精确计算中国为煤炭付出的代价

而并不是煤炭公司，总负担中有64%是通过
煤炭燃烧产生电力，供工厂及居民使用的过程中
产生的污染。 The council and its Chinese partners
are developing carbon tax proposals that would take
into consider
ation these ‘‘true costs,’’ to adequately offset them. 自
figures that, according to the s
tudy, show how a broad range of ecological problems
and human suffering resulting from coal consumption
can be discussed in terms
Cons
umption Cap Project, begun last October in
conjunction with Chinese government research
organizations, universities and industry g
roups to help China begin diminishing its use of coal
“为了理解煤炭的真正影响，我们绝对应该考虑
煤炭作为一个行业，让社会付s, air pollution, is readily
apparent to the 70 percent of t
he country’s population found by the study to be
effect on the Chinese economy, even in the short term,’’ Mr. Zhou said.
能源研究所高级顾问周凤起对这些新研究表示称
赞，但有所保留。这家政府下属的研究机构隶属
于中国最高经济规划机构国家发展与改革委员会。
他对能否在一个五年计划内完成目标表示怀疑。
time in nearly a century ov
er the first three quarters of this year. There have also
been recent high-profile promises to reduce carbon
dioxide emissions, in
s would be feasible within the span of a single fiveyear plan. ‘‘If we are going to implement such taxes,
it must be done in steps so as not to have a negative
中风和其他疾病的危险。报告称，2012年，大约
有67万人死于煤炭使用所引起的PM2.5污染。 There appears to be little chance th
at China will ever be completely weaned off coal,
despite a decrease in coal consumption for the first
曾高调承诺要减少二氧化碳的排放；9月，中国国 务院副总理张高丽就曾在联合国(United Nations
)的气候变化峰会上做出相关承诺。但该报告称，
中国的煤炭资源丰富，煤在该国主要能源消耗中
占65%。中国是世界上最大的煤炭消费国。 The
price of coal in China is now just over 500 renminbi, or a lit
by 2020. Researchers from Tsinghua and Peking
universities, the Chinese Acad
emy of Social Sciences and other governmentaffiliated bodies worked together to develop concrete
known as PM 2.5 — or pa
rticles 2.5 micrometers or smaller — that make their
way deep into the lungs, increasing the likelihood of
lung cancer, stroke and
other diseases. According to the report,
approximately 670,000 people died because of PM
2.5 pollution generated by coal use in 2
012. 这些代价中最严重的是空气污染，这对于中
cluding one by Vice Premier Zhang Gaoli at the
United Nations climate change summit meeting in
September. Yet coal, naturally abun
dant in the country, accounts for 65 percent of China’s
of cold, hard cash. 周二由这个设在纽约的环境组织
所发布的报告，是中国煤炭消耗总量控制工程
(China Coal Consumption Cap Project)的部分内容。
该项目开始于去年10月，旨在帮中国在2020年前 减少煤炭使用量，中国
的政府研究机构、大学和工业组织也参与了进来。
primary energy consumption, the report said. China is
the world’s largest
consumer of the resource. 中国似乎不太可能完全放
弃煤炭，虽然今年前三个季度，煤炭消耗量在将
近一个世纪的时间里首次出现下跌。中国最近也
absolutely must talk
about all of the hidden costs to society behind it as an
industry.’’ 自然资源保护协会能源、环境与气候变
化高级顾问杨富强表示，在煤炭使用的外部成本
方面，中国缺乏量化数据，这篇报告对此做了回 应。
living in regions where levels exceed World Health
Organization recommendations.
Coal and coal-related industrial processes account for
50 percent to 60 percent of the airborne pollutants
多一点（约合80美元），表面看来是一种廉价的
能源。该报告使用了2012年的数据，当
时煤价超过了100美元，该报告称，每吨煤还会耗
费43美元的社会成本。报告称，定价机制没有反
映出这种外部支出，因为煤炭生产商需要支付环
境税，每吨只要5到8美元。该研究还发现，应该 为大部分社会成本负责的是工厂、发电厂等用户，
tle more than $80, per ton, a seemingly inexpensive
energy source. The study, which used data from 2012,
when coal cost more than
$100, asserts that for every ton, an additional $43 in
他说，“如果我们准备征收这种税，必须一步一
步来，避免对中国经济产生负面影响，即便是短
social costs was imposed on the country. Pricing
mechanisms do not reflect
this external expenditure, the report said, because coal
producers are required to pay an environmental tax of
国70%的人口而言尤其明显。研究发现，在这些人
生活的地区，污染水平超过了世界卫生组织(World
Health Organization)的推荐标准。对于通过空气传 播的污染物PM2.5，50%至60%是来自煤炭及
煤炭相关产业。PM2.5是直径小于等于2.5微米的
颗粒物，它们能够深入肺部，增加人们罹患肺癌、
The Natural Resources Defense Council has presented
research that attempts to take on the Herculean task of
quantifying the enviro
onmental, social and economic toll of China’s reliance
on coal. 自然资源保护协会(Natural Resources
Defense Council)所展示的研究试图开展一项艰难
任务：对中国的煤炭
依赖造成的环境、社会和经济损害进行量化。 The
report, released Tuesday by the New York-based
environmental organization, is part of its China Coal
来自清华大学、北京大学、中国社会科学院及其
他政府相关机构的研究人员通过共同合作得出了