高考英语二轮复习动词及动词短语学案

2022届高考英语二轮复习：动词及动词短语
1.不及物动词
不及物动词自身意思完整，无需接宾语。

如：happen，come，go，run，work
①Horses run fast.马跑得快。

②They work in a factory.他们在一家工厂工作。

2.及物动词
及物动词本身意义不完整，需要接宾语才能使其意思完整，如:love，need，ask，want，have
三种句型中:
1）动词+宾语;
2）动词+宾语+宾补;
（1）常接形容词作宾语补足语的动词有：keep，make，find等。

We must keep our classroom clean.
（2）常接名词作宾语补足语的动词有：call，name，make，think等。

We call them mooncakes.
（3）常接动词-ing形式作宾语补足语的动词有：see，watch，hear，find，keep等。

In the country, we can hear birds singing.
（4）常接介词短语作宾语补足语的动词有：keep，find，leave等。

I left my pen on my desk at home.
（5）常接带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask，tell，want，teach，wish等；
接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：see，watch，hear，make，let，have等。

I often see him play football.
She often asks me to help her.
注：
help后面作宾语补足语的动词不定式可以带to也可以不带to。

I often help my mother(to) do some housework.
3）动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
1)双宾语
（1）有些双宾语动词间接宾语（人）放在直接宾语（事物）后时，间接宾语前要加to。

常用的此类词有bring，give，hand，pass，pay，post，return，sell，show，teach，tell，throw，lend 等。

Hand me that book, please.= Hand that book to me, please. 请递给我那本书。

有些双宾语动词间接宾语（人）放在直接宾语（事物）后时，间接宾语前要加for。

常用的此类词有buy，choose，cook，draw，book，find，get，make，order等。

My mom bought me a nice backpack.= My mom bought a nice backpack for me.我妈妈为我买了一个好看的书包。

注意：
explain sb sth ×
explain sth to sb √
2.及物动词有被动语态形式。

A little girl opened the door. 一个小女孩打开了门。

（主动语态）
The door was opened by a little girl.门被一个小姑娘打开了。

（被动语态）
☻怎样区分“双宾语”和“复合宾语”?
看宾语与其后面的成分之间的关系：如果宾语与其后成分之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系(或主表关系)，那么该动词所接的是复合宾语，否则就是双宾语。

Who kept you waiting so long?
(宾语you与waiting之间存在着主谓关系，因此you waiting是复合宾语)
二、连系动词
：be(am；is/was；are/were)
：get；turn；go；become；grow；come；run
It is becoming colder and colder.
The food has gone bad.
The girl grew thinner and thinner. 这个女孩越来越瘦了。

Soon the sky grew dark.天很快变黑了。

Mary’s growing to be more and more like her mother. 玛丽越长越像她的母亲了。

3.“感官动词”：look；sound；taste；smell；feel。

意思为“……起来，……上去”
The food tasted good.
He looked sadly at the picture.
She looked sad after hearing the news.
Tom tasted the food and it tasted good.
4.表状态的系动词：keep；stay；remain；（依然是；保持）
She remains loyal to her father despite his cruelty towards her.
What a lovely day today! I love fine weather and I hope it will stay fine for some more days.
Much remains to be done.
5.表像系动词：seem；appear
看起来像、似乎、好像。

这两个动词有一个共同的特点，即如果要表达时态的变化，需要后接不定式来完成。

He seemed to have caught cold.
When Father came in, Tom seemed to be eating something.
句型转换也要要求牢记
It seemed that he had caught cold.
When Father came in, it seemed that Tom was eating something.
6.终止系动词：prove；turn out。

表达“证实、证明、结果为……”之意。

He proved (to be) right.
The experiment turned out successful.
7.系动词小结
1）表示变化系动词
（1）在turn后面作表语用的名词前通常不带冠词。

