Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park12Miwok Indians in front of Umacha teepee, Yosemite National Park, 1925For thousands of years, the Ahwaneechee Indians occupied the area we know today as Yosemite. In 1851, the first white men entered the Yosemite valley searching for Indians with the aim of driving them from their homeland. One of the men, a young doctor named Lafayette Bunnell, was struck by the astonishing beauty of the place. He named the area "Yosemite," mistakenly believing it to be the name of the tribe living there.In 1855, a second group of white people led by James Mason Hutchings entered Yosemite Valley. Hutchings hoped to make a fortune by promoting California's scenic wonders and running a tourist hotel in the valley. In 1859, Hutchings returned to Yosemite with a photographer. News and images of the incomparable beauty of Yosemite quickly spread, bringing more tourists to the area.Hutchings' Hotel, Yosemite National ParkIn those early days, visiting Yosemite required a two-day trip from San Francisco to the nearest town, followed by a grueling two- to three-day trek along rocky mountainsides either by foot or on horseback. Between 1855 and 1864, only 653 tourists made the arduous journey.When Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of New York City's Central Park, visited Yosemite, he wrote that it was "the greatest glory of nature... the union of the deepest sublimity with the deepest beauty." There was a growing sense that the area needed to be legally protected if it was to survive through the ages.The cavalry was given the task of protecting the national parks. Under Captain Charles Young, the first black man to be put in charge of a national park, soldiers built the first trail to Mount Whitney and erected protective fences around the big trees.Senator John ConnessMerced River and Half Dome, Yosemite National Park, circa 1865, Carleton Watkins photographJohn Muir, circa 1860On May 17, 1864, Senator John Conness of California, acting at the urging of some of his constituents, introduced a bill to Congress that proposed something totally unprecedented in human history: setting aside a large tract of natural scenery for the future enjoyment of everyone. On June 30, 1864, President Abraham Lincoln signed an act of Congress ceding the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias to the state of California.As a member of the board of commissioners appointed to oversee Yosemite, Frederick Law Olmsted wrote a detailed report about the future of the park. He called for strict regulations to protect the landscape from anything that would harm it and stressed the importance of making Yosemite accessible to everyone. But his recommendations were deemed too controversial to bring to the state legislature and his report was quietly suppressed.Park pioneer Galen Clark was the unanimous choice to be given the job of protecting the new Yosemite Grant and Mariposa Grove. He had been lured to Yosemite by James Hutchings' lavish accounts and was the first white man to see the collection of giant sequoias that he named the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees. Clark threw himself into the nearly impossible task of maintaining and protecting the park on only $500 a year.In brazen defiance of the new law, Hutchings had quickly moved to expand his operations and exploit the valley. He already owned two hotels in Yosemite and soon began charging people for the privilege of seeing the park. He decided he needed a sawmill, and in the fall of 1869 he hired 31-year-old John Muir to run it. Muir would become an eloquent spokesman for the virtues of the park, and its fiercest protector. In 1873, Muir and Hutchings parted ways, with Muir moving to Oakland to write articles about Yosemite for various publications.Clark continued to fight against James Hutchings, who was technically an illegal squatter in Yosemite. In 1875, after lengthy legal battles, Hutchings was evicted from his hotel and banished from the valley.Wawona Tunnel Tree, Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National Park, circa 1880scontinued from page 1In 1889, after an absence of almost eight years, Muir returned to Yosemite to find his "sacred temple" had been horribly neglected. Tunnels had been carved through the hearts of some of the big trees, meadows had been converted into hayfields and pastures, and the valley was littered with tin cans and garbage. As if that were not enough, the mountain ramparts in the Sierras above were being destroyed by sheep and lumbermen.Muir threw himself into what became a pitched battle to preserve the high country. Finally, on October 1st, 1890, President Benjamin Harrison signed into law a bill creating Yosemite National Park.Soldiers guarding Yosemite National Park, 1899Theodore Roosevelt, Glacier Point, Yosemite National Park, 1903The cavalry was given the task of protecting the national parks. Under Captain Charles Young, the first black man to be put in charge of a national park, soldiers built the first trail to Mount Whitney and erected protective fences around the big trees.John Muir was extremely grateful for the Army's protective presence. However, to further ensure Yosemite Valley's protection, Muir wanted it to be transferred from state control back to the federal government and incorporated into a larger Yosemite National Park. In 1892, Muir and a handful of prominent Californians formed the Sierra Club to help promote Yosemite's protection.For nearly a decade, Muir struggled unsuccessfully to have the Yosemite Valley made part of the larger Yosemite National Park. Then, in 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt asked Muir to accompany him on his visit to Yosemite. The two men spent three nights camping, an opportunity Muir used to bring the plight of the valley to the president's attention.At the end of Roosevelt's two-week visit, he spoke at the construction site of a new arch at the north entrance of Yellowstone. In his speech, Roosevelt reminded people of the essential democratic principle embodied by the parks; they were created "for the benefit and enjoyment of the people." These words were later carved into the arch's mantle as a reminder of why the park was there – and for whom.Within three years, Muir's dream would become reality when Congress approved the transfer of the Yosemite Valley and Mariposa big trees back to the federal government.。