Chapter 13 Communities
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5
Recognition of communities
Communities are usually recognised in
two ways. 1. From the form of environment or
habitat in which it occurs.
6
Sand dune community Lake community
Abiotic features: physical environments, mineral nutrients, geology and topography.
Overall form: vegetation and growth forms
of plants.
9
– tropical rain forest热 带雨林，50×50㎡ – evergreen broadleaved forest 常绿阔 叶林，20×20㎡ – coniferous forest 针 叶林，10×10㎡ – shrub 灌丛， 5×5 或 10×10㎡ – grassland草地， 1×1 或 2×2㎡
4
The key points about communities:
1. Communities are the collections of species living together in some common habitat.
2. The organisms in communities integrate and interact as a society. 3. Most communities are constructed of plants, animals and microbe. Some few others are fish or invertebrates (无脊椎动 物).
Chapter 13 Communities
1
Contents
13.1 The community concept 13.2 The structure of communities 13.3 Global distribution of terrestrial communities 13.4 Pattern of diversity
Байду номын сангаас26
北方针叶林 Boreal Forest
北方针叶林
27
28
29
30
13.4 patterns of diversity
The diversity of plant and animal life in a
particular habitat (or in the world as a whole)
生物多样性（biodiversity）：指生物及其与环境所 形成的生态复合体以及与此相关的各种生态过程 的总和。一般被认为包含遗传多样性、物种多样 性、生态系统多样性3个层次。
31
32
The Stability-Diversity Relationship
33
2
13.1 The community concept
A group of interdependent organisms
inhabiting the same region and
interacting with each other.
3
在特定空间或特定生境下，具有一定的生物 种类组成，它们之间及其与环境之间彼此 影响、相互作用，具有一定的外貌及结构， 包括形态结构与营养结构，并具特定功能 的生物集合体。也可以说，一个生态系统 中具生命的部分即生物群落。
物种数
样方面积
10
Investigation contents
1. Dominant species （优势种）or Constructive
species（建群种）
2. Abundance （多度）and density（密度）
3. Coverage （盖度）
4. Frequency （频度） 5. Height (高度) 6. Productivity or biomass(生产力或生物量)
7
2. From the dominant species in the
association.
Grassland community
Oak wood community8
12.2 The structure of communities
The investigation of communities
16
Zonal distribution of vegetation
17
18
中国大陆水分分布规律
19
20
21
22
热带雨林生物多样性及其丰富
23
24
亚热带常绿阔叶林 Subtropic Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest
25
温带落叶阔叶林 Temperate Deciduous Forest
11
Drude Soc. Cop3 极多 很多
Clements Dominant Abundant 优势 丰盛 D A
Braun-Blanquet 5 4 非常多 多
Cop.
Cop2
Cop1
多
尚多 少 Frequent Occasional 常见 偶见 F O
3
2
较多
较少
Sp
Sol.
Un.
稀少
个别
Rare
Very rare
稀少
很少
r
Vr
1
+
少
很少
12
13
频度 = 某植物出现的样方数 /调查的全部样方数 Important value （重要值）
重要值 = 相对密度+ 相对频度+ 相对盖度
14
15
13.3 Global distribution of terrestrial communities
Recognition of communities
Communities are usually recognised in
two ways. 1. From the form of environment or
habitat in which it occurs.
6
Sand dune community Lake community
Abiotic features: physical environments, mineral nutrients, geology and topography.
Overall form: vegetation and growth forms
of plants.
9
– tropical rain forest热 带雨林，50×50㎡ – evergreen broadleaved forest 常绿阔 叶林，20×20㎡ – coniferous forest 针 叶林，10×10㎡ – shrub 灌丛， 5×5 或 10×10㎡ – grassland草地， 1×1 或 2×2㎡
4
The key points about communities:
1. Communities are the collections of species living together in some common habitat.
2. The organisms in communities integrate and interact as a society. 3. Most communities are constructed of plants, animals and microbe. Some few others are fish or invertebrates (无脊椎动 物).
Chapter 13 Communities
1
Contents
13.1 The community concept 13.2 The structure of communities 13.3 Global distribution of terrestrial communities 13.4 Pattern of diversity
Байду номын сангаас26
北方针叶林 Boreal Forest
北方针叶林
27
28
29
30
13.4 patterns of diversity
The diversity of plant and animal life in a
particular habitat (or in the world as a whole)
生物多样性（biodiversity）：指生物及其与环境所 形成的生态复合体以及与此相关的各种生态过程 的总和。一般被认为包含遗传多样性、物种多样 性、生态系统多样性3个层次。
31
32
The Stability-Diversity Relationship
33
2
13.1 The community concept
A group of interdependent organisms
inhabiting the same region and
interacting with each other.
3
在特定空间或特定生境下，具有一定的生物 种类组成，它们之间及其与环境之间彼此 影响、相互作用，具有一定的外貌及结构， 包括形态结构与营养结构，并具特定功能 的生物集合体。也可以说，一个生态系统 中具生命的部分即生物群落。
物种数
样方面积
10
Investigation contents
1. Dominant species （优势种）or Constructive
species（建群种）
2. Abundance （多度）and density（密度）
3. Coverage （盖度）
4. Frequency （频度） 5. Height (高度) 6. Productivity or biomass(生产力或生物量)
7
2. From the dominant species in the
association.
Grassland community
Oak wood community8
12.2 The structure of communities
The investigation of communities
16
Zonal distribution of vegetation
17
18
中国大陆水分分布规律
19
20
21
22
热带雨林生物多样性及其丰富
23
24
亚热带常绿阔叶林 Subtropic Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest
25
温带落叶阔叶林 Temperate Deciduous Forest
11
Drude Soc. Cop3 极多 很多
Clements Dominant Abundant 优势 丰盛 D A
Braun-Blanquet 5 4 非常多 多
Cop.
Cop2
Cop1
多
尚多 少 Frequent Occasional 常见 偶见 F O
3
2
较多
较少
Sp
Sol.
Un.
稀少
个别
Rare
Very rare
稀少
很少
r
Vr
1
+
少
很少
12
13
频度 = 某植物出现的样方数 /调查的全部样方数 Important value （重要值）
重要值 = 相对密度+ 相对频度+ 相对盖度
14
15
13.3 Global distribution of terrestrial communities