（2）系动词get，go，后面可接现在分词，但含义不是“成为”。

They went in and got chatting together.（get意为“开始”）他们进去后开始聊天。

We often go swimming.（go意为“去”）我们常去游泳。

（3）become通常不用来表示未来的事，而表示变化过程已经完成，用法比较正式；be表示“成为”的意思时，多用于将来时、祈使语气或不定式。

I became ill.我病倒了。

He will be a scientist.他将成为一名科学家。

2）seem用法小结
seem可用作连系动词或不及物动词，意为“似乎；好像”，其常见用法现归纳如下：
(1)“主语+seem +（to be ）+表语”，表语多为名词或形容词, 有时是其他的词或短语，以说明主语的特征或状态。

例如：
Tom seems (to be )a very clever boy.汤姆看上去是一个非常聪明的男孩。

The man over there seems to be a new teacher.那边的那个人看上去像一个新老师。

Mr Black seemed to be quite happy.布莱克先生好像十分快乐。

This small town seems changed a little. 这个小城镇似乎有点儿变化。

(2)“主语+ seem + 不定式”，此句型中的seem与不定式一起构成复合谓语。

Mrs Green doesn’t seem（或seems not）to like the idea.格林夫人似乎不太喜欢这个主意。

The children seemed to be eating something in the room.孩子们好像正在房间里吃东西呢。

The young man seemed to have changed much.这个年轻人看起来变化很大。

(3)“It seems + that从句”，其中it 是形式主语，that引导主语从句。

例如：
It seems that no one knows what has happened in the park.
It seems to me that Mr Brown will not come again.
(4)“There + seem (to be)+名词”，其中to be可省略。

seem的单复数形式要根据后面作主语的名词的单复数形式而定。

例如：
There doesn’t seem to be much hope of our beating that team.
There seems no need to wait longer.
(5)seem常用于由as if / though引导的从句中，如：
a.It seems as if it is going to rain.
b.It seems as though our plan will be perfect.
c.It seems as if he knew nothing about that.
d.It seems as if it was / were spring already.
e.I seem to have seen him somewhere before.我好像以前在什么地方见过他。

注意：
在这种句式中，如从句所叙述的情实现的可能性比较大，从句谓语用陈述语气，如a,b两例；若实现的可能性较小，或根本不可能实现，从句的谓语则用虚拟语气，如c,d 两例。

(6)seem还常常同like搭配。

如：
The girl seems like a bird/to be a bird.
注意：
这种句式表达的意思同“seem+to be +n.”结构表达的意思基本相同，故两种句式可替换。

三、助动词
助动词本身无词义或意义不完整，不能单独用作谓语。

它必须和别的动词连用，帮助构成各种时态、语态、否定句和疑问句等结构。

常用的助动词有:
is, am, are, was, were, isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t, weren’t, am not；do, does, did, doesn’t, don’t, didn’t；will,won’t；have, has, haven’t, hasn’t等
Tom is reading a book under the tree.汤姆正在树下看书。

(is帮助构成进行时)
What did you do last Saturday?上星期六你做了什么? （did用于构成疑问句）
四、延续性动词和终止性动词
1.延续性动词
有的动词所表示的动作可以延续，可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，这样的动词叫延续性动词。

常见的有：stay / write / work / smile / talk / run / speak / carry / exist / collect / gather / repair / train / blow / fight / have / lie / laugh / hold / run / climb / serve等。

The boy slept until seven o’clock this morning. 那个孩子今天早晨一直睡到七点。

She has stayed here for two hours.她在这儿呆了两个小时了。

2.终止性动词
有的动词所表示的动作不可以延续，而是在瞬间完成，不可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，这样的动词叫终止性动词。

常见的有：finish / stop / put / go / come /arrive / receive / jump/ bring / catch / close / cut / die / begin / start / pay / lose / fall / enter /marry等。

They didn’t finish their homework until 12 o’clock.他们直到十二点才完成家庭作业。

It began to rain at four o’clock yesterday morning.昨天早晨四点开始下的雨。

3.终止性动词一般不用于while引起的时间状语从句。

While the family came here from Japan, they were penniless.
4.有时终止性动词也能同表示一段时间的状语搭配，主要是在否定句中。

