptsAs there are different cultures and customs between china and western, our education is different, too. So westerners and Chinese have the different view on this. time concepts. The westerners always combine time and money view together, they think time is important as the money. In their mind, time cannot waste, it is limited. They value their time very much. In their daily lives, they always arranged and planed their time carefully. They are often filled with a sense of urgency of time. They have a good hobby that they go to the party on time. Meanwhile, China accepts the freedom time rule. In our mind, sometimes we needn’t have to obey the time table. We will not be like a western person generally so strict of carrying on according to the plan while the western person usually dose not adapt to If they have to go somewhere to have dinner with others, they must arrive on time. Usually, when they want to go to someone’s home for dinner, they always get at about five minutes earlier. It isn’t very polite for you get much earlier, maybe the hostess is busying doing preparation and so it is not suitable for you to reach at that time. But inChina,we don’t pay more attention on the time; we don’t have certain standards about arrival time. Arrive earlier, on time or a little late is all allowed.3.2 Different notionCulture will affect people’s view on things. Different country has its different culture, so it is obviously that the thinking model between China and western are different. Western culture lean to logic and analyze, while the eastern culture pay more attention on one’s intuition. As to the traditional of the culture, Chinese people especially believe their own intuition. They insist the experience and feeling during the thing, this phenomenon also happens in the communication between west and east. Compared with western thinking model, the eastern idea is blanket and unclearly. This difference will affect the communication between different culture countries.Different behaviors regulationBehaviors regulation means the single standard which the society can accept. That means something which can tell people what is the right way to solve this matter and what is unsuitable to do. When different background culture people do communication with each other, they usually judge the rationality by own code of conduct. So it is inevitable for them to misunderstand others and what’s more it will destroy thefriendship between people. For example: In China, it is kind to pat children’s head, but i t is a very terrible thing in the western country.They think it is unexpected thing to a child; his parents will get very angry for this. And the other different things: In China, men always smoke after they finish the meal, they think it is a kind of enjoyment, while, in western countries, they consider this behavior is not polite to women and children and it is also a rude thing to smoke on a table. So, it is very important for us to recognize and use the different regulation behaviors when we do business between foreign countries. In order to ensure the communication will be smoothly, you should understand each other’s conduct. Especially remember the forbidden things and impolite things. The best way is when in Rome, do as Roman’s do.4. Taboos of Chinese and Western Table Manners4.1 Taboos during the mealTraditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead, lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine tothem contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting, usually just outward from the table.Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook.4.2 Banquet menu taboosTraditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead, lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table!Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook.You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what others are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Mysterious Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare.ConclusionThere are abundant and extensive table manners forming in the east, while there are exquisite and distinctive table manners forming in the west. Table manners are a part of table culture. Different table manners embody the different cultures. Manner is the character of a person, while culture is the soul of a nation. As a custom, table manners exist all over the world, determined by national culture, which raises many differences. The cultural differences not only take place between countries, but also exist between different areas of one country. In face of these differences, we should comprehend and respect their habits and culture. According to the traditional culture, the Chinese are strict with oneself and lenient towards others. "Worry about what others worry, and think about what others think" is their attitude towards life. When we face the different cultures, what we should do first is to show respect for others. In the cross-culture communication, people begin with know about each other, which make them understand mutually. Then people exchange more, and make some explanations to reduce the misunderstandings. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. This is a good way to cope with differences. A guest should suit the convenience of the host. This way, there will be fewer misunderstandings. The communications between China and the West become easier.Reference[1] 石泳琦. 奥运礼仪[M]. 北京大学出版，2006[2] 陈弘美. 餐桌礼仪实用知识[M]. 北京世界图书出版社，2007[3] 冯玉珠. 餐饮礼仪全攻略[M]. 对外经济贸易大学出版社，2005[4] Elizabeth L. Post. In honor of etiquette [M].上海外语教学与研究出版，1997[5] 程文文. 涉外礼仪之食的礼仪[M]. 大连理工大学出版，1999[6] Helen.中西方“餐桌礼仪”人文现象与文化迁移的比较研究[M]. 上海复旦大学出版社，1999[7] 黄士平. 现代礼仪学[M].武汉大学出版社，2003AcknowledgementsAs acknowledgements for my paper, only I —the writer is responsible for the shortcomings. I much acknowledges my thanks to all my teachers, especially to Miss Liu Mifan, my supervisor, who has provides me support, critical ideas and careful suggestions.I also want to thank my family who always give me time, encouragement and secretarial services, especially my parents.Finally, my classmate and friends, who provided thoughtful and thorough reviews of my paper, must be acknowledged.。