We haven’t met each other for many years. 我们已经很多年没有见面了。

I
(1)动词+副词
clear away清除掉put away收起die away消失
call back回电话look back回顾walk back走回
break down坏了calm down平静下来get down咽下
come up上来blow up爆炸turn up出现
show off炫耀give off散发take off脱下
break out发生blow out吹灭run out 用完
(2)动词+介词
bring about引起look about 环顾四周seek for寻找
burst into 闯入turn into使变成look into调查
see to 处理devote to贡献给deal with处理
glance at匆匆一瞥work at干……aim at向……瞄准
differ from与……不同result from由于insist on坚持
rely on依靠bring in引进hope for希望得到
combine with联合lead to导致，通向set about着手
(3) 动词+副词+介词
add up to总计keep away from不靠近look down on轻视
keep up with赶上make up for弥补get on with相处
get close to接近get out of逃避,避免do away with废除
do well in在……干得好put up with忍受catch up with赶上
look up to仰望，尊敬run out of用完look forward to 期盼
go on with继续get down to认真开始break away from 脱离（组织等）2.常见短语动词
1)break+prep./adv
break into 传入，非法进入；打扰，打断break off 中断，突然停止
break through 突破；克服break up 驱散；分开，分解；结束
break with 和……决裂，和……断绝关系break in 破门而入；打断（谈话），插嘴2)bring + prep./adv.
bring about 引起；造成bring out 显示出来；出版；生产
bring up提出；培养；吐出，呕吐bring in 引进；挣得，赚得
3). call + prep./adv.
call for 需要；要求；邀请call off 取消，停止；叫走
call on 拜访，看望；号召，呼吁call up 打电话；使人想起；召集，征召call in 请来；召集call back回电话；召回
4)cut + prep./adv.
cut across 捷径穿过去cut down 削减，减少
cut in 插嘴；干预cut off 切断, 中断；隔绝
cut out 删掉；戒掉cup up 切碎
5)carry + prep./adv.
carry on 继续，坚持carry out 执行，实行
carry through 进行到底，完成
6)clear + prep./adv.
clear away 把……清除clear o ff 逃离，逃跑
clear out 迅速离开；清理，丢掉 clear up清理；转晴，放晴；痊愈，治愈7)die + prep./adv.
die away渐弱，平息die down 熄灭；平静下来
die from 因……而死 die out 灭绝，绝种
8)give + prep./adv.
give out发出（光、热等）；分发；用完；耗尽give off发出；散发出
give up放弃，不再做(某事) give in屈服，让步；上交，呈交
9). go + prep./adv. 或+adv.+prep.
go along 进展；陪同前往go by过去，经过
go down下降，下落，下跌，下沉g o in for从事；爱好；参加(选拔赛、考) go on 继续进行；发生go out出去；熄灭；过时，不时兴
go over仔细查看；检查，审查go through通过；经历(苦难)；仔细检查go up上升，增长；涨价go away离开
10)get + prep./adv. 或+adv.+prep.
get through通过；经历困难(痛苦)；做完某事get in 进来，进站；收割，收获
get over克服；做完，结束；走完get on 继续，进行；上车(船等)
get round 传播；散播；回避；避开get about四处走动；传开，传出去
get across使……让人理解get down写下来，记下；使情绪低落get down to开始认真干get back回来；放回去；恢复
get out 出来；泄露；逃离get off （从……）下来
11)hold + prep./adv.
hold back阻碍，阻止；控制，抑制；隐瞒，保留hold off 拖延，延迟
hold up举起，抬起，拿起；支撑；耽搁，hold out 维持，坚持；伸出，拿出12)keep + prep./adv. 或+adv.+prep.
keep away (from) 使远离 keep back扣除，保留；隐瞒
keep off避开，不接近keep on继续
keep out挡在外边；请勿靠近 keep up保持，不低落；持续
keep up with跟上，不落在……后面
13)look + prep./adv. 或+adv.+prep.
look after照顾，照看look out 当心，注意
look back回顾，回想look down on (upon)轻视，看不起
look for寻找，寻求；期望look forward to盼望，期待
look into调查，深入了解look on 观看，旁观
look over仔细检查look through 浏览；详细核查
14). make + prep./adv. 或+adv.+prep.
make for向……前进，快速走向make out理解；辨认出
make up组成，占比例；弥补，补偿；捏造make up for弥补，补偿
15). pick + prep./adv.
pick out选好，挑出；认出，分辨出
pick up捡起；偶然获得；学会；接收(节目)；（开车）去接
16). send + prep./adv.
send for 派人去请send off寄出
send out 发送；长出；发出（光、信号等）send up上升；发射
17). set + prep./adv.
set about 开始做，着手做set aside 留出，拨出
set back推迟，阻碍；使花费set down记下，写下；放下
set up建立；创立；引起set out 开始做……
set off动身；出发；引爆set in 输入；插入
18)take + prep./adv.
take after与……相似，长得像take apart拆卸（机器）
take away拿走；使离开；消除（病痛等）take down拿下来；拆掉；写下
take for(错)当作，(误)认为 take in吸收；接受；领会；欺骗
take off起飞；匆匆离去；脱下take over接收，接管
take to开始喜欢，养成……习惯take up占据（时间、空间）；开始从事
take out带……出去（到餐馆、剧院等）；杀死，毁灭；切除
(1)在短语动词中，副词可以放在动词宾语前或后。

但是如果宾语是代词，则应放在动词和副词之间。

The young lovers have been trying to put some money aside for their marriage ceremony.年轻的恋人一直努力存钱以备举行婚礼时用。

He has put aside a little money for a rainy day.他积蓄了一点钱以备不时之需。

When you do not understand a new word, you can look it up in this dictionary.当你不理解新单词的时候，你可以查字典。

This method is very new and you can try it out to solve the hard problem.这种方法相当新，你可以试着用它去解决那个难题。

(2)在带有介词的短语动词中，介词的宾语总是紧随其后的。

We have brought in a good harvest for three years . 我们已经连续三年获得了丰收。

We’ve just come across an old friend we haven’t seen for ages. 我们刚碰到了一位多年不见的老朋友。

Please keep away from the scene of the accident before the police come.在警察来之前，请勿靠近事故现场。

The manager expects everyone to get down to his work after the national holidays.经理要求大家国庆假期之后开始专心工作.
(3)有些短语动词后并不需要跟宾语，这时他们相当于不及物动词。

如：
Mr Wang’s new car broke down and he had to go to work by bike again.王先生的新汽车坏了，他不得不又骑自行车去上班。

The crowd broke up after the football games.足球比赛结束后，人们四处散开。

4.常见短语举例：
answer for对…负责go without 没……有也行
agree with 同意（某人）hand in交上来
agree to同意（建议）have nothing to do with与……无关
agree on 达成一致have sth. to do with与……有关
aim at瞄准head for朝……去
ask for请求help……with帮助某人某事
belong to属于hope for希望得到
burst into突然……起来introduce …to. . 把……介绍…
begin with以……开始inspire…with…以……激励
base on根据insist on坚持
consist of由……组成interfere with妨碍
congratulate …on祝贺join sb. in…加入某人一起
come to an end结束knock at敲（门等）
compar e …to把……比作 long for渴望
compare…with同……相比look up查阅，向上看
care for喜欢，照顾look on/opon…as…把……看作……
change …for用……交换learn by heart背会
clear up放晴leave for动身区去
come across偶然遇到lie in在于
call up打电话live on靠……生活，以……为主食
call for 要求，需要look through翻阅，浏览
call on 拜访（人），号召mix with同……混合
call at拜访（地）present…with赠送
cure of治愈persist in坚持
depend on依靠put…into practice实施
devote… to把…用于reply to答复
engage in从事rely on依靠
end with以……结束recover from恢复
get on /off上/下车rob…of…抢走
get on / along进展run over碾过去
get ready for准备好result from / in由…引起；导致get in收获remember sb.to…代……问好grow up长大set about doing着手做
give in让步，投降succeed in 成功…
go all out竭尽全力speak of说到
go through通过share in分担
go over复习。